CDMA For Trainee's From HUWAEI

Internal
ORA010002 CDMA2000 1x Principle

ISSUE 5.0
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: > Describe the development of mobile system > List the structure of CDMA2000 1X network > State the principle of CDMA2000 1X > State the key technology of CDMA2000 1X > Describe the air interface of CDMA2000 1X > Describe the numbers in CDMA2000 1X
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Page 1
Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Principle of Spreading Chapter 3 Technology of CDMA2000 Chapter 4 Physical Layer of CDMA2000 Chapter 5 Number Planning
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Development of Mobile Communications 1.2 Development of CDMA System 1.3 CDMA 2000 Network Structure
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Transmission Techniques
CDMA
Power
Tim
Traffic channels: different users are assigned unique code and transmitted over the same frequency band, for example, WCDMA and CDMA2000
y nc e u eq Fr
TDMA
Traffic channels: different time slots are allocated to different users, for example, GSM and DAMPS
Power
Ti m e
e qu e r F
y nc
FDMA
Power
T im
ue q e r
y nc
Traffic channels: different frequency bands are allocated to different users,for example, AMPS and TACS
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Page 4
Development of Mobile Communications

1st Generation 1980s (analog) 2nd Generation 1990s (digital)
GSM CDMA IS95 TDMA IS-136 PDC
3rd Generation current (digital)

UMTS WCDMA
AMPS TACS NMT Others
Analog to Digital
Voice to Broadband
CDMA 2000 TDSCDMA
3G provides: > Complete integrated service solutions > High bandwidth > Unified air interface > Best spectral efficiency.
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Difference of 3G Standards
CDMA2000 3GPP2
FDD mode
3GPP =Third Generation Partnership Project CWTS = China Wireless Telecomm Standard FDD = Frequency Division Duplex TD-SCDMA = Time Division Synchronous CDMA
WCDMA 3GPP
FDD mode
TD-SCDMA
3G system
CWTS
TDD mode
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Development of CDMA System

CDMA2000 3x
IS95A 9.6kbps
IS95B 115.2kbps
CDMA2000 1x 307.2kbps
Heavier
voice service capacity period of standby time
CDMA2000 1x EV 1x EV-DO 1x EV-DV - 153.6 kbps
1995
1998
Longer
2000 2003
z z z
Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity Higher packet data rate and more diversified services Smooth transit to 3G
Project Evolution process of CDMA2000 EV: phase 1: 1XEV-DO ( Data Only / Data Optimized ) Providing the support for packet data services alone instead of real-time voice services. phase 2: 1XEV-DV ( Data and Voice ) Providing non-real time packet data services and real-time voice services
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CDMA 2000 Network Structure
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Questions
z z z
How many standards are there in 3G? How to understand the three techniques of multi-access? How many network elements are there in CDMA2000 1X network?
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Chapter 2 Principle of Spreading 2.1 Basic Conception 2.2 Communication Model
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Frequency Allocation in CDMA2000 (Extra Slide)

z Band Class 0 (800 MHz)
Transmit Frequency Band (MHz) Block Designator A(10MHz) B(10MHz) A(1.5MHz) B(2.5MHz) CDMA Channel Validity Valid Valid Valid Valid CDMA Channel Number 1-311 356-644 689-694 739-777 Mobile Station Base Station
825.030-834.330 835.680-844.320 845.670-845.820 847.170-848.310
870.030-879.330 880.680-889.320 890.670-890.820 892.170-893.310
The transmit frequency point for Base Station is computed by: F = 870+N*0.03 ; N = CDMA Channel Number
N= 283, 242, 201, 160, 119, 78, 37
CDMA: 1.25 M/30k = 41 channels
GSM: 1.25M/200k = 6 channels x 8 TS = 48 channels HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 14
Frequency Allocation in CDMA2000 (Extra Slide)

z Band Class 5 (1800 MHz)
Transmit Frequency Band (MHz) Block Designator A(15MHz) D(5MHz) B(15MHz) E(5MHz) F(5MHz) C(15MHz) CDMA Channel Validity Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid Valid CDMA Channel Number 25-275 325-375 425-675 725-775 825-875 925-1175 Mobile Station Base Station
1851.250-1863.750 1866.250-1868.750 1871.250-1883.750 1886.250-1888.750 1891.250-1893.750 1896.250-1908.750
1931.250-1943.750 1946.250-1948.750 1951.250-1963.750 1966.250-1968.750 1971.250-1973.750 1976.250-1988.750
The transmit frequency point for Base Station is computed by: F = 1930 + N*0.05 ; N = CDMA Channel Number
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Direct Spread (DS)

Transmission
Wideband signal Slow Information Sent Slow information Recovered
Receiving
Fast spreading sequence
Fast spreading sequence
Direct Sequence Spread spectrum system mixes the input data with a fast sequence and transmits a wideband signal. The spreading sequence is independently regenerated at the receiver and mixed with the incoming wideband signal to recover the original information.
In CDMA 1X,Chip rate = 1.228 Mcps and BW = 1.25 MHz All rights reserved Page 16
Direct Spread (DS)

Information signal bit
Spread sequence
Spread signal
Spread sequence
Recover signal
Spread & De-spread

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Spectrum-domain Analysis
Power spectrum of information signal(narrow band) P() Spread Power spectrum of spread signal(broad band) P()
P() Add
P()
P() integral/filtering
De-spread
P()
Recover signals power spectrum (narrow band)
Mixed signals power spectrum(broad band and narrow band) All rights reserved
Mixed signals power spectrum(broad band and broad band) Page 18
Correlation => measure of similarity of any two arbitrary signals
Correlation 100% so the functions are parallel
(a)
0 XOR 0 = 0 0 XOR 1 = 1 1 XOR 0 = 1 1 XOR 1 = 0
Correlation 0% so the functions are orthogonal
(b)
Orthogonal Function
Sequence 1#
Sequence 2#
1#2 #
Output of integral circuit Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary sequences are orthogonal if their XOR output contains equal number of 1s and 0s. Actually CDMA system need orthogonal sequences to overcome the self-interferences in the system because all the users share the same frequency simultaneously. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 20
Multiple Access
Information bit 1# Sequence 1# Spread Signal 1#
Information bit 2#
Sequence 2#
Spread Signal 2#
Mixed Signal 1+2
Code Division Multiple Address Principle

Multiple Access
Mixed Signal
Spread Sequence 1#
De-spread Signal
Output of Judgement circuit
1st receiver resume process

Multiple Access
Mixed Signal
Spread Sequence 2#
De-spread Signal
Output of Judgement circuit
2nd receiver resume process

Multiple Access with Orthogonal Sequence

z z
User# 1s information: 10111001 Spread Signal for User#1: 00111100 User# 2s information: 11001010 Spread Signal for User#2: 01101001
Given the rate of spread signal is 8 times of information rate. Show that User#1s information can be recovered if its spread with its spread signal after multiple access
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Chapter 2 Principle of Spreading 2.1 Basic Conception 2.2 Communication Model
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Communication Model
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 y y y y 1 0 1 y y y 0 1 1
Source coding
Channel Coding
Spread
Scrambling
Modulation
RF transit
Reverse Forward Bit Symbol Chip
1 y y y y 1 0 1 y y y 0 1 1
Source Decoding
Channel Decoding
De-Spread
Unscrambling
Demodulation
RF receive
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Source Coding
There are 3 types of source coding in CDMA 2000 system: > 8K QCELP > 13K QCELP > EVRC
- - >8k sample values with 8-bit quantization coding => a wired system has the rate of 64k. 8K = 9.6, 4.8, 2.4, 1.2 kbps 13K = 14.4, 7.2, 3.6, 1.8 kbps EVRC= 9.6, 2.4, 1.2 kbps
Characteristic: > Support voice activity

QCELP: Qualcomm Code Excited Linear Predictive coder EVRC: Enhanced Variable Rate Code
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Channel Coding
Channel Coding: Convolution
z
Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding Encoding efficiency= (total input bits total output symbols)
00110001
MUX
Bit 00001011
Register
00100111
Symbol 0000110100101011
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Channel Coding
Channel Coding: Interleaving
Transmission direction Input:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
yyyyyyyyyyyyy
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Write by row
Interleaver
Read by column
Transmission direction Output:

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
yyyyyyyyyyyyy
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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Channel Coding
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
Without channel coding, receiver cant correct any errors
1 1 1 0 10 1 1 0 11 1 1 0 1 1 101 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 11 1 1 Source 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 11 1 1 1 0 1 1101
111 000 111 111
After convolution, receiver can correct errors. But recovery capability is restricted by encoding complexity.
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 11 1 111 111 00 0 111 10 11 1011 1 011
1011 0100 1 011 1 1 0 1 01 01 1 0 01 1 0 1 1
101 010 101 101
Through the interleaving, the consecutive error codes can be corrected HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 30
Scrambling and Spreading

Scrambling = the processing of making signals randomization. M-sequence performs this function. Spreading = the processing that can widen the spectrum. Walsh Code performs this function.
M Sequence for scrambling > Long Code > Short Code
Walsh Code for spreading
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Page 31

M Sequence
0 1
0 1
1 0
Out
z Two points are important here:
> Maximum number of shift register (N) > Mask z The period of out put sequence is 2N-1 bits z Only sequence offset is change when the mask is changed z PN stands for Pseudorandom Noise sequence

Long Code
Long code is used for scrambling on the Forward channel and spreading on the Reverse channel.
z z
The long code is a PN sequence with period of 242-1chips The functions of a long code: > Scramble the forward CDMA channel > Control the insertion of power control bit > Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel to identify the mobile stations
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Short Code
z
Short code is a PN sequence with period of 215 chips > Sequence with different time offset is used to distinguish different sectors
PNc PNb
PNa
Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is, 512 PN offsets are available to identify the CDMA sectors (215/64=512).

Walsh Code
Walsh Code is one kind of orthogonal code.
Walsh code W2n=
Wn Wn Wn Wn
W1=0 W2= 0 0 0 1
Note: W0 = Pilot Ch. W32 = Synch Ch
W1-W7 = Paging Ch
0 0 W4 = 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
64-order Walsh function is used as a spreading function and each Walsh code is orthogonal to other A Walsh can be presented by Wim where ith (row) is the position and m is the order. For example, W24 means 0101 code in W4 matrix Walsh code is used to spread the forward traffic channel
MS: Which BTS should I listen?
BTS A
PN
BTS B
PN 1 08
2 PN 5
BTS C
A PN sequence (short code) with period of 215 bits, is used with 64bits offset. That is
512 total PN available to identify the 512 sectors/BTSs.
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MS-B: Which is my signal?

0000000. A 0101010 0000111 B C
MS-C
MS-H
0
MS-G MS-A MS-F MS-D MS-E
0101010
MS-B
Each MS has unique Walsh code. Normally CDMA2000 uses 64 array Walsh codes
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BTS: Who is my Mr. D?

MS-C
MS-H MS-G MS-A MS-F MS-D MS-E A PN sequence (long code) with period of 242-1 bits which is used to Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel and identify the MS. A unique ESN is used as mask to achieve unique starting point MS-B
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Modulation
QP SK
HP SK /OQ PS K
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Questions
z z z z
How to understand spreading and multi access? What is the main function of each step in communication model ? How to understand the three types of codes in CDMA2000 1X ? Why do we say CDMA system is self interference system ?
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Technology Of CDMA2000
z z z
Power control Rake Receiver Soft handoff
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Power Control
Far/near problem exists in wireless system
no power control
after power control
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Power Control
CDMA is a self-interference system
no power control
after power control
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Power Control
Classification Of Power Control
z
According to the directions, power control can be divided into: > Reverse power control > Forward power control
According to the types, power control can be divided into: > Reverse power control
--> used for making the link while originating a call and reacting to path-loss fluctuation.
Reverse open loop power control > Forward power control EIB power control Fast power control
Note: EIB = Erasure Indicator Bit HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Reverse closed loop power control

- -> aims at reducing the interference on fwd link
Measurement report power control IS95A: fwd pwr ctrl is based on MR.
IS95B: system can support EIB pwr ctrl CDMA2000: the highest priority is fast pwr ctrl FER= Frame Error Rate All rights reserved Page 45
Power Control
Reverse Open Loop Power Control
Reverse Open Loop Power Control
BTS BTS BTS
Mobile Transmitting Power
z The mobile transmission power is determined by the following factors:
> Distance from the base station > Load of the cell > Circumstance of the code channels z The transmission power of the mobile station is relative to its received power.
Power Control
Reverse Closed Loop Power Control
Both fwd and rev link traffic channel frames are 20 ms in duration (16 segments or 16TS).
Power Control Bit PCB has a response time of 1.25ms on T-CH
Every frame = 16TS
Eb/Nt Value BTS
FER Value BSC Change in Eb/Nt Value
(to keep MS close to Eb/Nt setpoint)
Inner Loop Power Control
(to adjust target Eb/Nt at BTS
Outer Loop Power Control

Note that since the rate of PCB transmission is 800bps, a PCB is sent once every 1/800 second or 1.25 ms. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 47
Power Control
Fast Forward Power Control
Power Control Bit
Eb/Nt
Eb/Nt Comparator
FER
FER Measurement
BTS
MS
RAKE Receiver
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RAKE Receiver
90
Recover signal from single path and adjust its time delay Correlator 1 Combiner
90
0
Correlator 2
output
Receive set
RAKE receiver can mitigates multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system.
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator
Calculate the time delay and signal strength
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Page 50
Soft Handoff
Pilot Sets
Searcher correlator All pilot that can be detected by searcher correlator is classify to four pilot set. An active pilot is a pilot whose paging or traffic channels are actually being monitored or used. The pilot that not in the active set but potential to be demodulated
Active Set
Candidate Set Neighbor Set Remaining Set

The pilot that not included in the active set or the candidate set but being possible to be added in the candidate set Other pilot
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Page 51
Soft Handoff
Soft Handoff And Softer Handoff
z
Soft/softer handoff means MS can keep traffic channel with two or more sectors. > Soft handoffinvolves traffic channel from more than one BTS and Multipath combination in the BSC. > Softer handoffinvolves traffic channel from two or more sectors of one BTS and Multi-path combination in the BTS.
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Soft Handoff
Important Parameters of Soft handoff
Sector A Sector B
Add Threshold (T_ADD) Guard Time(T-TDROP)
Ec/Io
DropThreshold (T_DROP)
Soft Handoff Region Time

T_ADD, T_DROP and T_TDROP affect the percentage of MS in handoff. T_ADD & T_DROP is the standards used to add or drop a pilot. T_DROP is a timer. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 53
Soft Handoff
Dynamic Soft Handoff
Pilot strength P1 P2
T_ADD
T_DRO P
T_TDROP
T_TDROP
TIME
Neighbor Set
Candidate Set
Active Set Active Set
Candidate Set
Neighbor Set
1. P2>T_ADD 2. P2> [(SOFT_SLOPE/8) * 10 * log10(PS1) + ADD_INTERCEPT/2]. 4. P1< [(SOFT_SLOPE/8) * 10 * log10(PS2) +DROP_INTERCEPT/2] 7. P1<T_DROP Page 54 All rights reserved HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Questions
z z z z
Why CDMA system need power control ? What is the function of the RAKE receiver ? What is the difference between hard handoff and soft handoff ? Why can CDMA system support soft handoff ?
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Physical Layer Of IS95
Comparing with IS-95A, there is another channel named SCCH which supports data traffic whose maximum rate is 115.2kbps
SCCH = Supplemental Code Channel HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 57

Forward Link: Pilot Channel
W064 Pilot channel (all-zeros)
Not only does Pilot sequence help in initial acquisition when MS powers up, but also ensures rapid detection of handoff candidates.
Forward pilot channel is spread over W0 and modulated with short code directly BTS transmits the pilot channel continuously The Pilot channel carries no data
z z

Forward Link: Sync Channel
Code symbol Repetitive code symbol
W3264 To QPSK coder
Sync Ch bits
1.2kbps
Convolution encoder
r=1/2,K=9
2.4kbps
symbol repetition
4.8kbps
Block interleaving
4.8kbps
The sync channel is used by the mobile station to synchronize with the network. W32 is used to spread Sync Channel. > The synchronization message includes: Pilot PN sequence offset: PILOT_PN System time: SYS_TIME Long code state: LC_STATE: long code at the time specified in system time Paging channel rate: P_RAT: 4.8 or 9.6 kbps z Here note that, sync channel rate is 1200bps
z
Synch Channel
1bit 1bit Sync Sync channel channel Frame Frame SOM SOM 31bits 31bits Data Data
Note: Note: SOM SOM = =1 1 for for first first body body of of Sync Sync Ch. Ch. Message Message SOM SOM = =0 0 for for all all other other bodies bodies in in Sych Sych Ch. Ch. message message
96bits 96bits Sync Sync Channel Channel Super-frame Super-frame Sync Sync Frame#1 Frame#1 Sync Sync Frame#2 Frame#2 Sync Sync Frame#3 Frame#3 80ms 80ms SOM SOM = = Start Start Of Of Message Message

Forward Link: Paging Channel
Paging Convolution channel bits To QPSK coder Code symbol
encoder r=1/2,K=9
Symbol repetition
19.2kbps
Block interleaving
19.2kbps
9.6/4.8 kbps
19.2/9.6Kbps
19.2kbps
The paging channel transmits: System parameters message: PN offset index Access parameters: Open Loop power control Neighbors list: e.g., the neighbors pilot PN seq offset index,
channel list message
W164 decimator
1.2288Mcps
CDMA channels list message: list of CDMA carriers

z z
Long code PN generator
The frame length of a paging channel is 20ms W1 ~ W7 are spared for the Paging Channels spreading
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Forward Link: Traffic Channel (FCH And SCCH)
Forward traffic channel (172/80/40 or 8.6kbps 16bits/frame) 4.0kbps 2.0kbps 0.8kbps 19.2kbps Add frame quality indicator bits(12,10,8,6) Convolution Add 8 Symbol encoder encoded tail repetition r=1/2,K=9 9.6kbps bits 19.2ksybps 4.8kbps 9.6ksybps 2.4kbps 4.8ksybps 1.2kbps 2.4ksybps
I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) 800 Hz Power control bits 19.2kbps
Cos(2pfct)
Baseband filter
+
I(t)
Block interleaver Repetitive symbol Long code generator
+
/64 decimator PN 1.2288 Mcps
MUX
QPSK Modulation
/24
Walsh code
+
decimator
Baseband filter
+
Sin(2pfct)
Q(t)
Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) All rights reserved Page 62

Reverse Link: Access Channel
4.4 kbps Access channel (88 bits/frame) Add 8 encoder tail bits
used by MS to initiate communication or respond to Paging Channel Repetitive symbol 28.8 kbps
4.8 kbps Convolution 14.4 kbps Symbol encoder repetition Code r=1/3,K=9 symbol
Block interleaving
Access Channel frame => 88 bits/frame, 20ms Repetitive symbol 28.8 kbps I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Frame rate PN chips 1.2288 Mcps Data burst randomizer
Cos(2pfct)
Orthogonal spreading 4.8 kbps (307.2kbps)
Baseband filter
I(t)
1/2 PN chips Delayed time=406.9ns

QPSK Modulation
Walsh code Long code mask
Baseband filter
Q(t)
Sin(2pfct)
Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Page 63 All rights reserved

Reverse Link: Traffic Channel (FCH And SCCH)
Reverse traffic channel 8.6kbps 4.0kbps 2.0kbps 0.8kbps Add frame quality indicator bits(12,10,8,6) convolution Symbol Add 8 encoder repetition encoded tail r=1/3,K=9 9.6kbps 28.8Ksybps bits 4.8kbps 14.4Ksybps 2.4kbps 7.2Ksybps 1.2kbps 3.6Ksybps
I Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Frame rate Orthogonal spreading 4.8 kbps (307.2kbps) Block interleaver Walsh code Long code mask PN chips 1.2288 Mcps
Cos(2pfct)
Baseband filter
I(t)
Data burst randomizer
1/2 PN chips Delayed time=406.9ns

QPSK Modulation
Baseband filter
Q(t)
Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) Sin(2pfct) HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 64
Definition of IS2000s Channel:
Physical Layer Of CDMA2000
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Page 65

Forward Channel: F-QPCH
F-PCH ... 2047 0 1 3 4 5 6 1.28S 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Symbol repetition
14
15
The channel adopts 80ms as a QPCH timeslot. Each timeslot is divided into paging indicators, configuration change indicators and broadcast indicators, all of which are utilized to inform the MS whether to receive paging message, broadcast message or system parameters in the next F-PCH.
In a quick paging channel slot, the mobile always monitors two paging indicators. The two paging indicators either fall in the first 20-ms portion and in the third 20-ms portion, or fall in the second 20-ms portion and in the fourth 20-ms portion.
F-PCH 80ms
F-QPCH
A1 1 20ms
B1 2 20ms
A2 3 20ms
B2 4 20ms 1 20ms 2 20ms 3 20ms Page 66 4 20ms
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Forward Channel: F-CCCH
172 information bits
FCCCH : transmit specific messages intended for specific mobiles. FBCCH: transmit broadcast system message
20ms frame (9.6kbps) for all mobiles.
12 CRC bits
8 encoders tails bits
20ms frame (38.4kbps)

744 information bits
There are two additional physical signaling channels: FCCCH and FBCCH to improve the signaling efficiency of the link.
16 CRC bits
8 encoders tails bits

360 information bits 16 CRC bits 8 encoders tails bits
With QPCH together, F-CCCH shared by many mobiles carries mobile-specific messages .


Forward Channel: F-DCCH
F-DCCH carries user data that is typically low-rate, such as SMS.
20ms frames (9.6kbps)

F-DCCH is a dedicated signaling channel. F-DCCH can carry user data that is typically low-rate.
5ms frames (9.6kbps)
24 information bits
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16 CRC bits 8 encoder tails bits

Page 68

Forward Channel: F-SCH
The different Walsh codes corresponding to different data rates
F-SCH is typically used for high speed data applications, while F-FCH is used for common voice and low speed data application. When a data call is established, firstly, F-FCH will be allocated to the user. If the speed of data for user exceeds 9.6kbps, F-SCH will be allocated
W08 =00000000 W04 =0000
( W016 ,W816) ( W416 ,W1216 ) ( W216 ,W1416 ) ( W616 ,W1416 ) ( W116,W916 ) ( W516 ,W1316 ) ( W316 ,W1116 )
64
W02 =00
W48 =00001111 W28 =00110011 W68 =00111100 W18 =01010101 W14 =0101 W58 =01011010
32
W01 =0
W24 =0011
16 8 4 2 1
W38 =01100110 W12 =01 W34 =0110 W78 =01101001
9600 19200 38400
76800 153600 307200 614400
Data rate -bpsHUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
( W716,W1516 )
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Reverse Channel: R-PICH
Pilot( all '0's)
Reverse Pilot Channel

Power Control Bit
MUX
The Function of Reverse Pilot Channel > Initialization > Tracing > Reverse Coherent Demodulation > Power Control Measurement Base station enhances the received performance and increases the capacity by means of coherent demodulation of the Reverse Pilot Channel.
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Pilot
384 NPN Chips
Power Control
Power Control Group = 1536 NPN Chips
N is the Spreading Rate number
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Reverse Channel: R-EACH
z
The Function of R-EACH
EACH = Enhance Access Channel which is similar to R-ACH in IS-95 but shorter in duration. EACH needs to transmit a preamble before transmitting the actual R-EACH transmission.
> initiate communication with the base station and to respond to a Paging Channel message > transmit its access request T preamble
Reverse Pilot Channel
R-EACH Data
Preamble (All 0s)
R-EACH Frame Data
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Page 71

Reverse Channel: R-SCH
R-FCH R-SCH Bursting data is coming To support data traffic, the R-SCH has two unique characteristics: > only carry user traffic data and does not carry any signaling traffic > Should be set up and torn down rather quickly
R-SCH only carry data, not signaling, that is, RC (Radio Configuration)
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Page 72
RC Combination Regulation
Forward Radio Configuration
Radio Spreading Max Data Rate* Effective FEC OTD Configuration Rate (kbps) Code Rate Allowed FEC EncodingModulation 1** 1 9.6 1/2 No Conv. BPSK 2** 1 14.4 3/4 No Conv BPSK 3 1 153.6 1/4 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK 4 1 307.2 1/2 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK 5 1 230.4 3/8 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK 6 3 307.2 1/6 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK 7 3 614.4 1/3 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK 8 3 460.8 1/4 or 1/3 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK 9 3 1036.8 1/2or 1/3 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
Radio Configuration 1** 2** 3 4 5 6 Spreading Rate 1 1 1 1 3 3 Max Data Rate* (kbps) 9.6 14.4 153.6 (307.2) 230.4 153.6 (614.4) 460.8 (1036.8) Effective FEC Code Rate 1/3 1/2 1/4 (1/2) 3.8 1/4 (1/3) 1/4 (1/2) OTD Allowed No No Yes Yes Yes Yes FEC Encoding Modulation
Conv 64-ary ortho Conv 64-ary ortho Conv or Turbo BPSK Conv or Turbo Conv or Turbo Conv or Turbo BPSK BPSK BPSK
Reverse Radio Configuration

RC Combination Regulation
z
RC1 and RC2 corresponds respectively to rate set 1 and rate set 2 in IS- 95A/B system. CDMA2000 Forward RC: RC1~RC5 Reverse RC: RC1~RC4
F-FCH RCs RC 1 RC 2
R-FCH RCs RC 1 RC 2
RC 3 RC 3 RC 4 RC 5 RC 4
Rules: > Forward RC1, Reverse RC1 > Forward RC2, Reverse RC2 > Forward RC3 or RC4,Reverse RC3 > Forward RC5, Reverse RC4
F-DCCH/SCH RCs RC 3 RC 3 RC 4 RC 5 RC 4 R-DCCH/SCH RCs
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Questions
z
How many types channels are there in I595 system ? And what are the functions of these channels ? What is the function of F-SCH and R-SCH in CDMA 2000 ? The capacity of CDMA2000 is more than that of IS95, could you give reasons? How do you understand radio configuration ?
z z
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Definition of Coverage Areas

Service area PLMN area MSC area Location area Cell area Sector area
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MIN/IMSI (identity/international mobile subscriber identity )

15 digits 3 digits 2 digits
MCC
MNC NMSI IMSI
MSIN
Mobile subscriber identity/international mobile subscriber identity For example, 0907550001/460030907550001
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ESN (Electronic Serial Number )

A unique Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is used to identify single MS. An ESN includes 32 bits and has the following structure:
31
24 23
18 17
Manufacturers number
Retained
Equipment SN
For example, FD 03 78 0A (the 10th Motorola 378 mobile phone) The equipment serial number is allocated by a manufacturer.
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MDN (Mobile directory number)

subscriber number
CC
MAC
H H H H
0 1 2
ABCD
International mobile subscriber DN National valid mobile subscriber number
Mobile directory number For example, 8613307550001
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TLDN (Temporary local directory number)
CC
MAC
44
H 0H 1H 2
ABC
Temporary local directory number For example, 8613344755001
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Location Area Identity (LAI)

z
PAGING message is broadcast within a local area, the size of which depends on traffic, paging bearer capability, signaling flow , etc. Format: MCC+MNC+LAC > MCC: Mobile Country Code, 3 digits. For example, China is 460. > MNC: Mobile Network Code, 2 digits. For example, the MNC of Unicom is 03. > LAC: Location Area Code, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code. 0000 cannot be used with FFFE.
For example, 460030100
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Global Cell Identity (GCI)

z z z
The unique ID of a cell in PLMN Format: LAI+CI CI: Cell Identity, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code, pre defined by the engineering department. The first 3 digits and the last digit represent the base station number and the sector number respectively. For an omni-directional site, the last digit of CI is 0. For example, 4600301001230 shows base station number 123 contains an omni-directional site
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SID/NID
SID=M
NID= t NID= u NID= v
SID=L
SID=K SID=N
In the CDMA2000 1X network, the service area consists of systems and networks that are identified respectively by the system identification (SID) and network identification (NID). The system judges whether the MS is roaming according to the SID and NID.
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Number Analyzing
Transfer TLDN to MSC1
According to MDN, get the IMSI that can be used to query VLR Location
Number Analysis 1331688XXXX Find HLR
HLR
With IMSI, send paging information to B
BSC
MSC1/VLR
With TLDN, connect to MSC2
MSC2/VLR
BSC
BTS
According to IMSI, allocate TLDN that will be sent back to HLR
BTS
13316882234
Here is a call for you
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Questions
Please describe the number analyzing in CDMA2000 1X system when a call is happening .
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Summary
z z
The difference of three types of multi-access The function of each process in communication mode Three key techniques The physical layer of IS95 and CDMA2000 The number analysis during a call
Summary
z z z
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Thank You
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ORA010002 CDMA2000 1x Principle

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Development of Mobile Communications

3rd Generation current (digital)

AMPS TACS NMT Others

CDMA 2000 TDSCDMA

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Development of CDMA System

voice service capacity period of standby time

CDMA2000 1x EV 1x EV-DO 1x EV-DV - 153.6 kbps

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CDMA 2000 Network Structure

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Chapter 2 Principle of Spreading 2.1 Basic Conception 2.2 Communication Model

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Frequency Allocation in CDMA2000 (Extra Slide)

825.030-834.330 835.680-844.320 845.670-845.820 847.170-848.310

870.030-879.330 880.680-889.320 890.670-890.820 892.170-893.310

CDMA: 1.25 M/30k = 41 channels

Frequency Allocation in CDMA2000 (Extra Slide)

1851.250-1863.750 1866.250-1868.750 1871.250-1883.750 1886.250-1888.750 1891.250-1893.750 1896.250-1908.750

1931.250-1943.750 1946.250-1948.750 1951.250-1963.750 1966.250-1968.750 1971.250-1973.750 1976.250-1988.750

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Direct Spread (DS)

Fast spreading sequence

Fast spreading sequence

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Direct Spread (DS)

Spread & De-spread

Recover signals power spectrum (narrow band)

Mixed signals power spectrum(broad band and broad band) Page 18

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Correlation => measure of similarity of any two arbitrary signals

Correlation 100% so the functions are parallel

Correlation 0% so the functions are orthogonal

Mixed Signal 1+2

Code Division Multiple Address Principle

Output of Judgement circuit

1st receiver resume process