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Cardiovascular Circulation
Discovered by William Harvey (1578-1657) Pump P (heart), (h t) pipes i ( (arteries, t i veins) i ) and fluid (blood) Bodys B d main i t transport t mechanism: h i
- Oxygen (lungs organs) - CO2 (organs lungs) - Heat (organs body extremities) - Nutrients - Waste
Pressure
Not constant during stroke:
- maximum: systolic pressure (120 mm Hg - gauge) - minimum: diastolic pressure (80 mm Hg - gauge)
Two ventricles/atria, separated by valves. Ventricles have thick walls Left ventricle thicker walls than right
Downsizing Pipes
What is the most efficient way to go from arteries to capillaries? Cost function of blood vessels (Murray, 1926): Total cost = frictional cost + metabolic cost = Q P + C1 a2 L ~ C2 L Q2 a-4 + C1 a2 L (Hagen (Hagen-Poiseuille) Poiseuille) Minimize the total cost function for constant L and Q: (cost function)/a = 0 aopt ~ Q1/3
Qn+1
- Qn+1 = 0.5Qn (mass conservation) - Optimizing total cost function an+1 = 0.794 an and = 37.5 - From F aorta t (a ( 0 = 1.5 1 5 cm) ) to t capillary (510-4 cm) we would need: 510 5 10-4 = (0.794) (0 794)n1.5 15 n = 30 generations
Regulating Flow
Overall flow: Heart rate y Distribution: Adapt to needs of body
Organ Lungs Kidneys Liver Brain Heart muscle Oth muscle Other l (in exercise) Skin (max. vasodilation) Fraction of flow [%] 100 22 13 14 5 18 75 4 Flow/organ mass [l/(kg min)] 80 8.0 4.0 0.85 0.55 0.8 0 03 0.03 0.55 0.08 1.2
Q/Q ~ 4a/a
Decreasing D i pipe i di diameter t b by 10% (a/a / = -0.10) 0 10) results lt in 40% decrease in flow rate (Q/Q = -0.40). Efficient Effi i t regulatory l t mechanism: h i blood vessels can expand and contract.
Pulsatile Flow
How to characterize/analyze blood flow?
Reynolds number Re is not suitable for dimensional analysis l i of f transient, i pulsatile l il fl flow.
New dimensionless group: Womersley number: Wo = a (/) : angular frequency of heart beat ,: blood viscosity and density a: radius of blood vessel
Blood: Composition
Plasma (90% water, 7% proteins, 1% inorganic material)
- Newtonian fluid with viscosity y 1.2 mPa.s
Cells - Red cells (erythrocytes) oxygen transport - White cells (leukocytes, various types) immune system - Platelets blood clotting Volume ratio red 600 : white : platelets : 1 : 1
Blood: Viscosity
Blood is shear-thinning fluid: viscosity becomes lower at higher flow rates
Disease of hemoglobin (oxygen transport protein): in absence of oxygen hemoglobin forms aggregates inside the red sickle cells cells become stiff and can no longer deform viscosity increases and heart has trouble pumping
Bodys strategy for survival: Lower blood viscosity by lowering concentration of red blood cells
References
S. S Vogel, Vogel Vital Vital circuits: on pumps pumps, pipes and the workings of
circulatory systems, Oxford University Press, 1992. Y.C. Fung, Biodynamics: Biodynamics: circulation circulation , Springer Springer-Verlag, Verlag, 1984. Y.C. Fung, Biomechanics: mechanical properties of living tissues, Springer-Verlag, p g g, 1981. K.H. McDonald III, Sickle cell anemia as a rheologic disease, The American Journal of Medicine 70, 288-298, 1981.