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Hydro Review Worldwide

EUROPES BRIGHT FUTURE
FOR SMALL HYDRO 20
SHAVE TWO YEARS OFF A
DAM CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE 24
CHACAYES: A CASE STUDY
FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 32
Tapping Georgias
Vast Hydro Potential
www.hydroworld.com January-February 2013
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5-6 March, 2013, Moscow details pg. 57
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Hydro Review Worldwide
22
EXECUTIVE INTERVIEW WITH CEO
ROLAND MNCH, OF VOITH HYDRO
30
NEW METHOD TO OPTIMIZE
POWER PRODUCTION
40
TAPPING THE POWER OF
LOW-VELOCITY TIDAL CURRENTS
The Next Wave:
Variable Speed Pumped Storage
www.hydroworld.com September-October 2013
24-26 September, 2013, So Paulo
details pg. 61
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www.hydroworld.com September-October 2013 / HRW 1
PUMPED STORAGE
ARTICLES
DEPARTMENTS
ADVISORY BOARD
H. Irfan Aker
Dolsar Engineering
Limited, Turkey
Ian M. Cook
ICCL, United
Kingdom
Chris Head
Chris Head & Associates
United Kingdom
Leonard B. Kassana
East African Tea
Trade Association
Kenya
Peter Thomas Mulvihill
Pioneer Generation, Ltd.
New Zealand
Raghunath Gopal
(R.G.) Vartak
AFCONS Infrastructure
Limited, India
Emmanuel
Antwi-Darkwa
Volta River Authority
Ghana
Arturo Gil
Garcia
Iberdrola
Generation
Spain
Liu Heng
International Network on
Small Hydropower
(IN-SHP), People's
Republic of China
Carlos Alberto Knakiewicz
Itaipu Binacional
Brazil
Montri Suwanmontri, PhD
Dr. Montris & Associates
Thailand
Luis C. Vintimilla
Consulting Engineer
Ecuador
Zhang Boting
Chinese Society for
Hydropower Engineering
People's Republic of
China
Roger Gill
Hydro Focus
Pty. Ltd.
Australia
Zhang Jinsheng
China Yangtze
Three Gorges Project
People's Republic of
China
Dr. Terry Moss
Eskom Generation
South Africa
C.V.J. Varma
Council of Power Utilities
and The Dams Society
India
James Yang, PhD
Vattenfall Research
and Development AB
Sweden
Peer Reviewed
SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2013
22
22 Viewpoints from the Board Room: Voith Hydro of Germany
By David Appleyard
Hydropower is a modern form of energy generation with great
potential for expansion, says Roland Mnch with Voith Hydro
Holding GmbH & Co. KG. He would like to see the legal
framework change to show more support of hydropower in the
overall generation mix.
30 A System to Optimize Plant Production
By Marcelo Marcel Cordova, Fernando Antonio Camargo Ribas, Vitor
Luiz de Matos and Fabio Renato Martins
A new method is being tested at the Ita plant in Brazil to provide
long-term production optimization of hydropower plants, using
setpoints provided by the independent system operator.
40 Tapping the Power of Low-Velocity Tidal Currents
By David Appleyard
A novel tidal power generation device has moved a step closer to
commercialization with the development of a simulator to support
sea trials, currently under way in Irelands Strangford Lough.
Developers of this technology hope it will become a substantial
part of the new energy mix by the end of the decade.
2 Viewpoint:
Old and New Hydro
Lighting up Development
4 Briefngs
44 Tech Notes
48 Small Hydro
54 New Hydro
52 Index to
Advertisers
14 Converting to Variable Speed
at a Pumped-Storage Plant
By Jean Marc Henry, Frederic Maurer,
Jean-Louis Drommi and Thierry Sautereau
Replacing a traditional pump-turbine unit with a
variable speed unit at an existing pumped-storage
plant can increase capacity, provide better energy
storage and offer faster grid support.
1309hrw_1 1 8/23/13 1:34 PM
2 HRW / September-October 2013 www.hydroworld.com
Vi e wp o i nt
Vol. 21, No. 5, September-October 2013

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Old and New Hydro
Lighting up Development
Rightly renowned for its longevity, hydropowers deserved reputation is in no small way
based on its many, many years of unwavering and ever reliable service. It therefore seems
highly appropriate to recognize another provider of unwavering service over many
years, our regular contributor James Gordon.
A consultant engineer, Jim has provided our
Lessons Learned departments for the past 17
years, based on his extensive industry experience.
Conceived following a chance conversation with
former chief editor Carl Vansant, these columns
have shed much-needed light on the challenges
faced by hydro plant operators and on the poten-
tial solutions and strategies that can be adopted
to overcome them. Indeed, Jims role has been
much like hydroelectricity itself illuminating.
On behalf of all here at HRW-Hydro Review Worldwide, Id like to extend our personal
thanks to Jim for his invaluable contributions spanning the past decade and more.
Chinas hydro market maker
While its great to celebrate hydropowers achievements over the years, there is the issue
of new development, too. This is a theme highlighted in this edition, with insights into
key markets from Voith Hydro Holding president and chief executive offcer Roland
Mnch. He notes that the potential for hydro development remains vast for example,
in Asia there are about 1,750 GW of technically feasible resources and, within that,
China truly stands out. Along the Yangtze River alone, plants with a capacity of more
than 70 GW are planned, under construction or already completed. And, while the
country has 250 GW of installed hydro capacity, there is room for a total of 466 GW.
As well as a booming domestic market, China is also a key player in fnancing and
building hydroelectric infrastructure right across southeast Asia. Between 2006 and
2011, Chinese investors such as the state-owned enterprises Export Import Bank of
China and China Development Bank fnanced 46% of all hydroelectricity capacity
additions in Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar, according to the U.S.s Energy Information
Administration. Furthermore, China invested more than $6.1 billion in fnancing 2,729
MW of new capacity over the same period, while the same investors mentioned above
made investments representing 6% of the total global hydroelectric capacity currently
under construction. Perhaps its no coincidence that the most powerful turbine-generator
ever built by Voith Hydro has entered service in the Chinese hydropower plant Xiluodu.
Perhaps also, while we rightly celebrate those achievements of the past that are still
producing benefts for the people of today, were looking to the future of hydropower
too, and the benefts it will bring tomorrow.

Chief Editor
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In China, the 13,860 MW Xiluodu hydropower project was connected to the coun-
trys power grid. Thirteen of the total 18 turbine-generator units have been in-
stalled in the powerhouse.
In addition, all four units at Chinas 6,400 MW Xiangjiaba
plant on the Jinshajiang River in the Yunnan Province are now
in commercial operation, the manufacturer reports.
Each of the generating units was designed and built in
Alstoms factory in Tianjin, China, one unit every two months.
The frst unit went into commercial operation in November
2012, with more coming on line through July.
Each of four Francis turbines is coupled to an 889 MVA
generator. Alstom said the generators are the only air-cooled
generators in the world with 23 kV windings.
Each turbine runner measures almost 10 meters in diameter
and weighs more than 400 tonnes, making them among the larg-
est in the world, Alstom said. China Three Gorges Corporation
awarded the contract in 2008.
Union Energy acquires developer Generacion Andina
Union Energy Group formed in 2011 to invest in, develop,
build and operate power generation projects in Latin America
has acquired hydro project owner Generacion Andina as part
of its expansion into Peru.
Generaction Andina was previously held by Germanys
Energie Baden-Wurttemberg and owns six hydro plants with a
total installed capacity of 55.2 MW. Two projects are operating
with a 20-year, government-backed power purchase agreement
in place, while four others are in various stages of development,
Combined, Union Energy said the portfolio will represent a
total investment of US$145 million.
The next two hydro projects to be constructed are 8.4 MW El
Carmen and 19 MW 8 de Agosto. Generacion Andina awarded
a $77.9 million contract to Spainish company Sacyr for their
construction earlier this year.
The acquisition adds to Union Energy Groups existing
1 GW development portfolio in Peru.
World Bank to fnance 80 MW Rusumo Falls plant
The World Banks Board of Executive Directors approved
US$340 million in fnancing in August for the 80 MW Rusumo
Falls hydropower plant.
Located along the Kagera River between Rwanda and
Tanzania, it is intended to reduce electricity costs, promote
renewable power, spur job-led economic development and
pave the way for more dynamic regional cooperation, peace
and stability, the World Bank said.
The run-of-river project will provide power for Burundi,
Rwanda and Tanzania each of which will receive a third of
the World Banks funding.
SMC, K-Water announce joint venture to build
246 MW Angat in the Philippines
According to flings with the Philippine Stock Exchange, the
Korean Water Resources Corporation (K-Water) and Filipino
conglomerate San Miguel Corporation (SMC) announced a
joint venture in August for development and operation of the
246 MW Angat project.
SMC a food, beverage and packaging company in south-
east Asia has expanded into energy and infrastructure mar-
kets in recent years. The company said its involvement with the
Angat plant will be handled by a newly created unit.
The project will add hydropower generation capabilities
to the existing Angat Dam, in Bulacan Province. The dam is
owned by the Philippine government and provides water for
metropolitan Manila and neighboring provinces.
K-Water was declared highest bidder for development of
the Angat project in 2010 after offering US$440.88 million.
However, the countrys Supreme Court required that the
South Korean company fnd a Filipino partner before allowing
work at Angat to begin.
Two Chinese plants begin commercial operation
The 13,860 MW Xiluodu hydropower plant in China was con-
nected to the countrys power grid in July following a three-day
test run, Hong Kongs Ministry of Foreign Affairs said.
Work on the plant began in 2003. Xiluodu will ultimately
house 18 turbine-generator units, although only 13 have been
installed thus far. The Xiluodu project, located on the Jinsha
River in the central Sichuan Province, will be the worlds
third-largest hydropower plant after Chinas Three Gorges and
Brazils Itaipu when fully completed in 2015.
1309hrw_4 4 8/23/13 1:34 PM
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Trangslet is one of many Fortum plants that may be affected if the government in-
creases the real estate tax for hydro projects. (photo courtesy Fortum Corporation)
Equipment supply contracts awarded for Turkeys
636 MW Upper Kelekoy
Voith Hydro has received an order worth about US$40 million
to supply equipment for the 636 MW Upper Kelekoy project on
Turkeys Murat River.
The company will provide three 202 MW Francis hydro
turbines and associated equipment for the Upper Kelekoy (also
spelled Kalekoy) project. This facility is being developed by
Kalehan Enerji, a joint venture between Cengiz and Ozaltin.
The project forms part of a cascade comprised of four plants
and Voith Hydro is also supplying equipment for the 560 MW
Beyhan 1, which is located downstream.
The company said Turkey represents a highly promising
hydropower market, with an estimated cumulative capacity of
40,000 MW still to be developed and nearly 50 new hydroelec-
tric plants installed through the frst half of 2013.
In a related development, Alstom announced that it secured a
contract in July to supply one 30.6 MW vertical Francis turbine,
switchyard equipment, transformers and control systems for
this project.
Project operator fles complaint over Swedish taxation
European utility Fortum has fled a complaint with the European
Commission, claiming that the Swedish government is unfairly
applying a selective tax on hydroelectric power.
According to Fortum, Sweden is planning to increase the real
estate tax for hydropower projects based on their production
volumes, with the tax on the market price of hydroelectricity
increasing 25 to 30%. In Fortums case, that could translate to
an estimated US$52.6 million in taxes per year.
Energy taxation should conform with the Energy Taxation
Directive, according to which electricity is to be taxed at con-
sumption not at production, Fortums Head of Tax Reijo
Salo said. Furthermore, energy taxation should be transparent
The Rusumo Falls hydroelectric project takes a regional
approach to tackling sub-Saharan Africas power crisis, pro-
viding low-cost, clean, renewable energy, said Jamal Saghir,
Director for Sustainable Development in the Africa Region.
Saghir added: The new power plant signals the banks com-
mitment to keeping the lights on across the African continent,
necessary for achieving growth, ending poverty and boosting
shared prosperity in the region.
Statistics provided by the World Bank show that only around
4% of Burundis population has access to electricity, while
Rwanda and Tanzania have electrifcation rates listed at 13%
and 15%, respectively.
Work moves forward on El Chaparral in El Salvador
Comision Ejecutiva Hidroelectrica del Rio Lempa (CEL) is
moving forward on development of the 65.8 MW El Chaparral
project in El Salvador by pre-qualifying construction companies.
The project originally was to be built by Astaldi S.p.A. of
Italy under a US$220 million contract awarded in October
2008. However, the two companies terminated the contract in
2012 by mutual consent because it did not provide for redesign
of the project, which was necessary as a result of landslides from
2010 Tropical Storm Agatha and the discovery of geological
instability in a portion of the project site.
El Chaparral is to include a roller-compacted-concrete dam,
reservoir, powerhouse containing two 32.2 MW units and a
1.42 MW minimum fow unit, and a substation just upstream of
the Torola Rivers confuence with the San Juan River.
Two hydro plants under development in Nepal
The fnal section of tunnel intended to bring water to the
Kulekhani 3 plants powerhouse has been completed, marking
the end of a fve-year construction process.
Chinas Sinohydro Corporation began construction of the
4,221 meter-long main tunnel in July 2008, alongside four
1,900 meter-long adit tunnels. Project offcials said the
14 MW plant is about 66% complete and should be fnished by
September 2014.
Kulekhani 3 is one of a string of hydroelectric plants along
Nepals Kulekhani River. Also included are the Kulekhani 1 and
Kulekhani 2 plants.
In related news, renewable energy developer Spark Hydro
Electric Company Ltd. is set to begin construction of the
101 MW Tamor-Mewa project, in the Koshi River Basin,
in November. This cascade-type project consists of 83 MW
Tamor and 18 MW Mewa powerhouses. The US$186 million
run-of-river project will be located in Nepals eastern Tapeljung
District, with a connection to the countrys grid coming via a
new substation in Fungling.
The bulk of the funding for the project is expected to come
from Nepalese and European investors, although the developers
said a 10% share has been set aside for local investors.
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Hydro Tasmanias Rowallan Dam, which impounds water for a 10.5 MW hydro
project, is being upgraded to increase its food capacity, as part of the companys
rolling 10-year asset management plan.
IDB funds studies for 1,890 MW Salto Grande plant
Financing from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
will allow Comision Tecnica Mixta Salto Grande (CTM) to
study areas of potential improvements and modernization at the
1,890 MW Salto Grande hydroelectric plant.
CTM a public bi-national entity of Uruguay and Argentina
will also use IDBs US$1.36 million in fnancing to explore
options in additional generation capacity and effciency upgrades.
Salto Grande has been generating power on the Uruguay
River along the Argentina/Uruguay border since 1989, and IDB
said most of the equipment is reaching the end of its life cycle
and requires replacement.
The CTM study will not only examine Salto Grandes 14
hydro turbines of 135 MW each, but also the plants four substa-
tions and transmission lines.
Hydro Tasmania CEO leaves utility
Hydro Tasmania Chief Executive Offcer Roy Adair has stepped
down from the Australian utility and hydro project operator.
Australian sources report that Adair, who has a year left on his
contract with the state-owned utility, was told he would not be
offered a second term and decided to leave early as a result.
The time was right for a change to take the business through
its next phase and to provide long-term stability to the organiza-
tion, Hydro Tasmania stated in a release.
Still, company offcials said Adair was able to accomplish
much during his tenure. In his three years at the helm of Hydro
Tasmania, Roy has led the business to record levels of proft
and raised the level of performance such that it is well placed to
deal with the many challenges ahead, board chairman David
Crean said. According to Crean, Hydro Tasmania had a profts
of more than US$92 million the past two years under Adair and
looks to double its revenue this year.
I wish the business and its entire staff a very successful and
prosperous future, Adair said.
The board of Hydro Tasmania has named Chief Commercial
Offcer Stephen Davy as acting CEO until a permanent
so that consumers can see how energy is taxed. In Sweden, this
is not the case.
Fortum claims the tax is selective, as the hydropower sector is
the only form of carbon dioxide-free production being targeted,
making it an indirect state subsidy to production based on
fossil fuels and in clear confict with the Swedish governments
climate and energy goals.
The companys complaint asks whether the increased real
estate tax on hydropower can be based on production values
as it is now, considering the EUs regulations on excise duty.
The complaint also asks the Commission to determine whether
taxes targeting specifc production forms are to be considered as
indirect state subsidies to other production forms.
The European Commission is investigating.
Two projects moving forward in Uganda
Construction of the 188 MW Isimba Falls project on the Nile
River in Uganda is now set to go ahead after the governments
of Uganda and China signed a memorandum of understanding.
The agreement will see the China International Water &
Electric Corporation develop the project using US$500 million
in fnancing provided by the Export-Import Bank of China.
Construction on the project is expected to begin in September,
with work expected to last 34 months.
In other news, Uganda has received a US$500 million credit
from China that will allow for construction of the 600 MW
Karuma project on the Victoria Nile River, it has been reported.
Construction of the $2 billion hydro plant was supposed to
have begun by the end of this year before the project stalled
due to a lack of funds. Uganda said Chinas investment will be
added to $700 million in established government co-fnancing,
with the remainder of the money to be raised from as yet
unnamed development agencies.
Chinas Sinohydro Group Ltd. received a contract to build
this plant in June 2013 and Karuma is expected to begin pro-
ducing power by 2018.
Iberdrola plans expansion of 32 MW San Pedro plant
Spanish utility Iberdrola has begun construction of a
US$66.7 million extension project that will add 25 MW of
installed capacity to the San Pedro hydroelectric plant.
San Pedro is located on the Sil River in northwest Spain
and has an installed capacity of 32 MW. The company said the
expansion project will take three years to complete, creating
nearly 200 direct jobs.
Iberdrolas decision to extend the complex comes months after
a similar project was completed at the 441 MW Santo Estevo
hydropower plant, which is located downriver from San Pedro.
Once complete, Iberdrola said, the company will have ful-
flled the objectives these extension projects set to achieve: sluice
control, balancing fows downstream and optimizing exploita-
tion of indigenous, renewable energy.
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The 160.2 MW Wloclawek project in Poland is undergoing rehabilitation and re-
pair work that includes improvements to the density of the dams body and face
and development of an automatic measurement and control system.
and 408 MW Miranda hydropower plants also have not yet
had their concessions renewed. In the electric energy sector,
Cemig services 96% of the concession area in Minas Gerais
and has more than 7 million consumers in 774 municipalities.
It is responsible for the operation of 65 power plants with total
installed capacity of 6,925 MW.
India report: Rains disrupt hydro, while ADB adds
to investments
Silt, debris and high waters created by one of the heaviest
monsoons in Indias history halted operations at a number of
hydroelectric projects in the northern part of the country in
June, sources have reported.
According to Indias meteorological department, areas in
Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand states received as much as
440% their normal rainfall, severely affecting the power supply
in a region heavily dependent on hydropower.
The powerhouse at the 280 MW Dhauliganga plant was
under water in mid-June, sources reported, while silt caused dis-
ruptions at the 1,500 MW Nathpa Jhakri, 400 MW Koteshwar
and 1,000 MW Karcham Wangtoo hydropower projects.
In other news, the government of Uttarakhand signed a
US$150 million loan agreement with the Asian Development
Bank (ADB) in June, intended to help fund hydropower projects
in the Indian state.
The ADB loan is the fourth tranche of the Uttarakhand
Power Sector Investment Programme, which will ultimately add
as much as 2,500 MW of hydroelectric power to Indias grid.
The loan has a 25 year fnancing term, including a grace
period of fve years, commitment charges of 0.15% and an inter-
est rate to be determined in accordance with ADBs London
Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)-based lending facility.
Contract awarded for rehab work at Polands
160.2 MW Wloclawek
Polish water manager Regionalny Zarzad Gospodarki Wodnej
Warszawie (RGZW) has awarded a US$17.5 million contract to
replacement is selected. The utility said the process could take
up to two months to complete.
Report shows cause for Vietnam dam collapse
Findings have been released from an investigation by the Central
Highland Gia Lai Province into a dam collapse at Vietnams 5.5
MW Krel 2 project. The dam, a US$6 million project completed
in 2010, collapsed in mid-June, damaged factories and fooded
hundreds of acres of farmland.
The investigation revealed the dam was not constructed in
accordance with its approved design, which called for the inside
of the structure to have been covered by a 20 cm-thick layer
of cement. Instead, much of the inside face was built with soil,
leaving the dam much weaker than planned.
Province offcials are reported to have told the projects devel-
oper, Bao Long-Gia Lai Hydro-Electricity-Industry Company,
to completely rebuild the dam weeks before its failure, although
the dam was impounding about 5 million cubic meters of water
when it collapsed.
The company will be fned and expected to compensate for
damaged property.
Modernization of 3,444 MW Ilha Solteira project
nearing completion
Voith Hydro says it has begun the fnal stages in the moderniza-
tion of the 3,444 MW Ilha Solteira hydropower project.
The project, owned by Companhia Energetica de Sao Paulo
(CESP), is on the Parana River in Brazils Sao Paulo state. The
upgrades will give Ilha Solteira more fexibility in supplying
reactive power to Brazils electrical grid, Voith Hydro said.
As part of the modernization project, Voith Hydro serviced
four of the plants 20 generators, supplied new windings, stator
cores, pole coils and one new stator frame, as well as renovating
the other three existing frames. The company also renovated
rotor poles and supplied a partial discharge detection system.
Court allows Cemig to retain control of
424 MW Jaguara plant
An injunction granted in June by Brazils Superior Court of
Justice will allow utility company Companhia Energetica de
Minas Gerais (Cemig) to maintain control of the 424 MW
Jaguara hydroelectric plant.
Cemig said in a statement that its operating concession for
the Jaguara facility was revoked by the Brazilian government
after the company refused to agree with controversial energy
sector reforms enacted by President Dilma Rousseff earlier
this year. In an effort to lower consumer costs, Rousseffs plan
would require Cemig to agree to a revised concession with
decreased revenue.
The courts ruling will stand, pending a court review of the
plants legal status, according to Cemig.
Two other Cemig-operated plants the 1.7 GW Sao Simao
1309hrw_10 10 8/23/13 1:34 PM
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Przedsiebiorstwo Robot Inzynieryjnych
POL-AQUA SA for rehabilitation and
repair of the 160.2 MW Wloclawek Dam
on Polands Vistula River.
The work will include improvements
to the density of the dams body and
face, development of an automatic mea-
surement and control system, repair of
civil construction and mechanical and
electrical equipment, lock repairs, and
reconstruction of fsh ladders.
Wloclawek was built between 1962
and 1970. Polish utility Energa Hydro
awarded a contract to ABB in 2011 to
replace a transformer block in the proj-
ects hydroelectric plant.
Statkraft prepares for Devoll
project construction
Norwegian utility Statkraft A.S. has
announced its intent to begin construc-
tion on the Devoll hydroelectric complex
on the Devoll River in southern Albania.
The Devoll project will eventually
include three separate hydropower plants,
although Statkrafts announcement only
included two. The pair called Banja
(also spelled Banje) and Moglice will
have a combined capacity of about
240 MW and will cost $714 million. Both
are expected to be in operation by 2018.
Devoll Hydropower Sh.A., which
is developing the project, used to be a
50/50 joint venture between Statkraft
and Austrian energy company EVN AG.
EVN sold its share to Statkraft in March.
In July, Statkraft awarded a
US$132.6 million contract to Alstom to
supply six Francis turbine-generator units
for Devoll. Also included in the order are
hydraulic steelworks such as gates, pen-
stocks, stoplogs and trashracks. Alstom
said the equipment will primarily manu-
factured in its Spain and Turkey factories.
The project is the frst large-scale
public/private partnership in Albania and
represents one of the largest hydro invest-
ments in the Balkans, Alstom says.
AfDB increases Grand Inga project
fnancing
Two African Development Bank (AfDB)
grants totaling US$5.25 million recently
awarded to the Democratic Republic of
Congo will help provide technical assis-
tance for the Inga 3 project.
The grants fall within the framework
of AfDBs Fragile States Facility and
will help in the commencement of the
crucial phase of preparing institutional
and technical plans, the bank said.
At an institutional level, AfDB said,
the grant will help fnance a national and
permanent structure for the promotion
and development of the Inga projects
hydro power potential. On a technical
level, the funds will be used to provide
legal and strategic advisers in an effort
to create a public-private partnership for
development of the Inga 3 phase.
AfDB had provided $15.7 million to
Congo in 2008 for the development of
an Inga expansion feasibility study. It
suggested that Ingas projected 40 GW
of potential be developed in stages the
frst being the 4,800 MW Inga 3.
1309hrw_12 12 8/23/13 1:35 PM
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A power-purchase agreement signed
between Congo and South Africa in
December 2012 helped solidify commit-
ments to the Inga project, with the Congo
government announcing its intentions
to begin work on the Inga 3 portion by
October 2015.
Laos, fnancial institutions working
on hydro development laws
The International Finance Corporation
(IFC) plans to work with the Laotian
government in developing laws that would
help govern hydropower development.
According to IFC, Laos is one of the
poorest nations in southeast Asia but is
amongst the richest in terms of natural
resources. Through the past decade,
investments have led to the development
of about 20 hydropower projects, with
up to 50 expected to be operational by
2025. This boom in hydro construction
has been essential in boosting the coun-
trys socioeconomic growth, IFC said,
although it also increases competition
among water users, making revisions to
Laos 17 year-old water laws essential.
Hydropower developers are granted
water rights through concession agree-
ments. Under the revised law, rights
would be granted using a formal, long-
term permit-based system that would be
easier to enforce.
This law provides principles and
measures necessary for the management,
exploitation, use, development and pro-
tection of water resources, aiming to pro-
mote legal rights to use water resources
that ensure balance and sustainability of
socio-economic development and envi-
ronmental protection, the draft law said.
The Laos government, with IFC and
World Bank support, is holding public
consultations about the draft laws, with
stakeholders in all sectors being invited to
give their feedback. IFC said its consulta-
tion in Vientiane in May drew represen-
tatives from 13 hydropower companies
and law frms, which discussed issues
including dam safety, coordinated water
releases and fow management.
The frst version of the draft water law
is available on the Laos Department of
Water Resources website. The agency
said it will continue soliciting comments
about the proposal through the coming
months, with a fnal revision to be sub-
mitted to the Laotian National Assembly
by the end of the year.
Ecuador to study water resources
project that includes hydro
Ecuadors Instituto Nacional de
Preinversion plans to hire consultants
to perform pre-feasibility and feasibility
studies and fnal design of the Olmedo
multi-purpose water resource project in
the Manabi Province.
The consultant hired will study the
technical, economic, social, and envi-
ronmental pre-feasibility and feasibility
of the Olmedo project, as well as prepare
fnal designs to implement the project.
Development of Olmedo is planned to
supply drinking water, irrigation and
drainage in the region.
1309hrw_13 13 8/23/13 1:35 PM
By Jean Marc Henry,
Frederic Maurer,
Jean-Louis Drommi, and
Thierry Sautereau
Jean Marc Henry is a
technical integrator and
Frederic Maurer is an
electrical engineer with
Alstom Hydro. Jean-Louis
Drommi is an electrical
expert and Thierry Sautereau
is a mechanical engineer
with Electricite de France.
Why variable speed?
Developing and constructing a new pumped-
storage plant requires an adequate site, signifcant
investment and eight to 10 years. A more expedient
and cost-effective approach to increasing hydro-
electric capacity is to convert existing synchronous
units into variable speed machines.
EDF operates an electricity generation feet
with capacity of about 100 GW in France and a
total capacity of more than 135 GW worldwide.
Among this feet, 5 GW of capacity comes from
pumped-storage plants equipped with synchro-
nous generators. Pumped-storage plants provide
storage capacity while keeping the advantage of
fast peaking response provided by all hydroelec-
tric facilities. This technology developed signif-
cantly with the expansion of nuclear development
programs from the 1970s through the 1990s. A
key enabler of this development was reversible
Francis pump-turbines that allowed large out-
puts per unit (>200 MW). The nuclear expansion
required a storage compensation of large output,
mainly on a day/night basis, as the nuclear was
V
ariable speed technology offers additional
network fexibility to conventional pumped-
storage plants by enabling power regulation in
pumping mode as well as in generation mode. A
variable speed pumped-storage plant is one for
which the speed can be varied through a frequency
converter. This speed variation allows a change
in the discharge/power in pump mode, as with a
fxed speed there is only one operating point for a
given head. While already used for several years,
particularly in Japan, the variable speed fnds a
new source of development with the fast growth
of variable power sources, such as wind and solar.
There is a need for better adaptation by storage
capacity to compensate for fuctuations.
This case study discusses the benefts associ-
ated with retroftting an existing pumped-storage
plant with a variable speed unit, based on tur-
bine manufacturer Alstom Hydros experience
with hydro projects under construction and
the experience of French utility Electricite de
France (EDF) in the installation and operation of
pumped-storage plants.
As French utility Electricite de France is learning, replacing a traditional pump-turbine unit with
a variable speed unit at an existing pumped-storage plant can increase capacity, provide
better energy storage and offer faster grid support.
P u mp e d S t o r age
Converting to Variable Speed
at a Pumped-Storage Plant
1309hrw_14 14 8/23/13 1:35 PM
The above diagram shows the ideal arrangement for low output motor- generator units using a
fully fed single line.
FIGURE 1 Fully Fed Single Line Diagram
Table 1: Alstom Variable Speed Hydraulic Designs
Power Plant Number of Units Head (ft) Power (MW) Speed (rpm) Country
Nant de Drance 6 820-1,280 157 428.6 +/-7% Switzerland
Linthal 4 1,837-2,375 250 500 +/-6% Switzerland
Tehri 4 418-725 255 230.8 +/-7.5% India
not fexible at all, particularly in its
early stages. Storage compensation of
large output is possible with reversible
pump-turbines.
Today, intermittent renewable power
generation (such as that provided by
wind and solar plants) represents an
ever-larger share of the worlds power
output, but it requires a means of
storing the surplus energy so that it
can be used during periods of peak
demand. Moreover, intermittent
renewable energy is not predictable,
thus representing a major challenge
for grid stability.
Refurbishment of conventional syn-
chronous pump-turbine units, as EDF
and Alstom are doing at the 800-MW
Revin plant, can increase balancing
reserve and improve performance.
Variable speed pumped-storage
schemes combine the needs for better
energy storage and faster grid sup-
port. Variable speed technology can
offer additional network fexibility to
conventional pumped-storage plants by
allowing power/frequency regulation in
pumping mode, as well.
For example, converting 50% of the
20 GW of pumped storage installed
in the USA would provide additional
power balance fexibility, as well as
up to 3 GW of frequency regulation
capability on the grid during off peak
periods. Furthermore, greenhouse gas
emissions are reduced because fos-
sil fuel-fred plants are not needed for
balancing purposes.
induction machine within an existing
powerhouse and its effect on the plant
must be taken into account. The ability
of the civil structure to accommodate
the resulting higher stresses must also be
dealt with.
Variable speed units lead to higher
loads on civil structures. However, modi-
fying the civil works in the plant is not
cost-effective. Thus, all existing concrete
structures must be checked to ensure they
can bear the foundation loads of the sta-
tor (loads and torques, under static and
dynamic conditions) and thrust bearing
load transfer. Ultimately, local reinforce-
ment may be necessary or variable speed
machine size must be limited to match
civil structure bearable loads.
Hydraulic design
Power regulation in pumping mode
mainly relies on the ability of the
hydraulic design to adapt to the power/
fow variations. Because the older
designs are not set to these conditions,
Converting an existing
plant to variable speed
Although it is a prime option for provid-
ing better energy storage and faster grid
support, converting a synchronous unit
into a variable speed unit requires special
considerations and design studies.
First, a turbine upgrade has to be
considered because the power variation
in pump mode and the potential speed
variation depend on the hydraulic design.
Consequently, setting a new hydrau-
lic profle within an existing machine
structure requires requalifcation of the
mechanical structure, as well as verifca-
tion of the hydraulic transients. These
constraints must take into account the
expected speed variation range as well as
the new way of operating the units.
Second, the choice between a synchro-
nous generator with full convertor and
a double-fed induction generator with
converter in the rotor circuit must be
evaluated. The constraints of upgrading
the motor-generator into a variable speed
1309hrw_15 15 8/23/13 1:35 PM
In contrast to Figure 1, Figure 2 shows the layout for replacing the synchronous motor-generator
with a double fed induction machine (DFIM).
FIGURE 2 DFIM Fed Single Line Diagram
Q4 TP1
GCB
Q3
Q6
L1 Q11
DFIM
Double Feed
Asynchronous
Generator
VSI
TP2
CROWBAR
an upgrade is recommended to get the
most beneft. Upgrading the hydraulic
design affects:
Hydraulic transients considering
the existing waterway;
Integration of the new hydraulic
components within existing contours; and
Cavitation-free operation with the
available runner setting. This is one of
the main parameters that could affect the
pump power range.
As discussed above, to beneft from
the upgrade, a new hydraulic design is
Electrical design
The excitation frequencies, for example
on the head cover, are related to the rota-
tion speed. The requalifcation of existing
parts of the distributor (such as wicket
gates and head cover) requires, therefore,
consideration of the speed variation, to
avoid resonance.
There are two technologies for varying
the speed (see Figure 1 on page 15 and
Figure 2, left). One option is keeping
a synchronous motor-generator con-
nected to a full power supply frequency
converter (fully-fed motor-generator);
the other option is replacing the synchro-
nous motor-generator by a double-fed
induction machine (DFIM) connected
to a reduced power supply frequency con-
verter on the rotor. In this case, keeping
the existing stator may also be considered.
The frst option is most suitable for low
outputs (<100 MW per unit), but it also
requires an excitation system. For higher
outputs, the cost of the frequency con-
verter becomes prohibitive. It is possible
to keep the synchronous motor-generator
generally required to provide increased
pump-turbine effciency (up to several
percent) due to improved and state-of-
the-art design capabilities and to the
speed adjustment in turbine mode at
partial load.
It is also needed to provide increased
power regulation in pumping mode. Such
regulation is provided by increased per-
formance in cavitation and turbine/pump
power ratio, as highlighted by variable
speed hydraulic designs with a large head
range (see Table 1 on page 15).
1309hrw_16 16 8/23/13 1:35 PM
1309hrw_17 17 8/23/13 1:35 PM
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Trash Racks
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Deep Water Trash Rack
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Underwater Cleaning
Cutting
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from the original equipment manufac-
turer, but it is not recommended to re-use
the existing motor-generator winding
because the frequency distortions and
harmonics become more demanding for
electrical insulation (fast aging of insulat-
ing material).
A DFIM is generally the preferred solu-
tion for large unit outputs (>100 MW).
Its main advantage is that it requires low-
power converters that use only a small
fraction of the total output. This means
less power loss in the converters, lower
global price and a much smaller footprint
for the power electronics while delivering
the most beneft variable speed can offer.
A fully-fed machine cannot deliver
additional power regulation in pumping
mode because of the limitations of cur-
rent pump-turbine technology. Pump
power variations are limited by the stabil-
ity and cavitation characteristics of the
pump and not by the frequency range
of the power converter. For example,
a pump operating range generally has
about a 30% power variation, which
means a +10% frequency range variation.
The voltage source inverter using
IGBT (Insulated-gate bipolar transis-
tor) or IGCT (integrated-gate com-
mutated thyristor) is preferred to a
cyclo-converter because it enables rapid
response to the grid. Using a voltage
source inverter also leads to a smaller
machine because there is no need to
supply reactive power to a cyclo-con-
verter. In addition, there are no sub-
harmonics injections that could generate
sub-synchronous resonances.
Alstom uses DFIM technology in all its
variable speed pumped-storage projects.
DFIM uses the exchange between the
wound rotor and frequency converter to
provide the speed variation. As a conse-
quence, the stator needs to be oversized in
sub-synchronous mode, due to the addi-
tional power transiting the rotor.
Keeping the existing stator may, how-
ever, be considered if reactive power sup-
ply can be reduced. The reactive power is
partially provided by the frequency con-
verter. In such a case, the stator winding
needs to be compatible with the rotor
winding. Alternatively, the stator could
be replaced.
In both cases, the main constraint on
the DFIM design is to ft the stator and
rotor within the motor-generator pit. The
pit dimension is a limiting factor to the
DFIM maximum output.
The DFIM wound rotor is about
30% heavier than a salient pole synchro-
nous rotor, which impacts the shaft line
behavior.
The frequency converter
The frequency converter will lead to addi-
tional losses (roughly 3% of the converter
power) but much less than a full power
frequency converter. This is because the
power involved is proportional to the
ratio of shifted frequency.
While an additional static frequency
converter is often used to raise the speed
up to the synchronous speed with fxed
speed PSP in pump mode, this speed
raising function is achieved by the fre-
quency converter itself on variable speed
1309hrw_18 18 8/23/13 1:35 PM
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1309hrw_19 19 8/23/13 1:35 PM
PSP. While the static frequency converter
feeds the stator within a fxed speed PSP,
the frequency converter feeds the rotor on
DFIM variable speed.
The connection to the rotor will be
made through large slip rings housed in
a separate cubicle. Given the high cur-
rent involved, air-cooling and fltration
are needed. The environment of the slip
rings is air-conditioned to maximize the
lifetime of the brushes and to capture all
the carbon dust. Special attention is given
to the carbon dust vacuuming system to
avoid the spread of carbon particles over
the unit, which could result in a rotor
insulation drop.
Electrical balance of plant
Beyond the motor-generator described,
the entire units electrical equipment has
to be re-engineered. Some equipment
may be re-used, while other parts must
be replaced, and new equipment must ft
within the space limitations of the pow-
erhouse. For example, synchronous rotor
excitation devices must be dismantled
for a unit with pumping capacity of about
30 MW, which might be diffcult to fnd
in some underground powerhouses.
On the stator side, additional pieces of
equipment need to be installed:
Isolated phase bus ducts (part of
which may be re-used from the existing
sync unit);
Starting/braking short circuit
breaker used for the DFIM launching
in motor mode and for the re-generative
braking sequence;
Generator circuit breaker: depend-
ing upon its condition and rating, a new
breaker might be considered; and
Phase reversal disconnectors, which
may be re-used or replaced depending
upon condition, ageing and rating.
Last but not least, the unit power
transformer has to be checked for replace-
ment, depending on the rating of the new
unit and/or special requirements due to
the harmonics produced by the DFIM
and voltage source inverter. On the unit
control side, the unit voltage and speed
controls are very closely linked in order to
optimize the DFIM and turbine operating
point. Hence, from an operator point of
view, active and reactive power setpoints
are the sole information to be sent to the
variable speed generating set control.
Variable speed units must have some of
the same important operating features as
the synchronous units, such as black start
operation, isolated network feeding or
line charging capacity. Black start opera-
tion without tapping energy for rotor
excitation is obtained from a low power
feeder that energizes the voltage source
inverter enough to build up stator voltage.
Isolated network and line charging capac-
ity are no more challenging than with a
synchronous machine. Indeed, the power
electronic control improves, stabilizing
the unit output when operating in an
islanded network condition.
Mechanical design
The thrust bearing will be impacted by
the new hydraulic design, which may
transfer different hydraulic thrust, and by
the rotor, which may increase weight. As
while stator medium voltage gears could
be re-used.
Most of the new equipment that must
be installed in the powerhouse is for the
DFIM rotor feed. Equipment includes:
Heavy-duty power tapping on the
MV side of the units power transformer;
Short circuit current-limiting
reactors;
MV breaker;
Harmonic flters;
Voltage source inverter and
transformer;
Segregated phase bus ducts from
voltage source inverter to rotor ring
cubicle;
Rotor over-current and over-volt-
age protection cubicle; and
Non-conventional current trans-
formers and voltage transformers for
rotor current and voltage measurement at
very low frequency.
The largest pieces of equipment
required for rotor excitation (voltage
source inverter and transformer) require
roughly 1,615 square feet of ground space
1309hrw_20 20 8/23/13 1:35 PM
www.hydroworld.com http://hrw.hotims.com RS #16
a result, the existing thrust bearing needs
to be rechecked against updated loads.
Several parameters need to be consid-
ered in the shaft line calculation: possible
increase in the bearings span, increase of
the rotor weight, runaway speed modifca-
tion and operating speed variation. The
most critical feature for shaft line safety is
the bending natural frequency. Fulflling
usual margin criteria may impact the over-
all machine layout.
Increase in thrust load, converter
losses and the slip ring fltration system
need to be reconsidered both for the
sizing and the routing of the water-
cooling system. Special attention must be
paid to the water velocity in the existing
embedded pipes in order to avoid ageing
of the pipes.
Converting a motor-generator to vari-
able speed, either complete or the rotor
only, takes time. Specifcally, the new
wound rotor would need to be assembled
on-site. Nevertheless, the rotor and sta-
tor will be assembled prior to unit shut-
down. Furthermore, given the work to
be done to upgrade the hydraulics, the
motor-generator replacement is unlikely
to have a signifcant impact on time, tak-
ing no longer than it would for standard
hydraulic refurbishment.
Conclusion
Converting existing synchronous units
into variable speed is an expedient and
cost-effective solution to increase power
regulation capabilities for plant opera-
tors. It also facilitates the integration of
intermittent renewable energy generation
into the electrical grid. However, some
constraints and limitations must be fully
assessed before such a conversion may
be undertaken. Constraints coming from
civil structures or the hydraulic circuit
would be the most diffcult and most
costly to overcome.
EDF and Alstom, based on their
respective experience in pumped-storage
plant design and operation, have made
such an assessment in order to upgrade a
270 MVA existing unit into a 300 MVA
variable speed machine.
1309hrw_21 21 8/23/13 1:35 PM
By David Appleyard
David Appleyard is chief
editor of HRW-Hydro
Review Worldwide.
The worlds hunger for energy is enormous and
continues to grow hydropower can and must
cover a large portion of this demand.
Q: What is the main challenge for hydropower
development around the world currently?
Mnch: About 80% of all energy from renewable
sources originates from hydropower. It is thus the
largest among all renewable energy sources and
plays a vital role in the green energy mix. We must
emphasize this role more strongly and underline
the many advantages of hydropower this is
important, in order to ensure that hydropower
takes up this vital role also in the future.
Compared with other renewable energies,
hydropower as the oldest renewable is often put at
a legal disadvantage. Take the Energy Transition
in Germany (German Energiewende) for exam-
ple: due to the prioritized access of wind and solar
plants to the grid, pumped-storage plants at present
are often not able to operate with reasonable cost-
effectiveness. This is an area where we strongly
wish for fairer funding and simpler approval pro-
cedures. Or look at North America, where huge
amounts of shale gas are being extracted and gas
prices are dropping. As a result, investments in
other forms of energy production, among them
hydropower projects, have been withdrawn.
At the same time, the potential for the further
development of hydropower is enormous, not only
in the key growth markets. Worldwide, there are,
for example, countless transverse structures, such
as dams and locks, that have so far not been used for
energy production from hydropower at present
less than 15%. There is a huge amount of untapped
potential, and these opportunities must be utilized.
When we look at the global obstacles that are pre-
sented to new infrastructure projects, it is important
that the advantages of hydropower, such as food
V
oith Hydro is a full-line supplier of hydro-
electric equipment, technology and services
covering the entire life cycle of new and existing
large and small plants. The company has installed
more than 40,000 generators and turbines around
the world, which it says represents about one
fourth of the worlds installed hydroelectric power.
HRW-Hydro Review Worldwide recently sat
down with Dr. Roland Mnch a member of
the corporate board of management
of Voith GmbH and president and
chief executive offcer of Voith Hydro
Holding GmbH & Co. KG in Germany
to learn more about this company
and its views on the global market for
hydropower. The following is a tran-
script of that discussion.
Q: What does the term modern
hydropower mean to you?
Mnch: Hydropower is a modern,
up-to-date form of energy generation.
It is eco-friendly, reliable and highly
effcient. It contributes signifcantly to climate-
friendly energy production and is therefore indis-
pensable, if we want to confne climate change as
planned: by utilizing it as a huge storage facility for
energy gained from wind and solar power and by
raising its worldwide development potential, which
is still enormous.
Despite its long history, hydropower is a modern
industry. It combines long tradition with innova-
tive spirit. Today, hydropower is more dynamic,
fexible and diversifed than ever before. As an
example, just look at the latest, highly fexible
pumped-storage technologies or the work going on
with regard to ocean energy.
Modern hydropower adapts itself to the varying
requirements made by the global energy market.
Viewpoints from the Board Room:
Voith Hydro CEO Roland Mnch
Hydropower is a modern form of energy generation with great potential for expansion, says
Roland Mnch, CEO of Voith Hydro Holding GmbH & Co. KG. He would like to see the legal
framework change to show more support of hydropower in the overall generation mix.
E xe c ut i v e I nt e r v i e w
Roland Mnch
1309hrw_22 22 8/23/13 1:35 PM
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protection and navigability, are entered
much more strongly into the public debate.
Q: What is the most striking
change you have witnessed
for hydropower recently?
Mnch: One of the most striking
changes in recent years is undoubtedly
the outstanding importance hydropower
has gained for the successful develop-
ment of renewable energies. Hydropower
is the only renewable energy source that
potential is enormous: in South America,
only 20% of the existing hydropower
potential has been exploited; in Asia the
share is even as low as 16%. In addition, we
are witnessing constant technical prog-
ress: as far as generators are concerned,
we are now close to the 1,000 MVA class.
In the automation sector, digitalization
has opened up numerous possibilities of
controlling hydropower plants externally
and reacting more quickly. This increases
availability and improves the economy of
hydropower plants.
Q: What single change would you
like to see that could enhance the
role of modern hydropower?
Mnch: I would like to see legal frame-
work conditions that do not treat hydro-
power less favorably compared to other
renewable energies and instead support
its positive role. I wish for the contribution
of hydropower to stable, climate-friendly
energy generation and its signifcance
for our energy system to receive greater
public recognition.
This is an area where we as an industry
have to highlight the many advantages of
hydropower more strongly and publicize
them more openly. As far as legislation
is concerned, I would like to see reliable
framework conditions to encourage long-
term hydropower investment decisions,
faster approval procedures and a com-
pensation structure that takes the specifc
contributions of hydropower into account.
It has become increasingly diffcult
to calculate and secure the viability of
investments. Pumped-storage plants, for
example, are started up and shut down
several times per day. The demand on
their fexibility has increased. We can
offer the right technology for this, but the
revenue from the pricing models for these
fexible storage outputs is still insuffcient.
In addition, the approval procedures
for new power plants are often too long
and complicated, just as with other
infrastructure projects. This is another
challenge that has to be solved on a
political level.
is suitable for both baseload situations
and compensating peak loads. We need
pumped-storage power plants as huge
batteries for storing the electricity
generated from wind and solar power and
for feeding this energy back into the grid
when required.
Another remarkable factor in the con-
text of regional markets is the numerous
major projects, which we have seen in
Asia and South America in recent years.
They are an indicator of the ongoing rise
in signifcance of these markets. The
1309hrw_24 24 8/23/13 1:35 PM
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Q: Could you identify key hydropower markets
and explain why they are attractive?
Mnch: The most attractive opportunities are still in Asia and
South America. In both regions, less than 20% of the potential
of electricity from hydropower have been exploited. The total
potential is vast in Asia alone, there is about 1,750 GW of
technically feasible capacity. In this context, China certainly
stands out as an individual market. Along the Yangtze River
alone, hydropower plants with a total capacity of more than
70 GW are either planned, under con-
struction or already completed. These
are extraordinary dimensions.
Compare this with Germany: If we
add up all kinds of energy generation
represented here, we end up with about
120 GW of installed power. But we
must by no means ignore Europe. Through modernizations and
effciency upgrades, we can achieve a great deal here. Russia
in particular is a highly promising market, not least because of
its size and its untapped potential. Canada and the USA also
remain highly attractive markets. There, just like in Europe, we
are looking at an ongoing trend toward the modernization of
existing hydropower plants. Due to the ever-increasing num-
ber of hydroelectric plants installed all over the world and ever
longer service lives, this tendency towards plant upgrades has
meanwhile also reached other important hydropower markets,
such as Brazil and China.
And last but not least, Africa is also emerging as an interest-
ing market. The technically feasible development potential for
hydropower in Africa is estimated to be about 425 GW at an
installed capacity of about 26 GW. Africa thus has the worlds
highest percentage of undeveloped hydropower potential.
Apart from that, I can also see excellent growth opportuni-
ties in the upgrades of existing river barrages, such as weirs
and dams. At the moment, only 20% of the available potential
are being utilized. An example: in the
USA, some 80,000 dams are waiting
for electrifcation a huge potential.
Q: Tell us more about South
America, and Brazil in
particular. How has the
energy market there developed, and what do you
see as the key developments for hydropower?
Mnch: In general, the demand for reliable electricity supply
in South America, and especially in Brazil, is increasing. The
natural hydropower potential in the region results in overall
good perspectives for further development. Brazil as the larg-
est electricity market in South America, with more than three
quarters of the electricity needed based on hydropower must
be highlighted as one of the most dynamic markets. Here, we see
a two-fold development. On the one hand, there are and still will
be many new, large-scale hydro plants being built. On the other
hand, we see an increasing trend toward modernizations. After
decades of operation, many companies are upgrading their feets.
We are convinced that Voith Hydro can beneft from both
developments. Apart from our hydro facility and foundry in Sao
Paulo, we have invested in our new facility in Manaus in the
northern region of Brazil to support hydropower projects and
customers there and outside Brazil. Voith Hydro maintains a
number of sales offces in other South American countries to
be close to our customers and be able to support them locally.
Q: In terms of technology, what areas are witnessing the
biggest advances for hydropower? What are the innovative
approaches you would put forward and use as an example
of hydropower as a modern, evolving technology?
Mnch: Hydropower is a highly developed technology, but there
is room for innovation, and we are doing research and develop-
ment to move things forward. Let me give you two examples:
We are continuously improving the overall effciency of hydro
stations. With modern plants, the effciency rate is at 95%. We can
ensure this effciency across a wide operating range not only at
full turbine load but also at lower outputs. This is an area where
we have achieved remarkable progress in recent years, because
Today, hydropower is more
dynamic, fexible and
diversifed than ever before.
1309hrw_26 26 8/23/13 1:35 PM
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we are now able to calculate turbine fows
three-dimensionally.
With the StreamDiver, we have
implemented an innovative concept in
the small hydro segment, which can be
applied in environments where the con-
struction of conventional hydro plants
had previously been impossible due to
landscape preservation specifcations or
because of low heads.
As far as generators are concerned, we
are now close to the 1,000 MVA class.
This more or less constitutes the worlds
Q: What, if any, new technologies
do you expect to see in the generator
sector in the coming years?
Mnch: With a view to the future devel-
opment of generators, we expect further
improvements in insulating technology.
Material research is constantly advanc-
ing, and this progress can be incorporated
into our generator development.
We will also see further improvement
as far as generator cooling is concerned,
which will enable further increases in
output and effciency. And fnally, I antic-
ipate that ever-increasing outputs will
also result in ever-more-robust machines.
Q: Do you have any fnal comments/
thoughts on the future of hydropower?
Mnch: I see the future of hydropower
in very positive terms. The International
Energy Agency expects that the amount
of energy generated from hydropower will
have doubled by 2050. Hydropower is
already indispensable and will continue to
play a leading role in energy supplies and
in the mix of renewable energy sources.
The hunger for energy in the worlds
growth regions is unbroken. Yet our
reserves of fossil energy carriers are
fnite and will become more and more
expensive in the future. At the same time,
ongoing climate change also calls for a
limitation of CO
2
emissions.
Hydropower is the most suitable tech-
nology for these challenges: it ensures
eco-friendly, stable and reliable, reason-
ably-priced, effcient and widely available
energy supplies that are affordable in
the long term. This makes it particu-
larly suitable for growth countries and
emerging markets, where hydropower
can contribute to economic progress and
thus improved living conditions. People
get better access to education, jobs are
being created and infrastructures are
being developed.
I am frmly convinced: Hydroelectric
power is a modern technology that will
continue to play a vital role in the global
energy mix.
largest hydro generators soon to be
installed in Chinese projects. Just recently,
the most powerful turbine-generator ever
built by Voith Hydro has entered service
in the Chinese plant Xiluodu. At 784
MW, the output of this turbine-generator
unit is higher than that of the worlds larg-
est hydro plants. This achievement is an
important step toward the frst 1 GW unit.
The development and production
of 25 kV generator bars is an important
milestone in this context, which will bring
us closer to these dimensions.
1309hrw_28 28 8/23/13 1:35 PM
1309hrw_29 29 8/23/13 1:35 PM
By Marcelo Marcel
Cordova, Erlon Cristian
Finardi, Fernando
Antonio Camargo Ribas,
and Felipe Azevedo
Brown do Coutto
Marcelo Marcel Cordova,
Eng., and Erlon Cristian
Finardi, D.Eng., are
researchers in the
Laboratorio de Planejamento
de Sistemas de Energia
Eletrica at the Universidade
Federal de Santa Catarina.
Fernando Antonio Camargo
Ribas, Eng., is a specialist
in hydraulic turbines
in the Department of
Hydraulic Generation at
Tractebel Energia GDF
Suez. Felipe Azevedo
Brown do Coutto, M.Eng.,
coordinates development
and automation at M&D
Monitoracao e Diagnose.
q
i
is discharged outfow of unit i, in m
3
/sec;
nh
i
is net head of unit i, in m of water column;

i
ht
is hydraulic effciency of turbine i;
tml
i
is mechanical losses of unit i, in MW; and
ggl
i
is generator global losses of unit i, in MW.
The gravitational acceleration is calculated
based on power plant latitude and elevation rela-
tive to sea level.
6
The density of water is a function
of its average temperature and plant elevation.
6
Net head is defned as:
Equation 2
nh
i
= fbl trl k
i
0
q
i
2
- hll
atm
where:
fbl is forebay level, in m;
trl is tailrace level, in m, which is a function
of the plant discharged outfow, composed of the
total turbine outfow plus the spillage, in m
3
/sec;
k
i
0
is the coeffcient of hydraulic load losses of
unit i, in sec
2
/m
5
; and
hll
atm
is the hydraulic loss due to the differ-
ence of atmospheric pressure between the forebay
level and tailrace level, in meters of water column.
Obtained from a level sensor, fbl is considered
a constant, given that in real-time operation it has
small variation throughout a day. On the other
hand, trl is obtained from a level sensor in real-
time operation, and in the module it is modeled by
a set of polynomial functions. The third term in
Equation 2 represents a mathematical approxima-
tion to the effect of hydraulic load losses. Inclusion
of these losses is a demanding task.
Finally, the losses tml
i
and ggl
i
must be defned.
The turbine mechanical losses are obtained
through feld tests and may be divided in three por-
tions: losses due to the shaft seals, thrust bearing,
and mechanical friction in the guide bearings. The
portion due to shaft seals is considered constant.
The third one is modeled as a function of gp
i
.
The losses due to the thrust bearing are obtained
in a feld test that provides a curve relating the losses
to gp
i
. These losses are divided into two portions,
one referent to the turbine and one to the generator.
H
ydroelectric plants provide about 80% of
all electricity production in the Brazilian
National Interconnected System. Because of the
uncertainties, mathematical complexities and large
size of this system (installed capacity of 115 GW
as of August 2011), operational planning must
be performed for different time horizons.
1,2
In
Brazil, an independent system operator (ISO) has
optimization models consolidated for short-term
and medium-term problems.
3,4
But for long-term
scheduling, the ISO does not have a model that
considers the inherent nonlinearities and non-con-
vexities.
5
Hence, the long-term schedule is based
on operational guidelines from the short-term
model and aims to provide, for each half hour of the
following day, a target for hydro plant generation.
To maintain operational coordination, it is
important that hydro generators seek not to violate
the ISOs target while dispatching units appropri-
ately. The goal is to use the minimum amount of
water to meet the generating target provided. The
key (and most diffcult) aspect is to determine pre-
cisely the discharge of each generating unit.
This article describes a system for real-time
performance evaluation and optimization of energy
production used at Tractebel Energias 1,450 MW
Ita plant on the Uruguay River in southern Brazil.
Using data collected from level, pressure and turbine
discharge sensors, the system applies optimization
algorithms to provide points with the lowest water
consumption for different operating conditions.
Hydropower function
Power production of a unit can be described as:
1
Equation 1
gpi = 10
-6
x g x x q
i
x nh
i
x
i
ht
tml
i
- ggl
i
where:
gp
i
is power output at generator terminals of
unit i, in MW;
10
-6
is a factor to convert watts to MW;
g is acceleration of gravity, in m/sec
2
;
is density of water, in kg/m
3
;
A System to Optimize Plant Production
A new method is being tested at the 1,450 MW Ita plant in Brazil to provide long-term
production optimization of hydropower plants, using setpoints provided by the countrys
independent system operator.
P l a nt Opt i mi z a t i o n
This article has been evaluated
and edited in accordance with
reviews conducted by two or more
professionals who have relevant
expertise. These peer reviewers judge
manuscripts for technical accuracy,
usefulness, and overall importance
within the hydroelectric industry.
1309hrw_30 30 8/23/13 1:35 PM
essential.
www.marellimotori.com
MarelliMotori
1309hrw_31 31 8/23/13 1:35 PM
The hill chart obtained using the optimization model shows the forbidden zone (which represents limits
of discharge) delimited by dashed lines. To prevent an operating point lying outside the feasible
region, the dashed lines are ftted by polynomials, which are modeled as turbine outfow bounds.
FIGURE 1 The Forbidden Zone
400
350
300
250
200
150
T
u
r
b
i
n
e

d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

(
m
3
/
s
)
Net Head (m)
100
80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110
Generator global losses consist of elec-
tric losses, friction in the guide bearings
and the already cited portion of thrust
bearing loss. Electric losses are obtained
through feld testing and depend on gen-
erator electric apparent power output.
Losses due to friction in the guide bear-
ings may be modeled as a function of gp
i

or may be included in electric losses.
Determination of tml
i
and ggl
i
are dif-
ferent in real-time evaluation and optimi-
zation. In real time, cubic spline interpola-
tions are made using the current operating
point. But in the optimization module,
polynomial functions must be ftted to
represent these losses. For modeling, in the
module the turbine and generator losses
are each modeled by one polynomial.
Determination of real-
time parameters
One of the modules of the implemented
system, real-time processing, aims to
determine many variables related to plant
energy production for the current operat-
ing point. A key feature of real-time pro-
cessing is the data obtained from a variety
of meters and sensors, including level at the
trashracks, water temperature, pressure at
the spiral casing, slide valve percentage,
active and apparent power output, ultra-
sonic turbine outfow, Winter-Kennedy
turbine outfow and tailrace level.
The presence of all these sensors is
ideal to adequate visualization of plant
operating condition, but not all of them
are essential. For example, the level at the
trashracks and pressure at the spiral cas-
ing are used to determine some hydraulic
load losses. However, one can use only
theoretical hydraulic load losses.
The discharged outfow of a unit can
be obtained from ultrasonic sensors, cal-
culated based on pressure measurements
using the Winter-Kennedy method or
calculated using a hill chart. In the imple-
mented system, all three methods can be
used, but the Winter-Kennedy method is
not used due to its low accuracy.
For the method with ultrasonic sensors,
the equipment gives the discharged out-
fow directly. For the hill chart method,
outfow is determined in conjunction
with other variables. Considering these
aspects, the only essential measurements
to the operation of the system are fbl, trl,
gp
i
, gap
i
. Details on the steps involved in
the real-time evaluation are available.
7
Net head and hydraulic load losses
The total hydraulic load losses represent
the sum of load losses in each part of the
hydraulic circuit, including the canal
intake, trashracks, penstock and draft
tube. Hydraulic losses can be determined
in three ways:
Theoretical: all coeffcients are
theoretical and the the losses related to
trash on the trashrack are neglected;
Measured: hydraulic load losses are
calculated based on measured pressure at
the spiral casing. All illustrated losses can
be determined; and
Mixed: losses in the trashracks and
due to trash are calculated using the mea-
surement of level at the trashracks, and
losses in the penstock are theoretical.
Hydraulic load losses due to difference
of atmospheric pressure are available.
8

Using a pressure meter at the inlet of
the spiral casing, it is possible to deter-
mine the hydraulic load losses of the entire
hydraulic circuit, hll
med
adi
, which includes
the canal intake, trashrack, trash and
penstock. Using a level sensor at the water
intake, one can determine the hydraulic
load loss in the canal intake, trashrack and
due to trash. The sum of hydraulic load
losses in the canal intake, trashrack (due to
trash), penstock and draft tube results in
the hydraulic load losses of the unit, hll
gu,i
.
The coeffcient of hydraulic load losses of
the generating unit, k
0
i
is given by:
Equation 3
k
i
0
=
hll
gu,i
q
i
2
Each hydraulic load loss has a power
loss, determined by:
Equation 4
phll
i
= 10
-6
x g x x hll
i
x q
i
where:
phll
i
is power loss due to a hydraulic
load loss, in MW; and
hll
i
is one of the hydraulic load losses
presented, in m.
Hydraulic effciency of the turbine
The turbine hydraulic effciency repre-
sents the ratio between its output and input
power. When measuring discharged out-
fow using a sensor, this value is obtained
directly. If a sensor is not available, it is nec-
essary to use the manufacturer-provided
hill chart for the unit, which is composed
by a set of triplets relating output power
and net head with hydraulic effciency.
For the Ita plant, the available curve has
output power data from 90 to 330 MW,
with an interval of 1 MW, and net head
data from 80 to 110 m, with an interval of
1 m. A cubic interpolation is performed to
increase resolution of the curve.
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With respect to theoretical hydraulic losses,
the penstock contributes to more than half
of the losses, and there are no losses due
to trash in the trashracks, as these are not
calculated when the hydraulic losses are
obtained by a model and not by
measurement.
FIGURE 2 Theoretical Hydraulic losses
Trash
racks
3.8%
Canal
intake
0.1%
Atm pressure diff
11.2%
Draft tube
28.5%
Penstock
56.3%
In real-time evaluation, linear inter-
polations are performed on the already
interpolated curve, providing a reasonable
approximation to the current operating
point with low computational cost.
Another point to note is that the
provided curve refers to a prototype, in
which the temperature is kept constant at
25.2 degrees Celsius. In real-time opera-
tion, a transposition is performed to the
current temperature.
6
Optimization of energy production
The real-time optimization of energy
production is also made by the system.
For the Ita plant, the ISO provides a
generation setpoint for each unit. Thus,
it is interesting for the generating agent
to know how far the setpoint provided is
from the best operating point for the cur-
rent state of the plant.
Having this information, the real-time
optimization model implemented is given
by a nonlinear mixed integer optimiza-
tion problem.
7
Minimizing discharged outfow for the
generation determined occurs through
the distribution of power between the
units. The ratio between the discharged
outfow and generating power is known as
the specifc consumption, and its minimi-
zation is used as the objective function.
For the Ita plant, in which there are
fve units, the state space generated by the
combination of on and off units is small.
Thus, the problem is solved in an enu-
merative way, and the combination with
the total interval of unit discharge;
Classify the triplets in each segment;
Join neighbor segments if one has
less than 20 triplets, aiming to reduce the
occurrence of ill-conditioned polynomials;
Perform nonlinear regressions for each
segment, with third-order polynomials.
With this approach, 352 segments are
created for the Ita hill chart, each with its
own polynomial. The mean relative error
is 0.006% and the maximum relative error
is 0.168%. It is important to note that seg-
mentation is performed only once, when
the discretization of the hill chart is done.
Tailrace level
In the real-time processing, the tailrace
level is obtained directly from a level sen-
sor. However, in the optimization module
the tailrace level must be modeled as a
function of the total plant discharge,
which consists of the sum of unit dis-
charges and the spillage.
The Foz do Chapeco plant is down-
stream of the Ita plant, so the forebay
level in Foz do Chapeco affects the tail-
race level in Ita. Thus, two tailrace curves
were determined through feld tests:
one in which the forebay level in Foz do
Chapeco is 264 m and another for 265 m.
For each curve, two polynomials are
ft: one for the interval 0 to 2,000 m
3
/sec,
and another for the points above, thus
reducing regression errors.
Before executing the optimization
algorithm, the system obtains, from real-
time operation, the total water discharge
and measured tailrace level. With these
data, a new tailrace curve is created,
through the weighing between 264 and
265 m curves (or an extrapolation, if the
obtained point is below 264 m curve or
above 265 m curve).
Optimization levels
A variation of the optimization model
consists of eliminating the constraint of
meeting the demand provided by the ISO.
Thus, the optimal operating points for
each number of units can be determined.
With these points, it is possible to deter-
mine an interval of generation such that
the lowest consumption is chosen.
Input data for the optimization module
consists of: forebay level, tailrace level,
total plant outfow (discharged outfows
plus spillage), density of water, generator
mean power factor, hydraulic loss due to
the difference of atmospheric pressure
between the forebay and tailrace levels,
and coeffcients of hydraulic load losses
of units. These data are obtained from
the real-time module.
Turbine hydraulic effciency
In the hill chart provided by the turbine
manufacturer, hydraulic effciency is a
function of its power output. However,
the optimization model has the generat-
ing units discharge as decision variables.
Thus, the hill chart must be transformed,
point by point, in a curve dependent of
the net head and the unit discharge.
Figure 1, on page 32, shows the hill
chart obtained using this procedure. The
forbidden zone (which represents limits
of discharge) is delimited by dashed
lines. To prevent an operating point lying
outside the feasible region, the dashed
lines are ftted by polynomials, which are
modeled in the optimization problem as
turbine outfow bounds.
In the optimization, it is necessary to
represent this curve by polynomial func-
tions, usually a second-order polynomial.
9

However, due to the nonlinearities of the
original surface, the nonlinear regression
for this polynomial gives a mean relative
error of 0.464% and maximum relative
error of 3.054% in relation to the original
curve. For real-time optimization, these
values are considered too high. Using a
third-order polynomial still gives high
errors mean and maximum relative
errors are 0.335% and 2.057%, respectively.
To minimize the regression errors,
the original curve is divided in many
segments, and the nonlinear regressions
are performed individually, i.e., each seg-
ment has its own polynomial.
Segmentation for Ita is performed as:
Determine the limits of each seg-
ment, considering that its size must be 5%
of the total interval of net head and 5% of
1309hrw_34 34 8/23/13 1:35 PM
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the specifc consumption is not below a
given optimization level. This ensures that
even if the generating units are not in its
optimal point, they will be within a range
below that optimum. The optimization
model to determine this interval is given.
7
System of production optimization
The system architecture was based on
virtual instrumentation technology from
National Instruments. The programming
language NI LabVIEW was chosen due to
its high productivity in instrumentation
systems and data acquisition and because
it provided a nonlinear programming
solver. A centralized Ethernet network
was implemented to concentrate the com-
munication of different equipment that
provides information to the system.
The software was developed using a
three-tier architecture using Web Service
technology, aiming to separate the pre-
sentation and application layers.
Considering all three methods for
hydraulic losses, system variables are
determined for six different combinations.
The real-time evaluation module is
executed every 10 minutes, using mov-
ing averages with a 5-minute window for
the measurements. Thus, instantaneous
oscillations in the values are avoided.
Real-time processing runs if the unit
has an output power of 195 to 293 MW.
Theoretical limits (allowed operating
range) of the generators are 200 and
290 MW. This slack is used so that, in
real operation, conditions slightly below
the minimum or above the maximum
9.73 Bar. Turbine discharge measured by
ultrasonic fow meter was 220.83 m
3
/sec.
The system calculates the real-time
processing variables for six cases two
methods of measurement of discharged
outfow and three for hydraulic losses.
Considering the case with turbine
discharge calculated by hill chart and
theoretical hydraulic losses, the turbine
hydraulic losses correspond to about
71% of total losses. Effciencies were:
91.17% globally; 92.22%, generating
unit; 98.52%, generator; 93.61%, tur-
bine; 93.7%, hydraulic components; and
99.9%, mechanical components.
With respect to hydraulic losses, Figure
2, on page 34, shows the percentage divi-
sion considering theoretical losses. The
penstock contributes to more than half
of the losses, and there are no losses due
to trash in the trashracks, as these are not
calculated when the hydraulic losses are
obtained by a model, not by measurement.
Using the hill chart method, the cal-
culated discharged outfow for theoretical
hydraulic load losses was 221.45 m
3
/sec.
Taking as reference the outfow measured
by fowmeters, the relative error obtained
was 0.28%. Considering that the measure-
ment error of the ultrasonic sensor is on
the order of 0.5%, it can be concluded that
the results are within the margin of error.
This shows that, with a detailed model-
ing of the hydropower function, one can
obtain results consistent with ultrasonic
sensors, known for their high accuracy.
Real-time optimization
The frst case for analysis of optimization
routines corresponds to Dec. 20, 2012,
10:54 a.m., when the ISO determined
that Units 1 and 2 dispatched 290 MW
and Unit 4 dispatched 200 MW. Unit 3
should operate as a synchronous compen-
sator, and Unit 5 was unavailable. Forebay
and tailrace level were, respectively,
365.7 m and 264.78 m. Total water release
was 889.59 m
3
/sec. Hydraulic loss due to
the difference of atmospheric pressure
between the forebay level and tailrace level
was 0.119 m. The coeffcients of hydraulic
losses of the generating units were 1,8382
are not discarded. In total, 100 variables
related to real-time operation are deter-
mined (for each combination of turbine
discharge/hydraulic losses).
The real-time optimization module is
executed after real-time processing. The
optimization routines related to optimi-
zation levels, which are more expensive
computationally, are executed once an
hour. Considering that the only variable
that may have some variation with regard
to optimization without the constraint
of meeting the demand provided by the
ISO is the forebay level, and considering
that this variation is usually small within
a range of minutes, it is not necessary
to run that problem as frequently as the
original optimization model.
Via the web interface, users can view
the operating condition of the plant and
generating units, data of sensors, results of
real-time optimization and optimization
levels, as well as generate system reports.
Some reports can be used to monitor
plants or generating units variables
through time. Others offer histograms of
turbine and generator effciencies, which
can be used in studies of repowering of
generating units, for example.
Numerical results
On Dec. 21, 2012, at 14:27 p.m., there
was one unit in operation. Forebay
and tailrace level were 365.75 m and
264.49 m, respectively. Output power
was 199.98 MW. Water temperature
was 16.7 C. Level at the trashracks was
365.02 m. Pressure at the spiral casing was
Table 1: Current and Optimal Dispatch
Current Optimal
Unit Power (MW) Discharge (m/s) Power (MW) Discharge (m/s)
UG1 287.83 334.68 258.14 287.77
UG2 287.22 333.57 257.97 287.74
UG4 198.58 221.34 257.52 287.66
Total 773.63 889.59 773.63 863.17
1309hrw_36 36 8/23/13 1:35 PM
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x 10
-5
, 1,9013 x 10
-5
and 2,0718 x 10
-5
for
Units 1, 2 and 4, respectively.
Table 1, on page 36, shows the current
dispatch of the plant and the optimal dis-
patch to meet that power.
For the same power, the opti-
mal total turbine discharge is
26.42 m
3
/sec lower than the current point.
This difference is refected in the specifc
consumptions: 1.1499 [m/(secMW)]
at the current point and 1.1158 [m/
(secMW)] at the optimal point. It is also
observed that the difference in coeffcients
of hydraulic load loss of the generating
units have a small impact on the optimiza-
tion because the difference between high-
est and lowest power is 0.62 MW.
The second case examined refers to
Dec. 20, 2012, 5:35 p.m. The output
power set by the ISO was 200 MW for
Unit 4. Units 1, 2 and 3 were operating
as synchronous compensators, and Unit
5 was unavailable. The result of real-
time processing indicates Unit 4 was
dispatching 202.21 MW, with a turbine
discharge of 224.55 m
3
/sec, determined
by hill chart and considering theoretical
load losses. In optimization, for the same
power, the optimal turbine discharge is
224.39 m
3
/sec. This difference occurs
because interpolations are used to deter-
mine the losses, and the tailrace level is a
measurement. In the optimization, losses
and the tailrace level are calculated using
polynomials. Considering the difference
of only 0.16 m
3
/sec, we conclude that the
modeling of losses and the tailrace level
discussions around the criteria in calculat-
ing a plants guaranteed energy.
Notes
1
Matos, V.L., and E.C. Finardi, A Comp-
utational Study of a Stochastic Optimization
Model for Long Term Hydrothermal Sched-
uling, International Journal of Electrical Power
& Energy Systems, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2012.
2
Finardi, E.C., E.L. Silva, and C. Sagastizabal,
Solving the Unit Commitment Problem
of Hydropower Plants via Lagrangian
Relaxation and Sequential Quadratic Pro-
gramming, Computational & Applied Math-
ematics, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2005, pages 317-341.
3
Silva, E.L., and E.C. Finardi, Parallel
Processing Applied to the Planning of
Hydrothermal Systems, IEEE Transactions
on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 14,
No. 8, 2003, pages 721-729.
4
Santos, M.L.L., E.L. Silva, E.C. Finardi,
and R.E.C. Goncalves, Practical Aspects
in Solving the Medium-term Operation
Planning Problem of Hydrothermal Power
Systems by Using the Progressive Hedging
Method, International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 31, No. 9,
2009, pages 546-552.
5
Finardi, E.C., and M. R. Scuzziato, Hydro
Unit Commitment and Loading Problem for
Day-ahead Operation Planning Problem,
International Journal of Electrical Power &
Energy Systems, Vol. 44, No. 1, 2013.
6
Hydraulic Turbines, Storage Pumps and Pump-
turbines Model Acceptance Tests, IEC 60193,
International Electrotechnical Commission,
Geneva, Switzerland, 1999.
7
Cordova, Marcelo Marcel, et al, A Support
System for Real-Time Performance
Evaluation and Production Optimization in a
Hydro Power Plant in the Brazilian System,
Proceedings of HydroVision International 2013,
PennWell Corp., Tulsa, Okla., 2013.
8
Mdulo 8: Programacao Diaria da Operacao
Eletroenergetica, Procedimentos de Rede,
Operador Nacional do Sistema Eletrico, 2009.
9
Diniz, A.S.L., and M. E. P. Maceira, A Four-
dimensional Model of Hydro Generation for
Short-term Hydrothermal Dispatch Problem
Considering Head and Spillage Effects,
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.
213, No. 3, 2008, pages 1298-1308.
using polynomial functions and the seg-
mentation of the hill chart are adequate to
describe mathematically the plant in the
optimization problem presented.
In addition, the system provides results
for the optimization levels, which do not
depend on current output power of the
plant. Table 2 shows the results for one
unit. The unit is up to 0.25% below its
optimum if its output power is between
214.42 and 230.76 MW. This kind of
information is important for monitoring
the effciency of the plant and can con-
tribute for exchanging information with
the ISO, when necessary.
Conclusions
Validation of the system at Ita has shown
that detailed modeling of the hydropower
production function using the hill chart
method gives errors of the same order of
magnitude as those obtained with ultra-
sonic fowmeters, which cost hundreds of
thousands of dollars per unit. It was also
observed that the proper distribution of
power between units can substantially
reduce the amount of water used to gener-
ate the same amount of energy.
A complete validation of the system
will only be possible after some time in
operation. We have yet to fnd how much
water can be saved in the long term using
the optimization model.
The system also serves to support the
decision to modernize and repower units,
as a way to improve a plants technical and
economic performance, and to support
Table 2: Optimization Levels
Optimization level (%)
Specifc consumption
[MW/(m/s)]
Discharge
(m/s)
Power (MW)
100 1.0959 241.67 220.53
99.75
Min 1.0986 235.56 214.42
Max 1.0986 253.51 230.76
99.50
Min 1.1013 232.72 211.31
Max 1.1013 262.46 238.31
99.25
Min 1.1041 230.36 208.65
Max 1.1041 268.49 243.18
99.00
Min 1.1068 226.65 204.78
Max 1.1068 274.57 248.08
1309hrw_38 38 8/23/13 1:35 PM
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By David Appleyard
David Appleyard is chief
editor of HRW-Hydro
Review Worldwide.
part by the Swedish Energy Agency. The focus of
the tests was on cavitation properties of the turbine
and drive train performance of the device.
Sea trials are now under way using this 1:4 scale
model in Strangford Lough in Ireland for a period
of up to two years to validate the technology. The
company received fnal approvals for the installation
in 2012, including from the UKs Crown Estate.
This 3 kW test device is not grid-connected
the output is discharged at a nearby foating load
platform but by next summer the expectation
is that enough data, information and experience
will have been gathered to move up to a full scale
500 kW version.
The large difference between the output of the
quarter-scale and full-scale versions is a result of
the cubic relationship between rotor diameter and
power output, but the move nonetheless represents
a big step, Jansson says.
By mid-2015, the company expects to install
its frst grid-connected full-scale device in a
pre-commercial setup, working with an as-yet-
unnamed utility backer.
With the 3 kW device installed during the
spring of 2013, initial testing is under way, cover-
ing elements such as retrieval, sensor operations,
and health and safety. Testing will continue for
at least one year, but the company hopes to begin
generating electricity any day now, assuming
that there will be verifed data available from the
machine during the fall of 2013.
As part of the development process, a new sim-
ulator called HAMoS (Hydrodynamic Analysis
and Motion Simulation) has been developed
in-house by Minestos research and development
department. In essence, the simulator is based
on two existing open source programs: one for
commercial fight simulation and one for marine
vehicle simulation. HAMoS combines computa-
tional fuid dynamics (CFD) analysis with these
R
esembling an underwater kite and comprised
of a carbon-fber wing with a turbine slung
underneath rather like a gondola, the Deep Green
device is secured to the seabed with a tether and
moves in a fgure eight-shaped path in the tidal
or ocean current. Deep Green is the brainchild
of Magnus Landberg and is being developed by
Gothenburg, Sweden-based Minesto, which
was founded in 2007 with backing from BGA
Invest, Midroc New Technology, Saab Group and
Chalmers University of Technology.
Anders Jansson, Minestos chief executive
offcer, explains that hydrodynamic forces on the
kite caused by the ocean current create lift but
also make the kite move transverse to the fow at
a velocity about 10 times higher than the actual
fow. The relative velocity entering the turbine
is thereby considerably increased and, Jansson
tells HRW-Hydro Review Worldwide, the energy
output could potentially be increased by a factor
of 1000 since the velocity and energy have a
cubic relationship.
By apparently making it possible to imitate
a fast-moving stream in a low-velocity location,
advocates claim Deep Green is the only marine
power technology that is able to cost-effectively
produce electricity from low-velocity tidal and
ocean currents (1 to 2.5 m/sec). Conversely, other
technologies compete for tidal hot spot locations,
where velocities are in excess of 2.5 m/sec.
The Deep Green device weighs in at 7 tons,
which its developers say is 20 to 30 times less than
competing technologies located in high-velocity
areas and makes it possible to handle the device
with smaller vessels and cranes.
Buoyant technology
In January 2013, Minesto conducted prototype tests
with a quarter-scale turbine in the cavitation tunnel
at SSPA in Gothenburg. The tests were fnanced in
Tapping the Power
of Low-Velocity Tidal Currents
A novel tidal power generation device has moved a step closer to commercialization with the
development of a simulator to support sea trials, currently under way in Irelands Strangford
Lough. Developers of this technology hope it will become a substantial part of the new energy
mix by the end of the decade.
Oc e a n E ne r gy
1309hrw_40 40 8/23/13 1:36 PM
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The Deep Green tidal energy unit consists of a wing that operates in a fgure eight pattern, a turbine, nacelle,
rudder, struts and tether. One of these units is undergoing testing in the waters of Strangford Lough in Ireland.
two simulators. The CFD analysis is used
to calculate lift, drag and added mass act-
ing on the body, while the fight simulator
is used as the main simulation platform
formulating the equations of motion.
tests since it speeds up the development of
Deep Green, said Jansson. It is of great
commercial value to be able to estimate
the cost of energy more precisely at a spe-
cifc location, he added.
The quarter-scale machine was
manufactured by a number of different
supply companies, with the wing com-
ing from Marstrom, a manufacturer
working in carbon fber, and the turbine
coming from the test facility SSPA and
manufacturer Modell Teknik, also based
in Gothenburg.
Operating at a relatively high velocity
the quarter-scale machine operates at
about 1,300 rpm eliminates the need
for a gearing system, reducing the gener-
ator size and thereby total size and overall
cost of the assembly. The full-scale ver-
sion will run at about 650 rpm, although
the fnal choice of generator design has
not yet been decided. Changes to the
generator design signifcantly affect
the hydrodynamics, a wider generator
increases drag for example, explains
Jansson. However, while the company
The end result will be used to predict
how Deep Green moves and performs in
various subsea ocean environments.
The new simulator is a very valuable
tool for us as a supplement to real-life sea
1309hrw_42 42 8/23/13 1:36 PM
has not confrmed the fnal design, it is
working with a leading manufacturer on
this element.
Electricity is transmitted onshore
through a cable integrated into the tether,
which also incorporates power feed and
control cables. The tether comprising
a Dyneema stress component, copper for
power and control systems and a stream-
lined fairing in polyurethane came
from Netherlands company DSO and
UW plastics, respectively.
Extensive efforts have gone into
addressing the durability of the tether to
prevent failure, with Jansson explaining
that, Security is built into the system to
ensure fatigue is not an issue. We have
very high standards of security.
In addition, by operating at depth and
in relatively high current speeds, growth
of marine organisms is slowed, allowing
the use of environmentally friendly sili-
cone paint to prevent fouling.
Meanwhile, the foundations for the
unit were designed and manufactured
locally by Northern Irelands McLaughlin
and Harvey.
Neutrally buoyant while operating and
typically situated roughly in the middle of
the water column, the machine has active
buoyancy located in the wing. For servic-
ing or retrieval, water ballast is pumped
out to allow the device to surface during a
period of slack tide.
All the power electronics are also
located in the wing structure.
Flying hydro
Its developers claim that Deep Green,
with its relatively low weight and ability
to function in low-velocity currents, has
several advantages compared to other
tidal and ocean current power plants.
In particular, the design can operate
across a much wider catchment area of
lower-speed currents. Furthermore, in
areas with high-velocity tidal currents,
boats can typically only operate during
slack tide, a period of a few hours a day.
Because of the relatively lower current
speeds, Deep Green sites are accessible
for much longer. Service and maintenance
But he has high expectations of Deep
Green: Were aiming to produce com-
mercially viable electricity without gov-
ernmental subsidies at a cost comparable
with onshore wind, and at a cost less
than 100/MWh ($157/MWh) after
full industrialization. But that will be at
the point when we have several hundred
megawatts installed. It will cost, say,
300/MWh ($470) to generate for the
frst few machines, but we anticipate a
rapid reduction thereafter.
is therefore more cost-effcient, and the
capital expenditure for offshore opera-
tions is decreased.
Jansson explains that, to date, about
12 million to 14 million (US$16.1 mil-
lion to $18.8 million) has been invested in
the company and its technology. Of this,
about 10 million ($13.4 million) has
been sourced from private equity, with
the remainder coming from various state
sources, notably the UKs Carbon Trust,
the largest state funding source.
1309hrw_43 43 8/23/13 1:36 PM
Tech Notes
For more technical news, check out the
Technology and Equipment tab at
ICOLD announces availability
of two new bulletins
The International Commission on Large
Dams has released two new technical
bulletins: Guidelines for Use of Numerical
Models in Dam Engineering (Bulletin 155)
and Historical Review on Ancient Dams
(Bulletin 143).
Bulletin 155 is intended to help engi-
neers establish a sound computation
strategy based on a careful analysis of
the problem to be solved, selecting the
adequate software options needed, then
carrying out the analysis in a progressive
way with frequent checks, and fnally
using adequate outputs to make rational
interpretation of the results achieved.
The bulletin provides a few develop-
ments on the selection of input data. It
intentionally omits providing recom-
mendations on performance criteria
and solicitation combinations because
ICOLD says these aspects are generally
widely covered by standards or codes in
force in most countries.
Bulletin 143 covers ancient manmade
dams, the frst one was built about 5,000
years ago. As varied as their origins were
the structural characteristics of ancient
dams, for which no regional preferences
are discernible. They had one aspect in
common: to resist the water pressure only
the weight of the construction material
was used, not the strength itself.
This bulletin contains contributions
from many countries.
Bulletin 155 is free for ICOLD mem-
bers to access online and 64 (US$85 for
nonmembers), 60 ($79) for members in
print and 80 ($106) for nonmembers,
or 64 ($85) in CD form for members
and 72 ($95) for nonmembers. Bulletin
143 is free for ICOLD members to access
online and 48 (US$63 for nonmembers),
45 ($59) for members in print and 60
($79) for nonmembers, or 41 ($54) in
CD form for members and 54 ($71) for
nonmembers. To access these bulletins,
visit www.icold-cigb.net and click on
Publications, then Bulletins.
ICOLD is a non-governmental orga-
nization providing a forum for knowledge
exchange in dam engineering. To learn more,
contact Michel De Vivo, Secretary-General,
ICOLD, 61 avenue Kleber, Paris 75116
France; (+33) 1-47041780; E-mail: secre-
taire.general@icold-cigb.org.
HydroVision International 2013
announces call for abstracts
HydroVision International is now accept-
ing abstracts for the Technical Papers
track of the 2014 conference program.
The technical papers program is an
opportunity to share your insight and
knowledge with more than 3,000 col-
leagues in the hydro industry who will
attend HydroVision International 2014
July 22-25 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA
All submissions will be evaluated
by the Technical Papers Committee.
Preference will be given to abstracts that
focus on innovative, practical and proven
technologies and methods.
Abstracts that describe the focus and
content of proposed papers (maximum
of 400 words) are due by Sept. 20, 2013,
and all contacts will be notifed via e-mail
no later than Jan. 31, 2013, as to whether
their paper has been selected for presenta-
tion. The presenting author for all selected
abstracts will then be invited to make
either a technical paper presentation or a
poster gallery presentation at HydroVision
International 2014. All presented papers
will be made available to conference del-
egates through the online access to papers
and presentations program.
For abstract ideas and further details,
or to submit your paper, visit www.hydro-
event.com and click on Conference at
the top of the page.
HRW-Hydro Review Worldwide is a media
partner with HydroVision International.
EIB adopts new guidelines that
could beneft hydropower
A set of guidelines adopted in July by the
European Investment Bank could beneft
the development of hydroelectric power
as the lending institution reinforced its
support for European renewable and
energy effciency investments.
The new guidelines are the product of a
10-month study in which EIB conducted
a comprehensive review to ensure that its
energy lending criteria refect [European
Union] energy and climate policy, as well
as current investment trends, the bank
said in a statement.
EIBs board approved them during
a meeting in July, along with additional
clarifcations on proposed exemptions to
its Emissions Performance Standard.
EIB will focus on fnancing energy
effciency, renewable energy, energy
networks, and related research and inno-
vation. These sectors are expected to
require the most signifcant investment in
coming years, EIB says.
Prioritizing lending to energy eff-
ciency, renewable energy, energy networks
and energy research and development
projects will help EU to meet its energy
and climate objectives and create employ-
ment across Europe, EIB executive Mihai
Tanasescu said. The new Emissions
Performance Standard will ensure that
outside these sectors the banks energy
lending makes a sustainable and positive
contribution to economic growth.
The new standard will be applied to
all fossil-fueled generation projects to
screen out investments whose carbon
emissions exceed a threshold level, the
bank said. The threshold refects the EUs
commitment to limiting carbon emis-
sions, with the cap to be subject to review
and more restrictions in the future.
Signifcant long-term investment
across Europe is essential to achieve our
energy and climate targets and main-
tain a technological lead, European
Commissioner for Energy Gunther
Oettinger said. The new guidelines
1309hrw_44 44 8/23/13 1:36 PM
Conference & Exhibition

4 - 6 March 2014 | Expocentre, Moscow, Russia
Co-located with:
www.hydrovision-russia.com
For information on exhibiting
and sponsorship at
HydroVision Russia,
please visit:
or contact:
Worldwide:
Amanda Kevan
T: +44 (0) 1992 656 645
F: +44 (0) 1992 656 700
E: amandak@pennwell.com
Tom Marler
T: +44 (0) 1992 656 608
F: +44 (0) 1992 656 700
E: tomm@pennwell.com
Russia and CIS:
Natalia Gaisenok
T: +7 495 249 49 15
F: +7 495 249 49 15
E: nataliag@pennwell.com

Svetlana Strukova
T: +7 495 249 49 15
F: +7 495 249 49 15
E: svetlanas@pennwell.com
HydroVision Russia, co-located with Russia Power, provides an ideal setting to
explore business opportunities, meet new partners, suppliers and the industrys
most infuential decision-makers. The 2013 event combined with Russia Power
attracted over 5,500 attendees from 64 countries.
Over three days, HydroVision Russia features a busy exhibition foor populated by
the pre-eminent organizations in the Russian and international hydropower sector.
Accompanying the exhibition is a thought provoking conference programme
developed by practitioners from the industry for the industry.
Owned and Produced by: Presented by: Supported by:
Promoting Modernization
Effciency and Innovation
JOIN US AT RUSSIAS LEADING HYDRO EVENT
Book your space at HydroVision Russia and be part of an established event
that infuences the hydropower industry.
Why you should participate in HydroVision Russia.
Be part of the largest hydro event in Russia
Discover new products and the latest technology
Learn about helpful services and new solutions
Connect with leading decision makers and luminaries in the hydro power market
Interact with hydro experts from Europe, Latin America, North America, and
the Middle East
Network and meet high profile professionals and peers gathered in one place
Gain knowledge, market updates and insight from speakers throughout the
world, including Austria, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany,
Georgia, Pakistan, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, and USA
Gain insight and key updates about potential hydro resources that can be developed
Gain the knowledge and tools needed for designing, operating, controlling,
and refurbishing power plants
Find ways to save money and work better http://hrw.hotims.com RS #36
1309hrw_45 45 8/23/13 1:36 PM
provide a framework for continuing this
contribution over the years ahead.
EIB said it has invested more than
US$93 billion in long-term energy devel-
opment projects over the past fve years.
IDB white paper covers future
of renewable energy
The Inter-American Development Bank
has released a white paper, Rethinking
Our Energy Future: A White Paper on
Renewable Energy for the 3GFLAC
Regional Forum.
The Global Green Growth Forum
(3GF) was initiated in 2011 with the aim
of supporting a global transition to inclu-
sive green growth through global alliance
making and the promotion of public-
private partnerships. The 3GF Latin
America and the Caribbean (3GFLAC)
Forum was held in Bogota, Colombia,
in June 2013, to promote discussion on
the topic of energy and climate in Latin
America and the Caribbean.
The white paper says that population
growth combined with improvements in
quality of life will require the region to
almost double its installed power capac-
ity to about 600 GW by 2030, at a cost
of close to $430 billion. The region
already has a low-carbon power sector,
anchored through a substantial hydro-
logical resource. Latin America and the
Caribbeans installed power capacity is
estimated at about 280 GW, 52% of which
is provided through renewable energy
resources, including hydropower, the
white paper says. Non-traditional renew-
able energy technologies, including ocean
energy and small-scale hydropower, are
ready to play a major role alongside large
hydropower in meeting energy needs.
The regional potential for ocean energy is
3,400 MW, the paper adds.
As demand increases and plants are
built, expanded natural gas may compete
with hydropower within the generation
mix. In fact, hydropowers share of the
electricity mix in Latin America and the
Caribbean is projected to fall from 56% in
2010 to 36% in 2050.
Storage technologies are being
employed in the region to provide further
system fexibility and enable a higher
penetration of non-traditional renewable
energy technologies. For example, there is
a 700 MW Rio Grande pumped-storage
plant in Argentina. Another possibility in
Latin America and the Caribbean is in the
installation of pumped-storage facilities
that use seawater rather than freshwater.
The region can meet its future
energy needs in a cost-effective manner
through renewable sources, leading the
way globally, and building a strong green
economy, the white paper says.
The white paper is available at
http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocu-
ment.aspx?docnum=37836720&goback=.
gde_1579967_member_263699728.
Facebook likes hydropower
A new 290,000 square-foot data center
built by social media platform Facebook
is run entirely on hydroelectric power.
The center located in Lulea, Sweden
is Facebooks frst outside of the USA
and was selected due to the regions abun-
dance of hydropower. The town sits along
Swedens Lule River, which, according to
designer of the center DPR Construction,
produces about 13,600 GWh of hydro-
electric power per year.
Not only is it 100% renewable, but the
supply is also so reliable that we have been
able to reduce the number of backup gen-
erators required at the site by more than
70%, the company said.
Hydro Review mobile app updated
to include event information
If you havent already, take the time now
to download the Hydro Review mobile app
for Android and Apple iOS devices.
This app brought to you by off-
cial media partners Hydro Review,
HRW-Hydro Review Worldwide and
HydroWorld.com makes it easy to
access the most current news posted on
HydroWorld.com as a news feed, with
links to each story. The app also lets users
access each weeks video newscast, which
contains the hottest stories posted on the
site each week.
A recent update to this app is event
information. Users who updated the app
before the HydroVision International
2013 event held in July in Denver,
Colorado, USA got access to a variety
of event-related information, including
an interactive foorplan, details on con-
ference sessions, full data about every
exhibitor, schedules for co-located events,
product listings and more.
The mobile app also integrates social
media feeds, pulling all tweets using an
events Twitter hashtag. This is a great
way for exhibitors and speakers to let
interested followers know what they are
doing while at the event.
Download the app for free from the
Apple Store or Google Play. If you already
have the app, download the upgrade to
get access to the latest features.
Study reveals small hydro
may disrupt ecosystem
A global push for small hydropower
projects may cause unanticipated and
potentially signifcant losses of habitat
and biodiversity, according to researchers
at Oregon State University in the USA.
These conclusions were based on a
fve-year study of the Nu River system in
Chinas Yunnan Province, where many
small dams with a capacity of 50 MW
or less are being built at a rapid rate.
Researchers determined that for certain
environmental impacts, the cumulative
damage caused by small dams is worse
than their large counterparts.
As it relates to this region of China,
the report indicates small dams can
have signifcant impacts on habitat loss
when a rivers entire fow is diverted into
channels or pipes, leaving large sections
of the river without water. In addition,
changes in nearby land use and habitat
fragmentation can lead to further spe-
cies loss. And mitigitation actions and
government structures that would limit
social and environmental impacts of
small hydropower stations are not ade-
quately implemented.
The fndings were published in the
journal Water Resources Research.
1309hrw_46 46 8/23/13 1:36 PM
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Small Hydro
For more small hydro news, see the Hydro
Project Activity tab at
Philippines DOE approves
six small hydro projects
The Philippines Department of Energy
has approved the construction of six
hydropower projects following studies
by its Renewable Energy Management
Board (REMB).
REMB determined that each of the
projects is commercially viable, giving
the go-ahead for plants that will add a
combined installed capacity of about
48 MW to the Philippines grid.
USA-based Hydrocore Inc. will build
the 4.5 MW Ibulao plant in Lagawe,
while another American company,
Constellation Energy Corp., is slated to
construct 3 MW Dupinga in Gabaldon.
Filipino company Oriental Energy and
Power Generation will build the 18 MW
Timbaban plant in Madalag and 10 MW
Culaman project in Manolo, and Hedcor
Tudaya will build the 7 MW Tudaya plant
in Santa Cruz.
A Chinese/Filipino partnership called
Century Peak Energy will construct the
5.1 MW Ibgulo plant in Igbaras.
REMB said there are currently
36 hydropower projects being evaluated
by the Department of Energy.
Romanian utility sells 14 projects
on the Crisul Repede River
Romanias Hidroelectrica has sold
14 micro hydropower projects in an effort
to consolidate its operations, the state-
owned utility has reported.
The sale, worth about US$13.9 mil-
lion, will see four plants go to Italys
Basikdue SpA, while Romanias Mineral
Oil SRL has acquired three and Three
Pharm SRL the remainder.
The plants are spread around
Romania along the Crisul Repede River
and have a cumulative installed capacity
of 9.4 MW. Each qualifes for certifca-
tion under Romanias renewable energy
support scheme.
Hidroelectrica said it is working to sell
its remaining small hydropower feet by
the end of 2013, with the next lot likely to
take place in September.
A Brown secures rights for project
development in Philippines
Philippines-based real estate developer
A Brown Company Inc. has signed a
deal with the countrys Department
of Energy to develop a 24 MW hydro-
electric project in the Surigao del
Sur province.
The deal, brokered via A Browns
subsidiary, Hydrolink Projects, gives
the company exclusive rights to explore,
develop and use the Carac-an River for
hydropower development.
The company said it pursued the con-
tract in anticipation of growing power
demands in the Philippines resulting
from a reduced contract between the
Surigao del Sure II Electric Cooperative
(SURESCO II) and the National
Power Corporation.
We would like to help them in this
undertaking, and as a sign of our full and
sincere intentions, we immediately com-
missioned a hydropower technical team
to study the power potentials of the rivers
in Surigao, company chairman Walter
Brown said. The results of the study
show that Carac-an River has the best
potential for development.
A Brown said it will now work to
secure the necessary permits required to
construct the project.
BKW AG purchases fve Italian
small hydropower projects
Swiss utility BKW AG has purchased fve
small hydropower projects from Italian
energy supplier A2A, strengthening its
commitment to hydroelectricity, BKW said.
The projects have a cumulative capac-
ity of about 10 MW and are all located
in Italys northern province of Lombardy.
BKW said the acquisition is valued at
US$49.2 million, although A2A might
gain an addition $2 million depending on
certain conditions included in the pur-
chase agreement.
A2A said the divestment is part of its
plan to optimize its industrial portfolio
and reduce debt.
BKW operates eight run-of-river proj-
ects in the Lombardy region that have
a combined output capacity of 42 MW,
while another fve it owns in the Aosta
Valley have a total capacity of 8 MW.
Opus Energy enters
hydroelectric power market
European utility Opus Energy is expand-
ing its generating feet to include the
companys frst hydroelectric power
projects, saying businesses diversi-
fying into renewables makes sound
economic sense.
The deal, announced earlier this week,
will see Opus Energy purchase power
from a trio of small hydropower plants
located in Scotland.
Included are two on the Auchencheyne
Farm which will have a cumulative
installed capacity of 57 kW, and a third
190 kW project located at Selcoth Farm.
The frst two are already in operation,
while the latter will come on line by the
end of this month.
Were thrilled to be adding hydro
generation to our portfolio, company
offcial Steve James said. Weve found
that many businesses arent aware that,
by generating renewable power and
therefore putting a lower demand on the
grid to supply them, they are also cutting
down on rising industry charges.
Although Opus Energy had not yet
entered into the hydropower market,
the Northampton-based company
said it has already expanded its port-
folio to include other solar, wind and
biomass power sources. A poll con-
ducted by the company showed that its
customers were in favor of even more
renewable energy.
1309hrw_48 48 8/23/13 1:36 PM
The Institute of Mechanical Engineering at EPFL is soliciting ap-
plications for a faculty position at the level of Tenure Track As-
sistant or (tenured) Associate Professor in Experimental Fluid
Mechanics with applications to Energy technologies.
A particular, but not exclusive, emphasis is on experimental
research in high-Reynolds number flows, with applications to
mechanical systems for energy conversion, generation, and/or
storage technologies. Research on innovative experimental tech-
niques applied to wall bounded, free surface and complex flows
are also of interest. Such research would be closely linked to the
development of a new EPFL / Canton de Valais initiative, which
will span the range from fundamental science to practical testing
of prototype systems in Energy technologies such as Hydropower,
and also address essential future Swiss needs in Energy as outlined
by the Swiss Federal Energy Strategy 2050.
As a faculty member of the School of Engineering, the successful
candidate will be expected to initiate an independent and creative
research program and participate in undergraduate and graduate
teaching. Internationally competitive salaries, start-up resources
and benefits are offered.
EPFL, with its main campus located in Lausanne, Switzerland,
is a dynamically growing and well-funded institution fostering
excellence and diversity. As a technical university covering es-
sentially the entire palette of engineering and science, EPFL offers
a fertile environment for research cooperation between different
disciplines. EPFL has a highly international environment that is
multi-lingual and multi-cultural, with English often serving as a
common interface.
Applications should include a cover letter with a statement of mo-
tivation, curriculum vitae, list of publications and patents, concise
statement of research and teaching interests, and the names and
addresses of at least five referees. Applications must be uploaded
in PDF format to the recruitment web site: http://me-search14.epfl.ch
Formal evaluation of candidates will begin on 15 December 2013.
Enquiries may be addressed to:
Prof. William Curtin
Search Committee Chair
E-mail: me-search@epfl.ch
For additional information on EPFL, please consult the web sites:
www.epfl.ch, sti.epfl.ch, igm.epfl.ch
EPFL is committed to increasing the diversity of its faculty, and
strongly encourages women to apply.
Faculty Position in Experimental Fluid Mechanics
for Energy Applications
at Ecole polytechnique fdrale de Lausanne (EPFL)
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laid for a new era a hydro zeitgeist! Hydropower is
back in favour and here to stay!
For more details of this 2-day event incorporating a
comprehensive conference programme and technical
exhibition, including sponsorship opportunities,
visit www.british-hydro.org.
1309hrw_49 49 8/23/13 1:36 PM
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The survey results were really excit-
ing in showing that business are switched
on to the idea of generating renewable
power, James said.
Brazils 19 MW Cavernoso 2
operating at full capacity
Brazils 19 MW Cavernoso 2 project is
now running at full capacity following
the startup of the plants last two turbines
in July, operator Compahia Paranaense
de Energia (Copel) announces.
The small hydro project has been
operating with one 6.3 MW turbine
since the Agencia Nacional de Energia
Electrica gave its go-ahead for commer-
cial operation in April.
The plant is located in Brazils south-
ern Parana state and will feed power to
about 50,000 consumers in Virmond
and Candoi, Copel said.
Cavernoso 2 was announced in
March 2011 as part of the Brazilian
governments special civil infra-
structure development program
known as Reidi.
Scottish group meets funding
goals for new small hydro plant
Scottish renewable energy developer
Harlaw Hydro Ltd. has met its goal of
raising about US$477,000 for a new
65 kW hydropower project via the sale of
public shares.
The group, established as an Industrial
and Provident Society, had frst considered
fnancing the project through local banks.
Public interest in developing a small hydro
plant was so strong, however, that the
group decided to fund it primarily through
community crowdsourcing.
Each share was initially listed at about
$75, with a minimum investment of $375.
Harlaw Hydro was able to raise the money
necessary in 12 weeks.
Thanks for the enthusiastic response,
its been tremendous and encouraging not
only for our project but also for projects
around the country aiming to do some-
thing similar, the groups website said.
The next step is to fnalize the tender
and then talk to potential contractors, the
organisers added.
The plant will be located at the Harlaw
Reservoir in Balerno, which is a suburb
of Edinburgh. The project is part of the
Balerno Village Trusts efforts to produce
100% of the towns energy with renewable
sources by 2020.
Developer submits plans for
Pakistani small hydro projects
Pakistans National Electric Power
Regulatory Authority (Nepra) has
received applications that, if approved,
would allow for the construction of
two new small hydroelectric projects in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.
The applications were submitted by
the Pakhtunkhwa Hydel Development
Organization (PHYDO) and outline
details of a 2.6 MW project in the
Mardan district and a 17 MW plant in
Kohistan. The proposed hydro plants
would have an estimated combined
price tag of about US$63 million,
its proponents say.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa located
in Pakistans northwest is a
1309hrw_50 50 8/23/13 1:36 PM
www.sealsunlimited.com
Hillsboro, Oregon
hotbed of hydroelectric activity, with the 1,410 MW Tarbela
and 243 MW Warsak projects already located within the
province. As much as 6,000 MW of additional hydro power
could eventually be added, according to the Sarhad Hydel
Development Organization.
Indian developer signs MOU for two
Nigerian hydro projects
Indias Skipper Group has signed a memorandum of understand-
ing with the Nigerian state of Kano to develop small hydroelectric
projects at the Tiga and Challawa dams.
The projects will have a combined output capacity of about
35 MW, allowing for improvements in Nigerias power, urban
renewal, vocational training, flm, healthcare, textiles and gar-
ments sectors, according to state offcials.
Rehab contract awarded for Frances
2 MW Bimont hydro project
Tractebel Engineering SA has been awarded a US$438,390
contract to supervise renovations and foundation drainage of the
2 MW Bimont hydroelectric plant in France.
Societe du Canal de Provence et dAmenagement de la Region
Provencale issued a solicitation for the work in January, which stip-
ulates that Tractebel must complete the project by December 2016.
The Bimont project is located on Frances Infernet River and
includes a double-curvature arch dam. The dam was completed
in 1952 and helps supply water to several municipalities and
for irrigation.
In other news, the French commune of Voiron is seek-
ing companies to supply and install two micro-hydro
projects on a drinking water system. The projects, called
Chloration and Malossane, are to be installed on the
Pommiers-la-Placette system.
Voiron, in southeastern France, is the location of a number of
dams and hydropower projects, including Chambon Dam and the
12 MW Drac Inferieur project.
Developers receive extension from
Panama utility regulator
The Panama Hydroelectrical Development Company received
an extension from utilities regulator Autoridad Nacional de los
Servicios Publicos (Asep) in mid-May to complete work on the
28 MW Santa Maria hydroelectric project.
Panama Hydroelectrical has until Oct. 6, 2014, to begin con-
struction and a subsequent two years to fnish the project and
have it in commercial operation.
The extension was granted after the group had diffculty
securing construction permits from municipal authorities,
Asep said.
The Santa Maria project will be located on the Santa Maria
River in Panamas Veraguas province. The developers had origi-
nally planned to begin construction in 2010.
1309hrw_51 51 8/23/13 1:36 PM
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #44 http://hrw.hotims.com RS #45
Nepals HIDC mulls future
hydropower project investments
Nepals state-owned Hydroelectric
Investment and Development Company
Limited (HIDC) has been study-
ing the possibility of fnancing three
hydropower projects that will add
more than 75 MW of installed capacity
to the countrys grid.
Under review are the 25 MW Upper
Dordi, 25 MW Khani Khola and 30
MW Lower Modi hydroelectric plants.
Upper Dordi is a run-of-river project
located in Lamjung district. The plant
already in the preliminary construction
stage is being developed by the United
Modi Hydropower Company, with par-
tial fnancing already coming from the
Nepal Investment Bank Limited.
NIBL is also helping to fund Lower
Modi. The project is being developed by
the United Modi Hydropower Company.
Work on the plants tunnels has
already begun.
Meanwhile, Khani Khola is still in
the planning phase, although it has
secured partial funding from Nepals
Prime Bank.
HIDC was established by the Nepal
government in 2011 with the purpose
of fnancing hydroelectric projects and
related infrastructure. HIDCs only
investments thus far have been in the
42 MW Mistri Khola hydro plant and the
Dhalkebar-Muzaffarur transmission line.
Small hydro comes to
Englands Blenheim Palace
Englands Blenheim Palace is taking a
cue from Windsor Castle in embracing
small hydropower. The estate will soon
be home to a US$280,000 Archimedes
Screw turbine from British renew-
ables frm Hallidays Hydropower that
anticipated to provide a capacity of about
6.8 kW per year.
The turbine will draw water from the
River Glyme at Bladon Dam, located
on the Blenheim Palace grounds.
Representatives of the palace say the tur-
bine is expected to generate an income of
about $19,500 per year under the UKs
Feed-in Tariff (FiT) scheme while saving
Blenheim Palace an estimated $8,900 per
year in power costs.
Blenheim Palace is already home
to a number of renewable generating
sources, including solar panels and geo-
thermal heat pumps. The addition of the
Archimedes Screw will more than triple
the estates current renewable capacity,
however, and there are plans to install a
second unit in 2014.
Briefy...
Voith Hydro will supply machinery
and equipment for the El Molino and
San Matias hydro plants in Colombias
Antioquia department, operated by
HMV Ingenieros. The projects will be
built in cascade form, with each having
an installed capacity of 20 MW. Under
a contract signed in early August, Voith
Hydro will provide four Francis horizon-
tal turbines and four generators, in addi-
tion to governors, automation systems,
and engineering, errection, and commis-
sioning supervision services.
1309hrw_52 52 8/23/13 1:36 PM
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1309hrw_53 53 8/23/13 1:36 PM
New Hydro
For more ocean/tidal/stream news, see
the Hydro Project Activity tab at
Alstom tidal turbine reaches
production milestone
An Alstom tidal turbine has now reached
its full nominal output capacity of
1 MW after a series of gradual increases
in power, the company says.
The unit being tested off the
Orkney coast at the European Marine
Energy Center frst began producing
energy in March. Since then, Alstom
said the unit has contributed more than
10 MWh to the grid while working in
actual operating conditions.
We are enthusiastic about the initial
tests of our tidal stream turbine, which
successfully demonstrated the advantages
of Alstom tidal turbine technology in the
challenging environment of the Fall of
Warness in Orkney, Alstom Ocean Vice
President Rob Stevenson said.
Alstom said the unit has been tested
in a number of operational conditions
via the Energy Technologies Institutes
ReDAPT (Reliable Acquisition Platform
for Tidal) program and shows reliability
and performance as projected by stud-
ies using a 500 kW test unit deployed in
March 2012.
Next, the company said, it will begin
tests of the units autonomous capabili-
ties, with tests in pilot farms to follow.
The tidal turbine units were origi-
nally developed by Rolls-Royces Tidal
Generation Limited, which Alstom
acquired in January.
Carnegie orders foundation for
wave energy demonstration site
Hydrokinetic developer Carnegie Wave
Energy Ltd. has ordered offshore founda-
tions for its wave energy project off the
coast of Perth in Australia.
Keppel Prince Engineering Pty Ltd.
will supply the equipment, while Fugro
Seacore Australia Pty Ltd. will be
responsible for its installation. Bluescope
Steel is supplying the steel to be used in
structural pile foundations.
Carnegie Wave Energy said the off-
shore foundations are the ninth main
equipment portion ordered for the dem-
onstration site, which is expected to have
a capacity of about 2 MW when complete.
The site, to be located in western
Australia off the Perth coast, will use
Carnegies CETO generating system.
The system uses a fully submerged buoy
that relies on the vertical motion of waves
to drive a pump, which in turn delivers
pressurized water to an onshore turbine
via a submerged pipeline.
The company and partner Triton
Renewable Energy completed tests of a
CETO unit off Bermudas south shore.
The project is being funded by a num-
ber of entities and low emissions energy
development programs. Carnegie said
installation of the foundation will begin
by the end of this year.
In related news, in August McDermid
Offshore Solutions signed an agreement
with Carnegie Wave Energy to provide
hydraulic fuid for the companys Perth
hydrokinetic project. McDermid said
the project will make use of its WECS
Fluid, which is a newly designed water-
based formula.
Enel Green, 40South Energy
to deploy ocean unit off Italy
Renewable energy company Enel Green
Power and hydrokinetic developer
40South Energy have begun installing a
100 kW wave energy unit in the sea near
Punta Righini in Italy.
The unit, designed and built by
40South Energy, is called the R115
and could provide enough power for
80 homes, the group said.
Pending successful testing, Enel
Green said it plans to consider installing
more of the R115 units. The Rome-based
Enel Group already includes traditional
hydropower projects in its renewable feet,
though the company said Enel Greens
collaboration with 40South Energy is its
frst foray into ocean power.
40South Energy is a group that
designs, manufactures and markets wave
energy converters and has offces in the
United Kingdom, Italy, and the USA.
The company has been working with the
University of Plymouth in England since
2012 to develop the R115. In addition,
40South Energy is working with other
partners to develop more hydrokinetic
energy parks in England, Italy, India and
other countries.
Pentland Firths capacity less
than initially thought, study says
Hydrokinetic resources in Scotlands
Pentland Firth could eventually provide
a capacity of up to 1.9 GW, accord-
ing to results of a new study led by
Oxford University.
The study concluded that Pentland
Firths generating potential is consider-
ably lower than some earlier estimates
because it accounts for factors including
how many tidal turbines could realisti-
cally be built, how series of turbines
would interact with each other, and fuc-
tuations in tidal cycles.
Our study provides the frst robust
data about how much energy it would be
feasible to extract, said lead author Dr.
Thomas Adcock of Oxfords Department
of Engineering Science.
Unlike other studies, Adcock said,
Oxfords used mathematical models to
emphasize unit placement and how other
turbines might affect effciency and out-
put. Researchers also used an averaged
output projection to better determine
the mean capacity between spring and
neap tides.
Oxford said its study suggests the
extraction of 500 MW of ocean energy
capacity is very promising, with a
maximum of 1 GW being realistic.
Building handfuls of tidal tur-
bines in plots of ocean leased out to
individual developers is not going to
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extract the maximum energy from
Pentland Firth, Adcock said. To
make the most of this unique site, the
placement of turbines would need to be
carefully planned.
The UKs Department of Energy &
Climate Change launched the Pentland
Firth and Orkney Waters Marine Energy
Park last year.
Swansea Bay hydrokinetic project
continues moving forward
Tidal Lagoon Power Ltd. (TLP) has
reached a signifcant milestone in the
development of a massive hydroelectric
project with the announcement of three
design, build and deliver agreements.
In November 2012, TLP announced it
would likely receive private fnancing for
the project from Atkins Engineering, Van
Oord and Costain Infrastructure, among
others, although the three have now been
named for the projects actual develop-
ment phase as well.
TLP says the US$966.5 million project
will consist of a 6 mile-long, 35 foot-high
semi-circular sea wall that will enclose an
area west of Swansea Marina in the UK.
The wall would be dotted along its length
with a number of hydro turbines, giving
the project a cumulative capacity of about
250 MW.
Costain will work in developing and
managing the schedule for pre-construc-
tion and construction phases, develop-
ing construction methodology for civil
engineering works including turbine and
sluice structures, access routes and com-
plex temporary works.
Meanwhile, Atkins will provide engi-
neering design and geotechnical exper-
tise. TLP said this includes designing
both the turbine house and the innovate
breakwater bund wall, which uses a
combination of giant tubular sand bags
protected by armor made up of different-
sized rocks.
Last, Van Oord is developing construc-
tion methodology suitable for the harsh
off-shore conditions in Swansea Bay.
Should permitting progress as hoped,
TLP said the Swansea Bay project could
be connected to the Welsh electricity
grid as early as 2017.
EREC adds ocean energy
group to membership
The European Ocean Energy
Association has been accepted as a mem-
ber of the European Renewable Energy
Council (EREC), the group announces.
The Ocean Energy Association
is an organization devoted to pro-
moting hydrokinetic development
throughout the EU. Ultimately, the
group said, it hopes to leverage at least
US$640 million for the ocean energy
sector by 2020.
We are very happy that Ocean
Energy joins the united voice of the
European renewable energy sector,
EREC Secretary General Josche Muth
said. This further strengthens our
common effort towards what European
citizens have asked for time and time
again a resource effcient renewable
energy system.
Since its founding in 2000, EREC
has grown from six to 11 members, rep-
resenting European trade and research
associations active in a number of
renewable energy felds. The European
Small Hydropower Association is also an
EREC member.
If we are going to decarbonize
our energy supply, make the most of
Europes domestic resources and create
new jobs, we need a steady supply of new,
renewable energy technologies, Ocean
Energy Association Chief Executive
Offcer Sian George said. Bringing
Europes ocean energy online will have
several benefts for the renewables sector
as a whole.
Tocardo signs deal with law frm,
makes energy distribution deal
Hydrokinetic turbine manufacturer
Tocardo of The Netherlands has entered
into a strategic business partnership with
international law frm Clifford Chance,
giving Tocardo access to specialist legal
and administrative support for tidal
energy projects worldwide.
The company said Clifford Chance
will support it in establishing spe-
cial purpose vehicles (SPV) for wave
energy projects via the frms offce
in Amsterdam. This strategic partner-
ship will help us deliver tidal energy
projects anywhere in the world, Chief
Commercial Offcer Radboud van Kleef
said. SPVs are established for every proj-
ect. The expertise and global network of
Clifford Chance, as well as standardized
procedures, will greatly simplify our work
and enhance the success.
The partnership represents a major
step, Tocardo said, in the development
of its business.
In other news, renewable power
trader Climex has agreed to sell marine
energy generated by Tocardo Tidal
Turbines through its green energy
trading platforms.
The arrangement will see Climex
sell Tocardo-produced energy, allowing
businesses and other large-scale elec-
tricity users to add tidal energy to their
renewable energy mix, the Dutch com-
pany said.
Our agreement with Climex will make
tidal energy readily available to corpora-
tions and government agencies at com-
petitive prices, Tocardo Chief Executive
Offcer Hans van Breugel said. This is
an important step in Tocardos efforts to
create a well-functioning market for tidal
energy, which can provide 10% to 20% of
the worlds demand for electricity.
Climex, which specializes in the
trade of demonstrably green energy, said
the addition of Tocardo signifcantly
enhances its offerings. The agreement
with Tocardo fts our strategy to provide
renewable energy sources to high energy
users in a transparent and reliable way,
Climex General Manager Jeroen van de
Kletersteeg said.
Marine energy not yet meeting
UK green bank criteria
The Department of Business, Innovation
and Skills (BIS) in the UK says that the
marine and tidal energy sector does not
yet merit priority status in terms of the
1309hrw_56 56 8/23/13 1:36 PM
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Green Investment Banks (GIB) criteria
for funding.
The governmental offce was respon-
dong to a query from Power Engineering
International on why the Edinburgh-
based agency doesnt prioritize marine
energy projects that are arguably much
more in need of investment than onshore
and offshore wind, sectors that do not
appear to have the same problems in gen-
erating funding.
GIBs remit is to mobilize private
sector capital investment into green
infrastructure projects and accelerate the
UKs transition to a green economy, but it
appears that the objective is to be arrived
at in a particular way that is not currently
favorable to a marine energy investment.
The best way for the GIB to attract
additional fnance and new sources of
capital into green sectors is by demon-
strating such investment can be made on
strongly commercial terms. It is not that
the GIBs investments must be either
proftable or green: they must be both,
said Jonathan Cook of the BIS.
Cook outlined that those priority sec-
tors are agreed to be offshore wind, waste
(processing and recycling and energy
from waste), non-domestic energy eff-
ciency and the Green Deal and added
that the government considers the bank
can have greatest impact in generating
additional investment in green infrastruc-
ture by focusing on these sectors in this
initial period.
GIB can also invest up to 20% of its
funding over the period in the other sec-
tors that are within its approved remit,
which includes the Marine Energy sector,
and the BIS offcial says marine energy will
come more into the reckoning for priority
funding if it can live up to the proftability
and environmental criteria.
It is possible that wave and tidal energy
will become a priority for the GIB in the
future subject to there being progress
in demonstrating that such projects can
provide an appropriate commercial return
and meet the GIBs investment criteria.
It may be noted that the programs
operated by the BIS sponsored body,
the Technology Strategy Board (TSB),
would be relevant to those seeking
funding for the development of marine
energy technologies. This is the prime
channel through which the government
supports business-led technology inno-
vation. The TSBs programs include
the Smart Scheme and Collaborative
R&D program, Cook says.
BIS also stated that the govern-
ments commitment to enabling GIB
to borrow has always been conditional
on meeting targets on reducing public
sector net debt overall as a proportion
of gross domestic product.
Briefy...
Wave power developer Sustainable
Marine Energy (SME) has relocated
its offces and workshops from London
to East Cowes, on the north coast on the
Isle of Wight. The move came after the
company determined the Isle of Wight
has the support system it needs to con-
tinue developing its tidal energy turbine
platform, PLAT-O.
1309hrw_57 57 8/23/13 1:36 PM
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13
Hibbard Inshore, LLC
www.hibbardinshore.com
18
38 huggenberger ag www.huggenberger.com 47
RS# COMPANY PG#
1
Hydro Component Systems, LLC
www.hydrocomponentsystems.com
IFC
23
Hydro Consulting
& Maintenance Services Inc. (HCMS)
www.hydro911.com
28
12 Hydro Tech Inc. www.hydrotech-inc.ca 17
56
HydroVision Brasil
www.hydrovisionbrasil.com
IBC
33
HydroVision International
www.hydroevent.com
41
36
HydroVision Russia
45
31 Indar Electric SL www.indar.net 39
22 Ingeteam S.A. www.ingeteam.com 27
41 Iris Power www.irispower.com 50
34
J.P. Sauer & Sohn Maschinebau GmbH
www.sauersohn.de
42
27
Knight Piesold Limited
www.knightpiesold.com
35
42
Koncar Generators and Motors, Inc.
www.koncar-gim.hr
50
20
KTI-Plersch Kaeltetechnik GmbH
www.kti-plersch.com
25
18
Lignum Vitae North America LLC
www.lignum-vitae.com
24
25 Marelli Motori www.marellimotori.com 31
46 Mavel www.mavel.cz 53
52 MC Monitoring SA www.mc-monitoring.com 55
19 Muhr GmbH www.muhr.com 25
5 Nord-Lock International www.nord-lock.com 9
RS# COMPANY PG#
11
Obermeyer Hydro Inc.
www.obermeyerhydro.com
16
49 Oiles Corporation www.oiles.co.jp 55
29 Panolin International www.panolin.com 37
10
Pioneer Motor Bearing Company
www.pioneer1.com
13
8 PXL Industries www.pxlseals.com 11
16
Robert Ober & Associates, CONCOOL, LLC
www.robertober.com, www.concool.com
21
55
RST Instruments Ltd
www.rstinstruments.com
60
43
Seals Unlimited Inc.
www.sealsunlimited.com
51
32 Sorgent.E www.sorgent-e.com 39
37
Sotek and Belrix Industries, Inc.
www.sotek.com
47
24 Techdam www.techdam.com.br 29
26
Thordon Bearings Inc.
www.thordonbearings.com
33
3
Toshiba Corporation, Power Systems Company
www.toshiba.com
5
47 UJVN LTD www.uttarakhandjalvidyut.com 53
54 Wasserkraft Volk AG www.wkv-ag.com 60
53
Waukesha Bearings
www.waukeshabearings.com
57
14
Weir American Hydro
www.weirpowerindustrial.com
19
4
Worthington Products Inc.
www.tuffboom.com, www.tuffbuoy.com
7
30 Yooil Engineering www.rubberdam.co.kr 37
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