Socialization of the Child and Child Welfare

Dr. Jaimon Varghese

Unit 4 Child Welfare

Historical review of child welfare in India Changing philosophy of work with children UN Declaration on the Rights of the Child and other international initiatives

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child welfare

Historical review of child welfare in India

Child welfare in the context of joint family system and gurukula system of education Child welfare in the ancient, medieval, modern and contemporary India Child welfare during the British Raj Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 Constitutional provisions, 26 November 1949 Primary health centres came up since 1952 MCH centres become its integral part by 1956

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Historical review of child welfare in India

The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956; PITA (1976). Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 The Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act, 1956 The National Policy for Children was adopted on 22nd Aug.,1974 By 1974, in a very sound conceptual move, family planning services got incorporated in MCH care. But at the field level, in practical terms, it simply shifted the focus of MCH care to centrally driven, targetoriented family planning programme with major emphasis on sterilisation
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Historical review of child welfare in India

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme (1975) Objectives: i) to improve the nutritional and health status of pre-school children in the age-group of 0-6 years; ii) to lay the foundation of proper psychological development of the child; iii) to reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school drop-out; iv) to achieve effective coordination of policy and implementation amongst the various departments to promote child development; and to enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal health and nutritional needs of the child through proper nutrition and health education. These objectives are sought to be achieved through a package of six services comprising (i) supplementary nutrition (ii) immunization, (iii) health check-up, (iv)referral services, (v) pre-school non-formal education and (vi) nutrition and health education.
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Historical review of child welfare in India

Agreement signed between India and UNICEF in 1978. India is the largest Country Programme of UNICEF in the world National Award for Child Welfare: The Award was instituted in 1979 to honour five institutions and three individuals for their outstanding performance in the field of child welfare. Universal Immunisation Programme in 1985 Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986

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Historical review of child welfare in India

India acceded to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child on 11th Dec., 1992 Child Survival & Safe Motherhood programme was introduced during 1992 In 1994, major conceptual shift occurred in family welfare programme. Target free approach with emphasis on quality services and birth spacing methods were recommended. The Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of Production, Supply and Distribution) Act, 1992

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Historical review of child welfare in India

Rajiv Gandhi Manav Seva Award: was instituted in 1994 to honour an individual who makes outstanding contribution towards service for children. The Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Technique(Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995. The National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement was instituted in 1996 Child-line 1098 since 1998-99 and Childline India foundation as a link between the Ministry and the NGOs
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Historical review of child welfare in India

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000. A National Nutrition Mission has been set up under the chairpersonship of Honble Prime Minister vide notification dated 31st July 2003 National Charter for Children, 2004 National Plan for Action for Children, 2005 The National Rural Health Mission (2005-2012) and the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Programme Phase-II (2005-10) is actively pursuing the goals of reduction in maternal, neonatal and child mortality rates
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Historical review of child welfare in India

The Ministry of Women and Child Development has launched a new Creche Scheme w.e.f. 1.1.2006 by merging the National Creche Fund with the Scheme of Assistance to Voluntary Organisations for Creche for Working and Ailing Womens Children A Parliamentary Forum on Children under the Chairpersonship of Speaker Lok Sabha has been constituted to deal with all issues pertaining to children since 2006 Constitution of National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) in 2007 Ujjawala - A Comprehensive Scheme for Prevention of Trafficking and Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-integration of Victims of Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation (2007)

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Historical review of child welfare in India

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act (RTE), 2009 (came in to force on 1st April 2010) Bal Bandhu Scheme, a pilot project in ten blocks across five states was initiated by NCPCR in 2010 to secure the rights and entitlements of children in areas of civil unrest. To comprehensively address child protection issues and to give a fillip to the implementation of the JJ Act, and facilitate the States/UTs, the Ministry of Women and Child Development introduced the centrally sponsored umbrella scheme Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) in 2009-10
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Historical review of child welfare in India

Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) SABLA was introduced in the year 2010 to address the multidimensional needs of adolescent girls especially for out of school adolescent girls (11-18) years).Introduction of e-governance for monitoring Adoptions: CARINGS, a web based management information system was also launched in 2011, to facilitate expeditious and smooth adoption, ensure transparency in the adoption process, increase accountability of implementing agencies, create a network of stakeholders towards improved synergy and maintain a National Database to enable effective policy making and research
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Historical review of child welfare in India

Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Bill 2011 Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) the Conditional Maternity Benefit Scheme: The Government has introduced the Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY) a Conditional Maternity Benefit Scheme, on a pilot basis for providing cash directly to women during pregnancy and lactation (2012). Pregnant Women of 19 years of age and above are entitled for benefits for first two live births under the scheme. All Government/PSUs (Central & State) employees are excluded from the scheme as they are entitled for maternity benefits under their service rules. The beneficiaries are paid a total of Rs 4000 in three instalments to be disbursed from the second trimester till the child attains the age of 6 months

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Changing philosophy of work with children

Concept of child development, child welfare and child rights Project (scheme) based approach to mission or campaign approach (people based) Target-oriented approach (people based) to target free (need based and demand driven) approach Paradigm shift from a needs-based to a rightsbased approach Issue based approach to holistic and integrated approach (convergence) Ameliorative approach to structural / critical approach
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UN Declaration on the Rights of the Child

(http://www.un.org) Adopted by UN General Assembly Resolution 1386 (XIV) of 10 December 1959 (Rights of children in plain language) 1. The child shall enjoy all the rights set forth in this Declaration, no matter what their race, colour sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, or where they were born or who they were born to. 2. You have the special right to grow up and to develop physically and spiritually in a healthy and normal way, free and with dignity. 3. You have a right to a name and to be a member of a country. 4. You have a right to special care and protection and to good food, housing and medical services. 5. You have the right to special care if handicapped in any way. 6. You have the right to love and understanding, preferably from parents and family, but from the government where these cannot help.
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UN Declaration on the Rights of the Child

7. (http://www.un.org) You have the right to go to school for free, to play, and to have an equal chance to develop yourself and to learn to be responsible and useful. Your parents have special responsibilities for your education and guidance. You have the right always to be among the first to get help. You have the right to be protected against cruel acts or exploitation, e.g. you shall not be obliged to do work which hinders your development both physically and mentally. You should not work before a minimum age and never when that would hinder your health, and your moral and physical development. You should be taught peace, understanding, tolerance and friendship among all people.

8. 9.

10.

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Other international initiatives for child welfare

UNICEF priorities on children (current): Girls education Early childhood Immunization plus Fighting HIV/AIDS Protecting children from violence, exploitation, abuse and discrimination. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (commonly abbreviated as the CRC or UNCRC) is a human rights treaty setting out the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights of children. The Convention defines a child as any human being under the age of eighteen. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) ratified in India on 12 November 1992
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The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

The UN General Assembly adopted the Convention and opened it for signature on 20 November 1989. It came into force on 2 September 1990, after it was ratified by the required number of nations. Currently, 193 countries are party to it, including every member of the United Nations except Somalia, South Sudan and the United States Nations that ratify this convention are bound to it by international law. Compliance is monitored by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Governments of countries that have ratified the Convention are required to report to, and appear before, the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child periodically to be examined on their progress with regards to the advancement of the implementation of the Convention and the status of child rights in their country.
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Other international initiatives for child welfare

The targets set by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which are mainly tied to the wellbeing and successful development of children and adolescents, including those on health, education, water and nutrition Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children adopted on 24 February 2010 by the UN to ensure the protection and well-being of children who are deprived of parental care or who are at risk of being so. They are meant to support efforts to keep children in, or return them to, the care of their family or, failing this, to find another appropriate and permanent solution.
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Unit 4 Child Welfare: National & State Efforts

Constitutional Provisions, National Policy for Children, National Charter for Children, National Action Plan for Children, Commissions for Protection of Child Rights and Maharashtra State policy for children.

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Constitutional Provisions
Art. 14 provides that the State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. Art. 15(3) provides that, Nothing in this article shall prevent the State for making any special provision for women and children. Article 21 provide that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. Art. 21A directs the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine. Art. 23 prohibits trafficking of human beings and forced labour. Art. 24 prohibits employment of children below the age of fourteen years in factories, mines or any other hazardous occupation.
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Constitutional Provisions
Art. 25-28 provides freedom of conscience, and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. Art. 39(e) and (f) provide that the State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing to ensure that the health and strength of workers, men and women and the tender age of children are not abused and that the citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter a vocation unsuited to their age or strength and that the children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that the childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment. Art. 45 envisages that the State shall endeavor to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years.
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Constitutional Provisions
Article 243G read with Schedule 11 provide for institutionalization of child care by seeking to entrust programmes of Women and Child Development to Panchayat (Item 25 of Schedule 11), apart from education(item 17), family welfare(item 25), health and sanitation(item 23) and other items with a bearing on the welfare of children. The Constitution (86th Amendment) Act was notified on 13th December 2002, making free and compulsory education a Fundamental Right for all children in the age group of 6-14 years

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National Policy for Children

Department of Social Welfare, Government of India on 22nd August, 1974 evolved a national policy for welfare of children Childrens programme should find prominent part in our national plans for the development of human resources, so that our children grow up to become robust citizen, physically fit, mentally alert and morally healthy, endowed with the skills and motivations provided by society. (i) All children shall be covered by a comprehensive health programme (ii) Programmes shall be implemented to provide nutrition services with the object of removing deficiencies in the diet of children (iii) Programmes will be undertaken for the general improvement of the health and for the care, nutrition and nutrition education of expectant and nursing mothers

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National Policy for Children

(iv) The State shall take steps to provide free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14 for which a timebound programme will be drawn up consistent with the availability of resources. Special efforts will be made to reduce the prevailing wastage and stagnation in schools, particularly in the case of girls and children of the weaker sections of the society. The programme of informal education for pre-school children from such sections will also be taken up (v) Children who are not able to take full advantage of formal school education should be provided other forms of education suited to their requirements (vi) Physical education, games, sports and other types of recreational as well as cultural and scientific activities shall be promoted in schools, community centers and such other institutions

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National Policy for Children

(vii) To ensure equality of opportunity, special assistance shall be provided to all children belong to the weaker sections of the society, such as children belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and those belonging to the economically weaker sections, both in urban and rural areas (viii) Children who are socially handicapped, who have become delinquent or have been forced to take to begging or are otherwise in distress, shall be provided facilities of education, training and rehabilitation and will be helped to become useful citizens (ix) Children shall be protected against neglect, cruelty and exploitation (x) No child under 14 years shall be permitted to be engaged in any hazardous occupation or be made to undertake heavy work

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National Policy for Children

(xi) Facilities shall be provided for special treatment, education, rehabilitation and care of children who are physically handicapped, emotionally disturbed or mentally retarded (xii) Children shall be given priority for protection and relief in times of distress or natural calamity (xiii) Special programmes shall be formulated to spot, encourage and assist gifted children, particularly those belonging to the weaker sections of the society (xiv) Existing laws should be amended so that in all legal disputes whether between parents or institutions, the interest of children are given paramount consideration (xv) In organising services for children, efforts would be directed to strengthen family ties so that full potentialities of growth of children are realised within the normal family, neighbourhood and community environment
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National Charter for Children

The National Charter for Children, adopted on 9th February 2004 by Department Of Women And Child Development, Ministry Of Human Resource Development, Government Of India, emphasizes Governments commitment to childrens rights to survival, development and protection. It also stipulates the duties for the State and the community towards children and emphasizes the duties of children towards family, society and the Nation. Underlying this Charter is our intent to secure for every child its inherent right to be a child and enjoy a healthy and happy childhood, to address the root causes that negate the healthy growth and development of children, and to awaken the conscience of the community in the wider societal context to protect children from all forms of abuse, while strengthening the family, society and the Nation.
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National Charter for Children

Survival, Life and Liberty (Art. 1) Promoting High Standards of Health and Nutrition (Art. 2-3) Assuring Basic Minimum Needs and Security (Art. 4) Play and Leisure (Art. 5) Early Childhood Care for Survival, Growth and Development (Art. 6) Free and Compulsory Primary Education (Art. 7) Protection from Economic Exploitation and All Forms of Abuse (Art. 8-10)
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National Charter for Children

Protection of the Girl Child (Art. 11) Empowering Adolescents (Art. 12) Equality, Freedom of Expression, Freedom to Seek and Receive Information, Freedom of Association and Peaceful Assembly (Art. 13-16) Strengthening Family (Art. 17) Responsibilities of Both Parents (Art. 18) Protection of Children with Disabilities (Art. 19) Care, Protection, Welfare of Children of Marginalized and Disadvantaged Communities (Art. 20-21) Ensuring Child Friendly Procedures (Art. 22)
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National Action Plan for Children

The National Plan of Action for Children, 2005, adopted by Department Of Women And Child Development, Ministry Of Human Resource Development, Government Of India commits itself to ensure all rights to all children upto the age of 18 years. The Government shall ensure all measures and an enabling environment for survival, growth, development and protection of all children, so that each child can realize his or her inherent potential and grow up to be a healthy and productive citizen. This calls for collective commitment and action by all sectors and levels of governments and partnership with families, communities, voluntary sector, civil society and children themselves.

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National Action Plan for Children

The National Plan of Action for Children, 2005 is divided into following four sections; and all categories of rights apply to all age groups, including before birth - Child Survival, Child Development, Child Protection, and Child Participation
To regard the child as an asset and a person with human rights. To address issues of discrimination emanating from biases of gender, class, caste, race, religion and legal status in order to ensure equality. To accord utmost priority to the most disadvantaged, poorest of the poor and least served child in all policy and programmatic interventions.

The guiding principles of the National Plan of Action for Children, 2005 are:

To recognize the diverse stages and settings of childhood, and address the needs of each, providing to all children the entitlements that fulfill their rights and meet their needs in each situation.

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National Action Plan for Children

The Plan has identified twelve key areas keeping in mind priorities and the intensity of the challenges that require utmost and sustained attention in terms of outreach, programme interventions and resource allocation, so as to achieve the necessary targets and ensure the rights and entitlements of children at each stage of childhood. These are: Reducing Infant Mortality Rate. Reducing Maternal Mortality Rate. Reducing Malnutrition among children. Achieving 100% civil registration of births. Universalization of early childhood care and development and quality education for all children achieving 100% access and retention in schools, including pre-schools.

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National Action Plan for Children

Complete abolition of female foeticide, female infanticide and child marriage and ensuring the survival, development and protection of the girl child. Improving Water and Sanitation coverage both in rural and urban areas Addressing and upholding the rights of Children in Difficult Circumstances. Securing for all children all legal and social protection from all kinds of abuse, exploitation and neglect. Complete abolition of child labour with the aim of progressively eliminating all forms of economic exploitation of children. Monitoring, Review and Reform of policies, programmes and laws to ensure protection of childrens interests and rights. Ensuring child participation and choice in matters and decisions affecting their lives.
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National Action Plan for Children

CHILD SURVIVAL: To ensure Child Survival through holistic care and protection and through healthy and violence free environment for all children up to 18 years Child Health (GOS Goals, Objectives And Strategies) Maternal Health (GOS) Nutrition (GOS) Water And Sanitation (GOS) CHILD DEVELOPMENT Early Childhood Care and Education (GOS) Rights of the Girl Child (GOS) Adolescents (GOS) Children with Disability (GOS) Child and Environment (GOS) Education (GOS)
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

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National Action Plan for Children

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. CHILD PROTECTION Children in Difficult Circumstances (GOS) Children in Conflict With Law (GOS) Sexual Exploitation and Child Pornography (GOS) Child Trafficking (GOS) Combating Child Labour (GOS) Children Affected By HIV/AIDS (GOS) CHILD PARTICIPATION Child Participation (GOS) Mobilising Resources, Implementation of the Plan Monitoring

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Commissions for Protection of Child Rights

Government of India notified a statutory body, the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act 2005 in the Gazette of India on 20th Jan., 2006 as Act No.4 of 2006. The Act envisages setting up a National Commission at the National level and the State Commissions at the State level. The Commission is set up in 2007 for proper enforcement of childrens rights and effective implementation of laws and programmes relating to children. The Commission has a Chairperson of eminence in the field of child development and six other Members - experts in the field of child health, education, child care and development, juvenile justice, children with disabilities, elimination of child labour, child psychology or sociology and laws relating to children, including two women members, a Member Secretary and other supporting staff.
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Commissions for Protection of Child Rights

The Commission functioned with the Chairperson and only two members in its first term, and it was only in 2010 that five members joined the Commission in its second term. Only twelve States have set-up State Commissions, and even these lack their full complement of members and staff and adequate infrastructure (2010). NCPCR has made recommendations for abolition of child labour, reform of the Juvenile Justice System, protection of rights of children in areas of civil unrest, guidelines for corporal punishment and taken up cases of child rights violation through public hearings. It is also been monitoring implementation of the right to education under the Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009. The Bal Bandhu Scheme, a pilot project in ten blocks across five states was initiated by NCPCR in 2010 to secure the rights and entitlements of children in areas of civil unrest.
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The Functions of the Commissions

Examine and review the safeguards provided by Constitution or any law for the protection of child rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation Present to the Central Government, annually reports upon the working of those safeguards. Examine all factors that inhibit the enjoyment of rights of most vulnerable children and children in need of special care and protection Study treaties and other international instruments and undertake periodical review of existing policies, programmes and other activities on child rights and make recommendation for their effective implementation in the best interest of children. Undertake and promote research in the field of child rights
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The Functions of the Commissions

Spread child rights literacy among various sections of the society and promote awareness inspect any juvenile custodial home, or any other place of residence or institution meant for children for the purpose of treatment, reformation or protection and take up with these authorities for remedial action inquire into complaints and take suo motu notice of matters relating to, deprivation of childs rights; non-implementation of laws for protection and development of children; noncompliance of policy decisions, guidelines or and to provide relief to such children, or take up the issues arising out of such matters with appropriate authorities; and Such other functions as it may consider necessary for the promotion of child rights

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Powers of the Commission

(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath; requiring the discovery and production of any document; receiving evidence on affidavits; requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office; and issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents. forwarding any case to a Magistrate having jurisdiction to try the same and the Magistrate to whom any such case is forwarded shall proceed to hear the complaint against the accused
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(b)
(c) (d) (e)

(f)

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Powers of the Commission

(g) recommending to the concerned Government or authority the initiation of proceedings for prosecution or such other action as deem fit against the concerned person/s approaching the Supreme Court or the High Court concerned for such directions, orders or writs as that Court may deem necessary; recommending to the concerned Government or authority for the grant of such interim relief to the victim or the members of his family as the Commission consider necessary.
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(h)

(i)

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Maharashtra State policy for children

Draft Maharashtra Child Policy is prepared by Maharashtra Commission for Protection of Child Rights in 2012. In 2011, the Maharashtra Commission for Protection of Child Rights (MCPCR) set up in 2009 and whose functions include undertaking periodical review of existing policies - has been mandated by the Ministry of Women and Child Development to review the Maharashtra Child Development Policy, 2002. Introduction Rationale for Child Policy The purpose of formulating a policy for children is to ensure and facilitate the process of protection of child rights across different sectors and institutions in the state. Young people with a good education, positive ideals, skills and a sense of social responsibility are likely to become adults with a commitment to sound social values, ready and able to make a constructive contribution to the economic and social development of their communities.
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1.

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Maharashtra State policy for children

2. 3. Mission and Objectives Mission of the policy: To respect and protect the rights of every child in the State The main objectives of this policy will be: To create an enabling and protective environment in which every child in the State: Enjoys a happy and healthy childhood Is given equal opportunities to develop to her/his full potential Is safeguarded from all forms of physical, sexual, mental, emotional, spiritual, economical and social abuse and exploitation. To enable children to become enlightened citizens, who will in turn contribute to achieve social justice and equality in our society To provide specific assistance to children in difficult situations and children with special needs Definition of a Child: The State shall consider the age group 0 to 18 as a benchmark for all matters concerning children (marriage, driving, liquor, labour, consent, etc) Context: child status in Maharashtra
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4.

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Maharashtra State policy for children

5. Implementation Approach: The State shall put in place the necessary systems to identify and track children who are vulnerable and in difficult circumstances. Developing a database on vulnerable children UID at the time of birth registration, track data up to age 18; immunization, entry to school, transition from each class, medical interventions etc. All beneficiaries of poverty alleviation programs (MGNREGA) ensure their children are not working/ shall not be sent to work/ shall not be removed from school.

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Maharashtra State policy for children

The State shall adopt Governance measures to ensure the protection of all Child Rights: 10% of the State Governments Budget for children A well-formulated guideline shall be developed for protection of Child Rights. The Government shall ensure that no program/ project is approved without providing for adequate safeguards for any negative impact on children

Protocols for convergence between the various departments implementing schemes / laws for children
Code of Conduct for adults and stakeholders in constant interaction with children (parents, institution staff, police officers) All public spaces shall be provided with access to the 24-hour helpline (1098) for children. Sensitization of the Panchayats and local administration to promote child protection and the best interests of the child.

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Maharashtra State policy for children

6. Guiding Principles Child rights are universal, inalienable, interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. All children have equal rights. No discrimination based on age, caste, class, gender, language, ethnicity, religion or economic background will be tolerated No custom, tradition, superstition or religious practice shall prevent children from enjoying their rights. All programs, interventions, activities designed for children should be conducted in the best interest of the child. Consultation and participation of children, in an age appropriate manner, in all matters affecting them, is an inalienable right of the child. Informed consent of the child shall be taken before any interventions impacting him/her.

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Maharashtra State policy for children

6. Guiding Principles - Children are a part of the family and shall not be looked at in isolation. A family setting is most conducive to the all round development of children and institutionalization shall be the last resort, and also for a short duration. Principles of equity, justice and non-discrimination shall guide all actions concerning the child, whether undertaken by a person, an authority or an institution. Confidentiality of the children who need protection shall be respected at all times The safety of all children shall be of prime importance and they will be protected from harm, abuse, neglect and exploitation.

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Maharashtra State policy for children

7. Objectives and Measures to Protect Childrens Rights The State commits to provide adequate services to all children to ensure their full development and to ensure the protection of childrens rights to survival, development, protection and participation. Focus On Survival and Non- Discrimination Of Girl Child Measures for Education of Vulnerable Children:
Missing children
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Working Children Street Children and children on construction sites Trafficking Children with Disability (CWD) Child abuse/ Sexual abuse Children in disaster situations/ Child protection during eviction, development projects Children of prisoners, women sexually exploited, orphans and those infected/affected by HIV/AIDS Children in Institutions Juveniles in Conflict with Law
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Maharashtra State policy for children

8. Priority in Programme Formulation / Special Focus Groups Girl child Children below the age of 6 Children with disability Orphans or abandoned children Homeless / Street / Runaway children Migrant children Working children Trafficked children Children of the sexually exploited
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Children in jails Children affected by conflicts Children affected by natural disasters. Children affected by HIV/AIDS and children suffering from terminal diseases Children belonging to the Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes.
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Maharashtra State policy for children

9. Legislative Action Each Government Department shall display the present policy. The State shall devise a Code of Conduct for adults and stakeholders in constant interaction with children (parents, institution staff, police officers) All superstitions hazardous to children shall be banned The state shall adopt a single comprehensive statute covering all laws impacting children. The State shall make it mandatory for all spaces inhabited by children to adopt a comprehensive Child Protection Policy. 10. Strengthening Statutory Bodies and Mechanisms to Protect Child Rights in Programmes related to Institutional Care

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Maharashtra State policy for children

11.

Advocacy
State shall augment its efforts towards training and capacity building on child rights and child protection. The State shall embark on an ambitious program of awareness and sensitization of different groups - children, community and allied systems - on childrens issues and child rights The State shall commission qualitative & quantitative research and impact evaluation studies and strive to create a credible and up-to-date statistical database on women and children State level documentation on all child related policies, schemes, projects and programs shall be made available The State shall develop systematic plan for dialogue with civil society on child rights

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Maharashtra State policy for children

12.

Partnerships
Efforts shall be made to foster collaboration between stakeholders at all levels, including but not limited to Govt. TUs, employers, legal and judicial officials, NGOs, religious heads, media, corporate and Heads of PRIs, with principles of transparency, accountability and decentralization. The State shall promote inter-departmental coordination within Government, e.g. involvement of Department of Tourism to prevent sex tourism The State shall facilitate partnership with NGOs, CBOs to map educational services and identify backward/hard to reach areas, child labour areas and areas of civil unrest

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Maharashtra State policy for children

13. Monitoring and Evaluation The nodal Department for implementing this policy shall be the Ministry of Women and Child Development This Child Policy shall be reviewed every five years. At State level, an overall Monitoring & Evaluation Cell shall be constituted in the DWCD. This Cell shall have link with District level committees. An inter-departmental monitoring system shall be developed. At each District level, there shall be a committee comprising of Government officials and NGOs representatives for monitoring the schemes on a quarterly basis. Community Based Monitoring (CBM) mechanisms and systems Social audit of all children related programs
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Maharashtra State policy for children

14. Annexure: Elements of a child protection policy and procedures for Organization 1) Personnel Recruitment 2) Education and Training 3) Management Structure 4) Behaviour Protocols 5) Communication Guidelines

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Unit 4 Child Welfare: Review of Legislations for children to ensure child rights
Review of Legislations for children to ensure child rights Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000; Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act; Guardianship and Wards Act; Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986

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Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2000 (Act No. 56 of 2000) [30th December 2000]
An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to juveniles in conflict with law and children in need of care and protection, by providing for proper care, protection and treatment by catering to their development needs, and by adopting a child-friendly approach in the adjudication and disposition of matters in the best interest of children and for their ultimate rehabilitation through various institutions established under this enactment. Chapter 1(Art. 1-3): preliminary (title, extent and definitions)

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Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2000 (Act No. 56 of 2000) [30th December 2000]
Chapter 2 (Art. 4-28): Juvenile in conflict with law: Constitution of Juvenile Justice Board forming a Bench consisting of a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of the first class, having special knowledge or training in child psychology or child welfare and two social workers having been actively involved in health, education, or welfare activities pertaining to children for at least seven years, of whom at least one shall be a woman. A child in conflict with law may be produced before an individual member of the Board, when the Board is not sitting. A JJ Board is constituted for a district or a group of districts.
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Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2000

State Government may establish and maintain either by itself or under an agreement with voluntary organisations, observation homes in every district or a group of districts, as may be required for the temporary reception of any juvenile in conflict with law during the pendency of any inquiry regarding them under this Act (Art. 8). Every juvenile who is not placed under the charge of parent or guardian and is sent to an observation home shall be initially kept in a reception unit of the observation home for preliminary inquiries, care and classification for juveniles according to his age group, such as seven to twelve years, twelve to sixteen years and sixteen to eighteen years, giving due considerations to physical and mental status and degree of the offence committed, for further induction into observation home.

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Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2000 Any State Government may establish and maintain either by itself or under an agreement with voluntary organisations, special homes in every district or a group of districts, as may be required for reception and rehabilitation of juvenile in conflict with law under this Act (Art. 9). The Board shall obtain the social investigation report on juvenile either through a probation officer or a recognised voluntary organisation or otherwise, and shall take into consideration the findings of such report before passing an order.

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Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2000

Order passed regarding juvenile (Art. 15): Where a Board is satisfied on inquiry that a juvenile has committed an offence, the Board may, (a) allow the juvenile to go home after advice or admonition following counselling to the parent or the guardian and the juvenile; (b) direct the juvenile to participate in group counselling and similar activities; (c) order the juvenile to perform community service; (d) order the parent of the juvenile to pay a fine; (e & f) direct the juvenile to be released on probation of good conduct for any period not exceeding three years; (g) make an order directing the juvenile to be sent to a special home
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Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2000

Chapter 3: Child Welfare Committee (Art. 29-39) consisting of a Chairperson and four other members as the State Government may think fit to appoint, of whom at least one shall be a woman and another, an expert on matters concerning children shall function as a Bench of Magistrates and shall have the powers a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of the first class. A child in need of care and protection may be produced before an individual member for being placed in safe custody or otherwise when the Committee is not in session. Art. 2 (d) defines, "child in need of care and protection" means (i) a child who is found without any home or settled place or abode and without any ostensible means of subsistence, (ii) who resides with a person (whether a guardian of the child or not) and such person (a) has threatened to kill or injure the child and there is a reasonable likelihood of the threat being carried out, or

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Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2000

(b) has killed, abused or neglected some other child or children and there is a reasonable likelihood of the child in question being killed, abused or neglected by that person, (iii) who is mentally or physically challenged or ill children or children suffering from terminal diseases or incurable diseases having no one to support or look after, (iv) who has a parent or guardian and such parent or guardian is unfit or incapacitated to exercise control over the child, (v) who does not have parent and no one is willing to take care of or whose parents have abandoned him or who is missing and run away child and whose parents cannot be found after reasonable injury, (vi) who is being or is likely to be grossly abused, tortured or exploited for the purpose of sexual abuse or illegal acts, (vii) who is found vulnerable and is likely to be inducted into drug abuse or trafficking,
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Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2000

(viii) who is being or is likely to be abused for unconscionable gains, (ix) who is victim of any armed conflict, civil commotion or natural calamity; Any child in need of care and protection may be produced before the Committee by (i) any police officer or special juvenile police unit or a designated police officer; (ii) any public servant; (iii) childline, a registered voluntary organization or by such other voluntary organization or an agency as may be recognized by the State Government; (iv) any social worker or a public spirited citizen authorized by the State Government; or (v) by the child himself (Art. 32).
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Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2000

Inquiry (Art. 33) (1) On receipt of a report, the Committee or any police officer or special juvenile police unit or the designated police officer shall hold an inquiry on its own or on the report from any person or agency, may pass an order to send the child to the children's home for speedy inquiry by a social worker or child welfare officer. (2) The inquiry shall be completed within four months. (3) After the completion of the inquiry if the Committee is of the opinion that the said child has no family or ostensible support, it may allow the child to remain in the children's home or shelter home till suitable rehabilitation is found for him or till he attains the age of eighteen years.

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Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2000

Children's homes (Art. 34): The State Government may establish and maintain either by itself or in association with voluntary organisations, children's homes, in every district or group of districts, as the case may be, for the reception of child in need of care and protection during the pendency of any inquiry and subsequently for their care, treatment, education, training, development and rehabilitation. Social auditing: The Central Government or State Government may monitor and evaluate the functioning of the children's homes at such period and through such persons and institutions as may be specified by that Government (Art. 36). The State Government may recognise, reputed and capable voluntary organisations and provide them assistance to set up and administer as many shelter homes for juveniles or children as may be required. The shelter homes shall function as drop-in-centres for the children in the need of urgent support (Art. 37).
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Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2000

Restoration of and protection to a child shall be the prime objective of any children's home or the shelter home (Art. 39) "restoration of child" means restoration to (a) parents; (b) adopted parents; (c) foster parents. Chapter 4 (Art. 40-45): Rehabilitation and Social Reintegration: The rehabilitation and social reintegration of a child shall begin during the stay of the child in a children's home or special home and the rehabilitation and social reintegration of children shall be carried out alternatively by (i) adoption, (ii) foster care, (iii) sponsorship, and (iv) sending the child to an after-care organization (Art. 40). The State Government may make rules to ensure effective linkages between various governmental, non-governmental, corporate and other community agencies for facilitating the rehabilitation and social reintegration of the child (Art. 45). Chapter 5: Miscellaneous provisions (Art. 46-70).
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Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956

Adoption according to Indian law is a personal act and hence is governed by the various personal laws of the different religions. Adoption is not permitted in according to the personal law of Muslims, Christians, Parsis and Jews in India. Hence they usually opt for guardianship of a child through the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890. Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 pertains to children below the age of 18 of Hindu religion. According to the act a 'Hindu' is any person to whom this act applies. This act applies to all Hindu, Buddhists, Sikhs and Jains by religion. A child, legitimate or illegitimate, whose parent(s) or guardians were Hindu, Buddhist, Jain or Sikh is also considered under this act. A person who converted to these religions is also considered under this act.
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Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956

In this act a minor is any person who has not completed 18 years of age. Under this act, adoptions can only be made if all three parties, the minor, the giver and the adopter are all in agreement and considered fit. A Hindu male can adopt a male or female child, but must have to have the consent of his wife (wives) if she is alive and of sound mind and Hindu. A female Hindu can adopt if she is of sound mind, unmarried or married and her husband is dead, of unsound mind or is no longer a Hindu. Only the father, mother or the guardian of a child can place the child for adoption. A child can only be adopted if he/she is Hindu, not previously adopted, not married and has not completed fifteen years of age.
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Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956

If the adoptive family already have a son or grandson or greatgrandson (paternal lineage only) in their home they are not permitted to adopt a son. If the adoptive family already have a daughter or grand daughter (paternal lineage only) in their home they are not permitted to adopt a daughter. When adopting a child of the opposite sex the adopter must be 21 years older than the child. A child once adopted is considered to be a child of the adoptive family and all tied with his/her previous family cease to exist except with regard to prohibitions of marriage and property inherited by the child. Adopted children have the right to inherit property from their adoptive parents.

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Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956

A valid adoption can not be nulled by any party. Bribing a party for adoption is an offence punishable under this act. If a person is already married at the time of adoption then his/her spouse will become the adoptive father/mother of the child. If the adoption takes place before marriage the spouse will be considered the step-parents of the child. In the case of multiple wives, the adopter must decide who the adoptive mother is and who the step-mothers are. Under the maintenance part of the act, A Hindu must provide for his/her legitimate and illegitimate children

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Guardianship and Wards Act, 1890

[Act No. 8 of Year 1890, dated 21st. March, 1890]

Chapter I: Preliminary (Art. 1-4): Title, extent, commencement & definitions Art. 4 (1) "minor" means a person who , under the provisions of the Indian Majority Act, 1875 (9 of 1875), is to be deemed not to have attained his majority; (2) "guardian" means a person having the care of the person of a minor or of his property or of both his person and property; (3) "ward" means a minor for whose person or property or both there is a guardian; Chapter II: Appointment And Declaration Of Guardians (Art. 5-19): Art. 7. Where the court is satisfied that it is for the welfare of a minor that an order should be made (a) appointing a guardian of his person or property, or both, or (b) declaring a person to be such a guardian, the court may make an order accordingly.

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Guardianship and Wards Act, 1890

Art. 8. An order shall be made under on the application of (a) the person desirous of being, or claiming to be, the guardian of the minor; or (b) any relative or friend of the minor; or (c) the Collector of the district or other local area within which the minor ordinarily resides or in which he has property; or (d) the Collector having authority with respect to the class to which the minor belongs. Art. 9. The application is with respect to the guardianship of the person of the minor shall be made to the District Court having jurisdiction in the place where the minor ordinarily resides or to a District Court having jurisdiction in a place where he has property.

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Guardianship and Wards Act, 1890

11. Procedure on admission of application: If the Court is satisfied that there is ground for proceeding on the application, it shall fix a day for the hearing thereof, and cause notice of the application and of the date fixed for the hearing (a) to be served on (i) the parents of the minor, if any, (ii) the person, if any, having the custody or possession of the person or property of the minor; (iii) the person proposed in the application or letter to be appointed or declared guardian; and (iv) any other person to whom, in the opinion of the court special notice of the applicant should be given; and (b) to be posted on some conspicuous part of the court-house and of the residence of the minor, and otherwise published

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Guardianship and Wards Act, 1890

Art. 12. Power to make interlocutory order for production of minor and interim protection of person and property Art. 13. Hearing of evidence before making of order Art. 15. Appointment or declaration of several guardians Art. 17. Matters to be considered by the court in appointing guardian: Art. 17 (2) In considering what will be for the welfare of the minor, the court shall have regard to the age, sex and religion of the minor, the character and capacity of the proposed guardian and his nearness of kin to the minor, the wishes, if any, of a deceased parent, and any existing or previous relations of the proposed guardian with the minor or his property.

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Guardianship and Wards Act, 1890

Art. 17(3) If minor is old enough to form an intelligent preference, the court may consider that preference. Art. 17(5) The court shall not appoint or declare any person to be a guardian against his will. The custody of the child should be immediately given to the mother as the child is less than 5 years old. The father, however, will be entitled to visit the residence and be with the child during weekends (on Saturdays and Sundays) Art.18. Appointment or declaration of Collector in virtue of office

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Guardianship and Wards Act, 1890

Chapter III: Duties, Rights And Liabilities Of Guardians General (Art. 20-42) Art. 20. Fiduciary relation of guardian to ward: A guardian who stands in a fiduciary relation to his ward, must not make any profit out of his office. Art. 21. Capacity of minors to act as guardians: A minor is incompetent to act as guardian of any minor except his own wife or child Art. 22. Remuneration of guardian: shall be entitled to allowances out of the property of the ward as the State Government, by general or special order, directs.

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Guardianship and Wards Act, 1890

Art. 24. Duties of guardian of the person: A guardian of the person of a ward is charged with the custody of the ward and must look to his support, health and education, and such other matters as the law to which the ward is subject requires. Art. 27. Duties of guardian of property: A guardian of the property of a ward is bound to deal therewith as carefully as a man of ordinary prudence would deal with it, if it were his own, he may do all acts which are reasonable and proper for the realisation, protection or benefit of the property.

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Guardianship and Wards Act, 1890

Termination Of Guardianship Art. 38. Right of survivorship among joint guardians: On the death of one of two or more joint guardians, the guardianship continues to the survivor or survivors until a further appointment is made by the court. Art. 39. Removal of guardian: The court may, on the application of any person interested, or of its own motion, remove a guardian appointed or declared by the court, or a guardian appointed by will or other instrument, for any of the following causes, namely, (a) for abuse of his trust. (b) for continued failure to perform the duties of his trust; (c) for incapacity to perform the duties of his trust; (d) for ill-treatment, or neglect to take proper care, of his ward;
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Guardianship and Wards Act, 1890

Art. 39. Removal of guardian: (e) for contumacious disregard of any provision of this Act or of any order of the court; (f) for conviction of an offence implying, in the opinion of the court, a defect of character which unfits him to be guardian of his ward; (g) for having an interest adverse to the faithful performance of his duties; (h) for ceasing to reside within the local limits of the jurisdiction of the court; (i) in the case of a guardian of the property, of bankruptcy or insolvency; (j) by reason of the guardianship of the guardian ceasing, or being liable to cease, under the law to which the minor is subject:
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Guardianship and Wards Act, 1890

Art. 40. Discharge of guardian: If a guardian appointed or declared by the court desires to resign his office, he may apply to the court to be discharged. Art. 41. Cessation of authority of guardian: The powers of a guardian of the person cease (a) by his death, removal or discharge; (b) by the Court of Wards assuming superintendence of the person of the ward; (c) by the ward ceasing to be a minor; (d) in the case of a female ward, by her marriage to a husband who is not unfit to be guardian of her person or, if the guardian was appointed or declared by the court, by her marriage to a husband who is not, in the opinion of the court, so unfit; or

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Guardianship and Wards Act, 1890

Art. 41. Cessation of authority of guardian: (1) The powers of a guardian of the person cease (e) in the case of a ward whose father was unfit to be guardian of the person of the ward, by the father ceasing to be so or, if the father was deemed by the court to be so unfit, by his ceasing to be so in the opinion of the court. Art. 42. Appointment of successor to guardian dead, discharged or removed
Art. 43. Orders for regulating conduct or proceedings of guardian, and enforcement of those orders Art. 44. Penalty for removal of ward from jurisdiction Art. 45. Penalty for contumacy Art. 46. Reports by Collectors and subordinate Courts Art. 47. Orders appealable Art. 48. Finality of other orders Art. 49. Costs Art. 50. Power of High Court to make rules Art. 51. Applicability of Act to guardians already appointed by Court.

Chapter IV: Supplemental Provisions (Art. 43-53)

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Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986

[Act No. 61 of Year 1986]
An Act to prohibit the engagement of children in certain employments and to regulate the conditions of work of children in certain other employments Art. 2(ii) "child' means a person who has not completed his fourteenth year of age;

Part I: Preliminary (Art. 1-2) Short title, extent, commencement, definitions

(iv) "establishment" includes a ship, commercial establishment, workshop, farms, residential hotel, restaurant, eating house, theatre or other place of public amusement or entertainment;
(v) "family", in relation to an occupier, means the individual, the wife or husband, as the case may be, of such individual, and their children, brother or sister of such individual; (vi) "occupier", in relation to an establishment or a workshop, means the person who has the ultimate control over the affairs of the establishment or workshop;
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Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986

Part II: Prohibition Of Employment Of Children In Certain Occupations And Processes (Art. 3-5) Art. 3. Prohibition of employment of CHILDREN in certain occupations and processes: No child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupations set forth in Part A of the Schedule or in any workshop wherein any of the processes set forth in Part B of the Schedule is carried on: PROVIDED that nothing in this section shall apply to any workshop wherein any process is carried on by the occupier with the aid of his family or to any school established by, or receiving assistance or recognition from, government.
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Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986

Schedule [Section 3] Part A: Occupations: Any occupation connected with (1) Transport of passengers, goods or mails by railway, (2) Cinder picking, clearing of an ash pit or building operation in the railway premises; (3) Work in a catering establishment at a railway station, involving the movement of a vendor or any other employee of the establishment from one platform to another or into or out of a moving train; (4) Work relating to the construction of a railway station or with any other work where such work is done in close proximity to or between the railway lines; (5) A port authority within the limits of any port; (6) Work relating to selling of crackers and fireworks in shops with temporary licences; Abattoirs/ slaughter houses
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Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986

Schedule [Section 3] Part B: Processes: (1) (2) Bidi-making. Carpet weaving. (14) (13) Manufacture of products from agate. Manufacturing processes using toxic metals and substances such a lead, mercury, manganese, chromium, cadmium, benzene, pesticides and asbestos. Hazardous processes' as defined in section 2(cb) and "dangerous operations" as notified in rules made under section 87 of the Factories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948). Printing as defined in section 2(k)(iv) of the Factories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948). Cashew and cashew-nut descaling and processing. Soldering processes in electronic industries.
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(3)
(4) (5)

Cement manufacture, including bagging of cement.

Cloth printing, dying and weaving. Manufacture of matches, explosives and fire works. (15)

(6)
(7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)

Mica cutting and splitting.

Shellac manufacture. Soap manufacture. Tanning. Wool cleaning. Building and construction industry. Manufacture of sate pencils (including packing)
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(16)

(17) (18)

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Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986

Art. 5. Child Labour Technical Advisory Committee: The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, constitute an advisory committee consist of a Chairman and such other members not exceeding ten to be called the Child Labour Technical Advisory Committee to advise the Central Government for the purpose of addition of occupations and processes to the Schedule. Part III: Regulation Of Conditions Of Work Of Children (Art. 6-13) Art. 7. Hours and period of work: (1) No child shall be required or permitted to work in any establishment in excess of such number of hours as may be prescribed for such establishment or class of establishments. (2) The period of work on each day shall be so fixed that no period shall exceed three hours and that no child shall work for more than three hours before he has had an interval for rest for at least one hour.
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Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986

Part III: Regulation Of Conditions Of Work Of Children (Art. 6-13) Art. 7. Hours and period of work: (3) The period of work of a child shall be so arranged that inclusive of his interval for rest, under sub-section (2), it shall not be spread over more than six hours, including the time spent in waiting for work on any day. (4) No child shall be permitted or required to work between 7 p.m. and 8 p.m. (5) No child shall be required or permitted to work overtime. (6) No child shall be required or permitted to work in any establishment on any day on which he has already been working in another establishment.

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Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986

Part III: Regulation Of Conditions Of Work Of Children (Art. 6-13) Art. 8. Weekly holidays: Every child employed in an establishment shall be allowed in each week, a holiday of one whole day, which day shall be specified by the occupier in a notice permanently exhibited in a conspicuous place in the establishment and the day so specified shall not be altered by the occupier more than once in three months. Art. 9. Notice to Inspector: Every occupier in relation to an establishment in which a child was employed or permitted to work immediately before the date of commencement of this Act in relation to such establishment shall, within a period of thirty days from such commencement, send to the Inspector within whose local limits the establishment is situated, a written notice containing the particulars of the children employed.
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Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986

Part III: Regulation Of Conditions Of Work Of Children (Art. 6-13) Art. 10. Disputes as to age: If any question arises between an Inspector and an occupier as to the age of any child, the question shall, in the absence of the certificate as to the age of such child granted by the prescribed medical authority, be referred by the Inspector. These shall be maintained by every occupier in respect of children employed or permitted to work in any establishment, a register to be available for inspection by an Inspector at all times during working hours or when work is being carried on in any such establishment, showing : (a) the name and date of birth of every child so employed; (b) hours and periods of work and the intervals of rest; (c) the nature of work of any such child; and (d) such other particulars as may be prescribed.
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Art. 11. Maintenance of register:

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Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986

Art. 12. Health and Safety: The govt. may, make rules for all or any of the following matters, namely:(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) Cleanliness in the place of work and its freedom from nuisance; disposal of wastes and effluents; ventilation and temperature; dust and fume; artificial humidification; lighting; drinking water; latrine and urinals; spittoons; (s) (t) (u) (v) (w) (x) (m) instructions, training and supervision in relation to employment of children on dangerous machines;

(n)
(o) (p) (q) (r)

device for cutting off power;

selfacting machines; easing of new machinery; floor, stairs and means of access; pits, sumps, openings in floors, etc. Excessive weights; Protection of eyes; Explosive or inflammable dust, gas etc; Precautions in case of fire; Maintenance of buildings, and Safety of buildings and machinery.

(j)
(k) (l)

fencing of machinery;
work at or near machinery in motion; employment of children on dangerous machines;
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Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986

Part IV: Miscellaneous (Art. 14-26) Art. 14. Penalties

Art. 15. Modified application of certain laws in relation to penalties

Art. 16. Procedure relating to offences Art. 17. Appointment of Inspectors Art. 18. Power to make rules Art. 19. Rules and notifications to be laid before Parliament or State Legislature Art. 20. Certain other provisions of law not barred Art. 21. Power to remove difficulties Art. 22. Repeal and saving Art. 23. Amendment of Act 11 of 1948 (Factories Act) Art. 24. Amendment of Act 69 of 1951(Plantations Labour Act, 1951) Art. 25. Amendment of Act 44 of 1958 (Merchant Shipping Act, 1958) Art. 26. Amendment of Act 27 of 1961 (Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961)

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Unit 5 Services for children

-

Current initiative: Statutory and non-statutory services, Supportive service (for example, supplementary nutrition) Developmental services (for example, non-formal education) Remedial services (e g. residential care, child guidance clinic), Child Right approach Challenges in developing comprehensive approach to child protection
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Unit 6 Skills of Social Working with children

Communication individual and group Use of creative activities Skills in Behaviour modification techniques Skills in Advocacy and campaigning for children

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Thank You
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