Guidelines in APA Citations 1.

Summary/Paraphrase of a concept from books - If you are summarizing or paraphrasing another persons work, you must include a citation in your paper and an entry in your reference list. Example #1: According to Smith (2004), returning students do not take advantage of their librarys services (p.234). Example #2: Returning students fail to use their college librarys services. (Smith, 2004, p.234) 2. Short Quotation - A direct quotation, shorter than 40 words, should include the author in the signal phrase, with the year of publication in parentheses directly following the authors name. After the quotation, include the page number (preceded by a p.) in parentheses. Example #3: In her study, Smith (2004) noted, Many students, returning to college after a lengthy absence, do not utilize all the services their academic library has to offer. (p.234) 3. Long Quotation - When your quotation is longer than 40 words, there are few extra steps. Separate your quote into a free standing block indented five spaces from the rest of your writing. Keep your spacing, font and text size the same as the rest of your writing. Example #4: In a subsequent paragraph, Smith (2004) acknowledged the problem.

Many students, returning to college after a lengthy absence, do not utilize all the services their academic library has to offer. This study shows that library outreach to this student population is critical for the academic librarys continued success (p.234).

4. Two Authors - When there are two authors, you should always include both authors last names when making your in-text citation.

Example #5 (With signal phrase): Smith and Johnson (2005, p.4) emphasized one definition of a library by referring to it as the sacred space of the university. Example #6(Without signal phrase): Some authors have explored the idea of the library as the sacred space of the university (Smith and Johnson, 2005, p.4) 5. Three-Five Authors - Identify all the authors of the work in the signal phrase or parentheses for the first citation. In subsequent citations, simply list the first authors name followed by the phrase et.al. in the signal phrase or parentheses. Example #7 (First Instance): In a 2003 study, Marks, Geoff, and Garcia concluded, Library marketing engage (p.4) Example #8 (Subsequent Instance): Marks, et.al. (2003) emphasized this importance stating Relationships with strategy. (p.7) 6. Six or More Authors - If there are six or more authors, simply use the name of the first author followed by the phrase et.al. Example #9: In their 2002 study Poitras, et.al. surveyed over 200 students finding the majority of them never used the library in their undergraduate studies (p.342). 7. Organization as author - If the author is an organization or government agency, use the name of the organization in your signal phrase or parenthetical citation. If the organization has a familiar abbreviation, you can name it in brackets the first time you make a citation and use it in all subsequent citations. Example #10 (With signal phrase): According to the American Library Association (2004), Library use 2003. Example #11 (Without signal phrase): Some2003 (American Library Association, 2004).

Example #12 (Using an abbreviation) In their study , the ALA (2004) concludedlibraries. 8. Authors with the same last name - If your reference list includes authors with the same last name, use their initials to differentiate between the two. Example #13: According to L. Smith (2004) returning studentsservices (p.234). Example #14: J. Smith (2005) argued thatdemocracy (p.234). 9. Two or more works in the same parentheses If your citation refers to two or more works, list the author in your parenthetical citation according to their order in the reference list, separated by semi-colons. Example #15: Research has shownwork (Geoff et.al., 2004; Smith, 2003) 10. Indirect Source When you use a source that was cited by another source, name the original source in your signal phrase and cite the secondary source in your reference list (only the source that you have seen or read should be included in your reference list). In your parenthetical citation list the secondary source preceded by the phrase as cited in. In the example, Jones is the original source and Geoff is the secondary source. The article of Geoff appears in the reference list.