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Basic Laminate Properties (Classic Laminate Theory)

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SDM-25200
6/28/2007
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Certification Methods & Allowables (43-33-N730)

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SDM-25200 Basic Laminate Properties

Spirit AeroSystems, PROPRIETARY, Subject to Export Control ECCN EAR99
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SDM-25200 Basic Laminate Properties Spirit AeroSystems, PROPRIETARY, Subject to Export Control ECCN EAR99
ii
Table of Contents
Table of Contents..................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures............................................................................................................................v 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Basic Definitions....................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Advanced Composite Material......................................................................1 1.1.2 Lamina and Laminate....................................................................................1 1.1.3 Constituents in Composite Materials ............................................................2 1.1.3.1 Fibers ...............................................................................................3 1.1.3.2 Matrices ...........................................................................................3 1.2 Types of Materials..................................................................................................3 1.2.1 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Bodies ..................................................3 1.2.2 Anisotropic, Orthotropic, and Isotropic Materials ........................................4 1.2.3 Material Linearity..........................................................................................4 1.3 Analytical Concepts ...............................................................................................5 2. Elastic Behavior of a Lamina Macromechanical Approach .............................................5 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................5 2.2 Strain Displacements Relations in Lamina .........................................................5 2.3 Generalized Hooks Law........................................................................................7 2.3.1 Anisotropic Materials....................................................................................7 2.3.2 Monoclinic Materials ....................................................................................8 2.3.3 Orthotropic Materials ..................................................................................10 2.3.4 Transversely Isotropic Materials.................................................................10 2.3.5 Isotropic Materials ......................................................................................11 2.4 Mathematical and Engineering Constants for Orthotropic Materials ..................12 2.5 Stress - Strain Relations for an Orthotropic Lamina............................................14 2.6 Transformation of Stress and Strain for Orthotropic Lamina ..............................17 2.7 Transformation of the Orthotropic Lamina Elastic Parameters ...........................19 2.8 Transformation of Stress, Strain and Lamina Elastic Parameters in Terms of Engineering Constants .....................................................................................21 2.9 Transformation Relations for Engineering Constants..........................................23 3. Macromechanical Behavior of Multidirectional Laminates ..............................................24 3.1 Basic Assumptions ...............................................................................................24 3.2 Strain Displacement Relations in Laminates ....................................................25 3.3 Stress - Strain Relations of a Lamina within a Laminate.....................................27
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3.4 Resultant Forces and Moments in the Laminate ................................................. 28 3.5 Load - Deformation Relations and Laminate Stiffness Matrix ........................... 31 3.6 Inversion of Load - Deformation Relations and Laminate Compliance Matrix .................................................................................................................. 33 3.7 Special Cases of Laminate Stiffnesses ................................................................ 36 3.7.1 Symmetric Laminates ................................................................................. 36 3.7.2 Balanced Laminates.................................................................................... 38 3.7.3 Antisymmetric Laminates........................................................................... 39 3.8 Effective Engineering Constants for Symmetric Laminates ............................... 40 4. Computational Procedure.................................................................................................. 42 5. Example Problem .............................................................................................................. 54 6. Computerized Analysis ..................................................................................................... 65 Bibliography............................................................................................................................ 67 Active Page Record................................................................................................................. 68 Revision Record .......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Two Types of Laminate. ......................................................................................1 Figure 2. Laminate...............................................................................................................2 Figure 3. Various Stress-Strain Behaviors of Materials. .....................................................4 Figure 4. Strain Deformation Relations............................................................................6 Figure 5. Mechanical Behavior of Materials. ......................................................................9 Figure 6. Unidirectional Reinforced Lamina.....................................................................15 Figure 7. Stress Components Referred to Loading and Material Axes. ............................17 Figure 8.Laminate Section Before and After Deformation. ..............................................25 Figure 9. Layer k within a Laminate..................................................................................27 Figure 10. Example of Stress and Strain Distribution Through the Thickness of Multidirectional Laminate. ................................................................................................28 Figure 11.Element of Single Layer with Resultant Forces and Moments.........................29 Figure 12. Layers Coordinate Notation in the Multidirectional Laminate. .......................30 Figure 13. Symmetric Laminate. .......................................................................................36 Figure 14 SpiritCLT Sample Input ...................................................................................65 Figure 15 SpiritCLT Sample Output .................................................................................66
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1.
1.1 1.1.1
Introduction
Basic Definitions Advanced Composite Material
Advanced composite materials are fiber-reinforced composite materials. There are three main types of advanced composite materials: Fibrous composites consisting of long fibers in a resin matrix. Laminated composites consisting of layers of different materials or differently oriented plies of the same material bonded together. Particulate composites consisting of particles in a matrix.
These composite materials possess better strength to weight and stiffness to weight ratios than traditional metallic materials. They also have better resistance to fatigue. Due to these advantages composite materials are widely used in aircraft and spacecraft structures. 1.1.2 Lamina and Laminate
A Lamina, or ply, is a flat or curved arrangement of unidirectional fibers or woven fabrics in a matrix. These two types of laminae are shown in Figure 1.
Lamina with Unidirectional Fibers (Tape) 90

o
Lamina with Woven Fibers (Fabric)

Warp Direction
90o
0o
0 Fill Direction
Figure 1. Two Types of Laminate. A Laminate is made up of two or more laminae with unidirectional or woven fibers. The laminae are stacked together in different orientations. The example in Figure 2 shows the laminate consisting of five unidirectional plies with various orientations of fibers. The
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plies are usually bonded together by the same matrix material, which is used in the laminae.
Figure 2. Laminate.
1.1.3
Constituents in Composite Materials
Reinforcing fibers and a matrix are the main constituents of the fiber-reinforced composite materials. The properties of materials used for fibers and matrices are described in more details in Section SDM 25010 Composite Materials and Processes.
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1.1.3.1 Fibers The fibers define the strength and stiffness of composite material under load applied in their direction. There is a large variety of fiber materials used in fiber-reinforced composites. These include: o o o o o o Glass. Aramid (Kevlar). Boron. Carbon. Graphite. Ceramic.
The fibers vary in strength, stiffness, density, high temperature sensitivity, moisture absorption, and in cost. 1.1.3.2 Matrices The matrix keeps fibers together, transfers stresses between the fibers, protects fibers, and prevents them from buckling under compression loading. The matrix is responsible for interlaminar shear and defines in-plane shear properties of the composite material. Four types of matrices are used in composites: o o o o Polymeric. Metallic. Ceramic. Carbon.
The matrix materials vary in shear strength, shrinkage level during cure, resistance to chemicals and solvents, and adhesion ability. 1.2 Types of Materials
Properties of materials can be constant in the body or can be a function of location and direction. Also materials can behave linearly or non-linearly under load. 1.2.1 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Bodies
A material is considered homogeneous if its properties are independent of location, i.e. the properties are the same in any point of the body. In inhomogeneous or heterogeneous materials properties are the function of location in the body, i.e. properties vary from point to point. Properties of composite materials can be homogeneous or inhomogeneous. If properties change slowly from point to point, such materials are called quasi-homogeneous.
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1.2.2 Anisotropic, Orthotropic, and Isotropic Materials Material properties can be dependent or independent of orientation at a point in the body. A material is called anisotropic if its properties at a point in the body vary in all direction. It does not have any planes of material property symmetry. A material with one plane of property symmetry is defined as monoclinic. If a material has three planes of property symmetry, this material is termed orthotropic. A special type of orthotropic material is transversely isotropic material. For this kind of material at every point in the body there is one plane in which properties are equal in all directions. A material is called isotropic if its properties are not a function of orientation at a point in the body, i.e. the properties are the same in all directions at a point in the body. The isotropic material can be considered as a material with an infinite number of material property planes of symmetry. Most composite materials used in the aircraft industry are orthotropic materials. 1.2.3 Material Linearity
Fiber-reinforced composites are usually considered as linear elastic materials in the fiber direction because the fibers mainly define the strength and stiffness of the material. Some composites exhibit elastic - plastic behavior. The elastic perfectly plastic stress-strain diagram is used for analysis simplification. These classes of stress-strain behavior are shown in Figure 3.
Elastic Perfectly Plastic
Linear Elastic
Elastic - Plastic
Figure 3. Various Stress-Strain Behaviors of Materials.
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1.3
Analytical Concepts
Two approaches are used for investigation and analysis of composite materials and structures: micromechanical and macromechanical. Micromechanics studies the mechanical behavior of the composite material constituents (reinforcement and matrix) and examines their interaction on the microscopic level. Macromechanics studies the mechanical behavior of composite structures using the averaged properties of the composite constituents. Under this approach the composite material is presumed homogeneous. In this manual, the attention will be concentrated on macromechanical behavior of composite materials.
2.
2.1
Elastic Behavior of a Lamina Macromechanical Approach

Introduction
In this section the mechanical behavior of the individual lamina (or ply) of laminated structure is investigated. The lamina behavior investigation is generalized to include anisotropic, orthotropic and isotropic materials. The section includes consideration of the general concept of stress and strain, explanation of the generalized Hooks law, and a discussion of specifics of the lamina mechanics. 2.2 Strain Displacements Relations in Lamina
Calculation of strains of the element of lamina based on its displacements is shown in Figure 4. This picture explains the calculation of strains in x-y plane. Similar pictures can be seen in planes x-z and y-z. In the formulas below u, v and w are displacements in x, y and z directions respectively. From the picture in Figure 4, normal strain in the x direction is
u u + x d x u x = dx
After simplification
x =
u x
(1)
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Figure 4. Strain Deformation Relations.
Similarly
y = z =
v y w z
(2)
(3)
Shear strain is the change of initial right angle AOB
xy =
Similarly
u v + y x
(4)
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yz =
zx =
2.3 2.3.1 Generalized Hooks Law Anisotropic Materials
v w + z y
w u + x z
(5)
(6)
The generalized Hooks law for anisotropic materials in contracted (or indicial) notation (stress-strain relationship)
i = Ci j j
where i - stress components; C i j - stiffness matrix;
i, j = 1, . . . , 6
(7)
j - strain components.
The stiffness matrix has 36 constants. However it can be shown (see Bibliography) that the stiffness matrix is symmetric, i.e.
Ci j = C ji
(8)
The symmetric stiffness matrix has only 21 independent constants. The generalized Hooks law in tensor notation
1 C11 C 2 12 3 C13 = 23 C14 31 C15 C16 12 C12 C2 2 C2 3 C2 4 C2 5 C2 6 C13 C14 C2 3 C2 4 C33 C34 C35 C36 C34 C4 4 C4 5 C4 6 C15 C16 1 C2 5 C 2 6 2 C35 C36 3 C4 5 C4 6 2 3 C55 C56 31 C56 C6 6 12
(9)
Equation (9) is the most general expression for anisotropic material linear elasticity. It describes the stress-strain relations for anisotropic material. The inverse of the stiffness matrix C i j is the compliance matrix S i j . The following expression describes the strain-stress relations for anisotropic material.
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i = S i j j
or in tensor notation
1 S11 S 2 12 3 S13 = 23 S14 31 S15 S16 12 S12 S2 2 S 23 S2 4 S 25 S26
i, j = 1, . . . , 6
S13 S 23 S 33 S3 4 S 35 S36
S14 S2 4 S3 4 S4 4 S 45 S46
S15 S 25 S 35 S 45 S55 S5 6
S16 1 S26 2 S36 3 S 4 6 23 S56 31 S6 6 12
(10)
The compliance matrix is also symmetric and has 21 independent constants. In anisotropic materials, there is a coupling between axial and shear deformation. The axial load causes not only extension in one direction and contraction in the perpendicular directions but also shear deformation (Figure 5). Similarly, an applied shear load causes not only shear stresses but also extension in one direction and contraction in direction perpendicular to it. If planes of symmetry for material properties exist then the number of independent material constants is reduced. The following sections describe the most common occurrences of this phenomenon. 2.3.2 Monoclinic Materials
The monoclinic material has one plane of symmetry for material properties. In this case there are 13 independent constants in the stiffness and compliance matrices. As an example the symmetry plane z = 0 is considered here. Stress-strain relations when symmetry plane is z = 0
1 C11 C 2 12 3 C13 = 23 0 31 0 12 C16 C12 C2 2 C2 3 0 0 C2 6 C13 C2 3 C33 0 0 C36 0 0 0 C4 4 C4 5 0 0 0 0 C4 5 C55 0 C16 1 C2 6 2 C36 3 0 2 3 0 31 C6 6 12
(11)
or, conversely, strain-stress relations
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1 S11 S 2 12 3 S13 = 23 0 31 0 12 S16

Normal Stress
S12 S2 2 S 23
S13 S 23 S 33
0 0 0 S4 4 S 45 0
0 0 0 S 45 S55 0
0 0 S26
0 0 S36
S16 1 S26 2 S36 3 0 23 0 31 S6 6 12

Shear Stress
(12)
Isotropic Material
or
Orthotropic Material
with normal stress in the principal material direction
Anisotropic Material
or
Orthotropic Material
with normal stress not in the principal material direction
Figure 5. Mechanical Behavior of Materials.
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2.3.3
Orthotropic Materials
When there are two orthogonal planes of material symmetry then the material properties will be symmetric relative to a third orthogonal plane. These materials are termed as orthotropic materials. The behavior of an orthotropic material depends on the direction of applied load. If the normal stress is applied in the principal material direction then there is no interaction between the normal stresses 1 , 2 , 3 and the shear strains 2 3 , 31 , 12 . Also there is no interaction between the shear stresses 23 , 31 , 12 and the normal strains 1 , 2 , 3 . If the normal stress does not coincide with the principal material direction then interaction between axial and shear deformations does occur as if the material was an anisotropic material (see Figure 5). An orthotropic material has 9 independent material constants in the stiffness and compliance matrices. The stress-strain relationship, when the applied load is in the principal material direction, for an orthotropic material is expressed as follows
1 C11 C 2 12 3 C13 = 23 0 31 0 12 0 C12 C2 2 C2 3 C13 C2 3 C33
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 C4 4 0 0
0 0 0 0 C55 0
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 23 0 31 C6 6 12
(13)
Conversely, strain-stress relationship

1 S11 S 2 12 3 S13 = 23 0 31 0 12 0 S12 S2 2 S23 S13 S23 S 33
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 S44 0 0
0 0 0 0 S55 0
1 2 3 0 23 0 31 S66 12
0 0 0
(14)
2.3.4
Transversely Isotropic Materials
In every point of the transversely isotropic material there is one plane where mechanical properties are equal in all directions. A transversely isotropic material has 5 independent material constants in the stiffness and compliance matrices. If plane 1-2 is the plane of isotropy then the stress-strain relationship is expressed as such
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10
C11 1 C12 2 3 C13 = 0 23 31 0 0 12
C12 C11 C13 0 0 0
C13 C13
0 0
0 0 0 0 C4 4 0
C33 0 0 C4 4 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 3 0 23 0 31 C11 C12 12 2 0 0
(15)

1 S11 S 2 12 3 S13 = 23 0 31 0 12 0 S12 S11 S13 S13 S13 S 33
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 S4 4 0 0
0 0 0 0 S44 0
0 1 0 2 3 0 0 23 31 0 2(S11 S12 ) 12
(16)
2.3.5 Isotropic Materials For this type of material there is no interaction between normal and shear stresses and strains. The stiffness and compliance matrices have only 2 independent material constants. Stress-strain relationship for isotropic materials C11 1 C12 2 C12 3 = 0 23 31 0 12 0 C12 C11 C12 0 0 0 C12 C12 C11 0 0 0 0 0 0 C11 C12 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 C11 C12 2 0 1 2 3 0 23 0 31 12 C11 C12 2 0 0 0
(17)
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11
1 S11 S 2 12 3 S12 = 23 0 31 0 12 0
S12 S11 S12
S12 S12 S11
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 2(S11 S12 ) 0 0 2(S11 S12 ) 0 0
1 2 3 0 0 23 31 0 2(S11 S12 ) 12
0 0
(18)
2.4
Mathematical and Engineering Constants for Orthotropic Materials
The stiffness and compliance matrices can be expressed in terms of engineering (or technical) constants. These constants are
E1 , E2 , E3
G2 3 , G31 , G12
- Youngs moduli in 1, 2, and 3 directions. - Shear moduli in planes 2-3, 3-1, and 1-2. - Poisons ratio for transverse contraction in j direction when extended in i direction.
ij
ij =
j i
(19)
For an orthotropic material, the components of the compliance matrix in equation (14) can be found as follows:
1 E 1 12 E 1 13 E1 = 0 0 0
21
E2 1 E2 E2 0 0 0
31 32
E3
0 0 0 1 G23 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 G31 0
[S ]
ij
23
E3 1 E3 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 G12
(20)
The compliance matrix is symmetric, i.e.
Si j = S j i
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12
In engineering terms
ij
Ei
ji
Ej
or
Ej Ei
ji = i j
(21)
The stiffness matrix is an inverse of compliance matrix, so non-zero components of the stiffness matrix for an orthotropic material are
C11 =
C2 2 =
2 S 2 2 S 33 S 2 3
S
S33 S11 S123 S S11S 2 2 S S
2 12
C12 = C13 =
S13 S 23 S12 S33 S S12 S 23 S13 S 2 2 S
(22)
C33 = C4 4 = C2 3 = C55 = S12 S13 S 23 S11 S C6 6 =
1 S44
1 S55
1 S66
where
S11 S = S12 S13 S12 S2 2 S23 S13 S23 S 33
or
2 2 2 S = S11 S 2 2 S33 S11 S 2 3 S 2 2 S13 S 3 3 S12 + 2 S12 S 2 3 S13
(23)
After substitution of mathematical symbols in expressions (22) and (23) by engineering constants, the non-zero components of stiffness matrix are
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13
C11 =
1 23 32
E2 E3
C12 =
21 + 31 23
E2 E3
12 + 32 13
E1 E3
C13 =
31 + 21 3 2
E2 E3
13 + 12 23
E1 E2
C2 2 =
1 13 31
E1 E3
C 23 =
32 + 12 31
E1 E 3
23 + 21 13
E1 E 2
C5 5 = G31
C33 =
1 12 21
E1 E2
(24)
C 4 4 = G2 3
C6 6 = G12
where
1 1 = 12 E1 E2 E3 13 21 1 23 31 32 1
or
=
1 12 21 23 32 31 13 2 21 32 13
E1 E2 E3
(25)
So, the stiffness matrix in engineering terms for an orthotropic material

1 23 32 E 2 E3 12 + 32 13 E E 1 3 + = 13 12 23 E E 1 2 0 0 0
21 + 31 23
E 2 E3 1 13 31 E1 E 3 23 + 21 13 E1 E 2 0 0 0
31 + 21 32
E 2 E3 32 + 12 31 E1 E 3 1 12 21 E1 E 2 0 0 0
0 0 0 G23 0 0
0 0 0 0 G31 0
[C ]
ij
0 0 0 0 0 G12
(26)
2.5
Stress - Strain Relations for an Orthotropic Lamina
A composite lamina, as a component of a thin laminate, can be considered working under plane stress condition. If the lamina is located in coordinate plane 1-2 (Figure 6), then the plane stress condition means that all out-of-plane stresses are zeros
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14
3 = 0
23 = 0
13 = 0
(27)
After substitution of condition (27) into equation (13)

1 C11 C 2 12 0 C13 = 0 0 0 0 12 0 C12 C2 2 C2 3 C13 C2 3 C33
0 0 0
C4 4 0
0 0 0 0 C55 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 23 0 31 C6 6 12
(28)
1
Figure 6. Unidirectional Reinforced Lamina. From equation (28), stresses for the plane stress state
1 = C11 1 + C12 2 + C13 3 2 = C12 1 + C2 2 2 + C2 3 3

0 = C13 1 + C2 3 2 + C33 3
(29)
23 = 0 12 = C 6 6 12
31 = 0
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15
Excluding 3 from equations (29)
1 = C11
C123 C C 1 + C12 13 2 3 2 = Q11 1 + Q12 2 C33 C33

(30)
2 C13 C23 C2 + C2 2 3 2 = Q12 1 + Q2 2 2 2 = C12 1 C33 C33
12 = C6 6 12 = Q6 6 12
Or in tensor notation the stress strain relations are
1 Q11 2 = Q12 12 0 Q12 Q2 2 0 0 1 0 2 Q6 6 12
(31)
Matrix Q i j is called the reduced stiffness matrix. The inverse of (31) is the strain stress relationship in term of the compliance matrix
1 S11 2 = S12 12 0 S12 S22 0 0 1 0 2 S66 12
(32)
Components of compliance matrix in engineering terms are

S11 =
1 E1
S22 =
1 E2
S12 =
12
E1
21
E2
S6 6 =
1 G12
(33)
Non-zero components of the reduced stiffness matrix are

Q11 = S2 2 S11 S 2 2 S S12 S11 S 2 2 S
2 12
2 12
Q2 2 =
S11 S11 S 2 2 S122
(34)
Q12 =
Q6 6 = 1 S66
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In engineering terms
Q11 = 1 12 21 E1 Q2 2 = 1 12 21 E2
E E Q12 = 12 2 = 21 1 1 12 21 1 12 21
2.6
(35)
Q6 6 = G12
Transformation of Stress and Strain for Orthotropic Lamina
The principal material directions (1, 2) for an orthotropic material are often not coincident with the loading axes (x, y) or with coordinate axes which would be selected for the solution of the problem (see Figure 7).
Figure 7. Stress Components Referred to Loading and Material Axes.

The relationship between stress and strain components referred to the principal material axes (1, 2) and components referred to the loading axes (x, y)
1 x 2 = [T ] y 12 x y
1 x = [T ] y 2 1 1 12 2 2 xy
(36)
Where [T ] is the transformation matrix
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17
m2 n2 2mn 2 2 [T ] = n 2mn m m n m n m 2 n 2
(37)
where
m = cos
n = sin
The equations (36) can be rewritten as follows: Stress transformation
1 = m 2 x + n 2 y + 2mn xy 2 = n 2 x + m 2 y 2mn xy
12 = mn x + mn y + (m 2 n 2 ) xy
Strains transformation (36-a)
1 = m 2 x + n 2 y + mn xy 2 = n 2 x + m 2 y mn xy 12 = 2mn x + 2mn y + (m 2 n 2 ) xy
The inverse relationship between stress and strain components is derived as:
x 1 y = T x y 1 2 12
(36-b)
[ ]
x = T 1 y 1 xy 2
[ ]
1 2 1 12 2
(38)
where the inversed transformation matrix
m2 2mn n2 2 1 2 T ( ) = [T ( )] = n m 2mn m n m n m 2 n 2
(39)
The stress and strain transformations are independent from material properties and merely rotations of stress or strains.
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18
2.7
Transformation of the Orthotropic Lamina Elastic Parameters
As was shown above by expressions (31) and (32), when the lamina is loaded only by tension or compression along the material principal axes there is no coupling between normal stress and shear strains. Similarly, when the lamina is loaded by pure shear in the principal plane there is no coupling between shear stress and normal strains. However, when the lamina is loaded along arbitrary axes x and y the stress strain relationship will be
x Q11 y = Q12 x y Q16 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6 Q16 x Q2 6 y Q6 6 x y
(40)
The reduced stiffness matrix here is fully populated. Equation (40) can be modified as x Q11 y = Q12 xy Q16 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6 2 Q16 x 2 Q2 6 y 1 2 Q6 6 xy 2
(41)
After modification of transformation expression (38) and taking into account stress strain relationship (31)
x 1 y = T x y
[ ]
1 1 2 = T 12
[ ]
Q11 Q12 0
Q12 Q2 2 0
0 1 0 2 Q6 6 12
= T 1
[ ]
Q11 Q12 0
Q12 Q2 2 0
0 1 0 2 = T 1 1 2 Q6 6 12 2
[ ]
Q11 Q12 0
Q12 Q2 2 0
0 x 0 [T ] y 1 2 Q6 6 xy 2
(42)
From comparison of (41) and (42)

Q11 Q12 Q16 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6 2 Q16 2 Q2 6 = T 1 2 Q6 6
[ ]
Q11 Q12 0
Q12 Q2 2 0
0 0 [T ] 2 Q6 6
(43)
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19
The transformed reduced stiffnesses are obtained as a function of the principal lamina stiffnesses from equation (43)
Q11 = m 4Q11 + n 4Q2 2 + 2 m 2 n 2Q12 + 4 m 2 n 2Q6 6
Q2 2 = n 4Q11 + m 4Q2 2 + 2 m 2 n 2Q12 + 4 m 2 n 2Q6 6 Q12 = m 2 n 2Q11 + m 2 n 2Q2 2 + m 4 + n 4 Q12 4 m 2 n 2Q6 6 Q16 = m 3n Q11 m n 3Q2 2 m n m 2 n 2 Q12 2 m n m 2 n 2 Q6 6 Q2 6 = m n 3 Q11 m 3n Q2 2
2 2 2 2 12 66
( + m n (m
) n )Q
( + 2 m n (m
) n )Q
(44)
Q6 6 = m 2 n 2 Q11 + m 2 n 2 Q2 2 2 m 2 n 2 Q12 + m 2 n 2 Q6 6
The strain stress relationship for an orthotropic lamina loaded along arbitrary x and y axes are
x S11 y = S12 x y S16 S12 S2 2 S26 S16 x S 2 6 y S6 6 x y
(45)
Equation (45) in another form x S11 = S y 12 1 1 S xy 16 2 2 S12 S22 1 S26 2 S16 x S 2 6 y 1 S6 6 x y 2
(46)
Result of series of transformations similar to equation (42) is x = T 1 y 1 2 xy 1 = T 1 2 1 12 2 S11 S 12 0 S12 S2 2 0 0 1 0 2 1 12 S6 6 2
[ ]
[ ]
= T 1
[ ]
S11 S 12 0
S12 S22 0
0 x 0 [T ] y 1 x y S6 6 2
(47)
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20
From comparison of (46) and (47) S11 S 12 1 S 16 2 S12 S22 1 S26 2 S16 S 2 6 = T 1 1 S66 2 S11 S 12 0 S12 S2 2 0 0 0 [T ] 1 S6 6 2
[ ]
(48)
Transformed compliances as a function of the principal lamina compliances are

S11 = m 4 S11 + n 4 S 2 2 + 2 m 2 n 2 S12 + m 2 n 2 S 6 6 S 2 2 = n 4 S11 + m 4 S 2 2 + 2 m 2 n 2 S12 + m 2 n 2 S 6 6
S12 = m 2 n 2 S11 + m 2 n 2 S 2 2 + m 4 + n 4 S12 m 2 n 2 S 6 6

S16 = 2 m 3n S11 2 m n 3 S 2 2 2 m n m 2 n 2 S12 m n m 2 n 2 S 6 6 S 2 6 = 2 m n 3 S11 2 m 3n S 2 2
2 2 2 2 12 66
( + 2 m n (m
) n )S
( + m n (m
) n )S
(49)
S 6 6 = 4 m 2 n 2 S11 + 4 m 2 n 2 S 2 2 8 m 2 n 2 S12 + m 2 n 2
S66
2.8
Transformation of Stress, Strain and Lamina Elastic Parameters in Terms of Engineering Constants
Equation (32) shows the strain stress relations referring to the principal material axes. The same relationship expressed in terms of engineering constants is obtained by substituting the compliance terms with corresponding engineering terms from equation (33).
1 S11 2 = S12 12 0 1 0 1 E1 0 2 = 12 E1 12 S6 6 0
21
S12 S2 2 0
E2 1 E2 0
0 1 0 2 1 12 G12
(50)
The strain stress relationship referring to arbitrary coordinate system x-y are given by equation (45) in terms of mathematical compliance constants. The goal of this section is to express these relations in terms of engineering constants. From the theory of elasticity of anisotropic material, if the lamina is loaded only by uniaxial normal stress x ( y = 0, x y = 0 ) the following strains will be produced
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21
x =
x
Ex
y =
xy
Ex
xy =
x , xy
Ex
(51)
The Poissons ratio x y is the negative ratio of the transverse strain y to the axial strain x . The shear coupling coefficient x , x y characterizes the shear strain in plane x-y caused by axial stress x . Similarly, strains caused by uniaxial stress y ( x = 0, x y = 0 ) are
x =
yx
Ey
y =
y
Ey
xy =
y , xy
Ey
(52)
A pure shear x y ( x = 0, y = 0 ) causes the following strains
x =
xy , x
Gx y
xy
y =
xy , y
Gx y
xy
xy =
xy
Gx y
(53)
Superposition of above loads x , y and x y creates the following strain stress relations in terms of engineering constants: 1 x Ex xy y = E x xy x, xy Ex
yx
y , xy
Ey
Ey 1 Ey
Gx y xy , y x y Gx y 1 xy Gx y
xy , x
(54)
From symmetry of the compliance matrix in expression (54)
xy
Ex
yx
Ey
or
xy Ex = yx E y x , xy Ex = x y , x Gx y y , xy E y = x y , y Gx y
22
x , xy
Ex
= =
xy , x
Gx y
or
(55)
y , xy
Ey
xy , y
Gx y
or
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From comparison of matrices in equations (45) and (54)

S11 = 1 Ex S22 = 1 Ey S66 = 1 Gx y
(56) S 26 = S6 2 =
S12 = S 21 =
2.9
xy
Ex
yx
Ey
S16 = S 61 =
x,xy
Ex
xy ,x
Gx y
y , xy
Ey
xy , y
Gx y
Transformation Relations for Engineering Constants
From expressions (56), the engineering constants referring to arbitrary axes x and y can be found
Ex = 1 S11 Ey = 1 S22 Gx y = 1 S66
xy =
x, xy =
S 21 S11
S 61 S11
yx =
xy , x =
S16 S66
S12 S22
(57)
S6 2 S2 2
y , xy =
xy , y =
S26 S66
Substituting compliance values referred to arbitrary coordinates x and y from (49) and taking into account expressions (33) transformation relations for engineering constants will be obtained:
n2 2 m2 n2 1 m2 2 m n 2 12 ) + n m 2 21 ) + = ( ( Ex E1 E2 G12 m2 2 m2 n2 1 n2 2 m n 2 21 ) + = (n m 2 12 ) + ( E y E1 E2 G12
1 4m 2 n 2 4m 2 n 2 m2 n2 ( ( = 1 + 12 ) + 1 + 21 ) + Gx y E1 E2 G12
(58)
xy
Ex
yx
Ey
m2 2 n2 2 m2 n2 m 12 n 2 ) + n 21 m 2 ) + ( ( E1 E2 G12 =
2m3 n 2m n3 m n m2 n2 ( ( 1 + 12 ) 1 + 21 ) E1 E2 G12
x , xy
Ex
= =
xy , x
Gx y
y , xy
Ey
xy , y
Gx y
2m n3 2m3 n m n (m 2 n 2 ) (1 + 12 ) E (1 + 21 ) + G = E1 12 2
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23
For = 45o the expressions for engineering constants transformation are
1 1 12 1 21 1 1 1 = + + = E o E 4 E E G 2 12 x = 45 y = 45o 1
1 1 + 12 1 + 21 = + G E1 E2 xy = 45 o
yx xy 1 1 21 1 1 = 12 + + o = E E E2 G12 x = 45 y = 45o 4 E1
(59)
xy , y xy , x y , xy x, xy 1 1 + 12 1 + 21 = = = = E E E o G E o G 2 2 x x y y x y 1 = 45 = 45 = 45o = 45 o
3.
3.1
Macromechanical Behavior of Multidirectional Laminates

Basic Assumptions
The mechanical behavior of a multidirectional laminate depends on the properties and stacking sequence of the individual layers (laminae). The laminate is presumed to obey the following assumptions and restrictions:

The laminate is presumed to consist of perfectly bonded layers (laminae). Each layer (lamina) of the laminate is quasi-homogeneous and orthotropic. Interlaminar bonds are assumed to be infinitesimally thin and non-deformable by shear. The laminate acts as a single layer of material. The length and width of the laminate is much larger than its thickness. The laminate is loaded in its plane only (i.e. no through-thickness loads). The laminate and its layers are in a plane stress state (except the edge area). All displacements are small in comparison with the thickness of the laminate. Displacements are continuous through the laminate. In-plane displacements ( u and v displacements in the x and y directions) vary linearly through the thickness of the laminate: i.e. they are linear functions of the z coordinate.
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24
A line straight and normal to the middle surface of the undeformed laminate remains straight and normal to the middle surface after deformation. This is equivalent to the assumption that the transverse shear strains are equal to zero. Strain displacement and stress strain relations are linear. Normal distances from the middle surface dont change. It is equivalent to the assumption that the transverse normal stress is equal to zero.
Strain Displacement Relations in Laminates
3.2
To develop relationship between strains and displacements in the laminate, the cross section normal to the x-axis before and after deformation is considered (Figure 8).
x (u) z (w)
Cross Section A-B A B
y (v)
A
uo
zc
C B
x
C
zc
Cross Section A-B in Undeformed Plate
B Cross Section A-B in Deformed Plate
Figure 8.Laminate Section Before and After Deformation.
The x-y plane equidistant from the top and bottom surfaces of the laminate is called the midplane or reference plane. The midplane displacements in the x- and y-directions
uo = uo (x, y )
vo = vo (x, y )
(60)
and the out-of-plane displacement in the z-direction

REV B SDM-25200 Basic Laminate Properties Spirit AeroSystems, PROPRIETARY, Subject to Export Control ECCN EAR99 25
w = f (x, y )
are functions only of x and y coordinates.
(61)
Since line AB remains straight and normal to the laminate midplane after deformation, the slopes of the laminate midplane x and y in x- and y-directions are
x =
w x
y =
w y
(62)
Since all the deformations (including angles) are considered small, the in-plane displacements of the arbitrary point C (located at distance z from the midplane) are
u = u o z x
or
u = uo z w x
v = v o z y
(63)
v = vo z
w y
(64)
where z is the normal to the midplane coordinate of the arbitrary point C of the cross section. Classical strain displacement relations of theory of elasticity are
x =
u x
y =
v y
xy =
u v + y x
(65)
After substitution of (65) into (64)
x =
uo 2w z 2 x x (66)
vo 2w y = z 2 y y
xy =
Midplane strains are
o x =
uo vo 2w + 2z y x x y
uo x
o y =
vo y
o x y =
uo vo + y x
(67)
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26
Curvatures of the laminate after deformation kx = 2w x2 ky = 2w y2 k xy = 2 2w x y (68)
The above analysis procedure is valid only for plates. For shells the y term must be supplemented by more complicated strain displacement relationship. Thus, strains at any point of the laminate can be expressed as functions of midplane strains and the laminate curvatures after deformation:
o x x kx o y = y + z ky o x y x k xy y
(69)
3.3
Stress - Strain Relations of a Lamina within a Laminate
Stress strain relations for an isolated lamina working under a plane stress state is given in Sections 2.5 and 2.7. When the lamina is the part of a thin laminate (Figure 9) it also can be considered working under plane stress condition
Figure 9. Layer k within a Laminate. The stress strain relations for layer k referring to the lamina principal material axes are
1 Q11 2 = Q12 12 k 0 Q12 Q2 2 0 0 1 0 2 Q6 6 k 12 k
(70)
The stress strain relations for layer k transformed to the laminate coordinate system
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27
x Q11 y = Q12 x y k Q16
Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6
Q16 Q2 6 Q6 6 k
x y x y k
(71)
After substitution of (69) into expression (71)

Q11 x y = Q12 x y k Q16 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6
o Q11 Q16 x o Q2 6 y + z Q12 o Q16 Q6 6 k x y
Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6
Q16 k x Q2 6 k y Q6 6 k k x y
(72)
The example of stress and strain distribution through the laminate thickness is given in Figure 10.
Strain Distribution Elastic Modulus Distribution Stress Distribution
Laminate
Ply 1 Ply 2 Ply 3 Ply 4 Ply 5
Figure 10. Example of Stress and Strain Distribution Through the Thickness of Multidirectional Laminate.
Strains vary linearly through the thickness of the laminate. However, due to discontinuities of the transformed reduced stiffness matrix from layer to layer, the stresses also vary discontinuously from layer to layer.
3.4 Resultant Forces and Moments in the Laminate
Because the stresses change discontinuously from layer to layer, the resultant forces and moments will first be calculated for every lamina, then summarized to obtain the resultant forces and moments for the laminate. Integrating the stresses through each ply in the laminate provides the resultant forces and moments. Stresses acting on layer k (Figure 9) described by equation (72) can be replaced by resultant forces and moments shown in Figure 11.
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28

t 2 t 2 k Ny = t 2
N =
k x
t 2
x d z
t 2
t 2
y d z
t 2
N xky =
t 2
t 2
xy
dz
(73)
M =
k x
t 2
zd z
M =
k y
t 2
zd z
k xy
t 2
xy
zd z
(74)
Forces
Ny N yx N xy
t/2 x t/2
Nx
z
N xy N yx
Nx
y
Ny
Moments
My
M yx
t/2 x t/2
Mx
M xy
Mx
My
M xy
y
M yx
Figure 11.Element of Single Layer with Resultant Forces and Moments.
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29
In expressions (73) and (74) z - through-the-thickness coordinate of a point in the cross section; t - layer thickness; k - normal forces per unit length for layer k; N xk , N y
N xky M xky
- shear force per unit length for layer k; - twisting moment per unit length for layer k.
k - bending moments per unit length for layer k; M xk , M y
For the n-layer laminate (Figure 12) the resultant forces and moments are obtained as
x Nx z n k N y = y d z N xy i =1 z k 1 x y k x Mx z n k M y = y z d z M x y i =1 z k 1 x y k
and
(75)
k=1 k=2 k=3
x zk-1
z3
z2
z1
z0
h 2
k=n
y z
zk zn-1 zn
h 2
Figure 12. Layers Coordinate Notation in the Multidirectional Laminate.
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30
3.5
Load - Deformation Relations and Laminate Stiffness Matrix
After substitution of expression (72) into equations (75)

Q11 Nx n N y = Q12 N x y k =1 Q16 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6
o z Q11 Q16 x o k Q2 6 y d z + Q12 o zk 1 Q16 Q6 6 k xy
Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6
Q16 k x zk Q2 6 k y z d z zk 1 Q6 6 k k xy
(76)
and
Q11 Mx n M y = Q12 M x y k =1 Q16 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6
o z Q11 Q16 x o k Q2 6 y z d z + Q12 o zk 1 Q16 Q6 6 k x y
Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6
Q16 k x zk 2 Q2 6 k y z d z zk 1 Q6 6 k k x y Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6
(77)
Q11 In expressions (76) and (77) the reduced stiffness matrices Q12 Q16
Q16 Q2 6 , reference Q6 6 k
o x kx o plane strains y and curvatures k y are not functions of z, so they can be taken o x k x y y outside the integration operation. Reference plane strains and curvatures refer to the entire laminate, so they are the same for all layers and can be taken outside the summation sign. Taking this into account the expressions (76) and (77) can be transformed the following way:
N x Q11 n N y = Q12 N x y k =1 Q16 Q11 n = Q12 k =1 Q 16
Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6
Q16 Q2 6 Q6 6
o x Q11 o n d z oy + Q12 k = 1 zk 1 Q k x y 16 zk
Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6
Q16 Q2 6 Q6 6 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6
k x z d z k y zk 1 k k x y
zk
Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6
o x Q11 Q16 o 1 n Q2 6 ( zk zk 1 ) y + Q12 o 2 k =1 Q Q6 6 16 k x y
Q16 2 2 Q2 6 zk zk 1 Q6 6 k
k x k y k x y
(78)
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31
M x Q11 n M y = Q12 M xy k =1 Q16 Q11 1 n = Q12 2 k =1 Q 16
Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6
Q16 Q2 6 Q6 6
o x Q11 o n z d z oy + Q12 zk 1 k =1 Q k xy 16 zk
Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6
Q16 Q2 6 Q6 6 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6
k x z 2 d z k y zk 1 k k xy
zk
Q16 2 2 Q2 6 z k zk 1 Q6 6 k
o x Q11 o 1 n y + Q12 o 3 k =1 Q 16 x y
Q16 3 3 Q2 6 zk z k 1 Q6 6 k
k x k y k xy
(79) So the force deformation relations are

N x A11 N y = A12 N x y A16 A12 A2 2 A2 6
o B11 A16 x o A2 6 y + B12 o A6 6 x y B16
B12 B2 2 B2 6
B16 k x B2 6 k y B6 6 k xy
(80)
And the moment deformation relations are

M x B11 M y = B12 M x y B16 B12 B2 2 B2 6
o D11 B16 x o B2 6 y + D12 o B6 6 x y D16
D12 D2 2 D2 6
D16 k x D2 6 k y D6 6 k xy
(81)
In equations (80) and (81)

A11 A12 A16 B11 B12 B16 D11 D12 D16 A12 A2 2 A2 6 B12 B2 2 B2 6 D12 D2 2 D2 6 A16 n Q11 A2 6 = Q12 k =1 Q16 A6 6 Q11 B16 1 n B2 6 = Q12 2 k =1 Q16 B6 6 Q11 D16 1 n D2 6 = Q12 3 k =1 Q16 D6 6 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6 Q16 Q2 6 (zk zk 1 ) Q6 6
k
Q16 2 2 Q2 6 (zk zk 1 ) Q6 6 k Q16 3 3 Q2 6 zk zk 1 Q6 6
(82)
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32
Expressions (80) and (81) can be combined in one equation relating in-plane forces and moments to the reference plane strains and laminate curvatures:
N x A11 N A y 12 N x y A16 = M x B11 M y B12 M x y B16 A12 A2 2 A2 6 B12 B2 2 B2 6 A16 A2 6 A6 6 B16 B2 6 B6 6 B11 B12 B16 D11 D12 D16 B12 B2 2 B2 6 D12 D2 2 D2 6
o B16 x o B2 6 y o B6 6 x y D16 k x D2 6 k y D6 6 k xy
(83)
Or in contracted notation
N A B o M = B D k
(84)
Matrices [A], [B], and [D] in the equations above are symmetric matrices. They are the functions of geometry, material properties, and stacking sequences of individual layers. Components of matrix [A] are extensional stiffnesses, or in-plane laminate moduli, relating in-plane loads to in-plane strains. Components of matrix [B] are coupling stiffnesses relating in-plane loads to curvatures and moments to in-plane strains. If matrix [B] 0 then:

In-plane forces produce flexural and twisting deformations in addition to in-plane deformations. Moments produce extensional and shear deformations of the middle surface in additional to flexural and twisting deformations.
Components of matrix [D] are bending laminate stiffnesses relating moments to curvatures.
3.6 Inversion of Load - Deformation Relations and Laminate Compliance Matrix
Stress distribution through the thickness in multidirectional laminates has discontinuities from ply to ply (Figure 10). Therefore in many applications it is preferable to work with strains which change continuously through the thickness of the laminate. The strains can be found from equation (83) performing the stiffness matrix inversion:
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33

o x a11 a12 o y a21 a2 2 o x a61 a6 2 y = k x c11 c12 k c21 c2 2 y c61 c6 2 k xy
a16 a2 6 a6 6 c16 c2 6 c6 6
b11 b21 b61
b12 b2 2 b6 2
d11 d12 d 21 d 2 2 d 61 d62
b16 N x b2 6 Ny b6 6 N x y d16 M x d 26 M y M d66 x y
(85)
Or in contracted notation
o a b N = k c d M
(86)
From relations (84) and (86) it follows that the compliance matrix is the inverse of the stiffness matrix
a b A B c d = B D
1
(87)
Equation (84) can be rewritten as
[N ] = [A][ o ] + [B][k ]
(88) (89)
[M ] = [B][ o ] + [D][k ]
Equation (88) is solved for o
o
[ ] [ ] = [A ][N ] [A ][B][k ]
1 1
(90)
where A1 - inverse of matrix [ A] . After substitution of o from (90) into equation (89)
1 1
[ ]
[ ] [M ] = [B][A ][N ] + ( [B][A ][B] + [D])[k ]
(91)
After introducing the notation
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34
[A ] = [A ] [B ] = [A ][B] [C ] = [B][A ] [D ] = [D] [B][A ][B]

* 1 * 1 * 1 * 1
(92)
equations (90) and (91) can be rewritten as
[ ] = [A ][N ] + [B ][k ] [M ] = [C ][N ] + [D ][k ]

o
* * * *
(93) (94)
Equation (94) is solved for [k ]
[k ] = [D*1 ][M ] [D*1 ][C * ][N ]

After substitution of [k ] from (95) into equation (93)
(95)
[ ] = ( [A ] [B ][D ][C ] )[N ] + [B ][D ][M ]

o
* * *1 * * *1
(96)
Combining equations (95) and (96) gives

o A* B* D*1 C * = * 1 * k D C B* D*1 N D*1 M
(97)
Thus, in equation (86)
[a] = [A* ] [B* ][D*1 ][C* ] [b] = [B* ][D*1 ] [c] = [D*1 ][C * ] [d ] = [D*1 ]
(98)
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35
3.7
Special Cases of Laminate Stiffnesses
3.7.1 Symmetric Laminates A laminate is considered symmetric when each layer on one side of the midplane has a corresponding layer on the other side with an equal distance from the midplane, the same thickness, orientation, and material properties. For n-layer laminate in Figure 13 for two symmetrically located identical layers k and k: Thicknesses Stiffnesses Coordinates of laminae midplanes From equation (82) matrix [B] k for layer k
tk = tk
k Qi k j = Qi j
i, j = 1,2,6
(99)
zk = zk
[B ]k = 1 [Q ]k (z k2 z k21 ) = 1 [Q ]k (z k + z k 1 )(z k z k 1 )
2 2
(100)
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer k

zk
zk
Layer k Layer n
Figure 13. Symmetric Laminate.
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36
Since
z k + z k 1 = 2 z k
expression (100) can be modified
z k z k 1 = t k
(101)
[B ]k = [Q ]k z k t k
Similarly, for symmetric layer k
(102)
[B ] k = [Q ]k z k t k
Taking expressions (99) into account
(103)
[B ] k + [B ] k = [Q ]k t k (z k + z k ) = [0]
(104)
Since the symmetric laminate consists of pairs of symmetric layers, matrix [B ] is the zero matrix. So, for a symmetric laminate the load strain relations is
N x A11 N A y 12 N xy A16 = Mx 0 My 0 M xy 0 A12 A2 2 A2 6 0 0 0 A16 A2 6 A6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 D11 D12 D16 0 0 0 D12 D2 2 D2 6
o x o y o x y D16 k x D2 6 k y D6 6 k xy
0 0 0
(105)
In symmetric laminates there is no coupling between in-plane loads and out-of-plane deformations. So, equation (105) can be rewritten as
N x A11 N y = A12 N x y A16 M x D11 M y = D12 M x y D16 A12 A2 2 A2 6 D12 D2 2 D2 6
o A16 x o A2 6 y o A6 6 x y
(106)
D16 k x D2 6 k y D6 6 k xy
(107)
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37
3.7.2 Balanced Laminates A balanced laminate consists of pairs of layers with the same thickness and elastic properties having + and orientations of their principal material axes with respect to the laminate principal axes. In addition to these plies, the balanced laminate can have any number of 0 o and 90o plies. For any two balanced layers k and k Thicknesses Orientations In equations (44)
tk = tk
k = k
m( ) = cos( ) = cos = m( ) n( ) = sin( ) = sin = n( )
(108)
m( ) = cos n( ) = sin
After substitution of m( ) and n( ) into fourth and fifth equations of (44)

Q16 ( ) = m 3 n Q11 + m n 3Q2 2 + m n m 2 n 2 Q12 + 2m n m 2 n 2 Q6 6 = Q16 ( )
Q2 6 ( ) = m n 3 Q11 + m 3n Q2 2
2 2 2 12
( m n (m
) n )Q
( 2 m n (m
n2
) )Q
66
= Q2 6 ( )
(109)
k Components A1k6 and A2 6 of matrix [ A]k for layer k k A1k6 ( k ) = Q1k 6 ( k )( z k z k 1 ) = Q16 ( k )t k k k k A2 6 ( k ) = Q2 6 ( k )( z k z k 1 ) = Q2 6 ( k )t k
(110)
k Components A1k6 and A2 6 of matrix [ A]k for layer k balanced to layer k taking into account expressions (108) and (109) k A1k6 ( k ) = A1k6 ( k ) = Q1k 6 ( k )( z k z k 1 ) = Q16 ( k )t k k k k k A2 6 ( k ) = A2 6 ( k ) = Q2 6 ( k )( z k z k 1 ) = Q2 6 ( k )t k
(111)
For a pair of balanced layers k and k

k A1k6 ( k ) + A1k6 ( k ) = Q1k 6 ( k ) Q16 ( k )t k = 0 k k k k A2 6 ( k ) + A2 6 ( k ) = Q2 6 ( k ) Q2 6 ( k )t k = 0
(112)
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38
Since the balanced laminate consists of pairs of balanced laminae, components A16 and
A2 6 of matrix [ A] are equal to zero. Additional 0 o and 90o plies dont change this fact
because these plies have zero A16 and A2 6 components. Thus, there is no shear coupling at the reference plane for balanced laminate. For balanced laminates, the load deformation relations are N x A11 N A y 12 N xy 0 = M x B11 M y B12 M xy B16 A12 A2 2 0 B12 B2 2 B2 6 0 0 A6 6 B16 B2 6 B6 6 B11 B12 B16 D11 D12 D16 B12 B2 2 B2 6 D12 D2 2 D2 6
o B16 x o B2 6 y o B6 6 x y D16 k x D2 6 k y D6 6 k xy
(113)
3.7.3 Antisymmetric Laminates An antisymmetric laminate is a special case of a balanced laminate where the balanced + and oriented plies are symmetrically located about the laminate midplane. For any two antisymmetric layers k and k Geometry Stiffnesses
3 3 3 3 zk zk 1 = z k z k 1
(114)
Q2k6 = Q2k6
k Q1k 6 = Q16
and
(115)
The sums of the components of matrices [D]k and [D]k representing bending/twisting coupling stiffnesses are
3 3 1 k 3 1 k 3 zk zk 3 3 k 1 D + D = Q16 zk zk 1 + Q16 zk zk 1 = Q1k 6 Q16 = 0 3 3 3
k 16 k 16
3 3 1 k 3 1 k 3 zk zk 3 3 k k 1 D2 + D = Q z z + Q z z = Q2k6 Q2k6 = 0 6 26 26 26 k k 1 k k 1 3 3 3
Since the antisymmetric laminate consists of pairs of antisymmetric laminae, components D16 and D2 6 of matrix [D] are equal to zero. This means that there is no bending/twisting coupling in antisymmetric laminates. For antisymmetric laminates, the load deformation relations are
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39
N x A11 N A y 12 N xy 0 = M x B11 M y B12 M x y B16

3.8
A12 A2 2 0 B12 B2 2 B2 6
0 0 A6 6 B16 B2 6 B6 6
B11 B12 B16 D11 D12 0
B12 B2 2 B2 6 D12 D2 2 0
o B16 x o B2 6 y o B6 6 x y 0 kx 0 ky D6 6 k xy
(116)
Effective Engineering Constants for Symmetric Laminates
For symmetric laminates, the midplane strains are related only to in-plane forces
o x a11 o y = a12 o x y a16
a12 a2 2 a2 6
a16 N x a2 6 N y a6 6 N xy
(117)
where [a ] - the extensional laminate compliance matrix. A symmetric laminate is treated here in a macroscopic scale as a homogeneous anisotropic material. The average laminate stresses are
x N x 1 y = N y t x y N x y
(118)
where t laminate thickness. Strain force relations for the laminate written in terms of engineering constants are similar to those for the single lamina given by expression (54)
1 E o x x xy o y = E x o x y x , xy Ex
yx
Ey 1 Ey Ey
y , xy
G xy N xy , y x 1 Ny G xy t N xy 1 G xy
xy , x
(119)
where
Ex , E y
- effective laminate elastic moduli in the x- and y-directions respectively;
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40
Gx y
- effective laminate shear modulus;
- effective laminate Poissons ratios; xy , y x x , x y , y , x y , x y , x , x y , y - effective laminate shear coupling coefficients. Comparing compliance matrices in equations (117) and (119) and equating the corresponding terms the following relations are obtained
Ex =
1 t a11
Ey =
1 t a2 2
Gx y =
1 t a6 6
xy = x, xy = xy , x =
a12 a11 a16 a11 a16 a6 6
yx = y , xy = xy , y =
a12 a2 2 a2 6 a2 2 a2 6 a6 6
(120)
Because of symmetry of compliance matrix
xy
Ex
yx
Ey
x , xy
Ex
xy , x
Gx y
y , xy
Ey
xy , y
Gx y
(121)
Equation (120) are developed for symmetric laminates. Similar expressions for general asymmetric laminates are not available. However, there are some recommendations in the technical literature to apply relations (120) to general asymmetric laminate, although it will cause some inaccuracy of results.
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41
4.
Computational Procedure
Initial Data
1. Laminate Stacking Sequence: - Number of plies - Orientation of plies referred to the laminate coordinate system - Material IDs for plies 2. Material properties for every material type referred to principal material axes - Lamina elastic moduli in directions 1 and 2 - Lamina shear modulus - Poissons ratio n
k = 1, ... , n k = 1, ... , n
E1, E2
G12
12
21 = 12
- Thicknesses of plies 3. Loads on the laminate
E2 E1
t ply
Forces: Moments:
N x , N y , N xy M x , M y , M xy
Solution
<<<<< Step 1 >>>>>
Calculation of components of the reduced stiffness matrix referred to principal material axes (see Section 2.5) for each material
Q11 [Q ] = Q12 0 Q12 Q2 2 0 0 0 Q6 6
The matrix components

Q11 =
1 12 21
E1
Q2 2 =
1 12 21
Q6 6 = G12
E2
Q12 =
12 E2 E = 21 1 1 12 21 1 12 21
REV B
42
If the same material is used for all plies this matrix will be calculated just once.
<<<<< Step 2 >>>>>
Calculation of components of transformed reduced stiffness matrix referred to the laminate coordinate system (see Section 2.7) for each ply
Q11 [Q ] = Q12 Q16 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6 Q16 Q2 6 Q6 6
For an arbitrary angle of the ply orientation

Q11 = m 4Q11 + n 4Q2 2 + 2 m 2 n 2Q12 + 4 m 2 n 2Q6 6
Q2 2 = n 4Q11 + m 4Q2 2 + 2 m 2 n 2Q12 + 4 m 2 n 2Q6 6 Q12 = m 2 n 2Q11 + m 2 n 2Q2 2 + m 4 + n 4 Q12 4 m 2 n 2Q6 6 Q16 = m 3n Q11 m n 3Q2 2 m n m 2 n 2 Q12 2 m n m 2 n 2 Q6 6 Q2 6 = m n 3 Q11 m 3n Q2 2
2 2 2 2 12 66
( + m n (m
) n )Q
( + 2 m n (m
) n )Q
Q6 6 = m 2 n 2 Q11 + m 2 n 2 Q2 2 2 m 2 n 2 Q12 + m 2 n 2 Q6 6
where 1.
m = cos
n = sin
= 0o
m =1
Q11 = Q11
Q16 = 0
(no transformation)
n=0
Q2 2 = Q2 2
Q2 6 = 0
Q12 = Q12
Q6 6 = Q6 6
2.
= 90o
m=0
Q11 = Q2 2
Q16 = 0
n =1
Q2 2 = Q11
Q2 6 = 0
Q12 = Q12
Q6 6 = Q6 6
REV B
43
3.
= 45o
m=n=
2 2
1 (Q11 + Q22 + 2 Q12 + 4 Q66 ) 4 1 (Q11 Q2 2 ) 4 Q12 = Q6 6 = 1 (Q11 + Q2 2 + 2 Q12 4 Q66 ) 4 1 ( Q11 + Q2 2 2 Q12 ) 4
Q11 = Q2 2 = Q16 = Q2 6 =
4.
= 45o
m=
2 2
n=
2 2
Q12 = Q6 6 = 1 (Q11 + Q2 2 + 2 Q12 4 Q66 ) 4 1 ( Q11 + Q2 2 2 Q12 ) 4
Q11 = Q2 2 = Q16 = Q2 6 =
1 (Q11 + Q22 + 2 Q12 + 4 Q66 ) 4 1 ( Q11 + Q2 2 ) 4
<<<<< Step 3 >>>>>
Calculation of through thickness layer coordinates (see Section 3.4, Figure 12) and coordinate functions. The laminate thickness
t = tk
k =1 n
The smallest through thickness coordinate of the laminate

z0 = t 2
Coordinates of boundaries between layers and the top of the laminate

z k = z 0 + ti
i =1 k
k = 1, ... , n
REV B
44
Coordinate functions
tk = zk zk 1
2 2 pk = z k zk 1 3 3 qk = z k zk 1
k = 1, ... , n
k = 1, ... , n k = 1, ... , n
<<<<< Step 4 >>>>>
Calculation of [ A] matrix (see Section 3.5)

A11 [ A] = A12 A16 A12 A2 2 A2 6 A16 n Q11 A2 6 = Q12 k =1 Q16 A6 6 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6 Q16 Q2 6 tk Q6 6 k
Matrix [ A] components
Ai j = Qi k j tk
k =1
<<<<< Step 5 >>>>>
Calculation of [B ] matrix (see Section 3.5)

B11 [B ] = B12 B16 B12 B2 2 B2 6 Q11 B16 1 n B2 6 = Q12 2 k =1 Q16 B6 6 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6 Q16 Q2 6 pk Q6 6 k
Matrix [B ] components
1 n Bi j = Qi k j pk 2 k =1
For symmetric laminates [B ] is a zero matrix.
REV B
45
<<<<< Step 6 >>>>>
Calculation of [D] matrix (see Section 3.5)

D11 [D ] = D12 D16 D12 D2 2 D2 6 Q11 D16 1 n D2 6 = Q12 3 k =1 Q16 D6 6 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6 Q16 Q2 6 qk Q6 6
k
Matrix [D] components
1 n Di j = Qi k j qk 3 k =1
<<<<< Step 7 >>>>>
Combined stiffness matrix

A11 A 12 A B A16 B D = B 11 B12 B16 A12 A2 2 A2 6 B12 B2 2 B2 6 A16 A2 6 A6 6 B16 B2 6 B6 6 B11 B12 B16 D11 D12 D16 B12 B2 2 B2 6 D12 D2 2 D2 6 B16 B2 6 B6 6 D16 D2 6 D6 6
To calculate strains in the laminate the stiffness matrix must be inverted to obtain the compliance matrix (see Section 3.6) a b A B c d = B D
1
In a computerized procedure, the inversion can be done straight for the above 6 6 matrix (go to step 16 after inversion). For a hand analysis, follow the procedure (step 8).
<<<<< Step 8 >>>>>
Calculation of matrix A* (inversion of matrix [ A] , see Section 3.6)
[ ]
[A ] = [A ]
* 1
A1*1 = A1*2 A1*6
A1*2
* A2 2 * A2 6
A1*6 * A2 6 * A6 6
46
REV B
Matrix A* components A =
* 11
[ ]
A2 2 A6 6 A 2 26 A
2 A11 A6 6 A1 6
* A1 2=
A16 A 2 6 A12 A 6 6 A A 12 A 2 6 A16 A 2 2 A A 12 A16 A 2 6 A11 A
A =
* 22
A
2 A11 A2 2 A1 2
* A1 6=
A* 66=
A* 26=
where A - determinant of matrix [ A]

A11 A = A12 A16 A12 A2 2 A2 6 A16
2 2 A2 6 = A 11 A 2 2 A 6 6 A 11 A 2 2 6 A 2 2 A 16 A 6 6 A 12 + 2 A 12 A 2 6 A 16
A6 6
<<<<< Step 9 >>>>>
Calculation of matrix B* (see Section 3.6)
[ ]
[B ] = [A ][B]
* *
or
B1*1 * B12 B1*6 B1*2
* B2 2
* 26
A1*1 B1*6 * * B2 6 = A 12 * * B6 A 6 16
A1*2
* A2 2
* 26
A1*6 B11 * A2 6 B12 * A6 6 B16
B12 B2 2 B2 6
B16 B2 6 B6 6
Matrix B* components
Bi*j =
[ ]
k =1, 2 , 6
(A
* ik
Bk j
i, j = 1, 2, 6
<<<<< Step 10 >>>>>
Calculation of matrix C* (see Section 3.6)
[ ]
[C ] = [B][A ]
* *
REV B
47
or
C1*1 * C12 C1*6 C1*2
* C2 2 * C2 6
C1*6 B11 * C2 6 = B12 * B16 C6 6
B12 B2 2 B2 6
B16 A1*1 B2 6 A1*2 * B6 6 A16
A1*2
* A2 2 * A2 6
A1*6 * A2 6 * A6 6
Matrix C* components
Ci*j =
[ ]
k =1, 2 , 6
(B
kj
Ai*k
i, j = 1, 2, 6
<<<<< Step 11 >>>>>
Calculation of matrix D* (see Section 3.6)

* *
[ ] [D ] = [D] [C ][B]
D12 D2 2 D2 6
or
D1*1 * D12 D1*6 D1*2 D D
* 22 * 26
D1*6 D11 * D2 6 = D12 * D16 D6 6
D16 C1*1 D2 6 C1*2 * D6 6 C16
C1*2 C C
* 22 * 26
C1*6 B11 * C2 6 B12 * C6 6 B16
B12 B2 2 B2 6
B16 B2 6 B6 6
Matrix D* components
Di*j = Di j
[ ]
k =1, 2 , 6
(C
* ik
Bk j
i, j = 1, 2, 6
<<<<< Step 12 >>>>>
Calculation of matrix [d ] (inversion of matrix D* , see Section 3.6)
[ ]
[d ] = [D
Matrix [d ] components d11 =
* * *2 D2 2 D6 6 D2 6
* 1
d11 = d12 d16
d12 d22 d 26
d16 d 26 d66
D*
d12 =
* * * D1*6 D2 6 D12 D6 6
D*
REV B
48

* *2 D1*1 D6 6 D16 * * * D1*2 D2 6 D16 D2 2
d22 =
D*
* *2 D1*1 D2 2 D12
d16 =
D*
* * D1*2 D1*6 D2 6 D11
d66 =
D*
d26 =
D*
where D * - determinant of matrix D*

D1*1 D * = D1*2 D1*6 D1*2
* D2 2 * D2 6
[ ]
D1*6
* * * * * *2 * *2 * *2 * * * D2 6 = D11 D2 2 D6 6 D11 D2 6 D2 2 D16 D6 6 D12 + 2 D12 D2 6 D16 * D6 6
<<<<< Step 13 >>>>>
Calculation of matrix [c ] (see Section 3.6)
[c] = [d ][C* ]
or
c11 c12 c16 c12 c2 2 c2 6 d11 c16 c2 6 = d12 d16 c6 6 d12 d22 d 26 d16 C1*1 d 2 6 C1*2 * d66 C16 C1*2
* C2 2 * C2 6
C1*6 * C2 6 * C6 6
Matrix [c ] components
ci j =
k =1, 2 , 6
(d
jk
* Ck j
i, j = 1, 2, 6
<<<<< Step 14 >>>>>
Calculation of matrix [b] (see Section 3.6)
[b] = [B* ][d ]

or
REV B
49
b11 b12 b16
b12 b2 2 b2 6
b16 B1*1 b2 6 = B1*2 * b6 6 B16
B1*2 B B
* 22 * 26
B1*6 d11 * B2 6 d12 * B6 6 d16
d12 d 22 d 26
d16 d 26 d 66
Matrix [c ] components
bi j =
k =1, 2 , 6
(B
* ik
dk j
i, j = 1, 2, 6
<<<<< Step 15 >>>>>
Calculation of matrix [a ] (see Section 3.6)
[a] = [A* ] [b][C* ]

or
a11 a12 a16 a12 a2 2 a2 6 a16 A1*1 a2 6 = A1*2 * a6 6 A16 A1*2
* A2 2 * A2 6
A1*6 b11 * A2 6 b12 * b16 A6 6
b12 b2 2 b2 6
b16 C1*1 b2 6 C1*2 * b6 6 C16
C1*2
* C2 2 * C2 6
C1*6 * C2 6 * C6 6
Matrix [a ] components
ai j = Ai*j
k =1, 2 , 6
(b
ik
* Ck j
i, j = 1, 2, 6
<<<<< Step 16 >>>>>
Calculation of strains and curvatures at the laminate midplane using combined compliance matrix (see Section 3.6)
o x a11 a12 o y a21 a2 2 o x a61 a6 2 y = k x c11 c12 k c21 c2 2 y k xy c61 c6 2
a16 a2 6 a6 6 c16 c2 6 c6 6
b11 b21 b61
b12 b2 2 b6 2
d11 d12 d 21 d 2 2 d 61 d62
b16 N x b2 6 Ny b6 6 N x y d16 M x d 26 M y d66 M xy
REV B
50
<<<<< Step 17 >>>>>
Calculation of strains at plies boundaries in the laminate coordinate system (see Section 3.2):
o x x kx o y = y + zi k y o x y k x y z i xy
i = 0, ... , n
Strains at a ply midplane are average of corresponding boundary strains.

<<<<< Step 18 >>>>>
Calculation of strains at plies boundaries in the lamina coordinate system (see Section 2.7):
1 = m 2 x + n 2 y + mn xy 2 = n 2 x + m 2 y mn xy 12 = 2mn x + 2mn y + (m 2 n 2 ) xy
1. = 0o (no transformation)
m =1
n=0
1 = x
2. = 90o
2 = y
n =1
12 = xy
m=0
1 = y
3. = 45o
m=n=
2 2
2 = x
12 = xy
1 =
x + y + xy
2
2 =
x + y xy
2
12 = x + y
4. = 45o
REV B
51
m=
2 2
n=
2 2
1 =
x + y xy
2
2 =
x + y + xy
2
12 = x y
Strains at a ply midplane are average of corresponding boundary strains.

<<<<< Step 19 >>>>>
Calculation of stresses in laminae in the laminate coordinate system (see Section 3.3). In many applications composites are analyzed in terms of strains, so this step is optional. 1. Stresses in lamina k on the surface with coordinate zk 1
x Q11 = Q12 y xy k , z k 1 Q16 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6 Q16 Q2 6 Q6 6 x y k x y z k 1
2. Stresses in lamina k on the surface with coordinate zk

x Q11 = Q12 y x y k , z k Q16 Q12 Q2 2 Q2 6 Q16 x Q2 6 y Q6 6 k x y z k
<<<<< Step 20 >>>>>
Calculation of stresses in laminae in the lamina coordinate system (see Section 2.7). This step is also optional.
1 = m 2 x + n 2 y + 2mn xy 2 = n 2 x + m 2 y 2mn xy 12 = mn x + mn y + (m 2 n 2 ) xy
1. = 0o (no transformation)
m =1
n=0
1 = x
2 = y
12 = xy
REV B
52
2. = 90o
m=0
n =1
1 = y
3. = 45o
2 =x
12 = xy
m=n=
2 2
1 =
x +y
2
2 2
+ xy
2 =
x +y
2
xy
12 =
x + y 2
4. = 45o
m= n=
2 2
1 =
x +y
2
xy
2 =
x +y
2
+ xy
12 =
x y
2
<<<<< Step 21 >>>>>
Calculation of effective engineering constants

Ex =
1 t a11
Ey =
1 t a2 2
Gx y =
1 t a6 6
xy = x, xy =
a16 a11
a12 a11 a2 6 a2 2
yx = xy , x =
a12 a2 2 a16 a6 6
y , xy =
xy , y =
a2 6 a6 6
REV B
53
5.
Example Problem
The analysis of the example problem is performed following the procedure described in Section 4.
Initial Data
1. Laminate Stacking Sequence: - Number of plies - Orientation of plies referred to the laminate coordinate system - Material IDs for plies 2. 5 [0,45,90,-45,0] [1,2,2,2,1]
Material properties for every material type referred to principal material axes Material ID E1 E2 G 12 Units psi psi psi 1 8,100,000 8,100,000 700,000 0.060 0.060 0.0085 2 20,600,000 1,130,000 580,000 0.340 0.01865 0.0074
12 21
t ply
in
3.
Loads on the laminate Forces (lb/in) Moments (in-lb/in)
Nx
250
Ny
50
N xy
50
Mx
5
My
5
M xy
5
Solution
<<<<< Step 1 >>>>> Calculation of components of the reduced stiffness matrix referred to material principal axes. Material 1
(1) 1) Q1(1 = Q2 2 =
8100000 = 8129265 psi 1 0.06 2

(1) Q6 6 = 700000 psi
) Q1(1 2 =
0.06 8100000 = 487756 psi 1 0.06 2
[Q ]
(1)
0 8129265 487756 = 487756 8129265 0 0 0 700000
REV B
54
Uncontrolled When Printed Material 2

Q1(12 ) =
2) Q1(2 =
20600000 = 20731462 psi 1 0.34 0.01865 0.34 1130000 = 386652 psi 1 0.34 0.01865
(2 ) Q2 2 =
1130000 = 1137211 psi 1 0.34 0.01865
(2 ) Q6 6 = 580000 psi
[Q( ) ] = 386652
2
20731462 0
386652 0 1137211 0 0 580000
<<<<< Step 2 >>>>>
Calculation of components of transformed reduced stiffness matrix referred to the laminate coordinate system
Ply 1
= 0o
Material 1
(no transformation)
[Q ]
(1)
0 8129265 487756 = 487756 8129265 0 0 700000 0 Material 2
Ply 2
(2 ) 2) Q11 = Q2(2 =
= 45o
20731462 + 1137211 + 2 386652 + 4 580000 = 6240494 psi 4
Q1(22 ) =
20731462 + 1137211 + 2 386652 4 580000 = 5080494 psi 4 20731462 1137211 = 4898563 psi 4
2) Q1(62 ) = Q2(6 =
2) Q6(6 =
20731462 + 1137211 2 386652 = 5273842 psi 4
[Q ]
(2 )
6240494 5080494 4898563 = 5080494 6240494 4898563 4898563 4898563 5273842 Material 2
Ply 3
= 90o
[Q ( ) ] = 386652
3
1137211 0
386652 0 20731462 0 0 580000
REV B
55
Ply 4
(4 ) 4) Q11 = Q2(2 =
= 45o
Material 2
20731462 + 1137211 + 2 386652 + 4 580000 = 6240494 psi 4
Q1(24 ) =
20731462 + 1137211 + 2 386652 4 580000 = 5080494 psi 4 20731462 + 1137211 = 4898563 psi 4
4) Q1(64 ) = Q2(6 =
4) Q6(6 =
20731462 + 1137211 2 386652 = 5273842 psi 4
[Q ( ) ] = 5080494
4
4898563 6240494 4898563 4898563 4898563 5273842 6240494 5080494 Material 1 (no transformation)
Ply 5
= 0o
[Q ]
(5 )
0 8129265 487756 = 487756 8129265 0 0 0 700000
<<<<< Step 3 >>>>>
Calculation of layers coordinates and coordinate functions Laminate thickness
t = 2 0.0085 + 3 0.0074 = 0.0392 in

z0 = 0.0392 = 0.0196 in 2
Layer Coordinates Coordinate Value, in -0.0196 -0.0111 -0.0037 0.0037 0.0111 0.0196
z0 z1 z2 z3 z4 z5
REV B
56
Coordinate Functions Ply 1 2 3 4 5
tk , in
0.0085 0.0074 0.0074 0.0074 0.0085
pk , in2
-2.610E-4 -1.095E-4 0.000E+0 1.095E-4 2.610E-4
qk , in3
6.162E-6 1.317E-6 1.013E-7 1.317E-6 6.162E-6
<<<<< Step 4 >>>>>
Calculation of [A] matrix
6240494 5080494 4898563 0 8129265 487756 [A] = 2 487756 8129265 0 0.0085 + 5080494 6240494 4898563 0 700000 0 4898563 4898563 5273842 0 6240494 5080494 4898563 1137211 386652 + 5080494 0.0074 + 386652 20731462 0 6240494 4898563 0 0 580000 4898563 4898563 5273842 0 238972 86344 = 86344 383970 0 0 0 94245
<<<<< Step 5 >>>>>
Calculation of [B ] matrix 6240494 5080494 4898563 6240494 5080494 4898563 [B] = 5080494 6240494 4898563 + 5080494 6240494 4898563 1.095E 4 4898563 4898563 5273842 4898563 4898563 5273842 0 536 0 = 0 0 536 536 536 0
<<<<< Step 6 >>>>>
Calculation of [D ] matrix 6240494 5080494 4898563 0 8129265 487756 [D] = 2 487756 8129265 0 6.162 E 6 + 5080494 6240494 4898563 0 700000 0 4898563 4898563 5273842
REV B
57
5080494 4898563 0 6240494 1137211 386652 1.317 E 6 + 386652 20731462 + 5080494 6240494 4898563 0 1.013E 7 0 580000 4898563 4898563 5273842 0 39 6 0 = 6 40 0 0 0 8
<<<<< Step 7 >>>>>
Combined stiffness matrix

0 0 0 536 238972 86344 86344 383970 0 0 0 536 0 94245 536 536 0 A B 0 B D = 0 0 39 6 0 536 0 0 6 40 0 536 0 0 0 8 536 536
<<<<< Step 8 >>>>>
Calculation of A* matrix (inversion of matrix [A] ) Determinant of matrix [A]
[ ]
A = 238972 383970 94245 94245 863442 = 7.9451E + 15

Components of matrix A*
A1*1 =
* A2 2 =
[ ]
* A12 =
383970 94245 = 4.555 E 6 7.9451E + 15 238972 94245 = 2.835 E 6 7.9451E + 15
86344 94245 = 1.024 E 6 7.9451E + 15
A1*6 = 0
* A2 6 =0
* A6 6 =
238972 383070 86344 2 = 1.061E 5 7.9451E + 15
[A ] = 1.024 E 6
*
4.555E 6 0
1.024 E 6 2.835E 6 0
0 1.061E 5 0
REV B
58
Uncontrolled When Printed <<<<< Step 9 >>>>>
Calculation of B* matrix
[ ]
[ ]
*
0 0 536 4.555E 6 1.024 E 6 0 0 0 536 B = 1.024 E 6 2.835E 6 0 0 0 1 . 061 5 536 536 0 E
0 0 1.894 E 3 = 0 0 9.713E 4 0 5.693E 3 5.693E 3

<<<<< Step 10 >>>>>
Calculation of C* matrix
[ ]
[C ] =
*
0 536 4.555E 6 1.024 E 6 0 0 1.024 E 6 2.835E 6 0 0 536 0 536 536 0 0 0 1 . 061 5 E
0 0 5.693E 3 = 0 0 5.693E 3 0 1.894 E 3 9.713E 4

<<<<< Step 11 >>>>>
Calculation of D* matrix
[ ]
[D ] = 6
*
39 0
6 0 0 0 0 5.693E 3 0 536 0 40 0 0 0 5 . 693 3 0 536 E 0 8 0 0 1.894 E 3 9.713E 3 536 536
0 35.8580 3.4233 = 3.4233 36.5197 0 0 5.9883 0

<<<<< Step 12 >>>>>
Calculation of matrix [d ] (inversion of matrix D* ) Determinant of matrix D*

*
[ ]
[ ]
D = 35.858 36.5198 5.9883 5.9883 3.42332 = 7771.6
REV B
59
Components of matrix [d ]
d11 = d22 = d66 = 36.5197 5.9883 = 0.02814 7771.6 35.858 5.9883 = 0.02763 7771.6 35.858 36.5197 3.42332 = 0.16699 7771.6 d12 = 3.4233 5.9883 = 0.00264 7771.6
d16 = 0 d2 6 = 0
0 2.814 E 2 2.638E 3 [d ] = 2.638E 2 2.763E 2 0 0 0 1.670 E 1

<<<<< Step 13 >>>>>
Calculation of matrix [c ] 0 0 0 5.693E 3 2.814 E 2 2.638E 3 [c] = 2.638E 3 2.763E 3 0 0 0 5.693E 3 0 0 1 . 670 E 1 1 . 894 E 3 9 . 713 E 4 0 0 0 1.452 E 4 = 0 0 1.423E 4 0 3.163E 4 1.622 E 4
<<<<< Step 14 >>>>>
Calculation of matrix
[b]
0 0 1.894 E 3 2.814 E 2 2.638E 3 0 [b] = 0 0 9.713E 4 2.638E 3 2.763E 2 0 0 0 0 1.670 E 1 5.693E 3 5.693E 3 0 0 3.163E 4 = 0 0 1.622 E 4 0 1.452 E 4 1.423E 4
<<<<< Step 15 >>>>>
Calculation of matrix [a ] 0 0 0 3.163E 4 4.555E 6 1.024 E 6 [a] = 1.024E 6 2.835E 6 0 0 0 1.622 E 4 0 0 1 . 061 E 5 1 . 452 E 4 1 . 423 E 4 0
REV B
60
0 0 5.693E 3 5.154 E 6 7.170 E 7 0 0 0 5.693E 3 = 7.170 E 7 2.992 E 6 0 1 . 894 E 3 9 . 713 E 4 0 0 0 1 . 225 E 5

<<<<< Step 16 >>>>>
Calculation of strains and curvatures at the laminate midplane using combined compliance matrix
o x 5.154 E 6 7.170 E 7 0 0 0 3.163E 4 250 o 0 0 0 1.622 E 4 y 7.170 E 6 2.992 E 6 50 o x 50 0 0 1.225 E 5 1.452 E 4 1.423E 4 0 y = 0 0 1.452 E 4 2.814 E 2 2.638 E 3 0 kx 5 k 5 0 0 1.423E 4 2.638 E 3 2.763E 2 0 y 1.622 E 4 0 0 0 1.670 E 1 3.163E 4 5 k xy
0.0028340 0.00078137 0.0020495 = 0.13477 0.13207 0.92215
<<<<< Step 17 >>>>>
Calculation of strains at plies boundaries in the laminate coordinate system. For z = z0 = 0.0196 in
x 0.0028340 0.13477 0.00019260 y = 0.00078137 0.0196 0.13207 = 0.0018073 x y 0.92215 0.016025 z 0.0020495
0
Results of boundary strains calculation in the laminate coordinate system for all the plies are shown in the table below. z -0.0196 -0.0111 -0.0037 0.0037 0.0111 0.0196
x
0.000192 0.001338 0.002335 0.003333 0.004330 0.005476
y
-0.001807 -0.000685 0.000293 0.001270 0.002247 0.003370
xy
-0.016025 -0.008186 -0.001362 0.005461 0.012285 0.020124
REV B
61
Results of ply mid plains strains calculation in the laminate coordinate system are shown in the table below (average of ply boundary strains) Ply 1 2 3 4 5
<<<<< Step 18 >>>>>
x
0.000765 0.001837 0.002834 0.003831 0.004903
y
-0.001246 -0.000196 0.000781 0.001759 0.002809
xy
-0.012105 -0.004774 0.002049 0.008873 0.016205
Calculation of strains at plies boundaries in the lamina coordinate system. For Ply 2, z = -0.0111 in, = 45 o
1 =
0.001338 0.000685 0.008186 = 0.003766 2
2 =
0.001338 0.000685 + 0.008186 = 0.004420 2
12 = 0.001338 0.000685 = 0.002023

Results of ply boundary strains calculation in the lamina coordinate system for all the plies are shown in the table below. Ply 1 2 -0.0037 3 0.0037 4 0.0111 5 0.0196 z -0.0196 -0.0111
1
0.000193 0.001338 -0.003766 0.000633 0.000293 0.001270 -0.000429 -0.002854 0.004330 0.005476
2
-0.001807 -0.000684 0.004420 0.001995 0.002335 0.003333 0.005032 0.009431 0.002247 0.003370
12
-0.016025 -0.008186 -0.002023 -0.002043 0.001362 -0.005462 0.002063 0.002083 0.012285 0.020124
Results of ply mid plains strains calculation in the lamina coordinate system are shown in the table below (average of ply boundary strains) Ply 1 2 3 4 5
1
0.000765 -0.001567 0.000781 -0.001642 0.004903
2
-0.001246 0.003208 0.002834 0.007232 0.002809
12
-0.012105 -0.002033 -0.002050 0.002073 0.016205
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Uncontrolled When Printed <<<<< Step 19 >>>>>
Calculation of stresses in laminae in the laminate coordinate system. Stresses in lamina k = 1 on the surface with coordinate z0 = 0.0196 in .
x 0 1.9260E 4 684 8129265 487756 0 y = 487756 8129265 1.8073E 3 = 14598 xy 0 700000 1.6025E 2 11217 1, z 0
0
Stresses in lamina k = 1 on the surface with coordinate z1 = 0.0111 in .
x 0 1.3381E 3 10544 8129265 487756 0 y = 487756 8129265 6.8465E 4 = 4913 x y 0 700000 8.1863E 3 5730 1, z 0
1
Results of stress calculation in the laminate coordinate system for all the plies are shown in the table below. Ply 1 2 -0.0037 3 0.0037 4 0.0111 5 0.0196 z, in -0.0196 -0.0111 Stress at Ply Outer Surface, psi Stress at Ply Mid Plane, psi
x
684 10544 -35229 9387 2769 4281 497 -21742 36296 46155
y
-14598 -4913 -37575 7018 6971 27618 -1869 -24158 20382 30066
xy
-11217 -5730 -39972 5689 -790 3168 6256 32572 8600 14087
x
5614 -12921 3525 -10623 41226
y
-9755 -15279 17295 -13027 25224
xy
-8474 -17142 1189 19414 11343
<<<<< Step 20 >>>>>
Calculation of stresses in laminae in the lamina coordinate system. For Ply 2, z = -0.0111 in, = 45 o
1 = 2 = 1 =
35229 37575 39972 = 76375 psi 2 35229 37575 + 39972 = 3570 psi 2 35229 37575 = 1173 psi 2
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Results of stress calculation in the lamina coordinate system for all the plies are shown in the table below. Ply 1 2 -0.0037 3 0.0037 4 0.0111 5 0.0196 z, in -0.0196 -0.0111 Stress at Ply Outer Surface, psi Stress at Ply Mid Plane, psi
1
684 10544 -76375 13891 6971 27618 -6956 -55521 36296 46155
2
-14598 -4913 3570 2514 2769 4281 5557 9622 20382 30066
12
-11217 -5730 -1173 -1185 790 -3168 1196 1208 8600 14087
1
5614 -31242 17295 -31239 41226
2
-9755 3042 3525 7589 25224
12
-8474 -1179 -1189 1202 11343
<<<<< Step 21 >>>>>
Calculation of effective engineering constants Effective moduli

Ex = Ey = Gx y =
1 = 4949856 psi 0.0392 5.154 E 6 1 = 8525461 psi 0.0392 2.992 E 6 1 = 2082993 psi 0.0392 1.225 E 5
Effective Poissons ratios
xy = yx =
7.170 E 7 = 0.139 5.154 E 6 7.170 E 7 = 0.240 2.992 E 6
Effective laminate shear coupling coefficients
x, xy = y , xy = xy , x = xy , y = 0
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6.
Computerized Analysis
An Excel template entitled SpiritCLT is available for use in determining the stiffnesses, stresses, and strains of a laminated composite plate using classical lamination theory. This template follows the analysis procedures outlined in Sections 1 through 4, and provides the engineer with a relatively easy means of computing the [ABD] and [abcd] matrices, the effective engineering constants, mid-plane strains and curvatures of the laminate for multiple loadcases, and the ply-by-ply strains and stresses. The use of this template is described in SDM-26350, Users Guide for Laminate Analysis Program. For example of the computerized procedure application, the laminate data given in Section 5 was used. Sample input and output of the SpiritCLT template are shown in Figure 14 and Figure 15.
Figure 14 SpiritCLT Sample Input

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Figure 15 SpiritCLT Sample Output
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Bibliography
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Agarwal B.D. and Broutman L.J. Analysis and Performance of Fiber Composites. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990. Daniel I.M. and Ishai O. Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials. Oxford University Press, New York, 2006. Halpin J.C. Primer on Composite Materials Analysis. Second Edition Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1992. Hull D. and Clyne T.W. An Introduction to Composite Materials. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, 1996. Jones R.M. Mechanics of Composite Materials. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1975. Tsai S.W. Composites Design. Forth Edition. Think Composites: Dayton, Paris, and Tokyo, 1988.
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CAGE Code 4ATM5

Basic Laminate Properties (Classic Laminate Theory)

Certification Methods & Allowables (43-33-N730)

SDM-25200 Basic Laminate Properties

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Lamina with Unidirectional Fibers (Tape) 90

Lamina with Woven Fibers (Fabric)

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Constituents in Composite Materials

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Figure 3. Various Stress-Strain Behaviors of Materials.

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Elastic Behavior of a Lamina Macromechanical Approach

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Figure 4. Strain Deformation Relations.

Shear strain is the change of initial right angle AOB

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S16 1 S26 2 S36 3 S 4 6 23 S56 31 S6 6 12

or, conversely, strain-stress relations

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1 S11 S 2 12 3 S13 = 23 0 31 0 12 S16

S16 1 S26 2 S36 3 0 23 0 31 S6 6 12

Figure 5. Mechanical Behavior of Materials.

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Conversely, strain-stress relationship

Transversely Isotropic Materials

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C11 1 C12 2 3 C13 = 0 23 31 0 0 12

C12 C11 C13 0 0 0

Conversely, strain-stress relationship

Conversely, strain-stress relationship

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S12 S11 S12

S12 S12 S11

0 0 2(S11 S12 ) 0 0 2(S11 S12 ) 0 0

Mathematical and Engineering Constants for Orthotropic Materials

The compliance matrix is symmetric, i.e.

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S13 S 23 S12 S33 S S12 S 23 S13 S 2 2 S

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So, the stiffness matrix in engineering terms for an orthotropic material

Stress - Strain Relations for an Orthotropic Lamina

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After substitution of condition (27) into equation (13)

1 = C11 1 + C12 2 + C13 3 2 = C12 1 + C2 2 2 + C2 3 3

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Excluding 3 from equations (29)

C123 C C 1 + C12 13 2 3 2 = Q11 1 + Q12 2 C33 C33

2 C13 C23 C2 + C2 2 3 2 = Q12 1 + Q2 2 2 2 = C12 1 C33 C33

Components of compliance matrix in engineering terms are

Non-zero components of the reduced stiffness matrix are

S11 S11 S 2 2 S122

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Transformation of Stress and Strain for Orthotropic Lamina

Figure 7. Stress Components Referred to Loading and Material Axes.

[k ] = [D1 ][M ] [D1 ][C * ][N ]