Vocational Training Report

Study of an transmittion type electric sub-station During 01- june 2013 to 30 june 2013 At csptcl 400/220/33 kv substation, khedamara, bhilai (c.g.) By shashikant sinha 6th sem, eee, ssitm, bhilai (c.g.)

acknowledgement
Training work provides an intuitive for students to utilize theoretical knowledge in practical work . I am thankful to Mr. M.K. Parmar, Executive Engineer, for giving us permission to do training in this sub-station. I greatly acknowledge cooperation of CSPTCL , management, especially .. the hearty KHEDAMARA ,

Mr. Harish Kumar Dewangan ( Asstt. Engineer) Mr. O.P. ( Asstt. Engineer) Mr. Ashish Ratre ( Asstt. Engineer)

for their support and guidance whose work has assisted in the preparation of our report. Above all we would like to acknowledge our training in charge Mr. SUDHANSHU TRIPATHI sir who checked our report work , guided us and came to the rescue by providing various hints about our report work . My friends have helped out along the way , by discussing ideas or reading chapters I heartly offer all.. my profound gratitude to

Introduction

Before describing about the substation, we should have some knowledge that what a substation do? Or simply what is substation? Substation serves as a source of energy supply for the local areas of distribution in which these are located. A substation is convenient place for installing synchronous condensers at the end of the transmission lines for the purpose of improving power factor and make measurement to check the operation of the various parts of the power system. Here, we discuss the 400/220/33 KV substation situated at Khedamara, Bhilai (C.G.). This is basically a step down transmission substation which delivers bulk power from power stations to load centers & large industrial consumers. Here, regional load dispatch centre have been established for coordinating the activities of state load dispatch centers. Here, we came to know that the voltage can be of 33, 220, 400 KV depending upon the length of transmission line and the amount of electrical power to be transmitted. The above referred substation is under Chhattisgarh State Power Transmission Company Limited (CSPTCL) which is an undertaking unit of government of Chhattisgarh.

Single Line Diagram Of 400/220/33 KV substation Khedamara, Bhilai (C.G.)

Total Number Of Lines Incoming & Outgoing At The Substation

Khedamara substation, Bhilai (C.G.), is a step down transmitting 400/220/33KV substation type. Supply coming at 400 KV which is step down to 220 KV level and 33 KV ( for internal substation supply ). In substation, two main buses are provided for 400 KV side and two main buses and a single transfer bus is provided for 220 KV side. 400 KV and 220 KV lines are as follows :-

400 KV Lines :1) 400 KV PGCIL Raipur I 2) 400 KV Chandrapur 3) 400 KV Koradi 4) 400 KV Seoni 5) 400 KV Korba West ( Bilaspur ) Extension I 6) 400 KV BHATAPARA 7) 400 KV NTPC Korba I 8) 400 KV NTPC Korba II 9) 400 KV Raita

220 KV Lines:1) 220 KV BSP I 2) 220 KV BSP - II 3) 220 KV BRSS - I 4) 220 KV BRSS II 5) 220 KV PGCIL 6) 220 KV Urla 7) 220 KV Bemetara I 8) 220 KV Thelkadih - I

Equipments Installed In Sub-Station

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Power transformer Current transformer Potential Transformer Capacitive Voltage Transformer Lightening Arrestor Circuit Breaker Relay Reactor Bus-Bar

10) Wave Trap 11) Isolator 12) Insulator

13) Battery & Battery Charger 14) Control Panel 15) Control Cables & Conductors 16) Power Line Carrier Communication

Power Transformer
A Transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits. An alternating current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus resulting in a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces an alternating electromotive force (emf) or voltage in the secondary winding as output. Power transformers are used for stepping up the voltage for transmission at generating stations and for stepping down the voltage for further distribution at main step down transformer substation. Usually naturally cooled, oil immersed cooling techniques are used for 10MVA capacity transformers. The transformers of rating

higher than 10MVA usually used blast air cooling method. For very high rating transformers forced air cooling, water cooling and air blast cooling may be used. At 400/220/33KV substation, Khedamara, Bhilai, total seven power transformers were installed of which six 105MVA 1- auto transformers and one 315MVA 3- transformer in which OFAF cooling system had been installed.

Circuit Diagram of 105 MVA

Name Plate Details of 105MVA 1- Transformer

COMPANY TYPE OF COOLING MVA RATING HV MVA RATING IV MVA RATING LV TEMPERATURE RISE OIL TEMPERATURE RISE WINDING NO LOAD VOLTAGE HV NO LOAD VOLTAGE IV BHEL ONAN/ONAF/OFAF 42.0 / 63.0 /105 42.0 / 63.0 / 105 12.6 / 18.9 / 31.5 50 55 400/ 220/ KV

NO LOAD VOLTAGE LV LINE CURRENT HV (AMP) LINE CURRENT IV (AMP) LINE CURRENT LV (AMP) INSULATION HV INSULATION IV INSULATION LV FREQUENCY

33KV 181.9 / 272.8 / 454.7 A 330.6 / 496.0 / 826.6 A 381.8 / 572.7 / 954.5 A 1300KVp 950KVp 250KVp 50Hz

Name Plate Details of 315MVA 3- Transformer

COMPANY TYPE OF COOLING MVA RATING HV MVA RATING LV TEMPERATURE RISE OIL TEMPERATURE RISE WINDING NO LOAD VOLTAGE HV NO LOAD VOLTAGE IV NO LOAD VOLTAGE LV LINE CURRENT HV (AMP) LINE CURRENT IV (AMP) LINE CURRENT LV (AMP) INSULATION HV INSULATION IV INSULATION LV FREQUENCY BHEL ONAN/ONAF/OFAF 189.0 /252.0 / 315.0 63.0 / 83.0 / 105.0 40 45 400 220 KV 33 KV 454.8 A 826.6 A 1837 A HVIS1050KVpLi1300KVpAC 38KVp Li 950KVp AC 38KVp Li 250KVp AC 38KVp 50Hz

Testing Of Power Transformer

Insulation Resistance Test Insulation Resistance test is an essential type test. This test is carried out to ensure the healthiness of overall insulation system of an electrical power transformer.

o Procedure of Insulation Resistance test of transformer

First disconnect all the line and neutral terminals of the transformer. Megger leads to be connected to LV and HV bushing studs to measure Insulation Resistance IR value in between the LV and HV windings.

Megger leads to be connected to HV bushing studs and transformer tank earth point to measure Insulation Resistance IR value in between the HV windings and earth. Megger leads to be connected to LV bushing studs and transformer tank earth point to measure Insulation Resistance IR value in between the LV windings and earth.

NB : It is unnecessary to perform insulation resistance test of transformer per phase wise in three phase transformer. IR values are taken between the windings collectively as because all the windings on HV side are internally connected together to form either star or delta and also all the windings on LV side are internally connected together to form either star or delta. Measurements are to be taken as follows: For Auto Transformer: HV-IV to LV, HV-IV to E, LV to E For Two Winding Transformer: HV to LV, HV to E, LV to E Three Winding Transformer: HV to IV, HV to LV, IV to LV, HV to E, IV to E, LV to E Oil temperature should be noted at the time of insulation resistance test of transformer. Since the IR value of transformer insulating oil may vary with temperature. IR values to be recorded at intervals of 15 seconds, 1 minute and 10 minutes. With the duration of application of voltage, IR value increases. The increase in IR is an indication of dryness of insulation.

Absorption Coefficient =

Polarization Index =

Polarization Index Test It is a ratio of the insulation resistance taken of transformer for 60 sec to the insulation resistance taken of transformer for 15 sec.

Kab (Absorption Coefficient ) = Ratio Test

This test can be done using a calibrated voltmeter, but it is preferable to do with a special apparatus call ratio-meter. This consists of a small portable transformer with a fixed primary, and a secondary winding having a large no. of taps connected to two selector switches, one course and the other fine so that any voltage desired could be obtained for direct reading. The HV side of the transformer under test is connected to a LV main supply say 400 or 220 volt and the induced voltage on the secondary winding is compared with the voltage output of the ratio meter, after insuring that the two voltages are in opposition. Accurate readings are obtained by an ammeter connected between the two winding so that the circulating current, due to the difference in the potential may be detected. Ratio test should be conducted on every transformer, as any ratio error detected in the winding may then be readily rectified. The permissible tolerance is 0.5 % of the declared ratio.

FIG:- Ratio test by using Selector Switch

S UP PL Y

V H .V. W INDING OF m er X UND ERTES T R ATIO METER TR ANS F OR ME R C OAR S E GR ADUATION F INE GR AD UATIONS
m er L .V. WIND ING OFX UND ERTES T

 Short Circuit Test In this short circuit test, the secondary winding is short circuited and rated secondary current is circulated, the power input represents total I 2R loss in primary plus secondary winding and also stray losses. In this test the terminals of LV side are short circuited by means of copper jumpers. Three phase symmetrical adjustable low voltage is applied to HV winding. The applied voltage is gradually increased till rated current are circulated via secondary winding (supplied voltage = 5-10% of rated voltage because higher voltage will burn the winding). The measurement of primary voltage, primary current and power input, secondary current are made during short circuit test. When rated current on secondary side the input power represents total load loss. This is measured and is adjusted to standard reference temperature say 75 core loss(5 % of copper loss). The total measured in this test is useful in determining the efficiency of power transformer. This short circuit test reveals the various defects in the conducting circuit ex- wrong transposition of conductors in the windings, breaks and fractures in the parallel conductors, the use of conductors of wrong section, bad contacts etc. A Variable Voltage Supply W V A2 Transform erUnder Test HV W Variable 3 Reduced Supply Voltage V A V W A1 HV LV Short Circuit .The total loss includes copper loss (I2R loss), a small

Fig:- Short circuit test of 1 Xmer

LV

HV

3-

LV

Fig:- Short circuit test of 3- Xmer

Transform erUnder Test

Current Transformer
A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating electric currents in power supply line. Current transformers, together with voltage transformers (VT) are known as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry. Like any other transformer, a current transformer has a primary winding, a magnetic core, and a secondary winding. The alternating current flowing in the primary Circuit magnetic Diagram of in 420KV Current Transformer produces an alternating field the core, which then induces an alternating current in the secondary winding circuit. An essential objective of current transformer design is to ensure that the primary and secondary circuits are efficiently coupled, so that the secondary current bears an accurate relationship to the primary current. .A current transformer is intended to operate normally with the rated current of the network flowing via the primary winding which is inserted in series with network.

Name Plate Details of Current Transformer

COMPANY HIGHEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE RATED PRIMARY CURRENT RATIO SHORT TIME CURRENT FREQUENCY INSULATION LEVEL KV SWITCHING IMPULSE VOLTAGE CORE NO. 1,2,4,5 CORE NO. 3 TELK 420 KV 2000 A 500-1000-2000/1 A 40 KA = Sec 1.0 50 Hz 630/1425 1050 KV PROTECTION METERING

Burden on CT
The standard burden for voltage transformer is usually expressed in volt-amperes at a specified power factor. The secondary load of a current transformer is usually called the "burden" which is used to distinguish it from the load of the circuit whose current is being measured. The burden, in a CT metering circuit is the (largely resistive) impedance presented to its secondary winding. Burden refers to the maximum load expressed in volt-amperes which may be applied across the secondary terminal of CT in order to smoothly drive the load applied at secondary terminal on current transformer. Zb =

Testing of Current Transformer (CT)

Polarity test Each current transformer should be individually tested to verify that the polarity marking on the primary and secondary windings are correct .The following figure shows the test unit for this. The ammeter A is a robust, moving coil, permanent magnet centre zero type instrument. A low voltage battery is used to energies the primary windings through a single pole push button. On closing the push button, with above CT ammeter marking, the ammeter should give a positive flick, indicating correct polarity of the CT.

Primary Injection Test This tets is carried out to ensure the CT ratio of current transformers. If this tets is carried out after CT secondary wiring is completed it ensures not only the correct ratio of CTs but also the correctness of the entire CT secondary wiring comprising protection and metering portions. The testing equipment consists of a loading (injection) transformer , controlled by a variable transformer to get the required current on the primary side of the CT under test. For carrying out the ratio test on CTs the following circuit is made use of.

 Secondary / Loop Resistance Test Secondary resistance test is to verify the CT secondary winding resistance with specified one and no discontinuity in the winding. This value can be used in other calculations. Loop resistance to ensure load is connected properly and circuits not left open. The circuit connection shall be made for secondary resistance. Measure the dc resistance value P2 Ohmmet Ohmmet er er and record. The same shall be done for all taps and cores. These Note-2 S2 Note-1 values are influenced by temperature, so ambient temperature Burde n must be recorded during this test. The circuit connection shall S1 be made as shown Figure for loop resistance. Measure the dc P1 resistance including CT and load, phase by phase and values can be compared between them.

Burden test Burden test is to ensure the connected burden to CT is within the rated burden, identified on the nameplate. Injected the rated secondary current of the CT, from CT terminals towards load side by isolating the CT secondary with all connected load and observe the voltage drop across the injection points. The burden VA can be calculated as Burden VA = Voltage drop * rated CT sec. Current. Magnetizing Curve Test Magnetization Curve test is to confirm the magnetization characteristics of CT with nameplate specification. This test shall be conducted before ratio test and after secondary resistance and polarity test, since residual magnetism left in the core due to DC test (polarity, resistance), which leads additional error in ratio test. The meters used for this test shall be having true RMS measurement. The circuit connection shall be made as shown Figure. The primary should be open during test.

Demagnetization test Before start the test demagnetize the core by Inject voltage on secondary terminals and increase up to where considerable increment in current with small voltage increment. Now start decreasing the voltage to zero, the rate at which increased. Magnetization test Now increase the voltage and monitor the excitation current up to the CT reaching near to saturation point. Record the reading of voltage and current at several points. Plot the curve and evaluate the Vk and Img from the graph.

Turns Ratio Test This test is to ensure the turns ratio of CT at all taps. The circuit connection shall be made. The primary current of minimum of on primary side of CT with secondaries shorted an measured and recorded for all cores.

Potential Transformer
Potential Transformer or Voltage Transformer are used in electrical power system for stepping down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low ratings meters and relays. Commercially available relays and meters used for protection and metering, are designed for low voltage. There are three primary types of voltage transformers (VT): electromagnetic, capacitor, and optical. The electromagnetic voltage transformer is a wire-wound transformer. The capacitor voltage transformer uses a capacitance potential divider and is used at higher voltages due to a lower cost than an electromagnetic VT. An optical voltage transformer exploits the electrical properties of optical materials. Primary winding of potential transformer are connected in parallel with the main bus bar of the switchgear installation and to the secondary winding, various indicating and metering instruments and relays are connected. When the rated high voltage is applied to the primary of a PT the voltage of 110v appears across the secondary winding. The ratio of the rated primary voltage to the rated secondary voltage is known as turn or transformation ratio.

Fig-Circuit Diagram

Name Plate Details of Potential Transformer

Normal system voltage Highest system voltage Frequency Impulse withstand voltage Transformation ratio Rated output (VA burden) 33 KV 36 KV 50 Hz 170 KVp 150/5 A, 100/5 A, 50/5 A, 25/5 A 15 VA

Burden of Potential Transformer

The standard burden for voltage transformer in secondary terminal is usually expressed in volt-amperes at a specified power factor. The secondary load of a potential transformer is usually called the "burden" which is used to distinguish it from the load of the circuit whose voltage is being measured. The burden, in a PT metering circuit is the (largely resistive) impedance presented to its secondary winding. Burden refers to the maximum load expressed in volt-amperes which may be applied across the secondary terminal of PT in order to smoothly drive the load applied at secondary terminal on PT. Zb = P= Burden in VA

Testing of Voltage Transformer (PT)

IR values

For taking to earth value primary earth of terminal N is to be open while in service it should be earth. The primary to earth IR value should be taken by 5 KV range while secondary to earth value should be taken with 500V range.
Polarity Test

Polarity of potential transformer can be checked with the help of dry cell. I n case of 220KV class PT deflection will be less hence we can check it by giving voltage in secondary and connecting multi meter in secondary.

Ratio Test

Ratio of PT can be checked by application of single phase ac supply to primary and measuring voltages in secondary.

Capacitor Voltage Transformer

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), or capacitance coupled voltage transformer (CCVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts:

Two capacitors across which the transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device to the line frequency, A transformer to isolate and further step down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The tuning of the divider to the line frequency makes the overall division ratio less sensitive to changes in the burden of the connected metering or protection devices.

The CVT provides following two purposes : 1. It is used for metering and protection purpose i.e. it steps down the service high voltage into low voltage which feeds the potential coil of metering instruments with proper calibration and also informs the protective relays. 2. It also provides a path for high frequency power line carrier communication current or signals so that speech and data can be transmitted and received.

Name Plate Details of Capacitor Voltage Transformer

PRIMARY SYSTEM VOLTAGE SECONDARY OUTPUT VOLTAGE SECONDARY TERMINAL RATED BURDEN (VA) CLASS FREQUENCY TOTAL SIMULTANEOUS BURDEN INSULATION LEVEL HIGHEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE CIRCUIT CAPACITANCE VALUE 110/ 1a-1n 1a-1n 100 3P Protection 48-51 Hz 100VA 630/1425 KVp 420KV Cn=8800pf ; C1=9313pf ; C2=160000pf V 400000/ 110/ V V 110/ V

2a-2n 2a-2n 100 3P

3a-3n 3a-3n 100 0.2* Metering 49.5-50.5Hz

Note:- link-3 to be removed only when carrier protection is used. Danger:- Earth Link-1 of primary terminal box & earth link-3 of secondary terminal box must not be removed while 400KV terminal is alive.

Lightening Arrestor
A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor and gets to the earth. It is connected between the line and the earth but before the connected equipments in the substation. At 440/220/33 KV substation , Zinc-oxide (ZnO) type lightning arrester has been installed. Properties of Zinc-oxide : 1. ZnO has relatively large direct band gap of 3.3eV at room temperature. 2. Due to large band gap it induces higher breakdown voltage. 3. It has the ability to sustain large electric fields.

4. It has low electronic noise and high temperature and high power operation. 5. It exhibits piezo-electric characteristics in thin film form. 6. They are light sensitive and luminescent. ZnO lightning arrester is mainly constitutes of zinc-oxide variastor. Each variastor has its own switching voltage. When lightning strikes the LA, the variastor get punctured and thus allow thundering and lightning to circulate current via variastor inflow the earth. ZnO VARIASTOR Variastor is a voltage dependent resistor. Below their breakdown voltage they offer infinite resistance. Once their breakdown voltage exceeds they allow the circulating current to pass through it by offering negligible resistance path.

Name Plate Details of Zinc-Oxide Lightning Arrestor

SYSTEM VOLTAGE RATED VOLTAGE CURRENT MCOV PR. RELIEF CURRENT 420 KV 390 KV 10 KAp 303 KV 40 KA

Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is made to operate mainly on two occasions:One is during the maintenance operation and the other is during any abnormal condition in the power system. A circuit breaker is a mechanical device designed to close or open contact members, thus closing or opening an electrical circuit under normal or abnormal conditions. In the 400/220/33 KV substation, KHEDAMARA, the circuit breaker used are: 400 KV side SF6(sulphur hexafluoride) circuit breaker

 220 KV side (MOCB).

SF6 (sulphur hexafluoride) & Minimum oil circuit breaker

33 KV side SF6(sulphur hexafluoride) circuit breaker & vacuum circuit Breaker (VCB).

Minimum oil Circuit Breakers (MOCB):

Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers Mainly Consists of: Breaker Pole Base frame Operating mechanism Support structures These designs place the interrupting units in insulating chambers at live Potential. Unit Ratings: Up to 245 KV : two interrupters per pole

Operating Mechanism:
The operating mechanism mainly consists of a set of closing springs to close the breaker with the required speed, a spring charging motor for charging of the closing springs, limit switch mainly to break and make the power supply to the motor depending upon the position of the closing springs trip/close, coils to trip/close the breaker, control panel, auxiliary switch, levers, set of catches blocking devices etc. for the effective and accurate functioning.

Working Principle or arc quenching in minimum oil circuit breaker:

Working Principle of minimum oil circuit breaker or arc quenching in minimum oil circuit breaker is described below. In a minimum oil circuit breaker, the arc drawn across the current carrying contacts is contained inside the arcing chamber. Hence the hydrogen bubble formed by the vaporized oil is trapped inside the chamber. As the contacts continue to move, after its certain travel an exit vent becomes available for exhausting the trapped hydrogen gas. There are two different types of arcing chamber is available in terms of venting are provided in the arcing chambers. One is axial venting and other is radial venting. In axial venting, gases

(mostly Hydrogen), produced due to vaporization of oil and decomposition of oil during arc, will sweep the arc in axial or longitudinal direction

SF6 Gas Circuit Breakers :A circuit breaker in which the contacts open and close in SF6 media. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is an alternative to air as an interrupting medium. SF6 is a colour less nontoxic gas, with good thermal conductivity and density approximately five times that of air. SF6 is chemically inert up to temperature of 1500C and will not react with metals, plastics, and other materials commonly used in the construction of high voltage circuit breakers. Available up to 800KV and above. Most suitable for metal clad and hybrid HV substations. Single Interrupter: 245 KV

SF6 Circuit Breaker Name-Plate Details

Company Type Rated Voltage Frequency Power frequency withstand voltage Open contacts To earth Lighting impulse withstand voltage Switching surge withstand voltage Rated Short circuit Breaking Current Symmetrical Asymmetrical Rated Making Capacity Rated duration of short Circuit current time Total Break Time Total Make time Rated out of phase current Line charging breaking current First pole to clear factor Rated supply voltage DC Operation Sequence AC Rated SF6 Gas pressure at 20o C Rated air pressure Normal current Impulse Level Year of Manufacture

AREVA GL316 with CR 420 KV 50 HZ 610 KVrms 520 KVrms 1425KVp 1050KVp 50 KA 61.2KA 100 KA 3S 50 mS 160 Ms 10 KA 600A 1.3 220 V O 0.3s CO 3min CO 415 V 6 Kgf/cm2 15 Kgf/cm2 3150 A 1425 KVp 2008

Relay
The relay is a protective device interposed between the main circuit and the circuit breaker in such a manner that any abnormality in the circuit acts on the relay, which in turn, if abnormality is of a dangerous character, causes breaker to open and so to isolate the faulty element . The protective relay insures the safety

of the circuit equipment from any damage which might otherwise caused by the fault. Relays have three essential elements as illustrated below. Sensing element It is also called measuring element, it responds to the change in the actuating quantity, The current in a protected system in case of over current relay.

Comparing element It serves to compare the action of the actuating quantity on the relay with a preselected relay setting.

Control Element On a pickup of the relay, it accomplishes a sudden change in the control quantity such as closing of the operative current circuit Busbar
Trip Coil

Battery

Trip Circuit

Relay contact
Fault A

Relay Coil

Circuit to be protected

Reactor

A Reactor is a coil having large inductive reactance in comparison to its ohmic resistance. Reactors for power systems in general use and for industrial use in particular exist as two distinct functional types series reactors for fault-current limitation and shunt reactors, either for reactive compensation and as two construction types: aircore air-insulated types and liquid-insulated ironcore types. Reactors are used in combination with shunt capacitors to form harmonic filters or to detune reactive compensation capacitor banks. A shunt reactor is a reactor that is connected between the phase conductor and neutral (or ground). A series reactor is connected in series with the phase conductor. In this 400/220/33 KV sub-station, KHEDAMARA, only shunt reactors are installed.

Shunt Reactor
For Extra high voltage (EHV) transmission lines, due to long distance, the space between the overhead line and the ground naturally forms a capacitor parallel to the transmission line , which causes an increase of voltage along the distance. A shunt reactor is a reactor that is connected between the phase conductor and neutral (or ground). Shunt reactors are installed to offset the capacitive effect of transmission lines and thereby stabilizing the system voltage within acceptable limits.

Name Plate Details Of Shunt Reactor

50000 KVAR 3 Phase Rated Voltage Rated Current Basic Insulation Line 1425 KV Switching Impulse 1080 KV Power Frequency 630 KV Impedance Positive Sequence Lightning Impulse 50 Hz S-S653/IEC289 TYPE Air Core SSLR Type of cooling ONAN 420000 V 68.7 A Continuous Rating Oil Capacity Power Frequency 630 KV Radiator unit 4000 L

Neutral 550 KV ---230 KV

DATE

MARCH 1982

3460

Weights Shield & Winding 58200 Kg Tank & Fittings 23300 Kg

Radiator Unit 10900 Kg Oil 26100 Kg Zero Sequence 3460 Total 118500 Kg Maximum Temperature Rise Up Tanking Weight OIL 4.5 UPPER TANK 8500 Kg at 441 KV MIDDLE WINDING 5.0 5000 Kg TANK Up Tank Height Upper tank 7900 mm Middle tank 6600 mm

Bus-Bars

Bus bar term is used for a main bar or conductor carrying an electric current to which many connections can be made. Bus bars are merely convenient means of connecting switches and other equipment into various arrangements. The usual arrangement of connections in most of the substation permits working on almost any piece of equipment without interruption to incoming or outgoing feeders. In some arrangements two buses are provided to which the incoming or outgoing feeders and the principal equipment may be connected. One bus is usually called the main bus and the other auxiliary or transfer bus . Bus bar arrangement in CSPTCL 400/220/33 KV substation, KHEDAMARA: 400 KV side 2 Main buses : Main Bus 1 Main Bus 2 220 KV side 2 Main bus & 1 Transfer bus Main Bus 1 Main Bus 2

220 KV BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT:Here the 220 kv bus arrangement Scheme is DOUBLE MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS. This is combination of MAIN AND TRNASFER BUS BAR SCHEME and DUPLICATE BUS BAR SCHEME. In this scheme loads are distributed on the two buses each with its own transformer feed for normal operation, so that one bus fault will not cause a complete outage of the station.
TRANSF ER BUS

CB

BUS COUPLER CB ISOLATO R

BUS-1

BUS-2

Wave Trap
A wave trap is a parallel resonant circuit (inductor-capacitor tank circuit ) installed on the power line at local substation. It is tuned to resonate at a specific frequency or frequencies. These frequencies are equivalent to the transmission frequencies of the local power line carrier transreciever. This is relevant in power line carrier communication. Properly tuned, the wave trap shows its highest magnitude of impedance (Z) at these carrier frequencies (105 KHZ and above) , while permitting the 50 Hz power frequency to pass. Wave trap is also known as line trap. A wave trap traps the high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleportation panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor & LMU). If wave traps are absent, the signal loss is more & communication will be ineffective.

TYPE Nr. Weight

TUNING CIRCUIT Main Coil Inductance BBT Frequency Band T 1676 Protective Level(BIL) 9 Kg

1.0 mH 70/220 KHz 140 KV

Isolator
Circuit breaker always trip the circuit but open contacts of breaker cannot be visible physically from outside of the breaker and that is why it is recommended not to touch any electrical circuit just by switching off the circuit breaker. So for better safety there must be some arrangement so that one can see open condition of the section of the circuit before touching it. Such an apparatus is the isolating switch (or isolator). Isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of circuit from system as when required. Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe maintenance works. So definition of isolator can be rewritten as, Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch which separates a part of the electrical power system normally at off load condition.

Types of Electrical Isolators:

There are different types of isolators available depending upon system requirement viz Double Break Isolator, Centre Break Isolator, Pantograph type Isolator

As no arc quenching technique is provided in isolator it must be operated when there is no chance of current flowing through the circuit. No live circuit should be closed or open by isolator operation. For voltages up to 145KV system, hand operated isolators are used whereas for higher voltage systems like 245 KV or 420 KV and above motorized isolators are used.

Constructional features of Double Break Isolators:These have three stacks of post insulators .The central post insulator carries a tubular or flat male contact which can be rotated horizontally with rotation of central post insulator. This rod type contact is also called moving contact. The female type contacts are fixed on the top of the other post insulators which fitted at both sides of the central post insulator. The female contacts are generally in the form of spring loaded figure contacts. The rotational movement of male contact causes to come itself into female contacts and isolators becomes closed. The rotation

of male contact in opposite direction make to it out from female contacts and isolators becomes open. Rotation of the central post insulator is done by a driving lever mechanism at the base of the post insulator and it connected to operating handle (in case of hand operation) or motor (in case of motorized operation) of the isolator through a mechanical tie rod.

Constructional features of Single Break Isolators:The contact arm is divided into two parts one carries male contact and other female contact. The contact arm moves due to rotation of the post insulator upon Male which the contact arms are fitted. Male Contact of Male Contact of Contact of Rotation of both post insulators Isolator Isolator Isolator stacks in opposite to each other causes to close the isolator by closing the contact arm. Counter rotation of both post insulators stacks open the contact arm and isolator becomes in off condition. This motorized form of this type of isolators is generally used but emergency hand driven mechanism is also provided.
Female Female Contact Contact of of Isolator Isolator

Insulator
Over head electrical conductors used for transmitting electric power is mostly bare and not covered with any insulation medium. The bare line conductors are connected to the transmission towers through the insulators. Insulators act as insulating medium for flow of leakage current from conductor to ground through tower structures. Some of the insulating materials are Porcelain, Glass and Steatite materials. The porcelain insulators employed in substations are of the post and bushing type. They serve as supports and insulation of the bus bars.

A post insulator consists of porcelain body, cast iron cap and flanged iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that the bus-bars are either directly bolted to the cap or fixed by means of bus-bars clamp. Post insulators are available with round oval and square flanged bases for fixing with aid of one, two or four bolts. Each base in addition also has an earthing bolt. A bushing insulator consists of porcelain shell body, upper and lower locating washers used for fixing the position of bus bar or rod in shell , and mounting flange with holes drilled for fixing bolts and supplied with an earthing bolt. For the current rating above 2000 A, the bushings are designed to allow the main bus-bars to be passed directly through them.

Batteries
All power plants and substations require DC supply for protection and control purposes and DC supply is obtained from secondary or storage batteries. Storage batteries are of two types namely lead acid and alkaline batteries. Lead acid batteries are most commonly used in power stations and substations because of their higher cell voltage and lower cost.

Battery Chargers
As the name says battery chargers are used to charge the storage batteries in the substation.The interruption of DC supply to load cannot be afforded in any circumstances so battery chargers are employed for keeping the storage batteries charged. Mainly there are two types of battery chargers according to their usage :(i) Float Charger Charger (ii) Boost

Float Charger

Float charger is static type comprising of Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR) connected in three phase banks along with other necessary circuit to supply a stabilized DC out-put. Provision is made to have step less and smooth voltage setting in the auto mode and also for adjustment in manual mode in case the automatic constant voltage controller fails. Float charger have built in current limiting feature to droop the output voltage on currents more than 100% of the rated current and it is ensured that the output voltage of the charger across battery terminals remains below 2 Volt/cell if output current is 125% or more of the rated current.

Boost Charger
Boost charger have adequate rating to quick charge the battery fully within 14 hrs. after an emergency during which complete DC load is met by the battery. Current rating of Boost charger is 20Amps for 200AH and 30 amps for 300AH battery sets . Boost charger incorporate static components, comprising of SCRs with semiconductor fuses and trip indication as in float charger. Boost charger, apart from its normal constant current operation, is also capable of constant voltage operation which enables it to operate as a

float charger delivering stabilized DC output voltage within +/- 1% from no-load to full load. In case of float charger failure, suitable electrical circuitry is provided for this purpose. In the constant current mode, it has a current stability of +/- 2% of the set value. Constant current setting have step-less range from 20% to 100% of full rate current. Further, the boost charger has a provision of manual mode of operation.

Control Room
The control room is the nerve centre of a

substation. The various controls performed form here are the voltage adjustment, load control, emergency tripping, etc. And equipments andKhedamara the instruments Fig:- A view of control room of the 400 KV substation, Bhilai (C .G.) housed in a control room are synchronizing equipment, voltage regulators, relays,

ammeter, voltmeters, wattmeter, kWh meters, kVARh meters, temperature gauges, water level indicators and other appliances, as well as a mimic diagram and suitable indicating equipment to show the opened or closed position of circuit breaker, isolators, etc. The location of control room in relation to other sections is also important. It should be located away from the sources of noise and it should be near to the switch house so as to save control cables used for interconnection. The control room should be neat and clean and well ventilated, well lighted, and free from draughts. The instruments should have scales clearly marked and properly calibrated and all the apparatus and circuits should be labelled so that they are clearly visible.

Control Cables and conductors

The control cables and conduit system is required for affecting automatic controls. The control system generally operates at 110 220 volts and the cables employed for this purpose are multi core cables having 2 core, 4 core, 10 core, 12 core,14 core,19 core.

or

The conductors are of various types but for transmission purposes ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced ) & AAAC ( All Aluminum Alloy Conductors ) are used as they are ideal for long distance transmission of power without major losses. The conductors inside the control cables are categorized by the name of animals on the scale of the maximum amount of current they can withheld. So different conductors with their current rating are:Serial No. 1. Conductor Moose Conductor Current ( in Amperes ) 850

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Zebra Conductor Panther Conductor Dog Conductor Racoon Conductor Rabbit Conductor Squirrel Conductor

740 510 254 197 148 100

Mainly moose conductor are used in 400 KV side, zebra conductor are used in 220 KV side, panther conductor are used in 132 KV side and dog conductor are used in 33KV side. In 400 KV substation, Khedamara, ACSR moose conductors are used

Power Line Carrier Communication

Coupling devices are used for isolation of carrier equipment from higher tension voltage system and to provide a low impedance path for carrier frequency. Generally CVTs are used with LMU. Wave traps are used to confine the carrier signals between two carrier equipments located at the respective substation and to provide high impedance to carrier frequency. Rated for full current.

Testing Of Transformer Oil

Breakdown Voltage Test (BDV Test)

To assess the insulating property of dielectric transformer oil, a sample of the transformer oil is taken and its breakdown voltage is measured.
The transformer oil is filled in the

vessel of the testing device. Two standard-compliant test electrodes with a typical clearance of 2.5 mm are surrounded by the dielectric oil. A test voltage is applied to the electrodes and is continuously increased up to the breakdown voltage with a constant, standard-compliant slew rate of e.g. 2 kV/s.

At a certain voltage level breakdown occures in an electric arc, leading to a collapse of the test voltage.

An instant after ignition of the arc, the test voltage is switched off automatically by the testing device. Ultra fast switch off is highly desirable, as the carbonisation due to the electric arc must be limited to keep the additional pollution as low as possible. The transformer oil testing device measures and reports the root mean square value of the breakdown voltage.

After the transformer oil test is completed, the insultaion oil is stirred automatically and the test sequence is performed repeatedly. (Typically 5 Repetitions, depending on the standard) As a result the breakdown voltage is calculated as mean value of the individual measurements.

Conclusion: The lower the resulting breakdown voltage, the poorer the quality of the transformer oil.

PPM test (Karl Fisher Test)

The instrument used for this purpose in 400 KV substation, Khedamara is MKC-520. The MKC-520 is a Karl Fisher Coulometric Titrator, by which we can measure micro amount of water content which exists in liquid or in solid sample material. The measurement is easy to perform, fast in operation with its results of higher precision and accuracy.

Principle Of Measurement
In the Karl Fisher content measurement, water reacts with iodine and sulphur dioxide in presence of base and alcohal. H2O + I2 + SO2 + CH3OH + 3RN [RNH]SO4CH3 + 2[RNH]I ------------------(1) In the volumetric titration, iodine is added as a titrant. In the coulometric technique, iodine is electrolytically generated in the anolyte, which contains iodide. 2I- I2 + 2e- ---------------------------(2) As long as water is present in the titration cell the generated iodine reacts according to (1). As soon as all the water reacts, excess of iodine appears in the anolyte. This iodine is detected by the platinum elcetrode and the iodine production is stopped. According to the Faradays law, the quantity of iodine produced is proportional to the current generated. In equation (1), I2 and H2O react with each other in 1:1 proportion. Therefore a mole of water (18g) is equivalent to 2 x 96500 coulombs/ 1 mg of H2O. The

total amount of moisture can thus be determined by measuring the total consumption of eletricity.

of Transform Maintenance of Isolator

Procedure for Replacing selection of 220 KV Selection isolator of 315 MVA ICT-2 due to red-hot state
Code taken from State load despatch centre (SLDC). LT load of station transformer-2 shifted to station transformer no.1 LT breaker of station transformer-2 switched off. 33KV side breaker switched off. 220KV side breaker of 315 MVA ICT-2 switched off. 400KV main breaker and tie breaker switched off. 220KV side line isolator made open. 400KV side selection isolators are also made open. 33KV side isolator of 105 MVA unit 5,6 and 7 open. 33KV side isolator of 33/0.4KV station transformer no-2 made open. Isolator of 33KV PT also opens. Permit taken. Discharge is connected to 400 KV and 220KV side. After job has been finished the discharge is disconnected from 400KV and 220KV side. Permit is returned. All isolators of 400KV, 220KV, 33KV are again connected. Again code taken from load dispatch centre to charge the transformer. Charging is done to the transformer from 400KV side then 220KV side then 33KV side.