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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL. 42, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 1994

The Fractional Fourier Transform and Time-Frequency Representations

Luis B. Almeida, Member, IEEE
Abstract-The fractional Fourier transform (FRFT), which is a generalization of the classical Fourier transform, was introduced a number of years ago in the mathematics literature but appears to have remained largely unknown to the signal processing community, to which it may, however, be potentially useful. The FRFT depends on a parameter cy and can be interpreted as a rotation by an angle a in the time-frequency plane. An FRFT with a = n-/2 corresponds to the classical Fourier transform, and an FRFT with Q = 0 corresponds to the identity operator. On the other hand, the angles of successively performed FRFTs simply add up, as do the angles of successive rotations. The FRFT of a signal can also be interpreted as a decomposition of the signal in terms of chirps. In this paper, we briefly introduce the FRFT and a number of its properties and then present some new results: the interpretation as a rotation in the time-frequency plane, and the FRFTs relationships with time-frequency representations such as the Wigner distribution, the ambiguity function, the shorttime Fourier transform and the spectrogram. These relationships have a very simple and natural form and support the FRFTs interpretation as a rotation operator. Examples of FRFTs of some simple signals are given. An example of the application of the FRFT is also given. The purpose of this paper is twofold: First, to briefly introduce the fractional Fourier transform and its main properties and, second, to present the new results, including the FRFTs interpretation as a rotation in the time-frequency plane and the simple relationships that the FRFT has with several time-frequency re resentations that support the interpretation as a rotation. We will also see that computing the FRFT of a signal corresponds to expressing it in terms of an orthonormal basis formed by chirps, i.e., complex exponentials with linearly varying instantaneous frequencies. This paper is organized as follows. Section I1 presents the FRFT, emphasizing its interpretation as a rotation operator, lists some of its properties, and gives some examples. Section I11 discusses the relationships with the Wigner distribution, the ambiguity function, and other quadratic TFRs. Section IV discusses the relationships with the short-time Fourier transform and the spectrogram. Section V briefly presents an example of an application. Section VI concludes the paper. Notes on the Formalism: We will represent by j the imaginary unit and by a superscript asterisk * the complex conjugation operation. We will often use square roots of complex numbers, and we will reserve the square root symbol J to denote the square root whose argument lies in the interval ] - 5 ~ / 2 , ~ / 2 ] . 11. THE TRANSFORM AND ITS PROPERTIES
A. Definition

I. INTRODUCTION
OURIER analysis is one of the most frequently used tools in signal processing and is frequently used in many other scientific disciplines. Besides the Fourier transform itself, time-frequency representations (TFRs) of signals, such as the Wigner distribution (WD) [ 11, [3], the ambiguity function [ 11, [3] the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) [1]-[3] and the spectrogram [ 11-[3] are often used, e.g., in speech processing, radar, or quantum physics. In the mathematics literature, a generalization of the Fourier transform known as the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT), was proposed some years ago [4], [SI. Although potentially useful for signal processing applications, this transform appears to have remained largely unknown to the signal processing community. Recently, the FRFT has been independently reinvented by a number of researchers, including this author [6]-[9]. New results, concerning the FRFTs interpretation as a rotation in the time-frequency plane, and its relationships with time-frequency transforms, have also been independently found, more or less simultaneously, by this author and by some of the above referenced ones.
Manuscript received December 6 , 1992; revised January i8, 1994. The associate editor coordinating the review of this paper and approving it for publication was Prof. K. M. Buckley. The author is with INESCAST, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal. IEEE Log Number 9403739.

In time-frequency representations, one normally uses a plane with two orthogonal axes corresponding to time and frequency, respectively (Fig. 1). If we consider a signal x ( t ) represented along the time axis and its Fourier transform X ( w ) represented along the frequency axis, we can view the Fourier transform operator, which we shall designate by F, as a change in the representation of the signal corresponding to 2 This is consistent a counterclockwise axis rotation of ~ / rad. with the result of the repeated application of the F operator,
We consider the Fourier transform defined as S(UJ) = J T m ~ ( t ) p - J d f d t . In the mathematics literature, the Fourier transform is normally defined with a plus sign in the exponent. We prefer to use the engineering convention here, although this results in a number of sign differences between the expressions of this paper and those of the references (which amounts to a change in the sign of the angle ct in the expressions given ahead for the FRFT).

&

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Note that this kernel is continuous in a, in the generalized function sense, even at multiples of 7 r , i.e.
o+nri

lirn K , = K,,

for integer n

(7)

The kernel has the following properties, which will be useful later in this paper:

Fig. I . Time-frequency plane and a set of coordinates angle c1 relative t o the original coordinates (t.-.).

(U.v)

rotated by an

given that FFz(t) = x ( - t ) and that two successive rotations of 7r/2 of the t axis result in an axis directed along -t. In this context, one may ask which linear operator would correspond to a rotation by an angle N that is not a multiple of 7 r / 2 , or equivalently, what would be a representation of the signal along an axis U (Fig. 1) making an angle N with the time axis. Let us assume, for the moment, that such an operator exists, and let us represent it by RO. This operator should have the following properties: 1) 2) 3) 4)

Ro = I (1) Zero rotation: Consistency with Fourier transform: R"/2 = F (2) RaRO = R04-d (3) Additivity of rotations: 27r rotation: R2" = 1 (4) Note that property 4 is a consequence of properties 2 and 3 and of the fact that four successive applications of the Fourier transform correspond to the identity operator:
R2" = R4("I2)= F4 = 1
(5)

The first three properties are trivial. The derivation of (1 1) is rather long and will not be given here. Property (12) can be derived using (S), (9), (1 I), and the definition of K , for Q = 0. This latter property means that the kernel functions K,(t, U ) , taken as functions o f t with parameter U , form an orthonormal set. Given (S), the same can be said if we take U as a variable and t as a parameter. We also note that for N = 7r/2, the kernel coincides with the kernel of the Fourier transform. The fractional Fourier transform of a function 2, with an angle cy, is defined [4], [ 5 ] as the function R"z = X,, given by (13) and (14), which appear at the bottom of the page. The last equation shows that for angles that are not multiples of 7 r , the computation of the fractional Fourier transform corresponds to the following steps: 1) a product by a chirp

The FRFT, which has these properties, is defined by means of the transformation kernel2

2 ) a Fourier transform (with its argument scaled by csccu) 3) another product by a chirp 4) a product by a complex amplitude factor.
Since chirps have constant magnitude, this immediately allows us to make a rather general statement about the existence of the transform. In fact, if x ( t ) is in L1, L2, or is a generalized function, its product by the chirp is also in L1, L2, or is a generalized function, respectively. Therefore, in these situations, the FRFT of z ( t ) exists in the same conditions in which its Fourier transform exists. It is easy to see that the FRFT, as defined in (13), satisfies the properties that were discussed in the introduction. Property 1 holds directly by definition. Property 2 is a consequence of the fact that for cy = 7r/2, K , coincides with the kernel of the Fourier transform. Property 3 is easily derived, using (1 1).

K,(t.

U)

=i

JF
el-

cot a - p t c s r a

6(t - U ) 6(t + U )

if cy is not a multiple of 7r if N is a multiple of 271. if (Y+T is a multiple of%.

(6)

The square root factor that precedes the exponential, in this definition, can be written in a number of equivalent forms, some of which appear in the references. Note, however, that 141 contained a flaw in the definition of this factor, a correction having been made in [SI. Another useful form for this factor is J 2 ~ ~ ~ " / ( 7 r s i i i c r ) .

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In fact, if we define
Y(U)

= X,(u)

Signal

Fractional Founer transform with angle a

2

then

'

'(I-')

X,(u-rcosa)e

I-ma 2

ma-lm m a

II I
4
/(X(I8,dlr

seca e

-I-iana

2
IS

l X a ( z ) e ' ~ ' " a dz

if a - x I 2 is not a multiple of x

if a -TI 1 2

a multiple of x , the classical Fourier transform property

Finally, property 4 is a consequence of properties 2 and 3 as had been noted in the introduction. From these properties, we also easily conclude that the inverse of an FRFT with an angle a is the FRFT with angle -a:
where

z ( t )=

X,(U)K_,(U,t)dU. . I I ,

3=

p = arcm(c2 tana)

(20)

From (20), we can see that the FRFT consists of expressing ~ ( ton ) a basis formed by the set of functions K-,(u,t) (with u acting as a parameter for spanning the set of basis functions). This basis is orthonormal, according to (12). The basis functions are chirps, i.e., complex exponentials with linear frequency modulation. For different values of U , they only differ by a time shift and by a phase factor that depends on U :

z ( t ) is even, X,(u) is also even; if z ( t ) is odd, X,(u) is

also odd. The scaling property, although somewhat complex, is important since it shows the effect of a change of units (or a scaling) of the independent variable t. In the classical Fourier transform, the effect of such a change is only a corresponding change of units (or scaling) of the frequency variable and a scaling of the amplitude. In the FRFT, the effects are a scaling of the u variable by sin p / ( c sin a ) , a (complex) amplitude scaling, a product by a chirp, and most important, a change in the angle at which we compute the transform from (Y to ,O = arctan(c2 t a n a ) . This angle change can be understood if we think of contracting the time axis, in the time-frequency plane, by a factor c. As we know from the classical Fourier transform, we will then also have to expand the frequency axis by c. With these two operations, the axis along which we were computing the transform, which was originally at an angle Q with the time axis, will move to a new position at the angle ,O given above. The Parseval relation

K,(t,u) = e-+ano

K,(t

- useca.0).

(21)

An interesting issue is whether this is the only transform that satisfies properties 1-4. It is easy to see that if we would multiply the transform by e4jna with integer n, the four properties would still hold. However, some of the results presented below would become more complex, and therefore, the FRFT appears to be the most natural one among these. We do not know if there is still any other transform, besides these, obeying the four properties. However, most probably, if such a transform exists, its relationships with time-frequency distributions will not be as simple as those derived below for the FRFT. In summary, the FRFT is a linear transform, continuous in the angle a, which satisfies the basic conditions for being interpretable as a rotation in the time-frequency plane.

1,

0 0

z(t)y*(t)dt =

. I ,

X,(u)Y,*(u) du

(22)

B. Further Properties
In Table I, we list a number of additional useful properties of the FRFT, which are extensions of the corresponding properties of the Fourier transform. Their proofs, except for that of the scaling property (row 8), can be found in [4] and [ 5 ] . The proof of the scaling property is given in Appendix A.3 Property 6 of the table is naturally subject to the existence of z ( t ) / t itself. Property 7 leads to the parity property: If
To our knowledge, this property was first presented in [IO] and [ I l l . Its derivation was not given there, however, for lack of space, and this is why we give it in this paper.

is easily derived by expressing x ( t ) in the left-hand side of this equation as the inverse transform of X , (U ) and then using (9). A consequence of this equality is the energy-preserving property of the FRFT

L
DCI

Ix(t)I2 dt =

oc

IX,(U)~ du. ~

(23)

The Parseval relation and the energy-preserving property can also be viewed as consequences of the fact that the FRFT is based on an set of orthonormal basis functions. Due to the energy-preserving property of the Fourier transform, the squared magnitude of the Fourier transform of a signal ~ X ( L J is ) often ~ ~ called the energy spectrum of the signal and is interpreted as the distribution of the signal's energy among the different frequencies ,jut. Although it is less

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3087

intuitive, ( 3 8 ) also allows us to call IX,(U)~* the fractional energy spectrum of the signal z ( t ) , with angle a , and to interpret it as the distribution of the signal's energy among the different chirps K-,(t, U ) . If z ( t ) is real, X,(u) enjoys one further property:

TABLE I1 TRANSFORMS OF SOMECOMMON SIGNALS

Signal
1

Fractional Fourier transform with angle a

6(r-r)

i"*

,i~mla-,ur,ca

if a is not a multiple of x
if a - x I 2 is not a multiple of x

x-,( U ) = x;

(U)

(24)

which is a consequence of (9). Note, however, that the symmetry properties of the Fourier transform for even or odd real sequences do not extend to the FRIT with arbitrary angle a since the FRFT of a real function is not in general Hermitean. Another important property of the Fourier transform that does not extend in a simple way to the FRFT is the convolution theorem.

C. Examples
Table I1 gives the FRFT's of a number of common signals. An expression for the FRFT of a rectangle can also be obtained, but that expression is rather complex and does not appear to be particularly instructive. Instead of presenting it here, we prefer to give a feeling of the behavior of the transform by showing the variation of the transform of a = 1 for It 1 < 2; otherwise, x ( t ) = 01 with the rectangle [ z ( t ) angle a (Figs. 2 and 3). In Fig. 2, we can see some evidence of nonuniform convergence towards x ( t ) as cy i 0, with a phenomenon similar to the so-called "Gibbs effect" of the classical Fourier transform.
1 1 1 . RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE WIGNER DISTRIBUTION, THE AMBIGUITY FUNCTION, AND OTHER QUADRATIC TFRS

and therefore
-

X ( t . w ) = 2P2JWt .
e-2'JtL

1"'1:
--x

..(T)X;t(-Z

+ 2tcosn)
(28)

'5lllOCOS~+2JZtSlll~

x K,
-

2e2J.c't

e - ~ ~s i t nz ncosn+2jztsirin
oc

1,x ; ( - z + s_,
Xn(z + . I ,
E

(T. z ) P J Y ' oc

dr d z 2tcosa)

z(T)e-2JwTKa(T.

z ) d7 d z .

(29)

The Wigner distribution (WD) [I], [3] is a very important time-frequency analysis tool, with applications in such diverse areas as radar and quantum mechanics. Apart from its direct applications, its importance also stems from the fact that many time-frequency analysis tools can be expressed in terms of the WD. We will now see that the WD has a simple relationship with the FRFT (although the derivation that leads to that result is somewhat long). The WD of a signal :c is defined as

The inner integral is easily computed using property 2 of Table I, and we obtain
-

~ ( t , w= ) 2e2jdt

2wsincy)X;(-z

+ 2tcoscu)
dz.

p-2j(t2+w') sina c o ~ a + 2 j z t s i n a - ~ j cz os ~a

We now make the change of variable come to

-

=z

+ 2wsina, and

X ( t . w ) = 2e2JWt

e2j(w' - t 2 ) s i n e cos n+2je(t s i n a - w c o s n - 4 j w t sin2 a

.Ix
'11)
II

Xn(~)X;(-e

+ 2tcosn + 2 w s i r i a )
dE.

which can also be expressed, by a suitable change of integration variable, as

x

(31) If we make, on the right-hand side. a change of variables from ( t . w ) to (u.,))), corresponding to an axis rotation by N , as indicated in Fig. 1
= t cos cy = -tsin

X ( t ,w)= 2 e 2 ~ w t

. i ,
e-

. r ( ~ ) . c * ( 2t ~ ) e - (~ 1~ ~. - (26) ~

Taking into account property 1 of Table I, we can express z*(2t - T ) as

+ w sin N +wcosa
(Y

(32) (33)

z*(2t - T ) =

1,x;(-z+

cc

2t c o s n )

we arrive at the following result after simplifying the exponents:

2jtLsin n cos n + Z j z t sin n

K,(T.

Z)

(1%

(27)

X(t.w)= 2e2Juz'

Xa(~)X:(2u ~ ) e - ~ j " d E.

(34)

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alpha = 0.01

alpha = 0.05

(a)

(b)

alpha = 0.2

alpha = 0.4

alpha = Pii4

alpha = Pi/2

(e) Fig. 2. FRFT of a rectangle, computed at various angles. Solid line: real part. Dashed line: imaginary part.

The right-hand side of this equation is the WD of X , computed with arguments ( U , U ) . The left-hand side is the WD of II computed with arguments (t.U ) . The equation shows that the WD of X , coincides with the WD of s if we take into account the rotation that corresponds to the fact that we are using different axes on the left- and right-hand sides of the equation. This is equivalent to saying that the WD of

X , is the WD of z, rotated by an angle -cy, or that it is simply the WD of z expressed in the new set of coordinates
(U. U). The fact that the FRFT induces a simple rotation of the WD is remarkable and enhances our view of the FRFT as a rotation of the axis along which the signal is represented. On the other hand, this fact also shows that a rotated WD is still a legal WD. It is well known that the WD has similar

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Fig. 4. Representation of a swept-frequency system. The input signal is first down modulated by an exponential with linearly varying instantaneous frequency, then passed through a time-invariant filter and finally up-modulated again. The constant c controls the sweep speed of the system.

(MSTFT), which consists simply of the normal STFT with a suitable phase modification:
5
Fig. 3 . Variation of magnitude of the FRFI of a rectangle with the angle
0.

L(T)lli*(t -

T)e-JdTd7.

(37)

From (37), the MSTFT can also be computed as

properties relative to time and frequency. This result shows

X(t.w) = - e - j T

Jt

X ( v ) W * ( w- v)eJutdv (38)

be obtained from their definitions in terms of the WD and from the fact that the FFUT induces a rotation in the WD. For example, it can be easily shown that the FRFT also induces a simple rotation in the ambiguity function.

X(t.w) = -e3r

ut

Jz;;

1,

X,(z)W:(u

z)e-JZtdz.

(39)

The right-hand side of this equation is the MSTFT of X, computed with window W , and with arguments (..TI). The left-hand side is the MSTFT of 5 computed with window w Iv. RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE SHORT-TIME and with arguments ( t . ~ ) As . in the case of the WD, this FOURIER TRANSFORM AND THE SPECTROGRAM equation shows that the MSTFT of X , is the same as the The short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is another impor- MSTFT of z, again taking into account the rotation, i.e., that tant time-frequency analysis tool. It is frequently used, e.g., it is simply a rotated version of the MSTFT of z or that it is ~ for speech processing. A related tool is the spectrogram, which the MSTFT of z expressed in the rotated axes ( U , w ) . Again, corresponds to the squared magnitude of the STFT. The STFT this enhances our view of the FRFT as a rotation operator. of a signal z ( t ) is defined as [l], [3] The spectrogram [l], [3] is simply the squared magnitude of the STFT and, therefore, of the MSTFT as well. The X ( t ,w ) = ~ ( ~ ) w* ( 7t ) e - J d Td.r ( 3 5 ) results we obtained on the MSTFT immediately lead us to -32 conclude that the effect of the fractional Fourier transform on where w ( t ) is a suitably chosen analysis win do^.^ The STFT the spectrogram is identical to the one it has on the MSTFT: can also be computed in a simple way from the Fourier the spectrogram of X, computed with window W, is a rotated version of the spectrogram of x computed with window IU. transform of z ( t ) :

,
X ( t , w ) = --&-jut

rcc

fi

X ( v ) W * ( w- v)eJutdv (36)

V. APPLICATION

where X and W are the Fourier transforms of z and w , respectively. This equation is similar to (35), except for the presence of the exponential factor e - J w t . This is an asymmetry between time and frequency that we wish to avoid since we want to deal with rotations in the time-frequency plane. We will therefore define a mod$ed short-time Fourier transform
40ften, in the literature, the windows that are considered are real, and the complex conjugation of the window is not mentioned in the definition. Here, however, we prefer to adopt a more general viewpoint, allowing the window to be complex.

In this section, we will briefly present, as an example, the application of the FRFT to the study of swept-frequency filters. These filters are used, for example, in frequency analyzers for high-frequency signals. Swept-frequency filters are linear timevarying systems that can be represented in the form shown in Fig. 4. They can also be represented by their time-varying
When we compute the MSTFT of S,, we have to use the transformed as (39) shows. Note that even for a real-valued w, 147n will window TI, normally be complex. If we use the Gaussian window ~ ( t= ) the windows FRFT is equal to to for any cr. Therefore, in this case, the FRFT induces a simple rotation of the MSTFT without any window change.

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impulse response, h ( t , ~ which ), is the response at time t to an input S ( t - T ) . It is easy to see that

VI. CONCLUSION
We have presented an extension of the Fourier transform, which is designated fractional Fourier transform. This linear transform depends on a parameter a and can be interpreted as a rotation by an angle a in the time-frequency plane. Particularly, the following hold:

h(t.i-) = e J I ( t L - T L S ) ( t - i-)

(40)

where g ( t ) is the impulse response of the shift-invariant filter in Fig. 4. The output of the swept-frequency filter is given by
g(t) =

x ( r ) h ( tr,) d T .

(41)

Let us compute the FRFT of y(t), choosing the angle a = -arccot c:

1) When a = 7r/2, the FRFT coincides with the conventional Fourier transform. 2) When a = 0, the FRFT is the identity operator. 3) Two successive FRFTs with angles (IY. and p, respectively, are equivalent to a single FRFT with an angle
cy

+ g.

g(t - +j-

cot a - j u t r s c a

di-dt

(42)

=.J
or finally

1-jcotcu

2T

1,
O0

.(+j-

cota

where G is the (classical) Fourier transform of the impulse response g. Therefore, G(u csccr) can be called the transfer function of the swept-frequency filter in the FRFT domain. The use of the FRFT and of this transfer function allows a treatment of swept-frequency filters that is very similar to the APPENDIX A classical treatment of time-invariant filters with the Fourier transform. We shall prove the scaling property given in row 8 It is also worth mentioning that the FRFT is useful for of Table I. Let us consider two signals x and y, which solving certain classes of differential equations that appear, are related by for example, in quantum mechanics and optics, and that may also be useful in signal processing applications (see [4], [SI, [lo], [111). Y(t) =

On the other hand, the FRIT was shown to induce rotations in various time-frequency transforms, including the Wigner distribution and the short-time Fourier transform, further enhancing its interpretation as a rotation operator. The FRFT was also shown to correspond to a representation of the signal on an orthonormal basis formed by chirps, which are essentially shifted versions of one another. Finally, an application example was given, showing how the use of the FRFT allows a treatment of swept-frequency filters that is very similar to the classical treatment of shift-invariant filters with the Fourier transform. The work presented here opens several areas for further research. Among these is the study of discrete versions of this transform. On the other hand, the relationships between the FRFT and time-frequency transforms suggest that it can be a useful tool to further study the properties of these transforms and to develop time-frequency transforms better suited to specific applications.

(53)
(54)

ALMEIDA: FRACTIONAL FOURIER TRANSFORM

309 1

and let us compute the FRFT of y:

A.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to acknowledge useful suggestions from F. Santos, J. F. Moura, J. S . Marques, M. D. Ortigueira, and the anonymous reviewers.

(47) where we have used the integration variable t for convenience. Making the change of variable t = ct, we obtain

REFERENCES
[ I ] F. Hlawatsch and G. F. Bourdeaux-Bartels, Linear and quadratic timefrequency signal representations, IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 2 1 4 7 , Apr. 1992. 121 M. R. Portnoff, Time-frequency representation of digital signals and systems based on short-time fourier analysis, IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-28, no. 1, pp. 55-69, Feb. 1980. [3] L. Cohen, Time-frequency distributions-A review, Proc. IEEE, vol. 77, no. 7, pp. 941-981, July 1989. [4] V. Namias, The fractional order Fourier transform and its application to quantum mechanics, J. Insr. Math. Appl., vol. 25, pp. 241-265, 1980. [ 5 ] A. C. McBride and F. H. Kerr, On Namias fractional Fourier transforms, /MA J. Appl. Math., vol. 39, pp. 159-175, 1987. 161 L. B. Almeida, An introduction to the angular Fourier transform, in Proc. 1993 IEEE Int. Con$ Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing (Minneapolis, MN), April 1993. 171 H. M. Ozatkas, B. Barshan, D. Mendlovic, and L. Onural, Convolution, filtering, and multiplexing in fractional Fourier domains and their relationship to chirp and wavelet transforms, J. O p t Soc. Amer. A , in press. [8] A. W. Lohmann, Image rotation, wigner rotation and the fractional Fourier transform, J. Opr. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 10, pp. 2181-2186, 1993. [9] 0. Seger, Model building and restoration with applications in confocal microscopy, Ph.D. Dissertation No. 301, Linkoping University, Sweden, 1993. [IO] T. Alieva, V. L6pez, and L. B. Almeida, The angular Fourier transform and wave propagation, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. [ I I ] T. Alieva, V. L6pez, F. Aguill&L6pez, and L. B. Almeida, The angular Fourier transform in optical propagation problems, J. Modern O p t , in press.

If we define p = arc cot[(cot a ) / c 2 ] = arctan(c2 tarla), we have (50)-(54), which appear at the bottom of the previous page.
APPENDIX B
To obtain the relationship between the FRFT and the MSTFT, we will start from (37), replacing Z ( T ) by the FRFT of X , with angle --cy:

x w * ( t - r)eCJddr.

(56)

The inner integral is the complex conjugate of the FRFT with angle a of w ( t - -r)eJwt, taken as a function of r and with argument z . Using properties 1 and 2 of Table I, we can conclude that this integral is equal to

W:( -z
ej

+ t cos a + w sin a )
sin a--w c o s a ) - j w t
Sin

-sin n cos a + j z ( t

(57)

and therefore

X ( t , w ) = -e3

Li

& G e j &$

L,

03

X , ( z )W: ( - z

+t cos

+w sin a )

s i n e c o s a + j z ( t s m a - - w c o s a ) - j w t sin

adz.

(58) We now make, on the right-hand side, the change of variables (32) and (33) from ( t ,w ) to ( U , U), and after simplification of the exponents, we obtain

Luis B. Almeida (M87) was born in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1950. He received the degree in electrical engineering from the Instituto Superior Tecnico (IST), Lisbon, in 1972, and received the Ph.D. degree in signal processing from the Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa in 1983. He has been with the IST since his graduation and is presently Associate Professor of Signal Theory and of Neural Networks. He is head of the Neural Networks and Signal Processing Group at INESC, which is a research institute associated with Portuguese universities and communications companies. Dr. Almeida is vice-president of the European Neural Network Society. In 1985, he received a Senior Award from the IEEE for a paper on the nonstationary modeling of voiced speech.