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2.1
LINEAR MOTIONs
Definition, Quantity, Symbol and unit Distance is the Quantity: (a) The distance in .. . (b) the distance between . .direction. (c) The distance of its final .. specified . Quantity: Speed is the
Physical Quantity
Distance, s
SI unit : ..
Displacement, s
SI unit:
Speed,v
Velocity, v
SI unit:
Average speed
v=
Example: A car moves at an average -1 speed / velocity of 20 ms On average, the car moves a distance/ displacement of
Average velocity
v=
Displacement TotalTime
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Speed that remains the same in Velocity that remains (a) T he direction of motion changes or the motion is not linear. (b) The magnitude of its velocity changes. When the velocity of an object Acceleration is defined as the
a=
v ut
Acceleration=
Unit: ms
-2
Change in velocity Time taken Final velocity,v - Initial velocity,u = Time taken,t
The velocity of an object increases from an initial velocity, u, to a higher final velocity, v Acceleration is positive
Deceleration
acceleration is negative.
Zero acceleration
Constant acceleration
Velocity increases at a uniform rate. -2 When a car moves at a constant or uniform acceleration of 5 ms , its velocity
1. Constant = 2. increasing velocity = 3. decreasing velocity = 4. zero velocity = 5. negative velocity = object moves at opposite direction 6. zero acceleration = 7. negative acceleration = deceleration
2-2
Comparisons between distance and displacement Distance Total path length travelled from one location to another Displacement The distance between two locations measured along the shortest path connecting them in specific direction
Comparisons between speed and velocity Speed The rate of change of distance Scalar quantity Velocity The rate of change of displacement Vector quantity
= A distance of
-1 -2 -2
= A displacement of = Speed =
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Example 1 Every day Rahim walks from his house to the junction which is 1.5km from his house. Then he turns back and stops at warung Pak Din which is 0.5 km from his house.
Example 2 Every morning Amirul walks to Ahmads house which is situated 80 m to the east of Amiruls house. They then walk towards their school which is 60 m to the south of Ahmads house. (a) What is the distance travelled by Amirul and his displacement from his house?
(b) If the total time taken by Amirul to travel from his house to Ahmads house and then to school is 15 minutes, what is his speed and velocity? Speed = (a) What is Rahims displacement from his house, when he reaches the junction. Velocity = when he is at warung Pak Din.
(b) After, Rahim walks back to his house. breakfast When he reaches home, (i) What is the total distance travelled by Rahim? (ii) What is Rahims total displacement from his house? Example 3 Salim running in a race covers 60 m in 12 s. (a) What is his speed in ms
-1
moves to the east with the velocity 400 km hr one hour. (b) If he takes 40 s to complete the race, what is his distance covered? (a) What is the average speed of the plane?
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(c) What is the difference between average speed and average velocity of the plane?
Example 5 The speedometer reading for a car travelling due north -1 shows 80 km hr . Another car travelling at 80 km hr
-1
towards south. Is the speed of both cars same? Is the velocity of both cars same?
A ticker timer Use: 1 tick = time interval The time taken to make 50 ticks on the ticker tape is 1 second. Hence, the time interval between 2 consecutive dots is 1 tick =
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Relating displacement, velocity, acceleration and time using ticker tape. VELOCITY FORMULA Time, t = 10 dicks x 0.02 s = 0.2 s displacement, s = x cm velocity =
final velocity, v = Elapsed time, t = (5 1) x 0.2 s = 0.8 s or t = (50 10) ticks x 0.02 s = 0.8 s acceleration, a =
TYPE OF MOTION
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Example 6 The diagram above shows a ticker tape chart for a moving trolley. The frequency of the ticker-timer used is 50 Hz. Each section has 10 dots-spacing. (a) What is the time between two dots? (b) What is the time for one strips? (c) What is the initial velocity?
(d) What is the final velocity? (e) What is the time interval to change from initial velocity to final velocity?
vu t
v = u + at 1 s = ut + at 2 2 2 2 v = u + 2as
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u= v= t= s= a=
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2.2
MOTION GRAPHS
Velocity is obtained from A B : gradient of the graph is B C : gradient of the graph = object is C D : gradient of the graph The object
VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH
s versus t
v versus t
a versus t
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s versus t
v versus t
a versus t
Constant deceleration
Example 1:
Example 2: velocity/ m -1 s 20
10 0 Based on the s-t graph above: (a) Calculate the velocity at (i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD (b) Describe the motion of the object at: (i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD (c) Find (i) total distance (ii) total displacement (d) Calculate (i) The average speed (ii) The average velocity of the moving particle 10 20 30 40 time/
(b) Describe the motion of the object at: (ii) JK (ii) KL (iii) LM (c) Calculate (iii) The total displacement (iv) The average velocity
2.3
Inertia
INERTIA
The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object Every object The larger the mass,
SITUATIONS INVOLVING INERTIA SITUATION EXPLANATION When the cardboard is pulled away quickly, the coin drops straight into the glass.
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Chilli sauce in the bottle can be easily poured out if the bottle is moved down fast with a sudden stop. The sauce inside the bottle moves together with the bottle. When the bottle stops suddenly,
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Body moves forward when the car stops suddenly The passengers were in a state of motion when the car was moving. When the car stopped suddenly,
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A boy runs away from a cow in a zig zag motion. The cow has a large inertia
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The head of hammer is secured tightly to its handle by knocking one end of the handle, held vertically, on a hard surface. This causes the hammer head to continue on its downward motion when the handle has been stopped, so that the top end of the handle is slotted deeper into the hammer head.
The drop of water on a wet umbrella will fall when the boy rotates the umbrella. This is because the drop of water on the surface of the umbrella moves simultaneously as the umbrella is rotated. When the umbrella stops rotating, the inertia of the drop of water will continue to maintain its
1. Safety in a car: (a) Safety belt secure the driver to their seats. When the car stops suddenly, the seat belt provides the external force that prevents the driver from being thrown forward. (b)Headrest to prevent injuries to the neck during rearend collisions. The inertia of the head tends to keep in its state of rest when the body is moved suddenly. (c) An air bag is fitted inside the steering wheel. It provides a cushion to prevent the driver from hitting the steering wheel or dashboard during a collision. 2. Furniture carried by a lorry normally are tied up together by string. When the lorry starts to move suddenly, the furniture are more difficult to fall off due to their inertia because their combined mass has increased.
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Two empty buckets which are hung with rope from the ceiling. One bucket is filled with sand while the other bucket is empty. Then, both pails are pushed. It is found that
Push and compared to the bucket with sand. The bucket filled with sand offers more resistance to movement. When both buckets are oscillating and an attempt is made to stop them, the bucket filled with sand offers
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2.4
Definition
MOMENTUM
Inelastic collision
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From the law of conservation of momentum: Total Momentum = Total Momentum Before collision after collision 0 = m1v1 + m2v2 m1v1 = - m2v2 Negative sign means
EXAMPLES OF EXPLOSION (Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum) Paste a picture When a rifle is fired, the bullet of mass m, moves with a high velocity, v. This creates a momentum in the forward direction. From the principle of conservation of momentum,
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In a swamp area, a fan boat is used. The fan produces a high speed movement of air backward. This produces a large momentum backward. By conservation of momentum, an equal but opposite momentum is produced and acted on the boat. So the boat will move forward. A squid propels by expelling water at high velocity. Water enters through a large opening and exits through a small tube. The water is forced out at a high speed backward. Total Mom. before= Total Mom. after 0 =Mom water + Mom squid 0 = mwvw + msvs -mwvw = msvs The magnitude of the momentum of water and squid are equal but opposite direction. This causes the quid to jet forward.
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Example
Example Car A of mass 1000 kg moving at 20 ms collides with a car B of mass 1200 kg moving at -1 10 m s in same direction. If the car B is shunted forwards at 15 m s by the impact, what is the velocity, v, of the car A immediately after the crash?
-1 -1
After collision
VB 4 ms
-1
right
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Example A truck of mass 1200 kg moving at 30 ms collides with a car of mass 1000 kg which is travelling in the opposite -1 direction at 20 ms . After the collision, the two vehicles move together. What is the velocity of both vehicles immediately after collision?
-1
A man fires a pistol which has a mass of 1.5 kg. If the mass of the bullet is 10 g and it -1 reaches a velocity of 300 ms after shooting, what is the recoil velocity of the pistol?
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2.5
FORCE
Example:
When the forces acting on an object are not balanced, there must be The net force is known as
Experiment to Find The Relationship between Force, Mass & Acceleration Relationship between Situation a&F a& m
Both men are pushing the same mass but man A puts greater effort. So he moves faster. Inference The acceleration produced by an object depends on the net force applied to it.
Both men exerted the same strength. But man B moves faster than man A.
Hypothesis
The acceleration of the object increases when the force applied increases
Force Acceleration Mass Ticker tape and elastic cords, ticker timer, trolleys, power supply and friction compensated runway and meter ruler.
Chapter 2 Forces & Motion An elastic cord is hooked over the trolley. The elastic cord is stretched until the end of the trolley. The trolley is pulled down the runway with the elastic cord being kept stretched by the same amount of force Determine the acceleration by analyzing the ticker tape. Acceleration Acceleration a = Repeat the experiment by using two , three, four and five elastic cords
Acceleration a =
Repeating experiment.
Tabulation of data
Acceleration, a/ ms
-2
1 2 3 4 5
Mass, m/ no of trolleys
Mass, m/g
1/m, -1 g
Acceleration/ -2 ms
1 2 3 4 5
Analysing Result
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1. What force is required to mov2e a 2-kg object with an acceleration of 3 m s , if (a) the object is on a smooth surface? (b) The object is on a surface where the average force of friction acting on the object is 2 N?
2. Ali applies a force of 50 N to move a 10 kg table at a constant velocity. What is the frictional force acting on the table?
3. A car of mass 1200 kg travelling at 20 ms is brought to rest over a distance of 30 m. Find (a) the average deceleration, (b) the average braking force.
-1
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2.6
Impulse
Impulsive Force
A baseball player must catch the ball in the direction of the motion of the ball. Moving his hand backwards when catching the ball prolongs the time for the momentum to change so as to reduce the impulsive force.
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Situations
Explanation A karate expert can break a thick wooden slab with his bare hand that moves at a very fast speed. The short impact time results in
A massive hammer head moving at a fast speed is brought to rest upon hitting the nail within a short time interval.
Pestle and mortar are made of stone. When a pestle is used to pound chillies the hard surfaces of both the pestle and mortar cause the pestle to be stopped in a very short time. A large impulsive force is resulted and thus causes these spices to be crushed easily.
Example 1 A 60 kg resident jumps from the first floor of a burning house. His velocity just before landing on the ground is 6 ms-1. (a) Calculate the impulse when his legs hit the ground. (b) What is the impulsive force on the residents legs if he bends upon landing and takes 0.5s to stop? (c) What is the impulsive force on the residents legs if he does not bend and stops in 0.05 s? (d) What is the advantage of bending his legs upon landing? Example 2 Rooney kicks a ball with a force of 1500 N. The time of contact of his boot with the ball is 0.01 s. What is the impulse delivered to the ball? If the mass of the ball is 0.5 kg, what is the velocity of the ball?
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2.7
SAFETY VEHICLE
Function
Absorb the shock from the accident. Made from steel, aluminium, plastic or rubber. Enables drivers to quickly stop the car without causing the brakes to lock.
Seat belt
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2. 8
Gravitational Force
GRAVITY
Objects fall because they are This force is known as the The earths gravitational force
Free fall
An object is falling freely when it is falling under the force of gravity only. An object falls freely only In vacuum, They fall with
Objects dropped
Gravitational field
The gravitational field is the region around the earth in which an object experiences a force towards the centre of the earth. This force is the gravitational attraction between the object and the earth. The gravitational field strength is defined as the gravitational force which acts on a mass of 1 kilogram. g=
F m
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-1 Gravitational field strength, g = 10 N kg -2 Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m s The approximate value of g can therefore be written either as 2 -1 or as 10 N kg . Weight The gravitational force acting on the object. Weight = mass x gravitational acceleration W = mg SI unit : Newton, N and it is a vector quantity Mass Weight The mass of an object is the amount of matter in the object Constant everywhere The weight of an object is the force of gravity acting on the object. Varies with the magnitude of gravitational field strength, g of the location A vector quantity A derived quantity SI unit : Newton, N 10 m s -
A scalar quantity A base quantity SI unit: kg The difference between a fall in air and a free fall in a vacuum of a coin and a feather. Both the coin and the feather are released simultaneously from the same height. At vacuum state: There is no air resistance. The coin and the feather will fall freely. Only gravitational force acted on the objects. Both will fall at the same time.
At normal state: Both coin and feather will fall because of gravitational force. Air resistance effected by the surface area of a fallen object. The feather that has large area will have more air resistance. The coin will fall at first.
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(a) The two spheres are falling with an acceleration. The distance between two successive images of the sphere increases showing that the two spheres are falling with increasing velocity; falling with an acceleration.
The two spheres are falling down with the same acceleration The two spheres are at the same level at all times. Thus, a heavy object and a light object fall with the same gravitational acceleration Gravitational acceleration is independent of mass
Two steel spheres are falling under gravity. The two spheres are dropped at the same time from the same height.
Motion graph for free fall object Free fall object Object thrown upward Object thrown upward and fall
Example 1 A coconut takes 2.0 s to fall to the ground. What is (a) its speed when it strikes the ground (b) ) the height of the coconut tree
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2.9
Forces in Equilibrium
rd Newtons 3 Law Examples( Label the forces acted on the objects) Paste more picture
Resultant Force
Addition of Forces
Resultant force, F =
Resultant force, F =
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STEP 1 : Using ruler and protractor, draw the two forces F1 and F2 from a point.
STEP 3 Draw the diagonal of the parallelogram. The diagonal represent the resultant force, F in magnitude and direction.
Resolution of Forces
A force F can be resolved into components which are perpendicular to each other: (a) horizontal component , FX (b) vertical component, FY Inclined Plane
Fx = F cos Fy = F sin
Component of weight parallel to the plane = mg sin Component of weight normal to the plane = mg cos
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(d)
(e)
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Pulley
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2.10
Work
Work done is
W = Fs
W=
,F=
s=
W = Fs
W=Fs Example 1 A boy pushing his bicycle with a force of 25 N through a distance of 3 m. Example 2 A girl is lifting up a 3 kg flower pot steadily to a height of 0.4 m. Example 3 A man is pulling a crate of fish along the floor with a force of 40 N through a distance of 6 m.
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Concept Power
Energy
Potential Energy Gravitational potential energy is the energy of an object due to its higher position in the gravitational field.
m = h = g= E=
Kinetic Energy
m= v=
E= No force is applied on the object in the direction of displacement (the object moves because of its own inertia) A satellite orbiting in space. There is no friction in space. No force is acting in the direction of movement of the satellite.
A waiter is carrying a tray of food. The direction of motion of the object is perpendicular to that of the applied force.
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Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The energy can be transformed from
Example 4 A worker is pulling a wooden block of weight, W, with a force of P along a frictionless plank at height of h. The distance travelled by the block is x. Calculate the work done by the worker to pull the block.
Example 5 A student of mass m is climbing up a flight of stairs which has the height of h. He takes t seconds.. What is the power of the student?
Example 6 A stone is thrown upward with initial velocity of -1 20 ms . What is the maximum height which can be reached by the stone?
Example 7
A ball is released from point A of height 0.8 m so that it can roll along a curve frictionless track. What is the velocity of the ball when it reaches point B?
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Example 8 A trolley is released from rest at point X along a frictionless track. What is the velocity of the trolley at point Y?
Example 9 A ball moves upwards along a frictionless track of height 1.5 m -1 with a velocity of 6 ms . What is its velocity at point B?
Example 10
A boy of mass 20 kg sits at the top of a concrete slide of height 2.5 m. When he slides down the slope, he does work to overcome friction of 140 J. What is his velocity at the end of the slope?
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2.11
Elasticity
ELASTICITY
A property of matter that enables an object
No external force is applied. Molecules are at their equilibrium separation. Intermolecular force is equal zero.
Stretching a solid
Its molecules are Stretching a wire by an external force: When the external force is removed: The attractive intermolecular forces
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F= kx
where F= x= k=
Based on the graph: Relationship between F & x : The gradient of the graph represent = Area under the graph
k is a measurement of the stiffness of the spring The spring with a larger force constant is A spring with a smaller force constant is
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Physics Module Form 4 Factors that effect elasticity Factor Length Diameter of spring wire Diameter spring Type of material
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Change in factor Shorter spring Longer spring Smaller diameter Larger diameter Smaller diameter Larger diameter
Springs made of different materials Elasticity changes according to the type of material
The same load is applied to each spring. Tension in each spring = W Extension of each spring = x Total extension = 2x If n springs are used: The total extension = n x
The load is shared equally among the springs. W Tension in each spring = 2 x Extension of each spring = 2 If n springs are used: The total extension =
x n
Example 1 The original length of each spring is 10 cm. With a load of 10 g, the extension of each spring is 2 cm. What is the length of the spring system for (a), (b) and (c)?
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Example 2 Diagram below represent a 50 cent coin and a leaf falling in a vacuum container. The coin is heavier than the leaf.
Using the diagram shown and the information given about the weight of the two objects, compare the mass of the coin and the leaf, the time taken to fall, the position of the coin and the leaf and finally deduce the physical quantity which causes the objects to fall.
coin Mass Time taken to fall in a vacuum Position of the coin and the leaf
leaf
Coin and leaf of different mass reach the bottom of the container at the same time. Coin and leaf fall down due to gravitational force. The magnitude of gravitational pull is constant. It does not depend on the mass Example 3 Diagram 10 shows a student trying to launch a water rocket. You are required to give suggestion on how to design a water rocket for National Competition. Based on your knowledge on forces, motion and properties of materials, explain your suggestion based on the following aspect: (i) material used (ii) shape of the rocket (iii) suitable angle to launch the rocket (iv) volume of water in the rocket (v) added structure for the motion of the rocket
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Explanation
Aerodynamic
Upthrust force
Fill with erated water or gasy drink with water Use plasticine to make the head of the rocket Add fins at the back portion of the rocket
Example 4
Diagram 4.1 shows a cradle with a baby in it is oscillating vertically. Diagram 4.2 shows another identical cradle with a heavier baby in it is oscillating vertically. It is observed that the cradle with a heavier mass baby oscillates at a higher frequency. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis using spring, slotted weight and other suitable apparatus. 4 (a) Inference : The extension of the spring depends 1 (b) c (i) Hypothesis : As the Aim : To investigate the relationship between Variables : 259 1 1
c(ii)
1 1
c(iii)
Apparatus : Metre rule, retort stand with clamp ,steel spring, slotted weight and pin. Set-up the apparatus
c(iv)
c (v)
Method of controlling the manipulated variables : 1. Arrangement the apparatus as shown in the diagram. 2.Mark the initial
Method of measuring the responding variables : Record Extension of spring : Measure the Repeat the 1 1
c ( vi)
Tabulate Results Initial length , l0 = cm 40 0.4 80 0.8 120 1.2 160 1.6 200 2.0
Mass of the Slotted weight , m / g Weight of slotted mass / N Length of the spring ,l / cm Extension of the spring x = l- l0
(vii)
Total
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