i I Embedded System Designg A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction Frank Vahid Department af Compu cine and Engineering ‘Universi of Califo, Riverside Tony Givargis Departmen of farmaton and Computer Science ‘University of California, Irvine ® John Wiley & Sons, Inc.‘To my world: Any. Eric, Kels and Maya, andi the memory of our ‘sixth member, VabidAminian, —~ FV + Tomy family: Nel, Fredric, Odet, and Edin. — 1G Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Exclus. rights by John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte, Lid, Singapore for manufacture and export. This bock cannot be re- exported from the country to which itis consigned by Jobn Wiley & Sons. Copyright © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ine. AI rights reserved transmitted in any form o by any mens, electonic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except a permed under Section 107 or 108 ofthe 1976 Writes Stas Copyright Act, wihoit either the prioe writen permission of the Publisher authorization through payment ofthe appropriate per-copy fe 1 the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fx (978) 750-4744. Requests othe Publisher for + | germission should be addressed tothe Permissions Deparment, John Wiley & j ‘Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, i fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQGWILEY.COM. | { | | | No par of this publication may be reproduced, sored in artievl system or Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication Data ISBN 9971-51-405-2 Printed and bound in Inia by Beplika Press Pvt. Lad, Kundli 131 028 | Vaid, Frank ie Embedded System Design : A Unified Hafdwarey Software } Introduction / Frank Vahid, Tony Givarsis. } wos76F Preface Purpose Embodded computing systems have grown tremendously i ecent years, not only ia their popularity, but also in their complexity. This coniplexiy demands a new type of designer, one ‘who can casily cross the tradional- border between-hardware design and software design ‘After investigating the availebility of courses and textbooks, we felt a new course and accompanying textbook were necessuy (0 intodice embedded computing system design using @ unified view of software and hardware: This textbook portrays hardware and software ‘ot as diferent domains, but rather as two iniplemenation options along. a costinaum of options varying in their design metics, like cost, performance, power, size, and fexibility ‘Three important tends have niade such a unified view possible. Fist, inegrated creuit (GC) capacities have increased tthe poin that bah software processors and custom hardware Processors now commonly coexist on single IC: Scoond, quality compilers and program size increases have led to the contmon use of processor-independent C, Cand Java compilers ‘nd integrated “design: environments (ADES) in embedded system design, significantly decreasing the importance of the focus on microprocessor intemals and assembly language Programming that domisate most existing embedded sysiem courses and textbooks. Third Syniesis technology has. advanand. tothe :poit that syathesis tools have become ‘commonplace im the design of digital hardware: Symhess tools achieve nearly the same for hardare design as compilers achieve in software design: Tey allow the designer to describe esied functionality in a high-level programming. language, and they then automatically jpenerate an efficiem cystom-haware processor implementation. The frst trend makes the Past separation of software and hardware design neary impossible. Fortunately, the secont and third tends enable their unified design, by:tumning embedded system design. at its highest level into the problem of selecting and programming (for software), designing (for hardvare), and integrating “processors. Coverage The‘ first four chaptersof tis book sve to diéve the goal ‘of preseting hardware and software in a’ unified ‘way: ‘These chaples'siess that computations are carried out by Processors’ Many’ types" processorare ‘availabe inluting general-purpose pdcessors wee rithased Sytem Design vi