Kigoma Region Tanzania

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA KIGOMA REGION SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE
Joint publication by: NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS (NBS) And KIGOMA REGIONAL COMMISSIONERS OFFICE Coordinated by: MINISTRY OF PLANNING, ECONOMY AND EMPOWERMENT DAR ES SALAAM JANUARY 2008
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MAP OF KIGOMA REGION .................................................................... iii FOREWORD .....................................................................................iv SECTION I....................................................................................... 1 1.0 LAND, PEOPLE AND CLIMATE ....................................................... 1 1.8 Topography ............................................................................ 15 1.9 Drainage ............................................................................... 15 SECTION II ................................................................................... 16 2.0 REGIONAL ECONOMY ................................................................ 16 2.3.1: Agriculture ......................................................................... 18 2.7 FISHERIES .............................................................................. 51 2.7.1 Fishing Methods ....................................................................... 52 2.8 BEEKEEPING ........................................................................... 55 SECTION III .................................................................................... 58 3.0 SOCIAL SERVICES ..................................................................... 58 3.1 EDUCATION ............................................................................. 58 3.3 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION ...............................................111 S E C T I O N V ............................................................................121 4.0 ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE ......................................................121 4.4 Air Transport ............................................................................126 S E C T I O N V .............................................................................129 SECTION VI ...................................................................................136 Investment Potential .......................................................................136 1. REFUGEE INFLUXES IN KIGOMA REGION ..........................................139
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MAP OF KIGOMA REGION
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FOREWORD 1.
Tanzanias Vision 2025 continues to be the guiding beacon of all our future developmental efforts summarized broadly as being: - High quality livelihood including the absence of abject poverty. - Good governance and the rule of law. - A strong and competitive economy. The goals of our Vision 2025 are in line with the United Nations Millennium Development Goals with MKUKUTA as the main vehicle of implementation. Yet at this point in our history, problems especially in rural areas are many and daunting. Social and economic services require sustainable improvement. The high primary school enrollment rates recently attained have to be maintained; the food situation is still precarious; infant and maternal mortality rates continues to be high. Unemployment is still triggering mass migration of youth from rural areas to already overcrowded urban centers. Added to these problems in the menace poised by HIV/AIDS, the prevalence of which throughout Tanzania is negating our efforts to advance into this century of science and technology. The pandemic has been exacting a heavy toll on the economically active age group, leaving in its wake an increasing number of orphans, broken families and much suffering. AIDS together with environmental deterioration are the new developmental problems. They cannot be ignored. Our efforts to meet both the new and the old challenges have been hampered by many factors including ill prepared rural development programmes followed by weak implementation, monitoring and supervision of these programmes and sectoral strategies. The shortcomings in policy formulation, project identification, design and implementation is in turn balanced on the lack of reliable and adequate data and information on the rural development process. The publication of the Regional Socio-economic Profile series by the Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment, in collaboration with the National Bureau of Statistics and various regional commissioners offices is a major attempt at finding a solution to this data and information gap. Regional profiles cover a wide range of data and information on geography, population, socio-economic parameters, social services, economic infrastructure and the productive sectors. Such data and information has proved vital to many policy makers, planners, researchers, donors and functional managers. This Kigoma Regional Socio-economic Profile contains the detailed data and information on the region and is one of the Second Edition series. The second editions take advantage of experience gained in the production of the First Edition publications. They are proving even more valuable and informative to our clients. Constructive view and criticisms are still invited from readers to enable such profiles to become a better tool in the implementation of the countrys policies.
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Lastly but not least, I wish to thank the staff of the Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment, the National Bureau of Statistics and the Kigoma Regional Commissioners Office, for their devotion in ensuring the successful compilation of this document.
Dr. Juma Ngasongwa MINISTER OF PLANNING, ECONOMY AND EMPOWERMENT January, 2008
UNIQUE FEATURES OF KIGOMA REGION Kigoma Region has got some features that are unique in the sense that they are not found in any other place / region in Tanzania. Below are the unique features found only in Kigoma Region.
Dr. David Livingstone Memorial. Kigoma Region is famous for historical events and antiquities such as Dr. David Livingstone memorial monuments at Ujiji Old town. The site is the place where Henry Morton Stanley, the newspaper reporter from New York Herald met Dr. Livingstone in 1871. Dr. Livingstone came all the way through to Kigoma in his effort to fight against slave trade in East Africa. The old Ujiji town is one of the several important points /stations within the slave trade route to the Democratic Republic of Congo where some of the slaves were taken to Bwagamoyo (now known as Bagamoyo) and Zanzibar before shipment to Arabic countries and other European countries.
The Chimpanzee of Gombe. Gombe National Park is along Lake Tanganyika in the northerly and it is the smallest national park in Tanzania, it can be reached by boat from Kigoma town and it takes about one hour to reach it. The national park is under the Tanzania national parks and currently has a population of about 80 Chimpanzees. In fact what is so interesting is that there are a lot of wonders of the world on how close in behavior and social life to human being the chimpanzee is.
Mahale National Park Mahale is also located along Lake Tanganyika south of Kigoma town. It takes 4 hours by boat and 8 hours by ship (Mv. Liemba) to reach there. The park has hotel facilities, accommodation and beautiful camping sites. It has a larger Chimpanzee population (than Gombe) of about 500. Other primates found in Mahale not common elsewhere include red tailored monkeys, red Columbus and the Angolan black and white Columbus monkeys. In the eastern woodlands of the park are found vi
elephants, giraffes, zebras, antelopes, buffaloes and warthogs. Predators are also found in the park; they are lions, wolves and crocodiles and in the scavengers group are hyenas. There are also found a variety of birds that produce beautiful sounds to bird watchers. With regard to tourism for example, Kigoma is widely regarded as the worlds foremost sanctuary for Chimpanzees.
Mv. Liemba It is believed that this is the oldest passenger vessel in the World with diesel engine. It was assembled in Germany in 1911 and built in Kigoma in 1915, and it operates until today. It was purposely built to safeguard Germany Empires. The vessel possesses historical peculiarity in the sense that it was sunk in shallow waters of Lake Tanganyika by the Germans in 1918 fearing defeat by the British during World War I. But later on it was re-floated by the British in 1925 after victory. Recently in 1993 the vessel was rehabilitated by the government of Tanzania with the aid from Belgium. It carries up to 600 passengers.
Lake Tanganyika The deepest lake in Africa and second deepest in the world Lake Tanganyika is up to 1470 meters deep, 650 km. long and on average 50 km. wide. Along Kigoma Town the lake provides beautiful beaches that need development into tourist hotels and recreation sites. Kigoma beaches have only one tourist hotel, the Hilltop Hotel the case that makes accommodation a big problem in Kigoma Township. The lake provides trade route to the neighboring countries like Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi and Zambia. It also facilitates fishing activities since it comprises a variety of fish species like Lattes Stapes (Migebuka), Stole Strica Tanganikae (Sardine), Lattes Marie (Sangara), Lattes Angostrifore (Nonzi).
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SECTION I 1.0 LAND, PEOPLE AND CLIMATE 1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: Kigoma Region is located in Western part of Tanzania between latitudes 3.6 and 6.5 degrees south and longitudes 29.5 and 31.5 degrees east along the shores of Lake Tanganyika, the second deepest fresh water lake in the world. The capital municipality, which draws its name from the regional name Kigoma, is closely linked with Ujiji. It has a wonderful natural beauty, nestled under the hills of the western arm of the Great Rift Valley on the edge of the Lake. In the wet season the place is especially spectacular, with its emerald green and clear sparkling water. The region encompasses an area of 45,066 Sq. km. of which 8,029 Sq. km. are covered by water. To the north the region borders Burundi and Kagera Region; it borders Shinyanga and Tabora to the East; Rukwa Region to the South and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the West. 1.2 LAND AREA AND ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS The region comprises of four districts: Kigoma Urban, Kigoma Rural, Kasulu and Kibondo. Administratively, though, Kigoma region is divided into Kasulu, Kibondo and Kigoma districts and one Municipality; Kigoma/ Ujiji. Further the region is divided into 19 divisions, 85 wards, 232 villages, 199 mitaa and 1512 sub-villages. The region covers a total area of 45,066 Sq Km, which are 4.78 of the entire total land area of Tanzania Mainland. The districts, divisions, wards, villages, mitaa and the sub-villages are as tabulated below:Table 1.1: Distribution of Administrative Units by District in Kigoma Region
District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total Divisions Wards 4 7 6 2 19 20 30 22 13 85 Villages 67 90 75 232 Mitaa 199 199 Sub-Villages 658 383 471 1512
Source: Regional Commissioners Office, Kigoma, 2006 1
The area distribution of the Region in Sq. Km. by District is as shown in the simple table and the pie chart below:Table1.2: Area Distribution of Kigoma Region in Sq.Km. by District District Total Area Kasulu 9,315 Kibondo Kigoma (R) 16,058 19,574 Kigoma (U) 128 Total 45,075
Source: Regional Commissioners Office, Kigoma, 2006 Fig: 1.1 Chart showing Total Area of Kigoma Region in Sq. Km. by District
Kigoma (U), 128 Kasulu, 9,315
Kigoma (R), 19574 Kasulu Kibondo Kigoma (R) Kigoma (U)
Kibondo, 16,058
Table1.3: Land and Water Area of Kigoma Region in Sq. Kms. By District, 2005
District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total Land Area 15,722 9,128 11,545 128 36,523 Water Area 336 187 8,029 0 8,552 Total Area 16,058 9,315 19,574 128 45,075
Source: Regional Commissioners Office, Kigoma, 2006
Fig. 1.2 Distribution of land and water area by District in Kigoma Region
LAND AND WATER AREA BY DISTRICTS

25,000
20,000
336 A rea (Sq K m s) 15,000
8029
Water Area Land Area 10,000 187 15,722 11545 5,000 9128
0 Kibondo Kasulu Districts Kigoma Rural
0 128 Kigoma Urban
1.3 ETHINICITY Kigoma Region found in the west of Tanzania with its four districts of Kigoma Urban, Kigoma Rural, Kibondo and Kasulu. Various tribes including the Goma, Rundi, Bwari, Manyema, Bemba and Jiji people have originally habited Kigoma region. Others are Holoholo, Vinza, Nyakaramba, Hangaza, Tongwena and Waha. Among the tribes found in Kigoma region, Waha was previously the biggest tribe in the region. They originated from the Bantu who were living along lakes Tanganyika, Victoria, Kivu and Lake Edward. Going by the information volunteered by elders and historians, it shows that Waha people entered Buha (Kigoma) from the areas outside Buha. Waha people often use the names from their clan; moreover, the characteristic features of the areas of their destiny influenced names or where they dwelt. The Waha who lived around areas rich in soil for pottery were called Yungu people 3
(Wayungu), whereas those Waha who lived around highland areas were known as Nyaheru people, where their places were called Heru (Heru Areas). Previous administrative norms and values show that their leaders (Waha leaders) were called Mwani or Mteko. Their norms and values included practices of giving sacrifices to their ancestors; dressing in tree barks from Mirumba trees traditionally known as Impuzu; and dressing in animal hides and skins commonly known as Insato. Waha people practiced anti marriage among clan members: this was highly observed. Among the economic activities within the society of Waha tribe included cultivation of food crops such as maize, millet, potatoes, bananas and beans. Furthermore, there were different trading activities as a result of various productions, and their language turned to be an economic strength in communication. Waha people participated in iron smelting for making of knives, arrows, and other tools of the like. Vinza people participated in salt making in the neighboring villages and were able to do pottery with decoration for attraction. They participated and still are participating in commercial fishing. The ethnicity of the indigenous people and their dominance by district are indicated in the table below;Table1. 4: Ethnicity of Indigenous people, 2005
District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Groups 1 1 4 District of residence Waha Waha Waha Wiremeni Wambwali Watongwe Waha Warundi Wakongo Wamanyema Wambwali
Kigoma Urban

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1.4 POPULATION SIZE AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS In 1978 Kigoma Region had a total population of 618,950, increasing to 854,817 in 1988: but stood at 1,674,046 in the census year 2002 almost three fold from that of 1978. Besides the fact that Kigoma growth rate is very high compared to most regions in Tanzania, there is an added fact that the influx of refugees from the neighboring countries that took place in the early nineties especially from DRC and Burundi add to the already high growth rate of the population in that region. There was a moderate increase of 31% in 1988 over 1978 figure, but that of 2002 over 1988 is an incredible 96 percent. The refugees started flowing back to their respective countries way back in 2000. It appears that the rate of repatriation has increased slightly after fruitful negotiations that have resulted into recent elections. Table 1.5: Population Distribution by Census Years and by District in Kigoma Region
District
1978 Kasulu Kibondo Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total Region 255,649 139,991 194,520 58,788 650,926
Census Years
1988 320,518 176,262 276,770 84,704 860,242 2002 626,742 413,777 489,271 144,256 1,674,046
Growth Rate
1988/2002 4.8 6.1 4.1 3.8 4.8
Source:- Census Reports for 1978,1988 and 2002
Population distribution during Census years by District

700,000 600,000 500,000 Population 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 Kasulu Kibondo Kigoma Rural Districts Kigoma Urban
1978 1988 2002
1.4. POPULATION DENSITY The population density in Kigoma region is rather moderate in the districts of Kasulu and Kigoma rural compared to that of Kibondo, which is low compared to others. At 26 inhabitants per square kilometer, Kibondos population density is already above many mainlands regions, which have population densities of below 20 inhabitants per square kilometer as indicated in the table 1.6 below:-
Table 1.6: Population Density by District in Kigoma Region 2002 District Kasulu Kibondo Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Kigoma Region Land Area 9,128 15,722 11,545 128 38,044 Population 626,742 413,777 489,271 144,256 1,674,046 Population Density 68.7 26.3 42.4 1,127.0 44.0
Table 1.7: Population Density by District and by Census Years
District
Land Area
Census Years
Population Density
1978
Kasulu Kibondo Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Regional Total 9,128 15,722 11,545 128 38,044 255,649 139,991 194,520 58,788 650,926
1988
320,518 176,262 276,770 84,704 860,242
2002
626,742 413,777 489,271 144,256 1,674,046
1978
28.0 8.9 16.8 459.3 17.1
1988
35.1 11.2 24.0 661.8 22.6
2002
68.7 26.3 42.4 1127.0 44.0
As can be noted from the table on population density above, Kasulu and Kibondo population density has almost tripled since 1978 to 2002 census years, from 28 to 68.7 for the former district and from 8.9 to 26.3 for the latter, where the increase can mostly be accounted for by the influx of refugees from neighboring populations whose countries have been experiencing turbulences. The increase for population density for Kigoma rural is about normal; and that of Kigoma urban has gone up by about twice! In this last example, there are two factors that have attributed to the situation; it is partly due to refugee influx but also the element of fast pace for urbanization supplemented by rural urban migration did also contribute to the increase.
Table 1.8: POPULATION BY REGION IN TANZANIA MAINLAND BY YEARS OF CENSUS REGION Kigoma Dodoma Arusha Kilimanjaro Tanga Morogoro Pwani Dar Es Salaam Lindi Mtwara Ruvuma Iringa Mbeya Singida Tabora Rukwa Shinyanga Kagera Mwanza Mara Manyara Total Population 1967 473,443 709,380 610,474 652,722 771,060 682,700 428,041 356,286 419,853 621,293 395,447 689,905 753,765 457,938 502,068 276,091 899,468 658,712 1,055,883 544,125 11,958,654 1978 648,941 972,005 926,223 902,437 1,037,767 939,264 516,586 843,090 527,624 771,818 561,575 925,044 1,079,864 613,949 817,907 451,897 1,323,535 1,009,767 1,443,379 723,827 1988 856,770 1,235,327 744,479 1,104,673 1,280,212 1,220,564 636,103 1,360,865 646,494 889,100 779,875 1,193,074 1,476,278 792,387 1,036,150 698,718 1,763,800 1,313,594 1,876,635 946,418 2002 1,674,046 1,692,025 1292,973 1,376,702 1,636,280 1,753,362 885,017 2,487,288 787,624 1,124,481 1,113,715 1,490,892 2,063,328 1,086,748 1,710,465 1,136,354 2,796,630 2,028,157 2,929,644 1,363,397 1,040,461 34,321,502
- 603,691 17,036,499 23,170,847
Table 1.9: Average inter-censual annual percentage population growth rates by district, 1967/78 to 2002/12
District
1967/78*
1978/88
1988/2002
Kigoma Rural Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Urban Total
6.5 0.2 1.9 5.1 2.9
3.6*** 2.3** 2.2** 3.8*** 2.8**
4.2*** 6.3*** 4.9*** 3.8*** 4.8**
2002/12*** #Gross annual ##Net annual growth rate growth rate -2.3 3.5 0.4 3.4 0.0 2.8 -0.8 3.8 -0.8 3.2
# Growth rate of combined refugee and non refugee population. ## Growth rate of the non refugee population only. Source: 1.*1978 Population Census, Vol. VIII, Population of Tanzania 1978. 2. **2002 Population and Housing Census, Vol. II, Age and Sex Distribution. 3. *** Computed data.
Table 1.10: Population projections in 000 between 2003 and 2012, by district District Kigoma Rural Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Urban Total 2003 464 407 616 139 1,626 2006 389 386 560 125 1,460 2009 351 386 576 120 1,433 2012 389 427 626 135 1,577
Source: Computed from Table 1.8
Table 1.11: Population projections in 000 by district, 1990 to 1995 Districts 1990 301 1991 313 1992 326 1993 340 1994 354 1995 369 269 Source: Computed from Table 1.9 447 110 1,195 253 426 106 1,139 238 406 102 1,086 224 387 98 1,035 211 369 95 988 198 352 91 942 Kigoma Rural Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Urban Total
Table 1.11 Contd: Population projections in (000) by district, 1996 to 2001
Districts
Kigoma Rural
Kibondo 286 304 323 344 365 389
Kasulu 469 492 516 541` 568 595
Kigoma Urban 114 118 122 128 133 139
Total
1996 385 1997 401 1998 418 1999 435 2000 453 2001 472 Source: Computed from Table 1.9
1,254 1,315 1,379 907 1,519 1,595
Table 1.12: Projected population in (000) by district, 2003 to 2008 District Kigoma Rural Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Urban Total 2003 464 407 416 139 1,626 2004 439 400 605 134 1,578 2005 414 393 594 129 1,530 2007 364 379 572 121 1,436 2008 339 373 560 116 1,388 10
1.4.2 SEX RATIO In 1988, Kigoma Regions Sex Ratio was 89. That is, there were 89 males per every 100 women in the regional population that year. By the time of 2002 census the ratio had gone up to 93. It means there were proportionally more males in the population although the female population continued to dominate. This trend was reflected in each district of the region. There was however, a general improvement in the sex ratio towards a balance of sexes between 1988 and 2002 in Tanzania Mainland.
Table 1.13 Sex Ratio in by district in Kigoma Region 1988 and 2002
1988 District Males Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Toatl 79,823 147,984 135,043 41,060 403,910 Females 95,762 171,727 141,727 43,644 452,860 Sex Ratio 83 86 95 94 89 males 199,752 298,294 236,360 70,228 804,634 females 214,025 328,448 252,911 74,029 869,413 Sex Ratio 93 91 93 95 93 2002
Source: Regional Commissioners Office. 2002 Population and Housing Census, Vol. II, Age and Sex Distribution
1.4.3 Dependence Ratio by District in Kigoma Region 1988 and 2002 As can be seen from table 1.14 below the dependence ratio for Kigoma Region has dropped from 117 that was recorded in 1988 to 111 recorded in 2002. In fact the ratios in all districts showed a drop between those two census periods although Kibondo, Kasulu, and Kigoma Rural were still on the higher side than Kigoma Urban. Kigoma Urban supports a lesser population at 86 dependants per 100 active population.
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Table 1.14 dependence Ratio by District in Kigoma Region in 1988 and 2002.
Dependants' Age Groups 0 - 14 Years 65+ Years Economically Active group 210,556 12,793 190,428 313,930 22,267 290,545 240,773 15,093 233,405 62,863 3,907 77,487 828,122 54,060 791,865
District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total
Dependence Ratio 1988 2002 121 117 120 116 115 110 107 86 117 111
Source: Regional Commissioners Office. 2002 Population and Housing Census, Vol. II, Age and Sex Distribution
1.5 CLIMATE AND SOIL Kigoma Region has a tropical climate with Lake Tanganyika influencing the climate leading to high temperature and humidity. The average temperature ranges between 20 degrees and 30 degrees Centigrade. Annual rainfall ranges between 600 mm. and 1600 mm, mostly distributed along and around the lake and the highlands of Kibondo and Kasulu Districts. The mean rainfall is about 1100 mm. The pattern of the rainfall is uni-modal with the rainy season lasting from October to May, followed by a prolonged dry season. Precipitation is reliable and allows a wide range of crops to be grown with some double planting of short season crops. Lowland areas are warm for most part of the year, save for June when the nights are cool.
1.6 PHYSICAL FEATURES Generally, Kigoma Regions land surface is hilly, ranging between 800 and 2400 meters above sea level, punctuated with numerous valleys and plains. Kibondo is the largest district occupying 35.6 percent of total area of Kigoma region followed by Kigoma Rural District with 25.2 percent. Among the rural districts, Kasulu is the smallest in terms of land area but is the densely populated of them all. The soil in the region is mostly loam and clay. A sizeable amount of alluvial soil can be found, mostly in Kibondo district. The vegetation in the region includes woodlands, grasslands and swamps. A great part of Kibondo and Kasulu districts is covered with woodlands and swamps, which are often infested with tsetse flies. 12
The region has a lot of natural resources, especially rivers and the fresh water lake. Most important is the river Malagarasi followed by smaller rivers Lugufu, Ugala, Luiche, Ruchugi and Luekegele. The big rivers flow all the year round while some of the smaller rivers flow intermittently. Lake Tanganyika constitutes one major source of water especially for Kigoma /Ujiji Township. Kigoma region lacks mineral wealth currently known to exist in most parts of the country except for the famous supply of salt from the brine of salt springs at Uvinza. 1.7 AGRO ECONOMIC ZONES Kigoma region can clearly be divided into three agro-economic zones, the Lake Shore Zone, the Lowlands Zone and the Highlands Zone. The Highlands Zone has an altitude of between 1,500 and 1,700 meters above sea level with an annual rainfall of 1,000 1,600 mm. Located above the tsetse fly belt; it is the place where most cattle are bred. The zone is divided into two parts, in the south; there is a separate highland area, and the Mahale Mountains reaching a maximum altitude of 2,373 meters above sea level. Most of the mountainous area is uninhabited and part of it has been designated the Mahale National Park. The highlands face erosion problem that poses an acute shortage of good cultivable land in Kigoma. Common food crops grown include maize, beans and bananas and coffee as the most important cash crop.
The Lowlands Zone has an altitude of between 1,200 and 1,500 meters above sea level with an annual rainfall of between 850 and 1,100 mm. It covers much of the east and southeast, and roughly lies in the area south of the main road Kigoma Kasulu - Kibondo. The zone is rather an extension of the Western Plateau and is below the highland zone. This area is also infested with tsetse flies, which has tended to restrict migration from densely populated areas, leaving large tracts of lowland uninhabited. However, the swampy areas found in these lowlands provide great potential for irrigation activities. Common food crops grown include maize, sorghum, millet, cassava and beans while oil palm and cotton constitute the main cash crops in the area. 13
The Lake Zone has an altitude of about 1,200 meters above sea level with an annual rainfall fluctuating between 600 and 1,000 mm. The Lake Zone forms a narrow strip and lies between the lake and the mountains. It is dissected by numerous streams flowing into the lake creating, in the process, an area of dark red sandy clay loam soil of fairly high potential for crop production. Farming, including rice farming is widely practiced in the river valleys despite the scarcity of land, which is substantially limiting agricultural activities. Small-scale farmers grow cassava, oil palm and rice. But as is always common with people living along rivers and lakes, fishing tends to be their principal activity. The population is sparsely distributed with more concentration along the shores of the lake.
Table 1.15: Location of Agro Ecological Zones
ZONES ALTITUDE RANGE AND COVERAGE The Highland Zones - Altitude range from to 1750m above sea level. - The zone is divided into two parts: the south which covers highlands and the Mahale Mountains
GENERAL MORPHOL OGY Gentle plain with moderately slopping hills and plateaus
DOMINA NT SOIL
MAIN ACTIVITY
ECONOMIC
ANNUAL RAINFALL
Deep and acidic soil
-Agriculture: maize, beans, bananas and coffee. -Livestock: cattle/goats -Tourism: national parks
- 1300 to 1650 mm annually.
The lowlands zones
-Altitude range from 1200m to 1500 above sea level -Extension of the Western plateau and covers much of the East and South East of Kigoma.
Gentle plain
-Red soil to sandy
-Agriculture: maize, beans, palm oil and cotton. -Livestock: Few cattle
The lake zone
-Altitude range from 1000m to 1200 above sea level -Covers a narrow strip along lake Tanganyika: the valley of River Malagarasi and area of Kigoma/Ujiji town.
- Flat plain
- Sandy clay, loam soil
-Agriculture: rice, cassava, palm oil, maize, cotton and various vegetable. -Fishing: -Livestock: Few cattle
Source:- Regional Commissioners Office, Kigoma, 2006
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1.8 Topography
Kigoma Region may be divided into two distinct landscape types: the Western parts demarcated by the Kigoma Kibondo Road, dominated by mountains and hilly areas and Eastern parts that are characterized by low, undulating hills and swampy areas. The altitude for the entire region varies from the level of the Lake Tanganyika, which is 773 meters above mean sea level, up to almost 2,000 meters above mean sea level.
1.9 Drainage
All surface water in Kigoma Region drains into Lake Tanganyika and eventually towards the Atlantic Ocean. A large part of the region is drained by the Malagarasi River, which has its origin near Manyovu. The catchments comprising of approximately 30,000 Sq. km. of the region also stretch across the Burundi border and far into Tabora Region. Other significant catchments are the Luiche catchments, which comprise of mountains north of Kigoma and Lugufu and Luegele catchments, which also drain parts of the Rukwa Region. Besides these large catchments many smaller streams drain the escarpment into Lake Tanganyika.
An outstanding hydrological feature of the region is the Malagarasi swamp close to the regional boundary of Tabora Region. This area consists of plains with scarce vegetation and forested patches that dry up during dry season. The swamps act as regulators of stream flow. Due to low infiltration rates, they change from small, scattered ponds in the dry season to shallow temporary lakes during the wet season.
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SECTION II
2.0 REGIONAL ECONOMY The 2002 Population and Housing Census revealed that 87.9 percent of the population lived in rural areas although urbanization has slightly progressed. Rural people depend heavily on agriculture and livestock keeping for their livelihood. The main cash crops are palm oil, tobacco, coffee, cotton and groundnuts. Livestock keeping is also practiced in Kigoma region with cattle concentration in Kasulu district which has favourable conditions. Kibondo also has a sizeable amount of cattle but leads in goats keeping. The most inhibiting factor for livestock keeping is the infestation of tsetse flies in the region. In Kigoma district most cattle are concentrated around Kalinzi only. There are practically no cattle along the lake, south of Kigoma - Kasulu road. Factors responsible for uneven distribution pattern of livestock in the region are altitude, the pattern of settlements, vegetation and the presence of tsetse flies. Of late, there have been substantial and fruitful efforts of combating the tsetse flies by trapping them with special insecticides sprinkled over a blue / green piece of cloth specifically designed to lure the insects to death when they come into physical contact with the cloth-like trap.
2.1 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The table below shows that by the year 2004 the regional wealth has been growing at a very slow pace of about 2.4 percent over the five year period and contributed a mere 3.3 percent to the national economy. The poor performance could be attributed to the erratic production in the agriculture sector and uncompromisingly underdeveloped infrastructures available in the region.
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Table 2.1: REGIONAL
GDP AT CURRENT PRICES Billion Shs.
Region/Year Kigoma Dodoma Arusha Kilimanjaro Tanga Morogoro Pwani Dar es Salaam Lindi Mtwara Ruvuma Iringa Mbeya Singida Tabora Rukwa Shinyanga Kagera Mwanza Mara Manyara TANZANIA MAINLAND
2000 158,754 226,254 510,055 274,676 281,873 296,370 140,741 1,158,513 144,018 255,028 242,947 359,767 370,450 193,923 246,671 242,688 520,504 261,739 573,094 248,316 6,706,381
2001 188,712 264,197 582,554 310,701 336,986 363,271 155,014 1,282,449 158,814 296,548 242,630 424,602 438,082 202,192 262,849 249,370 589,032 289,808 730,697 256,109 7,624,617
2002 212,940 303,905 393,050 352,292 382,095 413,889 174,066 1,473,226 178,333 333,645 273,779 486,091 501,523 225,126 296,594 280,838 677,560 327,649 847,241 288,989 277,057 8,699,888
2003 357,088 324,953 388,567 427,374 418,456 439,142 226,488 1,589,174 229,264 291,834 376,291 542,737 581,086 227,114 362,872 348,625 667,311 467,959 834,329 442,805 273,897 9,817,366
2004 377,048 350,621 490,460 532,907 601,615 619,792 234,546 1,708,343 237,683 302,615 434,203 605,027 763,343 235,535 445,545 390,398 692,529 486,794 961,672 470,923 345,721 11,287,320
Source: National Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, 2005 2.2 Per Capita GDP On the other hand, the per capita GDP has kept increasing over the years. For instance per capita GDP for Kigoma region residents increased from 134,657 Shillings in year 2000 to Shillings 206,359 in 2004 an increase of about 53 percent at current prices. This phenomenon could be partly explained by ever increasing prices the country has been experiencing the past many years.
Table 2.2: REGIONAL PER CAPITA GDP AT CURRENT PRICES (Shs.)

Region/Year Kigoma Dodoma Arusha Kilimanjaro Tanga 2000 134,657 137,278 251,522 139,179 165,576 2001 155,279 155,503 278,678 152,722 192,028 2002 126,817 178,873 303,990 255,071 232,699 2003 205,221 189,840 293,764 306,563 252,128 2004 206,359 200,006 355,952 375,873 355,712
17
Morogoro Pwani Dar es Salaam Lindi Mtwara Ruvuma Iringa Mbeya Singida Tabora Rukwa Shinyanga Kagera Mwanza Mara Manyara TANZANIA MAINLAND
173,501 169,808 518,602 173,018 235,057 214,306 217,041 176,550 181,861 178,352 222,518 210,306 140,150 224,468 183,194
206,304 181,432 556,905 185,085 265,147 207,622 248,491 202,535 183,942 184,363 221,804 230,873 150,536 277,635 183,290
235,190 195,765 589,776 225,365 295,647 245,066 325,072 242,276 206,394 172,649 245,973 241,504 161,095 287,967 211,157 266,283 259,044
245,299 251,059 616,780 287,936 256,080 331,186 359,496 276,280 206,209 206,064 298,275 232,364 225,056 277,556 318,093 258,537 286,859
337,032 253,607 634,978 294,105 260,840 372,028 394,449 354,023 208,812 243,886 321,927 233,116 226,773 309,577 329,655 313,894 320,044
210,232
231,866
Source: National Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, 2005
2.3 Productive Sectors

2.3.1: Agriculture
Agriculture is the mainstay of Kigoma residents with its activities accounting for about 80 percent of all sectors economic contribution in the region. The type of agriculture practiced in the region is peasant agriculture whereby smallholders who employ very limited capital in their production process are the most involved. Agricultural production in Kigoma Region is mostly dependent on rains for crop growing. Food crops grown include cassava, maize, legumes, sweet potatoes and banana. Cash crops include coffee, palm oil, cotton, groundnuts and tobacco. Beans, maize and bananas are most important crops grown in the highland zone while coffee is grown in the wetter lands which cover most parts of Kibondo and Kasulu Districts. In the intermediate zone are grown maize, cassava, beans, oil palm, groundnuts and sweet potatoes. There is not much crop production in the Miombo area; this area is traditionally important for beekeeping, hunting and fishing activities.
18
There are however, a number of obstacles that hamper agricultural development in the region as hereunder enumerated: -
Poor Application of Agro-inputs: As earlier pointed out that farming in the region is that of smallholders who cannot afford to buy and use fertilizers, agrochemicals and improved seed. Unavailability and high price of agricultural inputs compounded by lack of reliable stockists of inputs and poor input distribution networks has a tremendous negative impact on agricultural production. Poor production Technology: Most farming uses traditional farm
implements the hand hoe, bush knife and axes leading to non utilization of the potential arable land available for agricultural production. Further, although there is enough land for agricultural expansion, the poor technology inhibits expansion due to lack of superior implements such as tractors, ploughs and other farm machinery.
Poor Crop Husbandry Practices: The prevalence of poor extension services including shortage of staff, extension kits and transport facilities inhibits good agricultural production. There is also no regular training for both extension staff and farmers resulting into improper husbandry services which include early land preparations, non use of recommended hybrid seeds, improper spacing, untimely weeding, improper of fertilizers and agrochemical applications. All these factors highly contribute to low productivity in agricultural production.
Traditional Processing Facilities: The extraction techniques of oil palm adopted by farmers are the local simple and hand operated machines and hand squeezing. The hand machines are tedious, laborious and time consuming with as low extraction efficiency of about 25 percent. These methods also produce poor quality of oil which is a limitation to external markets access. 19
Transport Infrastructure and Marketing: The marketing structures for farmers produce are fragmented and poorly developed. They lack organized farmers associations and co-operative societies. The inadequacy of transport (especially road transport) is another set back in the marketing strategy of agricultural produce in the region. The fact that there is a sizeable percentage of roads that are not passable throughout the year is a good indicator of the poor infrastructure existing in the region. There is, however, one railway line which provides a reliable outlet of agricultural cash crops beyond the regional borders. The proportion of the produce using this type of transport is, at any rate, small.
Preferred interventions would require mechanization to be the alternative to overcome poverty constraints. Tractors and efficient utilization of machinery will lessen the labour constraints, put more land under cultivation and contribute to more crop production. Improved roads are an ever important intervention if agriculture produce marketing is to improve because the road infrastructure would open up the agricultural market to include all neighboring regions.
Accounting for about 42 percent, Kigoma rural district has most of the arable land in Kigoma region. This is followed by Kibondo district with 33 percent of the total arable land. As expected Kigoma urban district has the minimal share of percent as the table 2.3 shows below. a mere 0.2
Table 2.3: Distribution of Total Arable Land by District, Kigoma Region 2005
District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total Arable Land Area (Ha) 805,800 606,000 1,015,630 5,300 2,432,730
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
20
The total area under food crops has generally increased over the past five years from more than 295,000 hectares in 2000/01 to over 388,000 hectares in the year 2004/05. Consequently production has also increased through the years as is evident from table 2.4
Table 2. 4: Estimated Area under Food Crops Production in Kigoma Region 2000/01 - 2004/05 Ha
Crop/Year Maize Sorghum Cassava Bananas Beans Groundnuts Sweet Potatoes Pigeon Peas Paddy Total 2000/01 106,970 8,076 43,103 25,060 75,710 6,436 18,745 654 10,455 295,209 2001/02 114,165 6,570 51,968 27,804 75,014 4,250 22,033 4,421 10,517 316,742 2002/03 124,744 6,600 60,587 28,581 81,683 4,360 24,997 5,210 8,964 345,726 2003/04 123,570 6,790 46,112 36,477 76,445 2,675 31,892 3,331 11,868 339,160 2004/05 139,589 10,128 66,908 37,178 80,032 3,887 28,759 3,375 18,249 388,105
2..3.2 Food Sufficiency in Kigoma Region
As far as history can take us back, it shows that Kigoma is the only region, which has never experienced food shortage and hence aid from the government in an attempt to combat hunger in the country. The region has abundant fertile soil which its people utilize for agriculture. The people of the region utilize their land for cultivation of food crops especially beans, bananas, potatoes, pineapples, maize, cassava and groundnuts; and cash crops such as palm oil, coffee, cotton and Irish potatoes, to mention but a few. As a region, it is self-sufficient in carbohydrates sources by over 95 percent while there appears to be surpluses for self-sufficiency in beans and edible oils type of crops such as groundnuts and palm oil. Acreage and 21
production estimates for major food crops over the past five years are shown in table 2.5 below.
Table 2.5: Estimated Production of Major Food Crops in Kigoma Region 2000/01 - 2004/05 Tones
Crop/Year Maize Sorghum Cassava Bananas Beans Groundnuts Sweet Potatoes Pigeon Peas Paddy Total 2000/01 153,016 7,256 154,840 198,400 46,020 6,000 146,135 2,327 11,350 725,344 2001/02 172,882 8,034 165,380 237,086 53,222 3,500 182,575 2,564 23,395 848,638 2002/03 187,833 7,561 169,726 251,440 64224 3,500 198,630 2,526 19,117 904,557 2003/04 218,472 7,716 218,309 246,432 82,155 2,700 213,356 2,535 55,837 1,047,512 2004/05 205,390 5,489 213,221 291,659 57,259 6,714 228,576 2,695 49,337 1,060,340 Yearly Average 187,519 7,211 184,295 245,003 60,576 4,483 193,854 2,529 31,807 917,278
22
Average food production in Kigoma Region in the past five years

300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
Maize Sorghum Cassava Bananas Beans Groundnuts Sweet Potatoes Pigeon Peas Paddy
tonnes
50,000
0 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04
Years
Table 2.6: Area under Major Food Crops by District in Kigoma region 2004/05 Hectares
District/Crop Maize Sorghum Cassava Bananas Beans Groundnuts Sweet Potatoes Pigeon Peas Paddy Total Kasulu 71,357 3,112 14,795 10,646 43,360 7,117 3,375 2,809 156,571 2,675 84,048 Kibondo 30,816 7,016 11,269 11,287 9,492 2,675 8,818 12,394 14,790 143,834 650 5,115 430 Kigoma Rural 35,616 40,234 14,570 26,230 Kigoma Urban 1,800 610 675 950 Total 139,589 10,128 66,908 37,178 80,032 2,675 28,759 3,375 20,924 389,568 % of Total Area 35.8 2.6 17.2 9.5 20.5 0.7 7.4 0.9 5.4 100.0
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 23
Table 2.7: Estimated Area under Major Cash Crops Production 1999/00 2003/04
Average Year/Crop Cotton Tobacco Coffee Oil Palm Ginger Groundnuts Irish Potatoes Horticulture Total 26,058 1999/00 20 2,090 11,950 7,100 775 3,803 320 2000/01 2001/02 82 2,750 5,487 8,111 685 7,800 368 420 25,703 24 1,230 4,149 8,544 562 8,638 372 561 24,080 2002/03 180 1,694 5,083 8,664 495 7,955 1,029 606 25,706 2003/04 1,601 1,808 5,405 9,810 573 10,846 2,842 590 33,475
1,907 9,572 32,074 42,229 3,090 39,042 4,931 2,177 135,022
Estimated Area under Major Cash Crops Production
Groundnuts, 39,042
Horticulture 2,177 Irish Potatoes 4,931
Cotton Tobacco 1,907 9,572 Coffee 32,074
Ginger 3,090
Oil Palm 42,229
24
2.3.4 Coffee Concentrated in the water areas of highland zone, coffee production has proved very successful since its introduction in Kigoma region a few decades ago. Owing to the fertile land and climate, Arabica coffee in Kigoma region produce the first berries at the age of one and a half years compared to three years in other coffee production areas. Except for the year 2003/04 when production fell to about 700 tons coffee has been yielding a harvest of not less than 1,000 over each of the past five years. 2.3.5 Cotton The results of trial tests have shown the high potential for cultivation of cotton in the low lands in the lakeshore zone and along the river valleys. Starting at a mere 12 tones in 1999/2000 season cotton growing has drastically increased to over seven hundred tones in only five years. The crop is only dominant in Kibondo and Kasulu districts where cotton is under irrigation schemes. There has been a slight increase of about 3 percent in 2004/05 over 2003/04 production. Overall it can be said that cotton growing is predominant in Kibondo district only. Cotton purchases in Kigoma region ranged between 64,000 kilograms and 750,000 kilograms in the years 2002/03, 2003/04 and 2004/05 valued at between 20.8 million and 172.5 million shillings. But despite good prices offered recently; cotton purchases nose-dived in 2005/06 in that only 186,792 kilograms were offered for sale fetching some 56.0 million shillings only! 2.3.6 Ginger Ginger is a new cash crop, which was introduced in the low lands areas in Kasangezi Ward, Kasulu District. For the past five years, the acreage devoted to ginger has been increasing steadily and the result has proved successful. There exist opportune possibilities of commercializing its cultivation for both the local and foreign markets. It appears that the emphasis given the growing of ginger is either slackening or the prices have not been lucrative as its production has been on the decline over the past four consecutive seasons ending 2004/05.
25
2.3.7 Horticulture Cultivation of horticulture crops may be carried along river valleys by means of irrigation. Ample availability of water is ideal for horticulture. In Kigoma region horticulture is mainly practiced in Kigoma Urban district where acreage has been increasing from 420 hectares in 2000/01 to 590 hectares in the year 2003/04. Ironically production has increased almost three fold during the period in question; from 3,780 tons in 2000/01 to 9,440 tons realized in 2003/04. There exist opportunities in the production of various fruits and vegetables such as pineapples, passion fruits, tomatoes, onions and so forth, for the local and export market to the neighboring countries. Actually production in horticulture has increased by about 38 percent in 2004/05 over that of 2003/04. Following is the trend of some of the cash crops produced in the past five years:Table 2.8: Estimated Production of Major Cash Crops 2000/01 - 2004/05 Tons
Crop/Year Cotton Tobacco Coffee Oil Palm Ginger Groundnuts Irish Potatoes Horticulture 2000/01 15 1,132 1,398 5,680 10,400 3,998 2,760 3,780 2001/02 15 1,226 1,505 5,906 8,705 6,673 2,976 8,500 2002/03 64 1,440 1,737 12,079 8,730 6,577 6,689 9,393 2003/04 745 1,190 710 8,775 2,765 4,742 19,618 9,440 2004/05 765 2,322 1,574 9,786 596 8,004 28,023 13,000 Yearly Average 320.8 1462.0 1384.8 8445.2 6239.2 5998.8 12013.2 8822.6
Total
29,163
35,506
46,709
47985
64,070
44686.6
26
Average Production of Major Cash Crops
Cotton 170.2 Horticulture, 7778.2
Tobacco 1053.6 Coffee 1327.8 Oil Palm, 7446.0
Irish Potatoes, 6888.6 Groundnuts, 4913.8 Ginger, 7515.0
2.3.8 Oil Palm Oil Palm is the single income-earning crop, which can bring significant income to large-scale farmers, medium scale and small scale out growers. The oil palm tree in Kigoma Region produces more oil per unit area than any other vegetable oil producing plants. It is said that one hectare of palm trees can produce up to 4.5 tones of red palm oil and 0.5 tons of kernel oil per annum. Kigoma being part of Tanzania has high potential of vegetable oils production. Oil crops that thrive well in the region include sesame, sunflower, groundnuts and oil palm. Oil palm production had kept an upward trend in production between 1999/00 and 2002/03 but the production dropped substantially in the 2003/04 season to 8,775 from 13,069 tones the previous year. Kigoma is the main reliable source of raw material for Tanzanian oil producing industries.
27
Table 2.9: Trend of Purchases of Selected Cash Crops in Kigoma Region 2000/01 - 2004/05
Crop/Year Purchases (Kg) Cotton Value Tshs (000) Purchases (Kg) Tobacco Value Tshs (000) Purchases (Kg) Coffee Value Tshs (000)
2000/01 15,000 2,250 392,823 164,799 515,398 370,844
2001/02 15,000 2,700 444,085 236,666 290,136 209,232
2002/03 64,000 20,800 730,177 508,432 1,119,918 729,953
2003/04 596,944 164,160 1,158,984 1,010,699 724,958 955,027
2004/05 536,792 56,125 2,240,432 2,366,811 803,000 803,000
Table 2.10: Coffee Production by District, in Kigoma Region 2000/01 2004/05

District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma (R) Kigoma (U) Total 2000/2001 113,000 500,012 492,101 1,105,113 2001/2002 250,000 275,136 386,800 911,936 2002/03 113,000 504,008 551,900 1,168,908 2003/04 Kgs 2004/05
85,000 616,000 369,955 176,000 355,003 1,530,000 809,958 2,322,000
Table 2.11: Coffee Purchases in 2003/2004 and by Districts in Kigoma Region

District Crop Buyers Coffee Purchased (Kgs) Price (Shs/Kg) Value of Purchases 000 Shs. -
Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma (R)
Kanyovu Coop. Union Tanzania Coffee Board Kanyovu Coop. Union
369,955 355,003 724,958
1,814 800 -
671,035 284,002 955,037
Total
Table 2.11 (a): Coffee Purchases in 2004/2005 and by Districts in Kigoma Region District Crop Buyers Coffee Price Purchased (Shs/Kg) (Kgs) 10,000 1,000 Value of Purchases 000 Shs. 10,000
Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma (R) Total
Kanyovu Coop. Union Tanzania Coffee Board
793,000 803,000
1,000 1,000
793,000 803,000

Table 2.12: Tobacco Production Trend by District, in Kigoma Region District Kibondo Kasulu 85636 Kigoma (R) Kigoma (U) Total 375,621 761,257 558,505 640,285 274,849 300,849 358,449 398,449 690,177 1,723,876 853,407 55,780 1999/00 300,000 2000/01 26,000 2001/02 26,000 2002/03 40,000 2003/04 36,000 176,000 127,231 1,436,876 2004/05 111,000
There is shortage of Agriculture Personnel in some districts of Kigoma region in that there are only three (9) Agriculture Officers catering for the whole region and 93 agriculture field officers (agriculture assistants included). Kibondo, for instance, which has a substantially large area in the region, has only one agriculture officer. In other districts of Kigoma rural and Kasulu each has a couple of the agriculture officers. These numbers are not adequate but strenuous to the farmers in general. In fact there are more wards in the districts than the field officers / assistants, a situation which calls for more attention especially for extension work. It appears, however, that the situation is undergoing change that needs verification by the 29
agriculture regional authorities in the foreseeable future. The total workforce of the agriculture personnel in 2006 was as presented in the table below.
Table 2.13: Type and Total number of Agriculture Sub-sector Personnel by District, 2006 District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total Agriculture Officers 1 2 2 4 9 Agriculture Field Officers 34 19 34 4 93 Total 35 21 36 8 102
The situation of number of personnel remains more or less the same in the region as there were three natural developments during the year; that of retirement due to old age (1) and that caused by natural death (2). There were four cases under other which could not be explained straight away.
Table 2.14 Attrition of all personnel in the agriculture sub-sector by district, 2006
District Total personnel as at 1.1.2005 Death Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 35 51 38 8 132 1 0 1 2
Cause and Number of dropouts

Retirement 0 0 1 1 0 Brain drain 0 0 0 Other 4 0 0 0 4 Total 5 0 2 0 7
30
IRRIGATION Table 2.15 (a): Irrigation Prospects in Kibondo District 2005/06

Division Location Nyendera Nyamsoma Mgondogondo Bugunga "A" Bugunga "B" Ruhwiti Katengera Mhwazi Ruguzye Migende Estimated Potential Area (Ha) 200 100 150 150 150 200 100 150 2,260 200 3,660 Area Under Irrigation (Ha) 151.2 80.0 120.0 140.0 136.8 140.0 80.0 400.0 80.0 1,328.0
Kibondo
Kakoko Kasanda Mabamba Total
From the above table it shows that there is more than twice as much land as irrigation potential than actual area under irrigation in Kibondo where area under irrigation is about 36 percent. Some measures are called for to educate the small farmers on how they can turn the potential for irrigation opportunity into higher production agriculture through irrigated farms.
Table 2.15 (b): Irrigation Prospects in Kasulu District 2005/06

Estimated Potential Area (Ha) Area Under Irrigation (Ha)
Division
Location Musambara, Kabanga and Kidyama Titye, Migunga Rungwe mpya, kaguruka Kigondo, Kidyama, Ruhita Murufiti, Nyansha Nkundutsi, Bugaga Muzye, Mutala Kasangezi and Rusesa Mugera, Kilelema Kagerankanda, Mvinza Mwali, Nyarugusu Munyegera, Nyamugali
Heru Chini
Buyonga Muyama Makere Heru Juu Total
600 1,000 800 200 300 800 400 300 250 4,000 250 450 9,350
80.0 100.0 200.0 60.0 60.0 150.0 100.0 85.0 120.0 30.0 40.0 80.0 1,105.0
The pattern is quite different for Kasulu from that for Kibondo in that besides the district having a larger area under irrigation than Kibondo; it utilizes only about 12 percent of the total potential irrigation area. No purposive irrigation efforts have been made to use the Malagarasi waters for irrigation. The situation is worse in Kigoma rural where only 2.8 percent is under irrigation of the total irrigation potential amounting to 6,720 hectares. See table 2.15 (c), below. Table 2.15 (c): Irrigation Prospects in Kigoma Rural District 2005/06
Division Mahembe Location Pamila Mkuti Nyanganga Kandaga Kalenge Lwiche Kabeba/Bulenzi Machazo Kashagulu Mgambazi Nkonkwa Estimated Potential Area (Ha) 1,000 100 300 100 20 1,500 400 1,000 1,000 1,000 300 6,720 Area Under Irrigation (Ha) 12.0 14.0 40.0 30.0 10.0 60.0 20.0 186.0
Mwandiga Ilagala Buhingu
Total
Kigoma Urban district is a bit better off than Kigoma rural where there is some 20 percent of the area under irrigation from the total potential. Irrigation is most probably what makes horticulture thrive here; cultivating such various fruits and vegetables as pineapples, passion, tomatoes and onions for local consumption and for export to neighboring countries. See table 2.15 (d) Table 2.15 (d): Irrigation Prospects in Kigoma Urban District 2005
Division Kigoma Kusini Kigoma Kaskazini Total Location Kagera Gungu Estimated Potential Area (Ha) 3,000 30 3,030 Area Under Irrigation (Ha) 600.0 5.0 605.0
2.4 Livestock Keeping Livestock keeping practiced in Kigoma region is both traditional and commercial in nature. A large proportion of cattle, goats and sheep are indigenous dominated by pastoralists and agro pastoralists. There are also pigs of mixed breed in the region. As far as poultry farming is concerned, it is practiced throughout the region; a larger proportion of the domesticated lot is found in the rural areas while the improved types are found in urban areas. The production system ranges from intensive small holder of dairy cattle/goats, pigs and poultry to the extensive traditional management of indigenous cattle and poultry.
Table 2.16: Estimated Livestock Population by District, Kigoma Region, 2004/05

District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Kigoma (U) Total Cattle 25,250 50,306 28,140 2,805 106,501 Goats Sheep Donkeys 6 6 Pigs 627 1,916 4,703 1,670 8,916 Poultry 221,826 247,311 296,368 80,147 845,652
93,386 111,212 65,785 210,945 3,404 8,275 17,468 1,336
373,520 138,291
As it can be seen from Table 2.16, Kasulu district has almost half of the total cattle population in Kigoma region with 50,306 herds followed by Kigoma rural with 28,140 and Kibondo district with 25,250. Kigoma urban had the fewest number of cattle at only 2,805 herds. On the other hand Kigoma rural district has the highest percentage of goats at 56 percent of all goats reared in Kigoma region, while Kibondo district tops the list in sheep rearing with 111,212 out of a total of 138,291. Poultry keeping is approximately evenly distributed in all the three rural districts of Kibondo, Kasulu and Kigoma.
33
Fig 7: Chart showing number of different types of livestock in the region

D i f f er ent t yp es o f Li vest o ck i n t he R eg i o n
400,000 373,520
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
138,291
106,501 100,000
50,000
8,916 0 Goats Sheep Li v e s t oc k Cattl e Pi gs
Although Kigoma region is one of the very large regions in Tanzania, most of its land approximately (1,280,780 hectares) is infested with tsetse flies leaving only about 506,000 hectares suitable for grazing. Currently there are only 254,950 hectares used for grazing in the whole region. Kibondo is the most infested district with 805,000 hectares i.e. 62.8 percent of the total area infested with tsetse flies in the region. Hence the small number of cattle compared to other districts. Kibondo
District has large numbers of goats and sheep, as these two types of livestock prefer the dry leaves and grass for their food which is available within the dwelling places of human beings.
34
Table 2.17: Estimated Area under Grazing by District, Kigoma Region, 2004/05
District Land fit for Grazing (Ha) 158,900 181,800 160,000 5300 506,000 Land used for Grazing (Ha) 31,700 60,600 160,000 2650 254,950 Tsetse Fly infected Area (Ha) 805,000 155,780 320,000 1,280,780
Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 2.4.1 Infrastructure Facilities It is equally important to consider the adequacy of infrastructure facilities earmarked for the livestock in the region. There are 33 dips, 3 hides and skins sheds, 3 abattoirs, all in working condition. Considering the number of livestock in the region the facilities are adequate. The numbers of cattle per dip in the region are averaging 3,228, which is a much lower average than the required standard number per dip, which is 5,000 cattle per dip. District wise the average number of cattle per dip are Kibondo 3,607; Kasulu 2,365; and Kigoma rural 5,628 and Kigoma urban no working dip. It appears that the dips are more adequate in Kibondo and Kasulu while they are not enough in both Kigoma rural and urban districts. There are 11 dips in Kigoma rural and only 2 dips in Kigoma urban that are not in working order at the moment. Their revival is very vital so as to reduce the risk of disease outbreaks and hence deaths of livestock in those districts.
Table 2.18: Livestock Infrastructure Distribution by District, Kigoma Region 2004/05

District Working Dips Not Working Total Veterinary Centers Working Not Working Total Crushes Hides Skins/ sheds Slaughter slabs Abattoirs
7 21 5 33
12 5 11 2 30
19 26 16 2 63
0 0
3 4 4 11
3 4 4 11
0 592 1 593
0 1 2 3
0 2 5 1 8
1 1 1 3
2.4.2 Dairy Cattle and goats Besides the indigenous cattle producing milk, there has been a tendency by cattle rearers of keeping specialized cattle the Dairy Cattle - for the sole purpose of producing milk for both consumption and sale. This activity in Kigoma Region is more concentrated in urban centers than in rural areas probably because of the availability of livestock medicines and a ready market for the milk.
Table 2. 19: Distribution of Dairy Cattle by District, Kigoma Region, 2004/05

District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total Number of Dairy Cattle 848 899 311 1484 3,542 Number of Owners 58 550 200 416 1,224
Table 2.20: Distribution of Dairy Goats by District, Kigoma Region, 2004/05 and 2005/06
Number of Dairy Goats District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 676 105 462 1,243 Number of Owners Refugee Camp 75 51 126
2.4.3 Livestock Diseases Naturally due to insufficiency of medicines, livestock in Kigoma region are haunted by various diseases notably East Coast Fever, Anaplasmosis, balesiosis, foot and mouth disease, and helmintiasis to mention but a few. Other diseases that happen to trouble the animals frequently are as summarized in the tables below; 36
Table 2.21: Morbidity and deaths from Livestock diseases of Cattle by district in Kigoma Region 2004/05
Type of disease Kasulu Occurrence East Cost Fever Anaplasmosis Balesiosis Heart Water Trypamosomosis Helminthiasis Foot and Mouth Wagana Ndigana (Kali and Baridi) Mastitis 394 379 268 118 8,364 Deaths 46 31 19 29 33 Kibondo Occurrence 482 256 75 122 48 Deaths 185 36 2 2 3 Kigoma Rural Occurrence 85 432 1,675 942 715 Deaths 13 5 140 9 Kigoma Urban Occurrence 128 143 12 30 45 Deaths 19 2 -
2.4.3.1 N.C.D Reading from the table of poultry diseases below it is conclusive that there occurred an NCD outbreak in Kasulu and Kibondo districts from which high numbers of poultry died. There were only 200 survivors out of a total 5,278. This suggests that there are poor or no readily available personnel and clinics where such outbreaks could be detected as early and the situation contained pretty fast.
2.4.3.2 Cocdyosis There was another outbreak in Kigoma Rural in which out of 4,900 cocdyosis occurrences in poultry, 3,700 of fowls died. It attacked Kigoma Urban rather moderately for out of 2,446 fowls only 120 died.
2.4.3.3 Fowl pox Fowl Pox is another deadly disease that attacks chicken. Again it was in Kigoma Rural where the disease struck more severely, with 3,000 dead out of 25,000. It was rather moderate in Kigoma Urban where 46 deaths were recorded out of 715 occurrences. Otherwise there were some other diseases, which occurred occasionally killing much less poultry. They included coryza, CR disease, 37
Helminthiasis, and salmonelosis as they do appear in the table enumerating all diseases that occurred in Kigoma region.
Table 2.22: Morbidity and deaths from diseases of Poultry by district in Kigoma Region 2004/05
Type of disease Kasulu Occurrence N.C.D B.W C.R Cocdyosis Helminthiasis Salmonelosis Fowl Pox Metritis Coryza 4,678 2,100 1,950 Deaths 4,678 178 Kibondo Occurrence 600 100 80 100 Deaths 400 30 40 60 Kigoma Rural Occurrence 4,900 820 25,000 60 Deaths 3,700 12 3,000 Kigoma Urban Occurrence 2,446 715 611 Deaths 120 46 86
2.5 Production and Sales of animal products (a) Hides and Skins Table 2.23: Production and sales of hides and skins in Kigoma Region 2000 2004
Production of hides Number of hides and skins Value in shs (000) 2000 14,618 17,616 2001 12,458 17,545 2002 14,155 17,469 2003 27,615 47,658 2004 16,376 57,675 24,453 2005 35,616
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 The production of hides and skins in Kigoma region has shown an increase although there is a dent of that production in the year 2004. Generally it has been on the increase since the year 2000. Similarly the values have been on the increase. It seems there is not much price fluctuation in the sales of hides and skins. The average price of hides and skins was Shillings 1,205 in year 2000, rose to Shillings 1,726 in 2003 and fell a little to Shillings 1,620 in the year 2005. But all in all it shows that there is potential in hides and skins market. 38
2.5.1 Animals slaughtered Table 2.24: Number of Livestock slaughtered in Kigoma Region 2000 - 2005
Number of Animals Cattle Sheep/Goats Pigs 2000 9,295 11,595 1,872 2001 8,354 14,573 1,225 2002 8,737 19,498 2,042 2003 10,745 22,152 1,626 2004 8,953 20,951 3,477 2005 10,243 20,573 2,966
Looking at the two above tables there appears to be a big variance between the number of hides and skins sold and the corresponding number of the goats and cattle slaughtered in the same year. In the year 2000 for instance, there were 20,880 animals slaughtered but only 14,618 hides and skins were sold. Come 2002, there were 28,135 cattle, goats and sheep slaughtered but in reality only 14,155 hides and skins sold. I wonder if there is full exploitation of the market for the product. 2.5.2 Milk TABLE 2.25: Milk Production and Sales in Kigoma Region 2000 - 2005
Production Volume (Litres) Value in Shs. (000) 2000 2,714,745 407,211 2001 4,893,746 734,062 2002 6,607,119 1,321,424 2003 7,172,519 1,434,503 2004 7,383,836 1,476,767 2005* 1,074,560 214,912
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 Note: * Refers to data for Kigoma Urban only There is a positive indication that milk production has been on the increase in the region at least, for the observed five years. There has been however, a slight increase in milk prices of about 50 shillings only. A litre of the commodity sold at 150 shillings in year 2000 and by year 2004 the same litre cost 200 shillings indicating rather stability in the price of milk. Despite its small population compared to other rural districts, Kigoma Urban commands a sizeable volume in the production and value of milk contributed to regional total. Here below are two tales for production
39
and sales figures for Kigoma Urban and Kigoma as a rural district for the past six years.
Table 2.25(a): Production of milk in Kigoma Urban District

Production Milk in Litres Sales (Shs. 000) 2000
745,000 186,250
2001
1,138,200 284,550
2002
1,323,000 396,900
2003
1,373,400 412,020
2004
1,814,338 544,301
2005
1,074,560 214,912
2006
1,103,760 220,752,000
Table 2.25 (b): Production of milk in Kigoma Rural District

Production Milk in Litres Sales (Shs.000) 2000 166,740 33,348 2001 2,032,560 406,512 2002 3,660,716 732,143 2003 4,175,759 835,141 2004 4,206,960 841,392 2005 77,980 15,596
2.5.2 Eggs Egg producton in Kigoma region is dominated by the Kigoma urban district where the intensive system of livestock keeping is practiced. There are small concentrations of such livestock keeping also in other district urban centres such as Kasulu town and Kibondo town centre. As such the number of trays of eggs produced per year has ever been increasing save for 2004 when there was a serious fall both in production and sales.
Table 2.26: Production and Sales of eggs in Kigoma Region 2000 - 2005
Production Eggs (trays) Value in Shs (000) 2000 391,539 55,466 2001 580,949 97,101 2002 788,638 138,836 2003 871,137 158,869 2004 121,093 98,797 2005 427,626 612,110
This phenomenon in the fall of egg production is evidenced particularly in Kigoma urban district, the major producer. Taking 2003 as a simple base year, it shows that egg production fell by 91.2 points in 2004, giving rise to the overall fall in the regional production of 86.1 points. There appears to have encountered a disaster which has 40
not been given enough weight through its identification and finally its arrest. The disaster was a combination of N.C.D, Cocdyosis and fowl pox. These diseases attacked the fowls and caused death to numerous chicken resulting to a drastic fall in the egg production during 2004.
Table 2.26 (a) Production of eggs in Kigoma Urban District alone Production 2000 2001 2002 2003 Number (trays) Sales 354,674 542,809 746,308 825,625
2004
2005
72,615 189,920 7,261 78,992
28,373 43,424 67,167 82,562 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
The total number of livestock personnel began at 86 in opening the year 2006. There were no unusual incidents in that only two staff dropped out of the sector during the year; hence ending the year with a total of 84 personnel of all ranks in the region as the table 2.27 below indicates. Table 2.27: Attrition of all personnel in the livestock sub-sector by district in Kigoma Region 2006 Cause and number of dropouts Death 0 0 Retirement 0 0 Brain drain 0 0 Other 2 0 Total 2 0 0 0 2
District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma (U) Total
Total personnel as at 1.1.2006 28 21 30 7 86

Livestock officers are concentrated in Kasulu and Kigoma rural districts. Kigoma urban does not have a resident livestock officer assuming that those in stationed in Kigoma rural carter also for Kigoma urban. The livestock field officers are somewhat evenly distributed except Kigoma urban which has a single digit number of field officers as it has a smaller number of large animals (cattle, goats, sheep and pigs) compared to the rural districts. The situation as in 2006 is as set the following table.
41
Table 2.28: Type and total number of Livestock sub-sector personnel by district, 2006 District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total Livestock Officers 1 3 4 8 Livestock Field Officers 25 18 26 7 76 Total 26 21 30 7 84
2.6 NATURAL VEGETATION AND FORESTS 2.6.1 Natural Forests Kigoma region has great diversity of vegetation type namely montane forests, riverine forest and closed and open miombo woodlands. Other vegetation type includes montane grasslands, open grasslands, wooden grasslands, bush grasslands, bamboo thickets and swampy vegetation. Miombo woodlands are the major vegetation type occupying about 45.1 percent of the land area consisting mostly of braches taiga, jubernardia and isoberlimia species. Kigoma has an estimated cover of forest and woodland amounting to over 842,000 hectares and ranks fourth after Tabora, Morogoro and Rukwa Regions in Tanzania. The swampy vegetation is dominated by mat forming species covering the area of Malagarasi and Muyowosi Ramser site.
Table 2.29: Forest Cover in hectares by District Kigoma Region 2005
District Natural forest reserve area Forest plantation area 20 367 241 5 392 Forest cover on Public/village land 2,000 25,140 300,000 25,140 Other reserved land area*
Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total Estimated % cover
6,149 214,260 120,347 173,142 393,551
1,000 Wet land 198,400 Nyamroha wild life management area -
* National Park and Game Reserve areas outside Forest Reserves.
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The forests and woodlands support wood-based industries as well as contribute more than 92% of natural energy requirement in the region. Furthermore, they support most communities by providing food, shelter, medicine, fruits and income to many people. Forests and woodlands also provide habitats for wildlife and are a good source of many non-wood forests products such as tourism, game (Mahale and Gombe national parks and Muyowosi game reserve), bee production that is, honey, beeswax, propolis and tannins.
Table 2. 30: Forest Reserves in Kigoma Region 2005

Districts
Name of Forest Reserve Buyungu Forest Reserve Mwalye P.R. Mkuti North Makere
Type
Ownership Local Authority
Size in Hectares
Illegal Harvesting level* Fair
Encroached Area (Ha) Not surveyed
Miombo Miombo Miombo Miombo Miombo Miombo Miombo Miombo Moist Montane Miombo Moist Montane Moist Montane Miombo Miombo Miombo Miombo Miombo
Kibondo
2128.7 Central Government C. Govt C. Govt C. Govt D.council Central Govt. Central Govt. Government 37448 Severe Fair 78080 98528 Fair 204 Fair Insignificant 5,376 6,144 Insignificant Insignificant 3,584 98.4 Severe Insignificant 35612 12850 Severe 5808 16640 4500 3525 129ha Severe Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant NIL NIL Not surveyed No data No data No data No data 85 55 60 90 120 8000 4,000 100 5 7
Kasulu
South Makere Makinging Hill Basanza Ilunde Lugufu

Kigoma Rural
Mkongoro Mpanda Line Mkuti Nkungwe Uvinza Rukunda Kachambi Kitwe
Kigoma Urban
* Severe, fair, insignificant, nil
2.6.2 Tree Seedlings As it were, in the wake of aforestation in most parts of Tanzania, Kigoma has made strides to this effect at least in the immediate past five years. All districts except Kigoma urban have had tree seedlings raised as shown in the tables II 28a and II 28b below. Public institutions, villages, Non Government Organizations as well as individuals have raised the seedlings. In fact like NGOs are more involved in the plantation under the wider umbrella of environmental conservation in almost all districts. The institutions include CARE, EMMA, BONGWE and REDESO in Kasulu district, TACARE, CARE and SIMMORS in Kigoma rural district and TACARE in Kigoma urban district. Those operating in Kibondo district have as their objective: development of tree nurseries. They are REDESO, TCRS development, KIEMA and VESCA. They are active in refugee camps, divisions and whole districts.
44
TREE SEEDLING RAISED IN SIX YEARS
2003/2004
8,644,176
2002/2003
1,998,429
2001/2002
1,863,082
Years
2000/2001
2,326,505
1999/2000
4,643,955
1994/95
2,450,479
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000 10,000,000
Number
Reading from the seedling planting figures given for the past more than five years they reveal that the activity has been going on at an impressively increasing rate. But the seedling sustainability is not discussed anywhere in this chapter. It is hoped that the figures pertaining to their survival are both substantial and quantifiable at any one point in time, say, a year. Because if there are no balanced efforts for sustainability as there are for planting the seedlings, it would appear that the planting is more of a political move than forestation efforts as it should be. The figures in the two following tables testify this. 45
Table 2.31 (a): Tree Seedlings raised by district in Kigoma region

District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 1994/95 1,176,000 1,074,479 200,000 2,450,479 4,643,955 1999/00 630,900 2,771,055 1,242,000 2000/01 450,000 735,887 1,140,618 2,326,505 2001/02 300,000 508,582 1,054,500 1,863,082 1,998,429 2002/03 650,144 240,285 1,108,000 2003/04 635,572 470,334 1,102,176 1,332,000 1,332,000 3,069,748 2,423,334 2004/05 621,000
Table 2.31(b): Tree Seedlings raised by institutions in Kigoma region

Institution C. Govt D. Council Village Govt Schools NGOs Others Total 1994/95 6,422 2,581,773 125,000 400,000 335,000 139,000 3,587,195 1999/2000 10,826 3,598,598 150,000 750,498 895,864 343,333 5,749,119 2000/2001 13,658 1,525,763 120,000 331,989 1,234,332 49,266 3,275,008 2001/2002 84,892 362,368 170,000 430,918 1,037,755 288,875 2,374,808 2002/2003 11,843 1,201,257 110,000 351,361 1,816,896 195,000 3,686,357 2003/2004 .. 663,551 .. 361,692 1,498,839 300,000 2,824,082 2004/05 .. 709,084 115,000 446,000 1,815,813 616,437 3,702,334
N.B. .. Figures not availed Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
2.6.3 NGOs involvement It is not uncommon these days to find international and national organizations supporting local societies in conserving environmental and other socially oriented activities in all Tanzanian regions. Likewise Kigoma region is supported by a number of such non-governmental organizations. They include CARE, WORLD VISION, TANZANIA RED CROSS to mention but a few. Their true representation in various districts in Kigoma region are as given in table 2.32.
46
Table 2.32: NGO Involved in Environmental Conservation in Kigoma Region 2005

Districts Name of Organization Care Objective Environmental conservation and tree planting Area of Operation By District Mtabila, Muyovosi and Nyarugusu refugee camps and villages of Mugombe ,Nyakitonto, shunga Buhoro, Makere Kitagata ,Nyachenda Nyamidaho, Mvugwe ,Nyarugusu, Mvinza and Kagerankanda Nyatare and Nyasha villanges Muyama and Makere Division
EMMA Kasulu Word vision
Environmental conservation
IRC BOGWE REDESO Tanzania Red Cross TACARE Kigoma Rural CARE SIMMORS Kigoma Urban TACARE REDESO Kibondo TCRS DEV. KIEMA VESCA
Food security at household level In camp activities (Muyovosi, Mtabila A and B ) Environmental conservation Environmental conservation and capacity building HIV/AIDS Control
Refugee camps
Refugee camps Nyarugusu Nyachenda Makere, Mgombe,Kanazi Kitema ,and Nyakitonto 25 villages along the shore of Lake Tanganyika In Refugee Camps and surrounding villages Eight villages Kigoma Urban The whole District The whole District Two division Two division
Environment conservation - do - do Environmental Conservation TREE NURSERY TREE NURSERY TREE NURSERY TREE NURSERY
Another source of government revenue from forestry products is from timber sales. As far as Kigoma region is concerned, there were just a few areas that captured revenue from timber sales which have been reported here. Although it is not known whether these points which captured the data are exhaustive for all districts in the region, it can be said that the shown figures are on the low side. 47
Table 2.33: Timber Sales from Forest Reserves / Plantations Kigoma Region TAS
Name of Reserve or Plantation Kibondo: Nyawela Kumwayi 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05
176,000 136,000 1,250,000 1,020,000
144,000 152,000 520,000 1,050,000 30,000
120,000 104,000 440,000 1,350,000 60,000 30,000 30,000 2,134,000
48,000 224,000 120,000 1,355,000
1,670,000 120,000 1,747,000 1,790,000
Total Kasulu: Heru Juu F.P.
2,582,000
1,896,000
269,730 Mharuro F.P 80,922 Sales of Trees 24,070 29,878 112,600 105,600
248,600 124,400 304,300 143,200
578,000 200,500 22,500 66,000 313,360 156,690
541,610 180,540 30,090 60,180 2,799,730 1,399,870
2,045,000 666,400 1,829,600 325,000 536,000 69,050
Total
622,800
820,500
1,337,050
5,012,020
1,212,350
N.B: There were no timber sales for Kigoma Rural and Urban Districts.
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 2.6.4 Charcoal and Firewood In the absence of reliable source of energy in Tanzania her population resorts to various alternative sources such as charcoal and firewood depending on the abundance of the product under consideration. In Kigoma for instance, electricity is rather a rare commodity. Electricity is mostly available in the large industries, farms, public lighting in towns and in households, mainly in urban centres. Charcoal and 48
firewood is then the main source of energy for cooking and households lighting. Although there is an unexplainable dent in charcoal production in 2003/04, generally its production has ever been increasing at least in the last five years. Charcoal production is more distinct in Kigoma Rural district as the production supports two districts; consumption in Kigoma Rural District and Kigoma Urban District which has a limited forest cover to accommodate the activity. Kasulu District charcoal production is generally low compared to other districts; but it has a very high firewood production / consumption.
Table 2.34: Production of charcoal by district, Kigoma region

Bags District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 2000/01 10,721 4,225 14,400 29,346 2001/02 10,139 2,469 16,800 29,408 2002/03 12,000 2,413 20,000 34,413 2003/04 4,000 6,664 13,860 24,524 2004/05 20,639 4,126 9,500 34,265
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 As pointed out earlier, firewood production is generally on the high side in Kasulu District. There are two main factors influencing the situation; the availability of fairly dense forests in Kasulu and probably the high refugee figures in the district automatically demand the commodity especially for cooking. Production of the commodity in the district is in millions of cubic meters! The year 2002/03 hit all the high in that the district produced more than 4,288,000 cubic meters of firewood. It is yet to be ascertained why there was such a demand in that particular year. Thre is however unexplainable fall for the production in 2004/05 of some 639,200 cubic meters. Kibondo is the second large producer of firewood in the region with mild figures of between 36,490 and 74,467 cubic meters per year. Kigoma Rural district is down in the table as production in the district is only about 2,000 cubic meters per annum. 49
Table 2.35: Production of firewood in by District in Kigoma Region
Cu. Mtrs.
District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 2000/01 74,467 1,105,800 2,118 1,182,385 2001/02 67,348 1,692,600 1,476 1,761,424 2002/03 71,658 4,288,800 1,639 4,362,097 2003/04 53,662 1,829,600 1,983 1,885,245 2004/05 36,490 639,200 1,022 676,712
The staffing position of personnel in the forestry department in Kigoma Region is manned mainly by Assistant Forest Officers and Forest Attendants. As such there are only two Forest Officers; one in Kibondo and another one in Kigoma Rural District.
Table 2.36: Type and total number of Forest personnel by district, 2006 District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total Forest Officers 1 1 2 Assistant Forest Officers and Forest Attendants 6 13 9 4 31 Total 7 13 9 4 33
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 The entry /exit situation was not all that bad in Kigoma Region in year 2006 in that there were only two occurrences of departing the department in that year: one natural cause, death and another who had opted to leave for greener pasture elsewhere. There remained 32 staff out of the thirty four who started the year 2005 as the below shows.
50
Table 2.37: Attrition of all personnel in the Forest sub-sector by district, 2005 District Total personnel as at 1.1.2005 7 13 10 4 34 Cause and Number of dropouts Death 1 1 Retirement 0 Brain drain 1 1 Other 0 Total 1 1 2
2.7 FISHERIES
Lake Tanganyika has high potential for fishing as it boasts more than 2,000 species of flora and fauna and is among the richest fresh water ecosystems in the world. Of these species, more than 600 are endemic to basin and comprise a remarkable percentage of fish (over 250 species are cichlids), gastropods, bivalves, ostrapoda, decapods, copepods, leeches, sponges and many other species. The lake is incredibly rich in ornamental fish.
The main activity of the people living along / close to the shore of the lake is fishing. It is estimated that a total of 10,000 fishermen are engaged in fishing in the four countries surrounding the lake vis Burundi, DRC, Tanzania and Zambia. While the fish potential in the lake is estimated at a little more than 300,000 tons; annual catches for Tanzania stand at between 150,000 and 190,000 tons. Lake Tanganyikas total biomass fluctuates in line with seasonal variations of rather common environmental factors especially levels of annual rainfall, nutrition (plankton) and related changes, wind and temperature, among other things.
Despite the diversity of the fish varieties in Lake Tanganyika, catches are made primarily of 6 endemic and pelagic species. They are 2 plankton-eating clupeid sardines (Limnothrissa miodon and Stolothrissa tanganicae) locally known as the famous dagaa which represent 70% of all the catches, and 4 predating centropomidae all of genus Lates which account for 25% of the catches (Lates stappersii known as mgebuka, Lates angustifrons known as ngomba, Lates 51
mariae known as sangara and Lates microlepis known as nonzi. The dagaa are small fish with a short life span but highly productive and nutritious.
Table 2.38: Fisheries Resource Facilities and Fish caught by District in Kigoma Region for selected years
District Number of Fishing Licenses 2002/03 Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 120 423 2004/05 80 336 2005/06 121 336 Number of Fishermen 2002/03 120 423 2004/05 80 336 2005/06 121 336 Number of Registered Fishing Vessels 2002/03 100 423 346 2004/05 100 328 2005/06 106 328 Fish Caught in Tons 2000/01 189 9,215 92,000 2002/03 199 2004/05
53 2,150
9,134 58,400
346
1,408
1,800
1,384
1,377
1,787
351
450
83,754 326.65
117 1,006
213 2,037
299 2,556
660 2,587
854 2,647
1,126 3,370
117 986
213 992
299 1,175
340 101,744
376 68,109
86,283
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 2.7.1 Fishing Methods In Lake Tanganyika fishing is practiced more at night because most methods consist of attracting the clupeid by light, from night lift fishing nets with non-motorized or motorized boats. Fishing activities stop altogether during the full moon for about 10 days or so. Traditional and artisan fishing are the two types easily identified in Lake Tanganyika. Traditional fishing is mainly practiced for subsistence and uses a wide variety of gears such as gill nets, scoop nets, lines and hooks, long lines and traps. Catches are made up primarily of pelagic species. The boats used are planked or dugout about 3 4 meters long and not self propelled.
Artisan fishing is practiced by using two boats/canoes in a planked of about 9.510 meters long with an average of 1516 pressure lamps, a square net of 100120 meters circumference times 8001000 mesh down and an average of 67 fishermen boat propelled by a 4075 horse power engine. Catches are mainly pelagicclupeids and lattes.
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Table 2.39: Revenue in 000 Shs. from Fishermen by District in Kigoma Region District 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
536 2,443 6,192 1,970 11,140
540 882 854 5,616 1,860 8,870 1,621 7,291 2,556
360 1,196 9,086 2,376 13,018
544 6,619 10,880 2,066 20,110
12,350 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
From the above table it shows the potential embedded in the fishing sector although it has not been exploited fully. It can be said that the fishing industry has its roots in Kigoma rural district which contributes more than half of total earnings from the region in this sector. As of 2006 the district earned more than 10.9 Million Shillings from the fishing industry alone accounting for more than 54 percent. Even Kigoma Urban is very active in this activity such that the district accounts for about 20 percent of total earnings in this industry.
2.7.2 Processing and marketing: Fish lands fresh along different fish landing areas where transactions start. Fish is processed in artisan manner in such a way that clupeids are dried on the sand specialized areas for that purpose. Small portions of clupeids are dried on elevated platforms/drying racks. Another technique is that of drying the fish whole. This is mainly done for lattes steppers I. Small-scale operators who are sometimes the fishermen themselves and their families carry out-processing. The losses incurred through these rudimentary processing methods are rather high in that they may reach the 15-20% level especially during the rain season.
53
As far as ornamental fish are concerned it appears that there is a big potential and demand from overseas! There are unorganized catching of ornamental fish which is going round Lake Tanganyika throughout the year. Such fish have their established markets abroad but their activities records are rather scanty, if any. There is no single spot where such fishing is done and is carried out using small fishermen. Some conceited efforts need to be done by the fisheries department in order to gauge this upcoming and expensive activities because it ought to bring in colossal amounts of revenue. Table: 2.40: Attrition of all personnel in the fisheries sub-sector by district, 2006. Total all personnel as at 1.1.2006 Cause and Number of dropouts Death Retirement Brain drain Other Total -
District
Kibondo 2 Kasulu 4 Kigoma Rural 16 Kigoma Urban 4 Total 26 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
For the time being staffing in the fisheries sector seems to be fairly adequate although those in Kigoma Rural District tend to be overworked due to the longer stretches of the shore they have to render their services. However This district has the highest number of fisheries staff of 16 out of 26; a bout sixty two percent of the regional total. Supposedly the fisheries officer responsible for Kigoma rural district avails his/her services to Kigoma urban district as well although the district has a short landing shore.
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Table 2.41: Type and total number of Fisheries personnel by district, 2006 District Fisheries Officers Assistant Fisheries Officers and Fisheries Assistants 1 4 15 4 24 Total 2 4 16 4 26
Kibondo 1 Kasulu Kigoma Rural 1 Kigoma Urban Total 2 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
2.8 BEEKEEPING
The large forests endowed Kigoma Region has the potential for beekeeping, as there are many nectar yielding tree species and flowery agricultural plants. As expected, there are many traditional beehives than modern ones in the region with Kibondo taking the lions share of about 76.0 percent, Kasulu with 21.5 percent and Kigoma rural with fewest traditional beehives at 2.5 percent in 2005.Due to the nature of Kigoma urban District; it had no single beehive in that year..
Table 2.42: Number of Traditional Beehives by District 2000 2005 in Kigoma Region District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 2001 55,549 16,500 1,386 73,435 2002 55,549 16,952 2,650 75,151 2003 62,179 17,402 4,760 84,341 2004 64,292 18,160 2,150 84,602 2005 64,324 18,910 1,015 84,249
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 Generally the number of morden beehives has been increasing at a slight rate. There were 68,331 beehives in the year 2000. Their number increased to 72,049 and 72,501 in the following two years but dwindled to 17,484 and 18,033 in 2003 and 2004 respectively. However, productivity of both honey and beeswax has ever been on the increase side by side with their values as given in the two following tables.
55
Table 2.43: Number of Modern Beehives by District 2000 2005 in Kigoma Region Number
District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 2000 100 100 2001 0 2002 29 818 847 2003 82 150 12 244 2004 181 24 24 229 2005 200 326 1,570 2,096
Table 2.44: Beekeeping Products and Value in Kigoma Region 2000 2005 Year
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Average
Honey Kgs.
352,630 230,000 150,777 302,356 220,714 153,735 235,035
Beeswax Kgs.
20,034 8,980 2,527 14,794 5,803 3,268 9,234
T.shs.
108,674,000 69,819,000 59,522,320 249,816,931 95,447,336 110,662,900 115,657,081
T.shs.
14,273,800 8,921,600 2,652,700 8,883,316 5,376,000 4,243,800 7,391,869
2.9 COMMERCE AND TRADE 2.9.1 CROSS BORDER TRADE The location of Kigoma town along Lake Tanganyika is of vital importance as a port for cross border trade among neighboring countries of Burundi, DRC, Rwanda and Zambia. It is estimated that about 15 million people who live around here depend on Kigoma town as their shopping center. There is a great demand for commodities like fish; cereals (maize, pigeon peas, beans, cassava); building materials (cement, roofing sheets, iron bars, and lime); petroleum products; electronic products; salt from Uvinza salt mines; plastic materials; livestock; red palm oil and palm kernel. 56
Traditionally the port of Kigoma and the central railway line has been the trades get way for Eastern DRC, Burundi, and Rwanda. Reports from shipping operations by APO, which operates lake port of Kigoma on lease has it that, the port has capacity of handling up to 500,000 metric tones of general cargo to these countries per year. The value of trade exports from and via Kigoma to neighboring countries between 2002 January and December 2004 are as shown in the three tables below:
Table: 2.45: Volume and Value of Exports to DRC, Burundi and Rwanda from Kigoma Region, 2002 20004
2002 ITEM Volum e 120,12 2 667 80,000 120 Value Shs. 2003 Volume Value Shs. Volume 2004 Value
Salt (Bags) Sardines (Bags) Palm Kernel Oil (Litres) Lime Stone (Bags)
647,910 30,015 9,600 72,000
439,631 1,798,151 37,699 1,464,666 46,800 0 6,940 0
545,117 10,687 25,000 0
2,321,789 488,222 13,906 0
Source: Tanzania Revenue Authority
57
SECTION III 3.0 SOCIAL SERVICES 3.1 EDUCATION 3.1.1 PRE-PRIMARY SCHOOLS Over the years the Ministry of Education in Tanzania has cultivated a culture of enrolling primary school pupils on the basis of a pre requisite of some prepatory schooling in what used to be known as kindergarten schools now commonly known as Pre-primary schools. The pre-primary schools have increased over years, in the case of Kigoma Region, from 153 schools in 1995 to a remarkable 472 in 2004, an increase of more than three times that of 1995. The pre-primary normally enrolls pupils aged between four and six years. So the pupils do at least one year before entering standard one in primary schools. Government owned schools numbered 380 in 2004 while those owned by private institutions and individuals were 92 with total enrollment of 9460 and 805 for the two types of ownership respectively. The tables below show the number of nursery schools and their enrollment by district:
Table 3.1 (a): PRE-PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY OWNERSHIP AND BY DISTRICT

District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 1995 G 64 1 6 71 NG 30 22 52 1998 G 68 1 4 73 NG 30 22 1 53 2000 G 10 74 2 13 99 NG 30 22 2 54 2002 G 67 80 4 13 164 NG 6 30 23 2 61 2003 G 88 123 9 13 233 NG 6 31 30 4 71 2004 G 159 188 17 16 380 NG 22 32 34 4 92
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 Correspondingly, total enrolment in pre-primary schools has been increasing over the period from 3,752 in 1995 to 18,605 recorded in 2004. This is a result of awareness the parents who not only realize the importance of sending their children to school but also their zeal of sending better prepared pupils to primary schools. Along with this is the drive for the establishment of non government pre-primary schools. This can be observed from the year 2002 when six such schools were established enrolling at least some 180 pupils. The enrollment of pre-primary pupils in non government schools has been erratic over the years for no apparent reason, 58
with 2003 registering the highest enrollment of 5,620 while it showed 4,532 and 2,208 the preceding two years of 2002 and 2003 respectively. It is difficult for these facts to be conclusive as Kibondo and Kigoma rural data cells for 2004 are empty.
TABLE 3.1(b): TOTAL ENROLMENT IN PRE-PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY OWNERSHIP AND BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION
District 1995 G Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 1,920 700 2,620 NG 750 382 1,132 1998 G 2,720 1,002 186 3,908 NG 900 864 1,764 2000 G 203 2,960 436 393 3,992 NG 1,050 3,392 90 4,532 2002 G 5,821 3,200 837 954 10,812 NG 180 1,050 682 296 2,208 2003 G 3,054 4,435 1,269 680 9,438 NG 1,350 1,187 1,758 1,325 5,620 2004 G 6,243 7,247 1,351 1,692 16,533 805 2,072 1,267 NG
G = Government Owned NG = Non Government Owned Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 3.1.2 PRIMARY SCHOOLS Kigoma region had a total of 596 primary schools in 2005; and only 5 of the schools belonged to non-government institutions. Actual enrolment into standard one for all schools in the region has slightly slowed down in 2003 and 2004 from those who were enrolled in 2002. The enrolment for four subsequent years beginning 2000 was 43,635; 72,533; 67,230 and 58,304, 158,180 and tapering off to 57,855 in 2005 and finally to 49,297 in 2006. The actual enrolment into standard 1 for selected years since 1995 is as shown in table 3.4
Table 3.2: DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY OWNERSHIP AND BY DISTRICT District G Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 76 90 83 20 269 2000 NG 1 1 G 82 95 83 20 280 2002 NG 3 3 G 88 164 83 30 365 2004 NG 4 4 G 127 207 219 43 596 2005 NG 5 5
Coverage of the number primary schools by the number of wards and population by district is also given.
Table 3.3: DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS AND POPULATION BY DISTRICT DURING THE POPULATION YEAR, 2002 District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban
Total Number of Wards 20 30 22 13 85 Population 413,777 626,742 489,291 144,257 1,674,047 Number of Primary Schools 88 174 215 47 524
The explanation given by the table below entails that 2004 is when maximum number of primary school pupil enrolment was highest compared to other years. They were 158,180 pupils registered in that year. The figure has been dwindling to 57,866 in 2005 and further down to 49,297 in year 2006. It is in 2004 when a special programme was launched; pupils of ages between seven and thirteen were called to be accepted in class one. No over age was entertained beginning that year onwards hence the thinning out of the total enrollment.
Table 3.4: ACTUAL PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLMENT INTO STD. I

District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 2000 8,138 16,191 16,737 2,569 43,635 Enrolment of pupils of all ages into Std. 1 2002 13,704 20,893 29,712 8,224 72,533 2003 16,881 22,203 20,940 7,206 67,230 2004 14,659 22,730 115,450 5,341 158,180 2005 10,616 21,037 18,750 7,452 57,855 2006 9,374 18,785 14,506 6,632 49,297
Table 3.5 (a) ACTUAL ENROLMENT INTO STD I KIBONDO DISTRICT, 2004 and 2006
Sex
Seven Year Olds 2004 2006 4,459 4,630 9,089
Other ages 2004 3,024 2,901 5,925 2006 543 700 1,243 2004
Total 2006 5,002 5,330 10,332
Boys Girls Total
4,361 4,373 8,734
7,385 7,274 14,659

Table 3.5 (b) ACTUAL ENROLMENT INTO STD I KASULU DISTRICT, 2004 and 2005
Sex
Seven Year Olds 2004 2005 6,095 6,196 12,291
Other ages 2004 6,146 5,642 11,788 2005 4,591 4,030 8,621 2004
Total 2005 10,686 10,226 20,912
Boys Girls Total
5,377 5,,565 10,942
11,523 11,207 22,730

Table 3.5 (c) ACTUAL ENROLMENT INTO STD I KIGOMA RURAL DISTRICT, 2004
Sex
Seven Year Olds 2004 2005 9,444 9,302 2006
Other ages 2004 2005 2006 2004 59,575 55,875
Total 2005 9,444 9,302 2006 7,231 7,275
Boys Girls Total
8,958 8,732
7,231 50,617 7,275 47,143
17,696 18,750 14,506 97,760
- 115,450 18,750 14,506
Table 3.5 (d) ACTUAL ENROLMENT INTO STD I KIGOMA URBAN DISTRICT, 2004
Sex
Seven Year Olds 2004 2005 3,684 3,199 6,804 2006 3,209 2,977 6,186
Other ages 2004 1,151 998 2149 2005 93 476 569 2006 81 555 636
Total 2004 2,619 2,453 2005 3,777 3,675 2006 3,290 3,532 6,822
Boys Girls Total
1,468 1,455 2,923
5,072 7,452
Table 3.6 (a): DISTRIBUTION OF PSGAG AND ACTUAL ENROLMENT, BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION 2002
District bondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total
Total Population 413,777 626,742 489,291 144,257 1,674,067
Number of PSGAG 89,454 127,924 90,330 27,509 335,217
Total Enrolment 50,702 99,269 11,820 26,956 188,747
GER 57 78 13 98 55
At the start of PEDP/MEM in 2002 a minimum of 72,533 pupils of seven years were recruited into Std. 1 as can be deduced from 3.4. According to table 3.6 (a), however, the Gross Enrolment Rate of 55 percent for the primary school going age group in 2002 meant that 156,470 in the age group 7 -13 missed school that year. It should be noted however, that the figures here are to some extent, influenced by refugee population. The situation should be slightly different in the subsequent years given that the refugee population would be on the decrease due to repatriation. Table 3.6(b): TOTAL ENROLMENT STD I TO STD VII BY SEX AND BY DISTRICT
2000 Boys Girls 18,225 33,192 27,001 9,206 87,624 17,339 31,302 25,472 8,538 82,651 2002 Boys Girls 26,259 51,786 43,010 14,101 135,156 24,443 47,483 37,877 12,855 122,658 2003 Boys 31,378 56,404 49,260 16,855 153,897 Girls 29,155 52,364 45,727 15,505 142,751 2004 Boys Girls 34,627 61,467 55,349 18,087 169,530 32,775 51,869 51,749 16,507 152,900 2005 Boys Girls 35,272 64,076 59,673 19,895 178,916 33,595 60,920 56,870 18,748 170,133
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Table 3.7: NUMBER OF PUPILS WHO STARTED STD I IN 1992, 1995, 1997 and 2000 AND COMPLETED STD VII IN 1998, 2001, 2004 and 2006 1992 to 1998 Complete Started d 1992 1998 2,500 3,945 4,220 2,524 13,189 2,131 3,708 2,620 1,381 9,840 1995 to 2001 Started 1995 3,957 4,855 5,559 3,053 17,424 Complete d 2001 2,770 4,564 4,050 1,776 13,160 1997 to 2004 Starte d 1997 5,402 6,564 6,126 3,053 21,145 Completed 2003 4,084 6,170 4,884 2,127 17,265 2000 to 2006 Started 2000 7,777 16,191 16,737 4,295 45,000 Completed 2006 5,379 9,366 8,376 3,288 26,409
District
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 There are standard reasons considered in all Tanzania regions when the number of dropouts in primary schools is of concern. The range is from truancy, pregnancy, death to any other reason. In the case of Kigoma Region truancy has been the number one reason for the pupils dropping out of school. The number has actually been decreasing very slightly from 2,679 in 1996 to 2,557 in 1998; 1,999 in 2001 and to 1,908 in 2004 a drop of about 29% over nine years. Came 2000 to 2006 batch; there were 18,591 pupils who did not complete primary education. It was a record 41 percent dropout.
Dropping out because of pregnancy has had interesting results; in that there were 74 girls who were affected in 1996. The number of cases dropped drastically in the years 1998 and 2001. It further dropped to 6 and 9 by 2004 and 2006 respectively
The number of dropouts due to death was rather minimal; oscillating between 6, 4, nil and up again to 7 in the four selected years; and the other reason has been increasing with boys taking an upper hand and the numbers are larger than those of truancy. The picture of dropouts in the region is as depicted hereunder in the table. It will be of value to unpack the item other so as to make the analysis more meaningful.
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Table 3.8:
NUMBER OF DROPOUTS BY REASON AND SEX FOR SELECTED YEARS IN KIGOMA REGION
1998 Girls 259 2 1 311 573 7,782 2001 Girls 237 13 4 386 640 9,877 2004 Girls 81 6 378 466 16,507 2006 Girls 79 9 2 90 19,807
Reason Truancy Pregnancy Death Other Total Total Enrolment
Boys 235 5 330 570 8,119
Total 494 2 6 641 1,143 15,901
Boys 220 417 637 10,573
Total 457 13 4 803 1,277 20,450
Boys 90 368 460 18,097
Total 171 6 746 926 34,604
Boys 97 5 102 20,025
Total 176 9 7 192 39,832
DISTRIBUTION OF THE DROPOUT IN 2004
Death 60
Other 264
Pregnancy 29
Truancy 1,908
The total number of class seven pupils who have been sitting for the final examinations licensing them to join form one in secondary schools over the years has ever been increasing though not proportionately the increased number of primary classrooms and increased number of secondary schools. The proportion of the pupils selected to join form one to all examinees was 8% in 1998 while in 2004 the percentage of those selected to all examinees rose to 16%. On the onset, the figures suggest that there were more vacancies in secondary schools, that is, more 64
secondary schools were built to carter for more students over the years. Of late, the region had 51 percent of the examinees selected to form one in 2005 and a similar feature has continued in 2006 where at least 48 percent of the examinees have initially been selected to join form one. There are more to come when the second selection is due in March 2007. The selection in 2006 was rather even between boys and girls in almost all districts in Kigoma region. One wonders the explanation for this unusual phenomenon. The criteria for the selection need be documented for the benefit of further analytical work.
TABLE 3.9: NUMBER OF EXAMINEES SELECTED TO JOIN FORM I IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS
District 2000 Boys Kibondo Examinees 1474 Selected 64 Kasulu Examinees 2,259 Selected 183 Kigoma Rural Examinees Selected Kigoma Urban Examinees Selected Total Examinees 1,095 136 1,206 125 1,016 172 934 165 986 296 849 203 1,299 244 1,115 244 1,489 975 1,115 852 1,489 544 1,115 543 1,610 183 1,483 153 1,654 171 1,509 169 1,846 347 1,690 149 4,844 636 4,080 286 2,576 862 2,242 827 2,579 1,263 2,242 1,250 166 204 138 200 200 509 489 2,037 1,093 1,388 1,375 2,814 5,497 4,860 2,136 2,303 3,584 3,923 2,943 2,789 2,943 2,789 145 149 185 146 182 639 625 916 719 746 739 1,509 1,519 1,251 1,530 1,740 1,696 2,048 1,453 1,446 1,453 1,446 Girls 2001 Boys Girls 2002 Boys Girls 2004 Boys Girls 2005 Boys Girls 2006 Boys Girls
6,438
7,012
9,686
8,554
6,498
6,582
11,423
11,166 8,461 7,592 8,464 7,592
Total Selected 566 589 696 657 989 734 2,028 1,644 4,790 3,491 3,941 3,907
3.1.2.1 Primary School Facilities School facilities refers to classrooms, teachers houses, toilets, desks and other furniture, Good quality education at primary school level ( the basic level) depends on availability of facilities in good time and in the number and quality required. Limited government budget for these inputs has adversely affected the development of primary school education. The problem can rightfully be labeled chronic. In
Kigoma for instance, the number of classrooms available in 2004 was 3,590 instead of the required 7,302; a deficit of 50.8%. This is said to be so as per maximum ratio of pupils per standard classroom where it requires a classroom to accommodate 45 pupils at a time. The deficit ratio of unavailability of classrooms has still loomed around 50 percent as per 2006 data.
TABLE 3.10: STATUS OF CLASSROOMS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY DISTRICT
District
1995 Available
1999 Available 485 422 710 200 1,817
2004 Available 1,002 1306 970 312 3,590 Required 1,844 3,386 2,514 1,008 8,752
2006 Available 1,364 1,500 1,076 382 4,322 Deficit 480 1,886 1,438 626 4,430
355 379 196 930
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 The classroom-pupil ratios derived here are very large according to the weak data availed. The best average classroom-pupil ratio is around 35 pupils per classroom. Conceited efforts are called for to rectify this situation for the benefit of the region in particular and the users of the information herein contained. The situation is more than excellent in Kigoma rural district where a classroom accommodates 17 pupils only whereas in Kigoma urban the situation is worst because there are 111 pupils to a class. One keeps wondering as to when the situation is going to stabilize or completely reverse.
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Table 3.11: CLASSROOM PUPIL RATIO BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION IN 2004
District
Required 1,305 2,596 2,677 725 7,303
Available 1,002 1,306 970 312 3,590
Pupils
67,402 113,336 16,539 34,594 215,332
Pupils per Available Classroom

67 87 17 111 60
source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006

3.1.2.3 Toilet Holes in Primary Schools
The toilet holes situation in Kigoma Region is unexplainably unsatisfactory. There is a serious shortage of permanent pit latrines in primary schools as exhibited in the table below. That for instance in 2004 out of 14,845 pit latrines required only 2,999 were available for use leaving a deficit of 11,846 holes a deficit equivalent to 80 percent! There was an improvement in the toilet holes by the year 2006 whereby out of the 15,682 holes required 7,337 an equivalence of about 47 percent were available; a real turning point. This problem should be looked at in the context of health services as well because its persistence is a threat to the basics of health of the whole school community.
Table 3.12: STATUS OF TOILET HOLES IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY DISTRICT District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma urban Total 1999 2003 2004 2006 Available Available Available Required Available 461 501 756 3,312 903 422 1,190 985 6,166 2,320 502 231 1,616 502 268 2,461 904 354 2,999 4,605 1,599 15,682 3,701 413 7,337 Deficit 2,409 3,846 904 1,186 8,345
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3.1.2.4 Teachers Houses
As far as teachers houses are concerned, region-wide shortage was 59.5 percent. Most districts were affected to some extent with Kigoma urban holding the worst record at 87.7 percent shortage. In absolute numbers Kasulu District took the lead with a shortfall of 2654 teachers houses. As of 2005 region-wise there were about 65.4 percent of the teachers housed at their places of work. The region is optimistic that the percentage of available teachers houses is going to improve beginning 2006 because of the special drive which is spearheaded by the government. The government has vowed (and has started countrywide) to improve education at both levels; primary and secondary schools should be given quality education by building more schools, increasing the number of teachers and teachers houses; and correspondingly increase the enrollment at both levels.
Table 3.13: STATUS OF TEACHERS HOUSES IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS District 2003 2004 2005 2006 Available Available Available Required Available Deficit Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 283 435 282 26 1,026 289 461 283 31 1,060 323 507 2,091 40 2,961 1,844 3,161 2,634 471 8,110 339 507 2,383 58 3,287 1,505 2,654 251 413 4,823
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 3.1.2.5 Pupils Desks Desks are an important component in proper education delivery. To this effect, the availability of a desk to every child in a classroom is of high priority. There is a serious shortage of desks in Kigoma Region standing at 44.4 percent overall. Going by 2005 figures, the worst hit district percentage wise is Kigoma District with 57.1 percent followed by Kasulu District with a desk shortage of about 50.8 percent compared to the district requirement though numerically it is Kasulu District, which has the highest number at 31,722 desks. All Primary school pupils shared 82,195 desks at the ratio of 4.2 pupils per desk a ratio in normal circumstances considered high. There ought to be done something to alleviate this situation. 68
Table 3.14: STATUS OF PUPILS DESKS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY 2005

District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 1999 Available 9,122 19,243 23,591 4,824 56,780 2003 Available 10,853 29,243 23,749 4,289 68,134 2004 Available 11,803 29,743 30,419 4,289 76,254 Required 18,930 62,465 53,549 12,881 147,825 2005 Available 15,504 30,743 30,419 5,529 82,195 Deficit 3,426 31,722 23,130 7,352 65,630
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 Keeping the adequacy characteristic aside, to date, the number of teachers in Kigoma region is not very dependable due to the high fluctuations of the numbers from one year to another in some districts. In Kibondo for instance, there were some 1,848 teachers available in the year 2003. They dropped to less than a third in the following year and the teachers were only about a third in 2005. Kigoma Rural has also shown a slight drop in the number of teachers between 2003 and 2005. All in all there was a deficit of 47.6 percent for grade A and B teachers in the whole region in 2005. However, in Kasulu district there seems to be some consistency in the teachers increase year in year out vis, 1999 had 1,544 teachers; 2003 had 1,613 teachers; 2004 had 1,839 and by 2005 they had a total of 2,128. The provisional regional pupils/teacher ratio stood at 38 pupils per teacher, slightly above the advisable ratio of 35 pupils per teacher.
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Table 3.15: STATUS TEACHERS (GRADE A AND B) IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY 2005

District 1999 2003 2004 Available Available Available 974 1,544 .. 443 2,961 1,848 1,613 1,284 466 5,211 519 1,839 1,204 495 4057 2005 Available 630 2,128 919 848 4,525
Required 1,140 3,613 2,914 966 8,633
Deficit 510 1,485 1,995 118 4,108
3.1.2.6 Water Tanks in Primary Schools The situation of number of water tanks available at schools is deplorable in that out of 536 tanks required in the whole region only 26 are available. That is a mere 4.8 percent! Besides this facility being very important in running a healthy school, it is being given very low profile. Although the capacity of the tanks installed at these schools is not known; the existing number of water tanks in different districts is intolerable. It cannot be imagined how the school populations do with this merger number of this important facility. One would imagine the use of four water tanks, in Kasulu district schools, for use in both toilets and as for drinking water. It suggests all chaos at the schools. In fact they could be the source of water borne disease. A quick programme geared at rectifying this situation should be put in place quickly for its implementation to save the school population from health catastrophe.
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Table 3.16: STATUS OF WATER TANKS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS 2006

District Number of Tanks Required 128 174 220 44 536 Number of Tanks existing Number of tanks deficient
20 4 10 34
108 170 210 44 532
3.1.2.7 Dropouts of Primary School Teachers
The number of dropouts in the teaching profession in Kigoma appears to be characterized by deaths and retirees, otherwise the situation is more or less stabilizing. Zeroing the study in the other category of the dropouts the data starts at 12 in 1995 increasing to 16 in 1998 then culminating to 25 in the year 2000. The number has steadily dropped to 8 in 2002 and finally to 3 in the year 2004 suggesting either some satisfaction out of the teaching job or having equal job opportunities in the adjoining regions, the factors that contribute a lot to drop outs. There has surfaced a brain drain in the region as the table below shows. This item has been on the increases from 2000 to 2004. Deaths have remained the main cause of dropouts maintaining an increasing steady double digit figure as the table below shows.
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Table 3.17: STATUS OF DROPOUTS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN KIGOMA REGION 1995 - 2004
1995 Cause
Total Number Dropout s Total Number
1998
Dropouts Total Number
2000
2002
2004
Dropouts
Death Retirement Brain drain Other Total none
19 12 none 12 43 none
15 20 none 16 51 none
31 15 7 25 78 none
34 15 12 8 69 none
32 14 18 3 67
3.1.3 Secondary Schools There has been an impressive improvement in the number of secondary schools in Kigoma Region starting with one secondary school (Livingstone Secondary School) at independence in 1961 to 17 in 1998. By the year 2004 there were 41 secondary schools out of which 26 are government owned and 15 are private. The number of secondary schools has grown to 83 in 2006; with 59 government schools and 24 privately owned ones. The schools have a total of 500 teachers of whom 350 are teaching in government schools and 150 are in private schools. The distribution of secondary schools and classification by ownership and district is for the years 1999, 2001, 20004 and 2006 are displayed in the table here below.
Table 3.18: NUMBER OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS BY OWNERSHIP AND BY DISTRICT KIGOMA REGION FOR THE YEARS 1999, 2001, 2004 and 2006
District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma (U) Total
1999 2001 2004 2006 NonNon Non Non Govt. Govt. Govt. Govt. Govt. Govt Govt Govt 2 1 2 1 6 2 16 3 6 6 2 8 3 18 8 4 2 14 2 2 5 4 2 14 2 3 8 7 5 26 5 5 15 16 9 59 6 7 24
3.1.3.1 Enrolment into secondary schools
The enrolment into secondary schools O level has shown marked increase in the past five years. Overall the enrolment has increased more than five fold between 2000 with 3,325 students and 2005 with 17,951 students. Between the boys and the girls; the boys had a slightly upper hand in the admission between 2000 and 2004. But beginning in 2005 matters have started changing in favour of the girl students; that 9,674 girls were selected to join form one to 8,277 boys in year 2006.
Table 3.19: TOTAL ENROLMENT IN O LEVEL BY SEX FOR SELECTED YEARS IN KIGOMA REGION Sex Boys Girls Total 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004 2005
1,604 1,688 3,292
1,668 1,657 3,325
2,130 1,846 3,976
2,688 2,667 5,355
3,940 3,631 7,571
8,277 9,674 17,951
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 Secondary school A level enrolment is moderate, partly because of the small number of schools with A level status. With that limitation and with the exception of 2002, however, in the past three years the region has had large numbers of boys who are admitted into A level than girls. The boys proportion ranges from 74 percent in 2005; 75 percent in 2004 to 77 percent in 2006 compared with the girls 26, 25 and 23 percent respectively.
Table 3.20: ENROLMENT IN A LEVEL BY SEX FOR SELECTED YEARS IN KIGOMA REGION Sex Boys Girls Total 2002 60 125 185 2004 299 96 395 2005 327 115 442 2006 323 94 417
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3.1.3.2 Performance in Secondary Schools Performance of A level students for the last eight years has been rather impressive although there are still some small anomalies to iron out concerning the real numbers scored. In some cases passes have a high number than the actual number of the examinees. This is an observation which has been noted for a number of years suggests that there could be some private candidates who have been sitting for their examinations in centers registered in the secondary schools. It would suffice to underline the fact that in the subsequent years of 2005 and 2006 the range of the passes were above 88 percent of the total examinees. Table 3.21: PERFORMANCE AT FORM VI FINAL EXAMINATIONS IN KIGOMA REGION
YEAR 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 NUMBER OF EXAMINEES 80 87 134 148 172 177 298 289 NUMBER OF PASSES 71 88 133 149 172 178 261 255
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 3.1.3.3 Desks There is a perpetual deficit of about 50 percent of all desks required in the region. A strong advice to the situation would be to rationalize facilities and other amenities probably available in secondary teaching in other neighbouring regions.
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Table 3.22: CLASSROOMS STATUS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS FOR SELECTED YEARS

YEAR NUMBER REQUIRED NUMBER EXISTING DEFICIT
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
380 488 513 657 940 1,137 2,250 2,490
215 319 319 384 510 599 851 1,236
165 169 194 273 430 538 1,399 1,254
3.1.3.4 Libraries in Secondary Schools Given that there are about 60 secondary schools in Kigoma Region one would expect that each school should have at least one library. This is not the case in Kigoma; it looks as if most of the schools do without a library. There existed about 18.8 percent of the required libraries in 1999, 15.8 percent in 2001 and about 13.5 percent in the year 2004. This is a very serious situation for secondary school studies and it appears that their passing of form IV and form VI examinations is purely miraculous. The situation got worse in 2005 and 2006 where the deficit escalated to more than 84 percent. There ought to be conceited efforts to rectify the prevailing situation.
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Table 3.23: STATUS OF LIBRARIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KIGOMA REGION NUMBER EXISTING 3 3 3 3 4 5 9 10
YEAR 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
NUMBER REQUIRED 16 17 19 21 30 37 59 63
DEFICIT 13 14 16 18 16 32 50 53
3.1.3.5 Laboratories in Secondary Schools The laboratories situation is very similar to that of the libraries; the number of schools does not match the number of laboratories whether a school has science streams or not the students have got to learn through practices. So laboratories are so important a facility that more efforts are called for to salvage the situation. It is tantamount to say that the secondary schools operate without practical teaching laboratories.
Table 3.24: STATUS OF LABORATORIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS 1999 TO 2006 IN KIGOMA REGION
YEAR 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
NUMBER REQUIRED 36 44 47 55 87 91 174 182
NUMBER EXISTING 7 11 13 13 14 15 15 15
DEFICIT 29 33 34 42 73 76 159 167
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3.1.3.6 Desks in Secondary Schools Again, the number of desks available in secondary schools is very similar to that found in primary schools in Kigoma region in that they are much, much less than the requirements. Currently there is an overall deficit of about 40 percent of the desks in secondary schools in the region.
Table 3.25: STATUS OF STUDENT DESKS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS BETWEEN 1999 AND 2006 IN KIGOMA REGION
YEAR
NUMBER REQUIRED
NUMBER EXISTING
DEFICIT
1999
41,787
31,401
10,386
2000
85,217
50,029
35,188
2001
115,844
53,535
62,309
2002
133,938
65,794
68,144
2003
154,519
81,863
72,656
2004 2005 2006
164,455 198,310 207,294
87,947 100,436 123,568
76,508 97,874 83,726
3.1.3.7 Teachers Houses in Secondary Schools It would simply suffice to note that secondary school teachers houses sufficiency has only been between 10 and 20 percent over the past decade. Concrete plans should be in place at the earliest to tackle this problem.
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Table 3.26: STATUS OF TEACHERS HOUSES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS BETWEEN 1999 AND 2006 IN KIGOMA REGION
YEAR
NUMBER REQUIRED
NUMBER EXISTING
DEFICIT
1999
467
77
390
2000
570
86
484
2001
715
96
619
2002
772
105
667
2003
856
122
734
2004 2005 2006
1,029 1,747 1,890
184 196 252
845 1,551 1,638
As it were, there is a huge deficit of secondary school teachers, both in government owned and privately owned, in the region. The shortages go as far as two thirds of requirements. For instance, between 2002 and 2006 the teacher deficits were 68.2 percent, 61.6 percent, 56.2 percent 68.6 percent and 68.4 percent in that order. One would wonder how planning of building more schools is done without corresponding consideration of how to match it with the number of teachers available.
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Table 3.27: QUALIFIED TEACHERS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS 1999 TO 2006 IN KIGOMA REGION
YEAR 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
NUMBER REQUIRED 223 302 516 1074 1634 1771 3,426 3,608
NUMBER EXISTING 100 144 198 342 627 775 1,075 1,139
DEFICIT 123 158 318 732 1007 996 2,351 2,469
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 3.1.3.8 Staff Offices in Secondary Schools It is always desirable to plan building schools together with staff offices. This is not the case in not only Kigoma region but also in other regions in Tanzania, a practice that draws back real development. This practice discourages good record keeping of school welfare on the whole on the side of at least the students. In the modern world of computerization, it becomes difficult for such installations to be made for lack of proper premise. The deficits in this area run over 50 percent of total requirements in every year which one could pick for study.
Table 3.28: STAFF OFFICES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS 1999 TO 2006 IN KIGOMA YEAR 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 REQUIRED 33 45 48 52 76 107 131 157 EXISTING 13 20 24 27 40 67 78 91 DEFICIT 20 25 24 25 36 40 53 66
79
Generally speaking, boarding schools are preferred to day schools. There is an added advantage of boarding schools in that students go with the school activities as scheduled. The time wastage between activities is minimal and there appears to be a well planned period for preparation of tomorrows classes. In addition the time for students going to bed is best controlled in boarding schools than day schools. These few mentioned advantages (there are definitely many more) are crucial to laying a good basis for serious students who would consider themselves potential for further education. The government and the private sector alike would concede that although this would be an ideal situation but it call for a lot of resources especially financial; such schools are very expensive to run. Dormitories are an important factor that should be considered side by side when establishing boarding secondary schools.
Table 3.29: STATUS OF DORMITORIES IN BOARDING SECONDARY SCHOOLS 1999 TO 2006 IN KIGOMA REGION
Number YEAR REQUIRED EXISTING DEFICIT
1999
21
12
2000
29
19
10
2001
31
19
12
2002
28
21
2003
42
24
18
2004 2005 2006
51 98 125
29 54 76
22 44 49
80
3.1.4 Cobet Program (MEMKWA) Mpango wa Elimu ya Msingi Kwa Walioikosa (MEMKWA), is a program hatched by the government to carter for those children who were not privileged with primary education in the school going age group of seven plus. In Kigoma region, there were 307 centers allocated for MEMKWA program of which 83 were in Kasulu District, 950 were in Kibondo District, 86 were in Kigoma Rural District and 43 were in Kigoma Ujiji Town Council. The plan was to enroll 26,866 children in 2005. Of that number enrolled for Memkwa program 13,254 were boys and the remaining 13,614 were girls. There were 1,560 teachers employed and 1,560 volunteer teachers in this program. Table 3.30: THE ENROLMENT IN MEMKWA PROGRAM IN 2005 District Kasulu Kibondo Kigoma Rural Kigoma / Ujiji Planned Actual enrolment Enrolment 9,197 8,337 3,972 10,467 3,230 4,088 10,120 2,643
Total 26,866 25,189 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 200
In the previous few years there was very minimal impact of the MEMKWA program in the region; but with time the enrolment picked up and reached about 94 percent in 2005
Table 3.31: AVERAGE RECRUITMENT OF CHILDREN INTO MEMKWA BY DISTRICT 2003 AND 2004 IN KIGOMA REGION
District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 2003 8,337 6,684 3,230 18,251 2004 4,088 8,337 10,120 2,643 25,188
3.1.5 ADULT EDUCATION There are 557 adult education centers in Kigoma region with 405 operating and 152 centers not operating. Total adult education enrollment is 39,432 of which 17,016 are males and 22,415 are females. For those who can read and write 6,985 are males and 9,706 are females while those who cannot read and write total 5,725: with 1,031 males and the remaining 3,704 are female. Of those who cannot read and write 4,235 are enrolled for adult classes and the remaining 1,490 are not yet enrolled. As far as the number of adult education centers are concerned Kibondo district maintained the same number in 2005, that is, 127 centers with unspecified number of participants. It was different in Kasulu district whose centers dropped from 1,832 registered in 2003 and 2004, to 690 registered in 2005 with recorded participants 19,494. Kigoma rural and urban districts also recorded less centers and corresponding low levels of enrolment. Kigoma rural had 45 centers with an enrolment of 105,416. Kigoma urban had 43 centers with an enrolment of 4,863 probably suggesting that the literacy has improved in the region.
Table 3.32: ADULT EDUCATION CENTERS BY DISTRICT, 2003 AND 2004 IN KIGOMA REGION Number District Number of centers 2003 Kibondo 88 2004 127 Total enrolment 2003 24,725 2004 19,919
Kasulu
1,832
1,832
38,848
38,845
Kigoma Rural
80
90
276,770
210,832
Kigoma Urban Total
31 2,031
35
5,326 345,669
6,823 276,419
2,084
3.1.6 Vocational Training Centres Yet another stride Tanzania is generally trying her best, is making sure that her population does not idle around too much, by establishment of vocational training centres. Kigoma region has also made such efforts to this end by establishing various skill centres specifically in Kibondo and Kasulu Districts. The centres carter for carpentry, masonry, domestic science, home economics and metal works. Electrical works and welding are also practiced.
Table 3.32: VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTERS BY DISTRICT, KIGOMA REGION 2004

Name Kibondo FDC District Kibondo Capacity 100 Total Enrolment 2004 Skills taught
Kakonko
Kibondo
100
Kalema
Kasulu
100
35 Carpentry masonry Domestic science, welding and 56 Mechanics Masonry, carpentry, Home Economics Electrical and metal 24 works Masonry, carpentry, Home Economics, 26 and metal works Masonry, carpentry, Home Economics 2 and metal works
Mwibuye
Kasulu
80
Mwayaya
Kasulu
80
83
Table 3.33 (a): TOTAL ENROLMENT OF HANDICAPPED CHILDREN INTO MAINSTREAM PRIMARY SCHOOLS, KIGOMA REGION 2004
Type of handicap Deafness Blindness Mental retardation Crippled Albino Other Total
Std. I 15 82 2 1 13 113
Std. II 2 2 1 11 16
Std. III 5 21 26
Std. IV 2 3 2 18 25
Std. V 6 1 6 13
Std. VI 1 4 5
Std. VII 4 4
TOTAL 2 31 82 7 3 77 202

Table 3.33 (b): TOTAL ENROLMENT OF HANDICAPPED CHILDREN INTO MAINSTREAM PRIMARY SCHOOLS, KIGOMA REGION 2006
Type of handicap Deafness Blindness Mental retardation Crippled Albino Other Total
Std. I 2 9 2 1 11 25
Std. II 2 14 9 1 2 10 38
Std. III 1 5 8 1 18 30
Std. IV 8 14 4 2 15 43
Std. V 2 4 1 6 13
Std. VI 8 1 2 9 20
Std. VII 2 3 7 12
TOTAL 3 38 45 13 6 10 115
3.1.7 Special schools for the handicapped As in other regions, there has been a program of mainstreaming of the handicapped children into normal primary schools and also there are special schools for certain categories of the handicapped children. Most notable are the blind and the mentally retarded who cannot cope in normal primary schools. The two categories enrolment 84
has data for two districts, Kigoma Urban and Kasulu only as shown in the two tables for 2004 and 2006 below.
Table 3.34: TOTAL ENROLMENT INTO SPECIAL SCHOOLS FOR THE HANDICAPPED, KIGOMA REGION, 2004 District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Blindness Mental retardation .. Mental retardation .. 34 Type of school .. Total enrolment .. 30 47
Table 3.35: TOTAL ENROLMENT INTO SPECIAL SCHOOLS FOR THE HANDICAPPED, KIGOMA REGION, 2006 District Kibondo Type of school Mental Retardation Crippled Albino Others Mental retardation Total enrolment 35 7 3 66 34
Kasulu
Blindness
30
Kigoma Urban
Mental Retardation
40
85
3.2 HEALTH 3.2.1 Introduction Indeed, human well-being and performance are the result of heredity, but more so they are determined by their surrounding. In this way the health of individuals and communities in Kigoma Region is influenced by the various factors that constitute the surrounding and the socio-economic climate of the people. The dominance of Lake Tanganyika to a larger extent dictates the climate, institutional status and the prevalence of various diseases in the region. This is compounded by poor communication system, poor water supplies, poverty, poorly run health services to mention but a few. The mere fact of unintentional isolation from the center (Dar es Salaam) renders smooth delivery of health services to the region impossible. On the other hand the high temperatures influenced by the lake and the dense equatorial forests from the neighboring country could be the dictators of the prevalence of diseases in the region.
3.2.2 Morbidity and Mortality The regions health history is gauged into two criteria, morbidity and mortality. They define the problem in the region and also show how difficult it has been in tackling the problem. As it were in many other regions in Tanzania, Malaria topped the list all years. In 2004 for example; Malaria had 189,988 occurrences followed by ARI with 90,842 patients and Intestinal worms come third with 30,295 occurrences in Kibondo district. In fact Malaria came top in all districts in Kigoma region in those years. However, the department of health had the following as working objectives in the latest year 2004/2005: To reduce the rate of outbreak of diseases particularly cholera and meningitis. To reduce the rate of suffering and causes of malaria, To reduce new cases of HIV/AIDS transmission, To reduce maternal mortality rate, To reduce infant mortality rate, To increase vaccination (vaccine) rate against diseases and To reduce imbalanced diet among the population. 86
3.2.2.1 Most Commonly Reported Causes of Diseases in Kigoma Region The ten most commonly reported diseases in Kigoma region have been given as: Malaria; Diarrhea and vomiting; eye infection; skin infection; and ear infections. Others are air transmitted diseases; intestinal worms; cholera; minor surgical conditions, pneumonia, Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (UTI) and ARI depending on the district under discussion. Ranking starting with majority of occurrences in Kibondo district is as appearing in the table below. Besides malaria ranking very high in occurrences, it had a leapt by about 66.1 percent from the year 2000 to 2005.
Table 3.36(a): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY, IN KIBONDO DISTRICT
Number
No. District 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Malaria ARI Intestinal Worm Diarrhea Eye Infection Pneumonia Skin Infection Ear Infection Minor Surg Cond Anemia 2000 Occurrences 59,215 ARI 19,033 Diarrhea 18,996 Int. Worms 13,069 Eye Infection 10,179 Pneumonia 5,559 Minor surgical 2,581 Skin infection District 117,328 Malaria 2005 Occurrences
194,878 97,541 `````````````29,225 `````````````26,928 19,810 17,290 ```````````````9,304 ```````````````6,852 ```````````````3,770

4,887
Anemia
UTI
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 The ranking is slightly different in Kasulu district but Malaria persists as number one disease in Kasulu, too. Its increase in occurrences was slightly lower than in Kibondo for the occurrences increased by 33.9 between 1999 and 2005. But there are other diseases which were on the increase in terms of both occurrences and percentages vis, intestinal worms, ADD, eye infections, pneumonia and UTI recorded high increases between the two periods under reference.
87
Table 3.36(b): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY, IN KASULU
Number No. District 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Malaria ARI Intestinal worms ADD Pneumonia Eye infection UTI Skin Diseases Ear Infection Anemia 1999 Occurrences District 112,766 Malaria 46,775 ARI 2,065 Intestinal worms 1,171 ADD 1,398 Pneumonia 963 UTI 8,545 Eye infection 1,021 Skin Diseases 200 Ear Infection 1,531 Anemia 2005 Occurrences 151,035 49,535 31,031 19,070 17,449 13,989 11,434 7,565 6,167 2,792
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 Malaria still maintained its record of topping the list of occurrences in Kigoma rural district with an increase of about 82.7 percent between 2000 and 2005. Diarrhea and eye infection also increased substantially over the period. Table 3.36 (c): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY, KIGOMA RURAL Number 2000 2005 No. District 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Malaria ARI U.T.I Diarrhea Intestinal worms Eye Infection Pneumonia Skin Infection Anemia Ear Infection Occurrences District Occurrences 87,747 31,151 15,333 13,833 10,488 5,825 4,578 4,578 3,296 1,943 48,061 Malaria 15,817 ARI 2,771 Diarrhea 9,374 Intest. worms 5,078 Eye Infection 8,132 Pneumonia 4,146 Skin Infection 2,440 Anemia 2,578 U.T.I 1,943 Ear Infection
The situation was very different in Kigoma urban, in that besides being a leading disease in occurrences, malaria reported cases decreased from 473,503 to 143,342 over the same accounting period of 2000 and 2005. It may be correctly assumed that in 2000 some of the patients reported to have had treatment in Kigoma urban might have come from the neighboring Kigoma rural as there is no restriction of crossing district borders in search of what could be considered good treatment by the sick. Also on the increase were ARI, intestinal worms, and diarrhea to mention but a few. Skin infection and Schistomiasis were very much on the decline, as there were only 670 reported cases of Skin infection and 780 of Schistomiasis in 2005 compared to 2,989 and 2,219 of the diseases reported in the year 2000 respectively.
Table 3.36(d): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY IN KIGOMA URBAN Number No. Disease 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Malaria ARI Intest. Worms Diarrhea Pneumonia Eye Infection UTI Anemia Skin Infection Schistomiasis 2000 Occurrences 16,679 ARI 10,859 Intest. Worms 7,250 Diarrhea 5,625 Pneumonia 4,929 Anemia 4,160 UTI 4,010 Eye Infection 2,989 Schistomiasis 2,219 Skin Infection Disease 473,503 Malaria 2005 Occurrences 143,352 47,225 31,389 23,389 10,470 9,631 6,188 5,319 780 670
Kibondo District had it that Malaria, Pneumonia, Anemia, ARI and Diarrhea were the five most common causes of morbidity and mortality in descending order. Malaria is the main killer disease of them all in all Kigoma Region. However, the deaths declined in 2005 as from 194,878 inpatients only 53 deaths occurred which was a tremendous improvement over the year 2004 with 215 deaths. However, other 89
deaths which were also slightly high occurred in inpatients of tuberculosis, ARI and anemia.
Table 3.37 (a): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY (FOR INPATIENTS) IN KIBONDO DISTRICT, 2005.
No. Disease 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Malaria ARI
MORBIDITY
MORTALITY Deaths 53 17 12 10 9 7 6 6 1 1
Cases Disease 194,878 Malaria 97,541 Tuberculosis 26,928 ARI 29,225 Anemia 19,810 Diarrhea 17,290 Malnutrition 9,304 Pneumonia 6,852 Meningitis 6,246 UTI 3,770 Burn
Intestinal Worm Diarrhea Eye Infection Pneumonia Minor surgical Skin Infection Anemia UTI
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 While in Kasulu the five most common causes of morbidity and mortality were Malaria, Anemia, UTI, Neonatal Conditions and Pneumonia in descending order. Malaria, pneumonia and anemia still assumed three digit figures of deaths compared to the other diseases which assumed two digit figures and the other four; including tuberculosis, intestinal worms PEM, poisoning and joint diseases have been responsible for one digit figure in the inpatients deaths.
Table 3.37. (b): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY (FOR INPATIENTS) IN KASULU DISTRICT, 2005
No. Disease 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Malaria Anemia Pneumonia UTI
MORBIDITY
MORTALITY Deaths 326 182 106 61 29 90
Cases Disease 11,626 Malaria 3,001 Anemia 1,085 Pneumonia 953 UTI 431 Poisoning
Intestinal worms
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
PEM Neonatal contd. TB Poisoning Joint disease
154 PEM 125 TB 85 Intestinal worms 72 Joint disease
26 7 6 6 3
8 Neonatal contd. Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
Table 3.37 (c): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY (FOR INPATIENTS) IN KIGOMA RURAL DISTRICT 2004 AND 2005
No. Disease
MORBIDITY Cases 2004 2005 3,574 Malaria 179 Anemia 48,061 15,817 9,374 8,132 5,078 2,771 2,578 2,440 1,943 -
MORTALITY Disease 2004 26 7 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 Deaths 2005 69 50 37 0 0 1 5 0 1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Malaria ARI Diarrhea Eye Infection Intestinal worms U.T.I Anemia Skin Infection Ear Infection Pneumonia
165 Pneumonia 4,146 U.T.I 78 ARI 186 Ear Infection 719 Diarrhea 60 Skin Infection 124 289 Ear Infection
In Kigoma urban district the list of diseases commonly causing mortality was a mix of the same diseases as in Kibondo and Kasulu in 2004 with anemia at the helm followed by malaria. Others were Tuberculosis, Clinical Aids and Diarrhea in that order. Malaria took over again in 2005 with 236 deaths from only 1,882 occurrences followed by anemia. To Tuberculosis, Clinical Aids and Diarrhea; meningitis is an another deadly disease that was a threat with more deaths in 2004.
91
Table 3.37 (d): TEN MOST COMMONLY REPORTED CAUSES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY (IN PATIENTS) IN KIGOMA URBAN DISTRICT 2004 AND 2005
No. Disease 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Malaria Anemia Cholera Tuberculosis Diarrhea Clinical Aids Card. Disorder Meningitis Intest. worms Burn
MORBIDITY Cases 2004 7,457 3,741 368 314 257 287 124 107 61 34 2005 3,583 Anemia 1,882 Malaria Disease
MORTALITY Deaths 2004 198 82 25 21 17 12 11 9 7 1 2005 142 236 7 6 13 1 12 1 6 5
215 Tuberculosis 142 Clinical Aids 277 Diarrhea 356 Meningitis 78 Card. Disorder 13 Burns 78 Intest. worms 34 Cholera
3.2.3 HIV/AIDS PREVALENCE AND FIGHT AGAINST IT From the regional total figures below it is vivid that new AIDS cases were on the increase from a total of 2732 cases in year 2000 to 4262 in 2004. All through the years, cases in women are higher than those in men except for the year 2002 where men had higher cases at 1527 compared to the womens 1333. The fight against HIV/AIDS wages on in that the region does not lag behind in the efforts to fight against HIV/AIDS. Among the activities carried out in the region are; The sensitization of the people on the spread of the deadly disease. Counseling and voluntary testing that are carried out in government hospitals and other health centers and Treatment and care for the infected (people living with HIV/AIDS) carried out through the provision of retroviral drugs at Maweni and Kasulu hospitals.
92
These services are expected to expand to encompass participation of hospitals in Kibondo, Kabanga, Heru Mission, Kigoma health center and Baptist hospital. In support of these services training has already been given to the service providers. Overall it appeared that there was a drop in the new AIDS cases in 2005 compared to the several previous years. It was 1,145 new cases in 2005, a drop of more than 70 percent from 4,040 and 4,262 in 2003 and 2004 respectively.
Table 3.38(a): NEW AIDS CASES BY SEX IN KIGOMA REGION
Sex Males Females Total
2000 1,280 1,452 2,732
2001 1,135 1,680 2,815
2002 1,527 1,333 2,860
2003 1,848 2,192 4,040
2004 1,953 2,309 4,262
2005 535 610 1,145
Table 3.38 (b):
DISTRIBUTION OF NEW AIDS CASES BY DISTRICT,
2000 30 75 60 137 302
2001 40 31 74 118 263
2002 37 64 120 185 406
2003 70 49 72 823 1,014
2004 100 33 107 1,334
2005 188 54 88 815
1,574
1,145
93
Table 3.38 (c) :PREVALENCE OF H.I.V. AMONG FAMILY BLOOD DONORS
District
Total
1999
Number of Donors HIV positive Total Number of Donors
2004
Number of donors HIV positive Total Number of Donors
2005
Number of Donors HIV Positive Number of Donors
536 3,205 569 1,595 5,905
25 137 28 94 284
972 3,849 771 3,540 8,041
224 98 91 148 367
1,465 946 916 2,800 6,127
67 54 52 134 307
Men were more affected by Tuberculosis (TB) showing higher cases of contracting the disease than women. This is the case also for TB relapses whereby the relapses in men are about twice as much as in women for all the five years under consideration. The main reason for this phenomenon is yet to be determined. Between 2003 and 2004 there were a lot of new occurrence in both Kigoma Rural and Urban Districts. Table 3.39 (a): DISTRIBUTION OF NEW TB CASES BY DISTRICT, KIGOMA REGION District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 2000 85 238 291 614 2001 98 231 189 236 754 2002 122 251 222 241 836 2003 81 261 404 239 985 2004 100 277 299 247 923 2005 63 297 70 261 691
94
Table 3.39 (b): NEW TB CASES BY SEX IN KIGOMA REGION Sex Males Females Total 2000 654 422 1,076 2001 652 458 2002 666 503 2003 630 446 1,076 2004 480 443 923 2005 392 299 691 1,010 1,169 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
There have been more TB relapses in Kigoma Rural district for the past two recorded years of 2004 and 2005. Kibondo is the next highest in number after Kigoma while Kigoma Urban had the least relapses. There is no record about relapses for Kasulu District at the time of writing this description. As far as relapses between men and women are concerned, men have had a lions share of it almost throughout the study period as can be seen from the two tables below. Table 3.39 (a): DISTRIBUTION OF NEW TB RELAPSE CASES BY DISTRICT, KIGOMA REGION District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 5 10 9 15 5 10 20 4 5 15 10 2 4 16 37 2000 5 2001 6 2002 5 2003 6 2004 2 2005 5 30
95
Table 3.39(b): NEW TB RELAPSES CASES BY SEX IN KIGOMA REGION 2005 Sex 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Males Females Total 6 8 14 10 4 14 16 9 25 15 3 18 26 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 21 5 19 21 40
3.2.4 COMMUNICABLE DISEASES OUTBREAK In the five-year period the region experienced outbreaks of cholera and meningitis. Cholera still recurs mostly in Kasulu, Kigoma rural and Kigoma urban districts. In Kasulu, for instance, there were 75 cases reported with 3 deaths in 2005 and as from January 2006 to April there were 293 cases reported with 3 deaths. Kigoma rural district reported 499 cholera cases in 2005 with seven deaths. As from January to April 2006 there were reported 228 patients accounting for 4 deaths. In the municipal alone there were 221 patients with 3 deaths in 2005; and from January to April there were 128 reported cases with no casualty. This gloomy situation, which erupted from October 2005, still continued in 2006 with cases reported here and there. Back in 2004 the situation was worrisome for some types of diseases such as dysentery which reported 2,309 cases resulting in 5 deaths; typhoid fever accounting for two deaths and meningitis with 292 cases but resulting in an alarming 64 deaths. Others were relapsing fever, rabies and animal bites. The situation is as reported hereunder in table 3.2.6
96
Table 3.40: DISTRIBUTION OF MORBIDITY CASES FROM REPORTABLE COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, 2004
DISEASES
RELAPSING
Distric t
TYPHOID FEVER
DYSENTRY
MEASLES
RABIES
MENINGITI S
ANIMAL BITES
FEVER
A.F.P
Deaths
Deaths
Deaths
Deaths
Deaths
Cases
Cases
cases
cases
cases
Deaths
Deaths
cases
Kibond o Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total
168 72 289 151 680
0 0 0 2 2
317 1073 767 152 2,30 9
3 0 2 0 5
0 3 3 3 9
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1
24 152 92 24 292
5 40 15 4 64
74 46 76 58 254
0 0 0 0 0
0 6 86 0 92
cases
0 0 4 0 4
7 4 3 3 17
0 0 0 0 0
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 Some important statistics Maternal mortality rate 104/100,000 Infant mortality rate 35/1,000 Underfive mortality rate 55/1,000 HIV/AIDS prevalence rate statistics from centers indicate Female 6% Female 2% Male 5.8% Male 1.9%
Total vaccination (vaccine) rate is 88%
In a recent cross border meeting held in Bujumbura, Burundi that involved all countries surrounding Lake Kivu and Lake Tanganyika, countries were urged to take precautions against the threat of eruption of Avian Flu. The reason behind the precaution is the movement of migrating birds from region to region that takes place along the Rift Valley.
97
Deaths
cases
Challenges that are persistent in the health sector in Kigoma Region include; 1. Lack of skilled and trained service providers such as doctors, nurses, laboratory technicians and x-ray operators. 2. Lack of repair to the regional hospital buildings. 3. Lack of facilities such as hospital refrigerator during the hot season 4. Lack of power facilities such as fuel to operate hospital standby generators and vehicles. Table 3.41: DISTRIBUTION OF HEALTH FACILITIES FOR SELECTED YEARS BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION
DISTRICT 1999 Pu Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 38 39 46 10 133 Pr 3 15 7 7 32 Dispensaries 2004 Pu 49 43 61 10 163 Pr 3 11 2 8 24 183 33 2006 Pu 59 56 58 10 Pr 7 12 6 8 1999 Pu 4 4 3 11 Pr 1 1 1 3 Health Centres 2004 Pu 4 4 4 1 13 Pr 3 1 1 5 13 5 2006 Pu 4 4 4 1 Pr 0 3 1 1 1999 Pu 1 1 0 1 3 Pr 0 2 0 0 2 Hospitals 2004 Pu 1 1 0 1 3 Pr 0 2 0 0 2 3 2 2006 Pu 1 1 0 1 Pr 0 2 0 0
Pu-Public Pr-Private Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
Modern times in health activities in Kigoma region are observed closely because besides treating or applying curative measures to the already sick, they also heed to the saying that prevention is better than cure. So there are a number of preventive measures that are practiced. They include vaccination, immunization and inoculation. Vaccination of Tetanus toxide (TT2) was applied to expectant mothers in varying proportions in the ten-year span beginning 1994 to 2004; but as a matter of example only three selected years have been highlighted in all districts as depicted in the table below. The number vaccinated women was very high in 1994, then dropped to almost a half in 1999; dropped to 45,076 in 2004 and has picked up again to 58,429 in the following year 2005.
98
Table 3.42
DISTRIBUTION OF TT2 VACCINATIONS OF EXPECTANT MOTHERS, IN
SELECTED YEARS IN KIGOMA REGION
District 1994 Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 8,867 75,657 3,202 87,726
Total number vaccinated 1999 11,152 19,418 13,036 3,398 47,004 2004 10,385 14,226 16,618 3,847 45,076 2005 8,823 32,184 13,827 3,595 58,429 2006
3.2.5 Vaccine Against Tb on New Born Likewise BCG, a vaccine that is administered on newly born babies to more and more children with time recording 22,728 in 1994 to 60,908 in 2005 almost a three fold increase altogether.
Table 3.43: DISTRIBUTION OF BCG VACCINATION OF CHILDREN UNDER ONE YEAR FOR SELECTED YEARS IN KIGOMA REGION
99
3.2.6 DPT3 /Hb3 Against Diptheria, and Titenus/ herpatitis Drops of oral polio vaccine are given to vaccinate against Diptheria,. Three doses are assumed to be necessary to impart immunity. DPT3 /Hb3 vaccination was distributed for children under one year. The situations on the number of children vaccinated over the years are as shown in the table below. Comparative figures on the number of children required so as to arrive at percentages for those vaccinated were not readily available.
Table 3.44: VACCINATION COVERAGE WITH DPT3 /Hb3* OF CHILDREN UNDER ONE YEAR FOR SELECTED YEARS IN KIGOMA REGION
*Hb3 vaccination from 2003

3.2.7 Polio and Measles
The three following tables below show how the inoculation distribution was done for OPV3 and that of measles for children with less than one year as well as emergency campaigns that would include children aged between nine months and five years. Generally the increase in the distribution proportion from one year to another implies increased awareness and anxiety among the population to have their children immunized lest they contract communicable diseases that are preventable.
100
Table 2.45: DISTRIBUTION OF INNOCULATION WITH OPV3 OF CHILDREN UNDER ONE YEAR, FOR SELECTED YEARS IN KIGOMA REGION
Total number vaccinated 1999 15,286 12,708 4,533 32,527 2004 11,237 16,969 15,480 5,808 49,494 2005 11,653 21,159 17,092 6,297 46,201
Table 3.46:
DISTRIBUTION OF INNOCULATION WITH MEASLES VACCINE
District 1994 Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 12,440 3,621 16,061
Total number vaccinated 1999 15,632 12,804 4,672 33,108 2004 11,237 18,718 23,806 5,935 59,696
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 From the tables below it shows clearly that the campaigns were not all that successful probably because they did not give the planning process enough time. There was no vaccination that took place in Kibondo and Kasulu in 2002 for children between seven and fifteen years. Come 2004, again no information is indicative on how they faired in Kasulu and Kigoma Rural on the vaccination for children of the ages between nine months and five years. While in 2005 nothing was done in Kibondo and the situation is silent in both Kigoma rural and urban for children in those same ages.
101
Table 3.47: District
DISTRIBUTION OF INNOCULATION WITH MEASLES VACCINE Total number vaccinated 1994 1999 12440 3,621 16,061 15632 12,804 4,672 33,108 2004 11,237 18,718 23,806 5,935 59,696 2005 11,613 22,311 16,380 6,108 56,412

TABLE 3 .48:DISTRIBUTION OF MEASLES VACCINATION FOR EMERGENCY CAMPAIGNS
District
7 to 15 years 9 months to 5 9 months to children 2002 year children 5years children 2004 2005
71,084 18,820 33,860 26,465 55,436 104,273 27,146
Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban
Total
52,680
26,465
186,855
*Hb3 vaccination from 2003 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 The numbers in this table have had a high influence of the arrival of refugees especially from Burundi and DRC. It was in 1994 when the situation fell apart in those countries prompting a huge surge of refugees, mostly women, infants and children into Kigoma region. As can be studied from the data there were several thousands of children who fell in the Severe Underweight category than the Moderate underweight category in the initial years of 1994 and 1999. The situation has, however, improved with time and international support in the area of health services.
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Table 3.49: IMR and U5MR in Tanzania Mainland by Region and by Sex, 1988 Region Male IMR Female U5MR Female Average 131 129 163 166 104 104 213 219 227 233 235 236 183 188 197 211 180 189 165 173 209 220 114 22 184 192 205 211 197 209 178 192 211 221 175 183 152 157 168 176 191
Arusha* 79 72 Tabora 103 99 Kilimanjaro 67 67 Kagera 133 127 Mtwara 141 134 Lindi 140 . 139 Ruvuma 115 110 Morogoro 133 118 Coast 118 109 D'Salaam 109 100 Iringa 137 124 Dodoma 136 127 Kiqoma 119 111 Mara 128 122 Mbeya 130 118 Mwanza 122 108 Rukwa 137 125 Shinyanga 114 106 Singida 98 96 Tanga 110 102 Tanzania Mainland 119 110 115 199 183 *Includes Manyara Region Source: 1988 Population Census, National Profile, The Analytical Report
Average Male 75 126 101 169 67 104 130 224 138 238 140 237 113 193 125 224 113 199 105 181 130 231 132 230 115 200 125 216 124 220 115 204 131 232 110 191 96 161 106 183
3.2.7 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) are interesting features in studying health well being of a particular area, in this case, for the Kigoma Region. While there is a countrywide comparison that was deduced from studies done around the 1988 Population and Housing Census as depicted in the table above, more recent studies (2004) have it that Infant Mortality Rate was 35/1000 and the Under Five Mortality Rate stood at 55/1000
Also shown through 1988 Census was urban/rural residence differentials in the IMR and U5MR for the Tanzania Mainland. Kigomas IMR for rural areas was 116 while that of urban areas was 109. The U5MR for rural areas was 194 and that for urban 103
areas was 181. In both cases it shows that the rural area children are more at risk than their urban counterparts. Table number . below shows this comparative situation.
Table 3.50: IMR and U5MR in Tanzania Mainland, by region and urban/rural residence, 1988 Region IMR U5MR Rural Urban Average Rural Urban Average Arusha* 76 72 75 130 114 129 Tabora 101 103 101 165 169 166 Kilimaniaro 66 73 67 102 115 104 Kagera 130 116 130 220 193 219 Mtwara 143 108 138 241 180 233 Lindi 143 121 129 241 204 236 Ruvuma 114 107 113 190 177 188 Morogoro 135 94 125 226 153 211 Coast 115 104 113 193 172 189 D'Salaam 121 103 105 203 169 173 Iringa 130 135 130 219 229 220 Dodoma 136 94 132 230 154 222 Kiqoma 116 109 115 194 181 192 Mara 128 101 125 216 226 211 Mbeya 128 107 124 216 177 209 Mwanza 119 97 115 200 158 192 Rukwa 134 112 131 227 186 221 Shinyanga 112 92 110 186 150 183 Singida 99 81 96 161 129 157 Tanga 109 89 106 182 144 176 Tanzania Mainland 118 114 115 197 190 191 *Includes Manyara Region Source: 1988 Population Census, National Profile, The Analytical Report
The survival indicator for mothers as a result of childbirth is the Maternal Mortality Rate which is the death of a mother within 42 days of delivery or arbortion based on 100,000 births alive or dead. For the years 1992 to 1995 Kigoma Regions rating has been very high and had kept improving over the years and ranks number 2 always behind that of Kilimanjaro. Latest figures of 2004 have it that the regions Maternal Mortality Rate stood at 70/100,000. Still it is a very good rate but there are no
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comparable figures for other regions. The rankings for various regions as of 1995 are displayed in the following table 3.51.
Table 3.51 MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE IN TANZANIA FOR SELECTED YEARS Ranking 1995 4 7 1 12 10 14 8 6 5 19 18 9 13 16 2 3 20 15 17 11 -
Region Arusha* Tabora Kilimanjaro Kagera Mtwara Lindi Ruvuma Morogoro Coast D'Salaam Iringa Shinyanqa Singida Dodoma Kigoma Mara Mbeya Mwanza Rukwa Tanga Tanzania Mainland
1992 102 151 126 304 264 262 225 289 209 220 311 143 242 197 144 67 67 221 172 255 199
1993 158 285 46 343 212 289 189 172 111 398 321 188 171 214 155 59 361 186 294 172 211
1994 114 130 107 190 161 193 186 190 70 237 276 119 238 208 105 106 436 266 243 220 197
1995 159 216 63 242 252 264 177 153 187 328 281 184 207 266 87 124 264 207 267 195 208
HIV/AIDS preval
* Includes Manyara Region
Source: Health Statistics Abstract, Ministry of Health, Dar es Salaam
3.2.8 Average Life Expectancy The other very important measure of success of all socio-economic interventions including the efficacy of health care delivery system is the indicator of average life expectancy at birth. In 1978 Kigoma had an average life expectancy of 40. The 1988 indicator was 48 years just below the national average of 50. It is expected that the level might have gone up if various health interventions are taken into consideration. 105
Table 3.52: LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH BY REGION AND SEX 1978 AND 1988, TANZANIA MAINLAND Region Arusha* Tabora Kilimanjaro Coast Dar es salaam Dodoma Iringa Kagera Kigoma Lindi Mara Mbeya Morogoro Mtwara Mwanza Rukwa Ruvuma Shinyanga Singida Tanga Tanzania Mainland 1978 Total Total 50 44 58 47 50 45 41 45 40 42 44 41 44 40 44 40 43 42 44 49 44 1988 Male 57 53 59 48 50 46 45 45 48 47 47 47 46 46 48 45 49 50 55 49 50 57 53 57 46 50 45 44 44 47 46 46 45 45 45 46 44 48 48 54 48 49 Female 58 54 62 51 50 47 47 45 49 48 48 48 48 48 50 48 51 51 55 51 51
*Includes Manyara Region Source:- 1988 Population Census, National Profile, The Analytical Report
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Table 3.53: CHILDREN UNDER ONE YEAR WHO ARE MODERATELY AND SEVERERLY UNDERWEIGHT AT THE TIME OF THE MEASLES VACCINATION District 1994 1999 2004
Total weighed No moder ately under weight Number severely under weight Total weighed Number modera tely under weight Number severely under weight Total weighed Number moderat ely under weight Number severely under weight
12,639 4,699 17,338
133 133
901 13,074 68 14,043
17,834 4637 22,471
345 693 187 1,225
20,552 23,806 15 44,373
5,935 5,935
21281 1,178 488 22,947
559 126 685
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 New developments in the health sector in villages include the introduction of village health committees. These committees are meant to oversee the day to day running of health activities in the villages. They are sort of link between the village health requirements and higher health authorities in the region. The committees are also used to mobilize the masses when an epidemic erupts in communicable diseases such as cholera, plague and meningitis. In addition the committees are part of disciplinary panel related to a village health worker. There are many traditional medicine practitioners in Kigoma region, save for Kigoma rural where there is no record though there might be some. It is common practice these days to recognize them because they contribute to social services in curing some of the diseases that do not respond easily to medical treatment. In the districts, which have reported, Kibondo has the highest number of these practitioners with 155 which account for about 60 percent of the total, followed by Kasulu with 79 practitioners; and Kigoma urban with 22 of them.
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Table 3.54: DISTRIBUTION OF COMPLEMENTARY RURAL HEALTH FACILITIES 2004 District Number of trained TBAs 320 154 97 13 584 Number of VHWs 138 34 87 0 259 Number of village health committees 67 42 51 0 160 Number of registered traditional medicine practitioners 155 79 22 256
Table 3.55:
DISTRIBUTION OF HOSPITAL AND HEALTH CENTRE BEDS AND DOCTORS
District 1994 Kibondo Kasulu(Hosp. (H/C) Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 248 551 190 85 260 757
Number of Beds 1999 248 351 190 85 280 777 2003 351 190 83 290 537 1994
Number of Doctors 1999 2 3 3 1 8 12 1 3 3 2 11 15 2004 5 4 3 4 16 26
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Table 3.56 ESTIMATES OF BASIC HEALTH INDICATORS BY DISTRICT 2004and 2005 District Estimated IMR Estimated U5MR Estimated MMR Estimated Perinatal Mortality Rate* 2004 Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban
49/1000 27/1000 94/1000 38/1000 52/1000
Estimated Neonatal Mortality Rate** 2004

2/1000 98/1000 3/1000 35/1000
2005
32/1000 9/1000 69/1000 36/1000 37/1000
2004
28/1000 124/1000 65/1,000 29/1000 63/1000
2005
36/1000 25/1000 122/100 0 26/1000 52/1000
2004
146/100000 97/100000 137/100000 309/100000 172/100000
2005
101/100000 116/100000 61/100000 208/100000 121/100000
2004
8/1000 8/1000
2005
4.7/100 0 90/1000 6/1000 34/1000
2005
4/1000 30/1000 2/1000 12/1000
Region
*Deaths of children from 7 months pregnancy to 28 days after birth per 1,000 **Deaths of children from day 0 to 28 days after birth per 1,000 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
The attrition situation is not all that bad in the health sector in Kigoma region. Overall, there were 41 dropouts accounting for about 5 percent of all health personnel in the region. Among the main causes of dropping out, 58 percent died while another 34 percent retired from active service. The other two causes brain drain and other shared the remaining 8 percent. District wise it is Kibondo which was affected most in that over a half of the total dropouts came from this district.
Table 3.57: ATTRITION OF ALL PERSONNEL IN THE HEALTH SUB-SECTOR BY DISTRICT, 2004. District Total all personnel as at 1.1.2004 364 332 278 114 724 Cause and Number of dropouts Death Retirement Brain drain 1 0 1 Other Total
Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban
13 4 6 1 24
7 1 2 4 14
2 0 2
22 5 9 5 41
Total
Although nurses and nursing assistants play an important role in delivering medical services, their numbers are unevenly distributed in Kigoma region. The single digit figures shown in the KIbondo and Kigoma Rural districts Nursing Officers rows are indicative of how serious the problem of qualified nursing Officers is at least in the two districts both of which are fairly populated. It could however, be correctly argued that Kigoma Urban is overstaffed with the nurses and nursing assistants cadres. If this is the true picture of the prevailing distribution of nurses, then there is need to rationalize this lopsided situation so that all districts benefit from the health services somewhat equally.
Table 3.58: TYPE AND TOTAL NUMBER OF NURSING PERSONNEL BY DISTRICT, 2006 District Nursing Officers Nurses and Nursing Assistants Total
Kibondo
Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total
9 30 6 28 73
187 100 151 324 762
196 130 157 352 835
There are other outstanding health personnel whose numbers ought to be discussed in this sector; they are the Clinical Officers and Rural Medical Aids. The total number of them both does not vary very much from one district to another except for Kasulu which has aconsiderably high figure. The other three districts are somewhat consistent in that they have more Clinical Officers than Rural Medical Aids except for Kigoma Urban District, which has much less Rural Medical Aids than it has Clinical Officers. Usually Rural Medical Aid, more often than not, works where there is neither a medical doctor nor a medical assistant. The role of their job is complementary whereas a clinical officer is supplementary to doctors / medical assistants. As a region Kigoma tends to have a larger number of this cadre of
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medical personnel due to make-shift health services required where the influx refugees are of concern.
Table 3.59: CLINICAL OFFICERS AND RURAL MEDICAL AIDS PERSONNEL BY DISTRICT, 2006 District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total Clinical Officers Rural Medical Aids Total
21 60 31 39
17 13 10 2
38 73 41 41 193
151 42 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
3.3 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION 3.3.1 WATER Introduction Water is a very essential commodity for the well being of every living organism be it human, animal or plant. It is such an important ingredient in almost all human activities including agricultural as well as industrial. A larger part of the region is endowed with water except for the eastern parts of the region which are between and away from the flowing rivers. The region falls within the water resources planning management and utilization system of the Lake Tanganyika water basin situated in the western part of Tanzania. The region, however, has a unimodal regime of rainfall with one long wet season lasting from November to May producing an average rainfall of between 800mm and 1000 mm.
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3.3.1.1 Water Sources There are two types of water available in the region; surface water and ground water.
3.3.1.2 Surface Water Surface water runoff leads to the formation of several rivers and swamps in the region. The most important of the perennial rivers is the Malagarasi which flows into Lake Tanganyika. The river with a very large catchments area drains several major swamps and semi permanent lakes such as Nyamagoma and Sagara. Together with Lake Tanganyika, they offer the region with more than adequate surface water resources. Other rivers that are part of surface water source are Luiche, Lugufu, Lubalisi and Luega.
3.3.1.3 Ground Water Kigoma lies on the flanks of the Western Rift, part of the Great African Rift Valley, and Lake Tanganyika forms part of the Rift. A series of fissures have developed in the bed rock parallel to the rift, which are suspected to harbour a substantial amount of underground water. Ground water recharge mechanism is from rainfall, streams and rivers. Boreholes equipped with hand pumps offer an economical solution in large number of villages as illustrated in the water schemes discussed below.
3.3.1.4 Water Quality Kigoma region water resources are chemically well suited for use in water supplies. As a general rule, surface water sources are prone to bacteriological contamination while ground water is usually safe in this respect. In the context of portability the main quality deficiencies encountered on existing sources are coloration, content of solid materials and iron content. Generally prevalence of fluorides and other salts are non existent in the water supplies. Ground water sources are generally of better quality compared to surface water sources.
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3.3.1.5 Rural Water Supply The rural population numbering more than 1,471,330 in Kigoma region is served by Rural Water Supply Schemes including piped gravity schemes, 106 protected springs, and 196 shallow wells with hand pumps, 79 boreholes with hand pumps. A total of 41 catchments of rainwater harvesting schemes have been constructed in public institutions such as schools, health centres and dispensaries. The other schemes, both in working condition or otherwise are displayed in District tables below.
Table 3.60: NUMBER OF RURAL WATER SCHEMES (WORKING AND NOT WORKING) BY
TYPE OF SOURCE AND BY TECHNOLOGY EMPLOYED TO GET WATER TO CUSTOMERS, IN 2004: KIGOMA REGION.
Technology
Lake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dam 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Water Source Charco Spring Shallow Bore well hole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 94 106 0 0 0 194 0 0 0 0 0 194 0 2 1 76 0 0 0 0 0 79
Rain water 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 39
River 0 1 3 0 55 0 0 0 0 59
Total 0 3 4 270 67 0 39 0 0 383
Windmill Electric Pump Diesel Pump Hand Pump Gravity Piped Solar Power Roof catchments Open Hydram/Other Total
Yet, there are a sizeable number of schemes that are not functioning well or not functioning at all. For instance there are 20 shallow wells in Kibondo; 27 in Kasulu and 7 in Kigoma rural that are not working accounting for approximately 28% of all the wells; and also there are 9 springs in Kibondo and 1 in Kasulu that are not working. However, the overall picture of the water supply schemes in the region show that about 33% only of all the schemes are out of order implying that the rural water supply is above average as far as the available sources are concerned. 113
Table 3.62: NUMBER OF RURAL WATER SCHEMES (NOT WORKING) BY TYPE OF SOURCE AND BY TECHNOLOGY EMPLOYED TO GET WATER TO CUSTOMERS, IN 2004: KIGOMA REGION
Technology Lake Dam Charco Windmill Elec. Pump Diesel Pump Hand Pump Gravity Piped Solar Power Roof catchments Open Hydram/Other 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Water Source Spring Shallow Bore Rain River Total well hole water 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 0 1 0 0 0 9 56 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 0 0 0 0 53 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 109 2 0 2 0 9 125
Total 1 0 0 10 56 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
Coverage of the population by Rural Water supplies for the year 2004 by district. Kigoma rural district had the lowest percentage of population covered by the schemes.
Table 3.63: TOTAL NUMBER OF PEOPLE COVERED WITH SAFE WATER SUPPLIES
District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Total Rural Po. Supplied
Population Covered 315,836 290,352 171,611
Percentage 76.3 59.9 35.8 57.3
777,799 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
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As it happened while discussing health services the districts had health committees, likewise in Rural Water supply schemes the villages do have Village water committees whose job it is to oversee the activities of the schemes. Water schemes are normally established through initially government and /or donor funded projects. Upon handing over the functioning scheme to the relevant village, then the water committee is formed in order to continually manage the scheme. Because even the subsequent maintenance of the scheme is supposed to be funded by the relevant villagers, then comes the importance of forming a village fund committee, which is discharged with the task of handling all funds pertaining to the scheme. Contributions are supposed to be made by the resident villagers into the fund, which is eventually deposited in a bank. The contributions are supposed to be yearly and continuous. Like in the tables below, Kibondo started with 29 water committees in 1994: they increased to 52 in 2004. Correspondingly the village water funds increased by the same number resulting in increased cash from Shs. 880,460 to Shs. 4,691,529 in the ten-year span.
Table 3.64 (a): VILLAGE WATER COMMITTEES, VILLAGE WATER FUNDS AND FUNDS IN THE VWFS KIBONDO DISTRICT
Village Water Village Water Committees Funds st 31 . Dec. 1994 29 29 31st. Dec. 2004 52 52 Change (+ or -) +23 +23 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
Item
Total funds in T.Shs. 880,460 4,691,529 +3,811,069
The situation was more active in Kasulu District where they have formed more Village Water Committees and Village Water Funds. Kasulu started with 58 water committees and formed 57 village water funds and in ten years time there are 86 water committees managing 71 village water funds worth Shs. 15,508,000. It shows that there is more awareness in Kasulu district than there is in Kibondo.
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Table 3.64(b): VILLAGE WATER COMMITTEES, VILLAGE WATER FUNDS AND FUNDS IN THE VWFS KASULU DISTRICT
Item
Village Water Village Water Committees Funds 31st. Dec. 1994 58 57 st 31 . Dec. 2004 86 71 Change (+ or -) + 28 +14 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
Total funds in T.Shs. 10,457,000 15,508,000 + 5,051,000
The establishment and the increase of both village water committees and village funds committees are rather moderate in Kigoma Rural district. There were 28 VWCs and 20 VWFs that increased to 43 VWCs and 30 VFCs respectively. The funds worth more than doubled from year 1994 to the year 2004.
Table 3.64 ( c): VILLAGE WATER COMMITTEES, VILLAGE WATER FUNDS AND FUNDS IN THE VWFS KIGOMA RURAL DISTRICT
Item
Village Water Village Water Committees Funds st 31 . Dec. 1994 28 20 st 31 . Dec. 2004 43 30 Change (+ or -) +15 +10 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 3.3.1.6 Urban Water Supply
Total funds in T.Shs. 2,100,000 5,614,581 +3,514,581
The urban water schemes rely upon Hand pumps technology with the bore holes as the main source having 14 bore holes and 6 shallow wells. Electric and diesel pumps connected to Lake Tanganyika and a river also feature. There is one roof catchments source and several other technologies in the form of springs.
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TablE 3.65: TOTAL NUMBER OF URBAN WATER SCHEMES (WORKING AND NOT WORKING) BY TYPE OF SOURCE OF WATER AND BY TECHNOLOGY EMPLOYED TO GET WATER TO CUSTOMERS, 2004 IN KIGOMA REGION URBAN CENTRES
Technology
Water Source Lake Dam Charco Spring Shallow Bore Rain River Total well hole water 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 20 3 0 1 0 4 30
Windmill Elec. Pump Diesel Pump Hand Pump Gravity Piped Solar Power Roof catchments Open Hydram/Other
Total 1 0 0 6 6 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
It is worth noting that seven of the hand pumps comprising of ; four shallow wells and three bore holes were not working in that year.
Table 3.66: TOTAL NUMBER OF URBAN WATER SCHEMES (NOT WORKING) BY TYPE OF SOURCE OF WATER AND BY TECHNOLOGY EMPLOYED TO GET THE WATER TO CUSTOMERS, 2004 IN KIGOMA REGION URBAN CENTRES
Technology
Lake Dam Charco
Water Source
Spring Shallow well Bore hole Rain water River Total
Windmill Elec. Pump Diesel Pump Hand Pump Gravity Piped Solar Power Roof catchment Open Hydram/Other Total Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
0 117
As far as urban water supplies are concerned, demand for water and per capita consumption were partially covered in all the districts but Kigoma urban. It is only Kigoma urban that has tried to give the demand and per capita consumption of its population. There is nothing recorded for Kigoma rural district yet the figures let a lot to be desired.
Table 3.67: COVERAGE OF URBAN WATER SUPPLIES FOR THE YEAR 2005; KIGOMA REGIONAL URBAN CENTRES
Cubic Meters
Urban centre Estimated demand in cubic meters Per capita Total Estimated supply in cubic meters Per capita Total
Kibondo 1,000 Kasulu 34,998 / year Kigoma Rural Kigoma 65 / year 9,490 / year 27 / year Urban Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
300 / year 2,808 / year 3,898 / year
Kigoma region was estimated to have about 181,307 households. Out of these households only 123,286 had toilets; that is to say about 70 percent of the population had toilets facilities and about 35 percent only had refuse disposing facilities in form of pits or bins.
Table 3.68: AVAILABILITY OF TOILET FACILITIES AND REFUSE PITS/BINS FOR THE YEAR 2004 FOR KIGOMA REGION Area Estimated total number of households 35,204 146,103 181,307 Total number of households with toilets 28,294 94,992 123,286 Total number of households with refuse pits/bins 14,400 49,616 64,016
Urban centres Rural areas Total
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District wise Kibondo a proportion of about 69 percent and 34 percent to the estimated total households with toilet facilities and pits or bins facilities. While Kasulu had 53 percent for toilet facilities and 41 percent for dust bins/ pits facilities respectively. The tables 4.9 and 4.10 here below testify this.
TABLE 3.69: AVAILABILITY OF TOILET FACILITIES AND REFUSE PITS/BINS FOR THE YEAR 2004 FOR KIBONDO DISTRICT Area Estimated total number of households Total number of households with toilets Total number of households with refuse pits/bins
3,748 54,824 58,572
3,123 37,108 40,231
2,860 17,100 19,960
Table 3.70: AVAILABILITY OF TOILET FACILITIES AND REFUSE PITS/BINS FOR THE YEAR 2004 FOR KASULU DISTRICT Area Estimated total number of households Total number of households with toilets Total number of households with refuse pits/bins
Urban centres 4,312 5,390 Rural areas 34,532 17,711 Total 21,723 40,922 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
1,078 15,547 16,625
The situation is different in both Kigoma rural and urban districts. While it was an improvement on the part of toilet facilities compared to Kibondo and Kasulu districts by scoring at about 71 percent, Kigoma rural was a disgracel on the part of bins /pits facilities which they recorded 30 percent of total households in the district.
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Table 3.71: AVAILABILITY OF TOILET FACILITIES AND REFUSE PITS/BINS FOR THE YEAR 2004 FOR KIGOMA RURAL DISTRICT Area Estimated total number of households 56,747 56,747 Total number of households with toilets 40,173 40,173 Total number of households with refuse pits/bins 16,969 16,969
On the other hand Kigoma urban turned out to be the best of all the districts in that it recorded about 70 percent for the availability of toilets; the highest in the region. When it came to refuse facilities they are above the regional average by five points at 40 percent. These urban averages though low; they compare well with those facilities available in other towns of similar magnitudes.
Table 3.72: AVAILABILITY OF TOILET FACILITIES AND REFUSE PITS/BINS FOR THE YEAR 2004 FOR KIGOMA URBAN DISTRICT Area Estimated total number of households 26,066 26,066 Total number of households with toilets 20,859 20,859 Total number of households with refuse pits/bins 10,462 10,462
Urban centers Rural areas Total
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SECTION V 4.0 ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE

4.1 TRANSPORTATION
While it is true that transportation is a lifeline of any economy, it requires ascertained facts to prove the same for the economy of Kigoma Region. For all goods and services produced in one part of the economy would in one way or another be required in another part of the same economy and even beyond the borders of the economy under consideration. All agricultural produce is supposed to be ferried; either home for consumption or else should find their way through markets. In order to do so effectively, various modes of transportation are involved in the region: Land transport through road and railways; water transport through ports where ships and steamers perform the much needed services and through air transportation. Of them all, land transport is outstanding in that Road Transport seconded by Rail Transport.
4.2 ROAD TRANSPORT
4.2.1 Road network Kigoma Region has a road network with a total length of 2,803 Kilometers graded under trunk and regional roads providing easy access to other regions and Burundi border; district roads providing easy access to other districts within the region and feeder roads that normally connect the typical rural areas (villages) and the district roads. They sometimes connect to the trunk/regional roads. Road transport in Kigoma region is generally at low scale due to the poor conditions of the roads. The shortest road to Dar es Salaam through Tabora Manyoni is hardly used. The loop through Dodoma Singida Nzega Kahama Nyakanazi takes about three days driving from Dar to Kigoma. Train transports a larger salient of cargo between Dar and Kigoma and the neighbouring countries. The same cargo finds its way from Kigoma to the neighboring countries through Lake Tanganyika and part of it is transported by road especially to Burundi through Manyovu.
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Table 4.1: ROAD NETWORK IN KMs BY DISTRICT AND BY GRADE 2006 District Trunk Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban 125 172 130 5 Grade (Kms) Regional 114 92 169 District 354 597 55 83 Feeder 167 268 106 266 Total 760 1,129 560 354 2,803
Total 432 375 1,089 808 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
ROAD DENSITY Ranking the districts in the order of development of roads Kasulu continued to lead at 12.4; as it had a well developed network compared to the other two rural districts of Kigoma ruaral and Kibondo which stood at 4.9 and 4.8 respectively. The road density per 100 Kilometres in Kigoma Region also improved from 4.8 in 1988 to 7.4 in year 2005 as depicted in the following table. Table 4.2 ROAD DENSITY BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION Land Area Road density 4.8 12.4 4.9 276.6 7.4
District
Road network
Kibondo 15,722 760 Kasulu 9,128 1,129 Kigoma Rural 11,545 560 Kigoma Urban 128 354 Region 38,044 2,803 Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006
Of the total number of the roads in Kigoma Region, only 924 kilometers are passable all the year round while the rest are impassable during the rainy season.
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Table 4.2 Major road connections and road links in Kigoma region, 2005
Major Inter-Regional Road Connections Road links Quality of road surface
Kigoma region to Tabora region Kigoma region to Rukwa region Kigoma region to Kagera region
Major Intra-Regional Road Connections
Nguruka to Kaliua Uvinza to Mpanda Kakonkoto Nyakanazi

Road links
Gravel/earth Gravel n.a

Quality Surface of Road
Kasulu district to Kibondo district Kasulu district to Kigoma Rural district
Makere Kitanga
n.a n.a
Hence Kigoma region can be reached from outside region by three trunk /regional roads:Mwandiga Manyovu to Burundi Border 60 Kilometers Kasulu Rukwa Regional Border 73 Kilometers and Kigoma Kasulu Kibondo Nyakanazi 335 Kilometers 4.2.1 (a): Mwandiga Manyovu With a length of 60 kilometers passes through an area that rises gradually with nonrocky hills and ridges intersected by wide valley. The soils are reddish in the slopes and red in the depressions. The road serves one of the most populated areas in Kigoma and Kasulu districts. It also links Kigoma with Burundi. It facilitates carriage for fruit, vegetables, and beans at the same time saves as access to Gombe National Park the famous home of the Chimpanzee. 4.2.1 (b): Kasulu Rukwa Regional Border Similar to the previous road in terms of reddish clays in the ridges and black soil in the depressions or road surface, the road surface is mainly of earth and is in very poor condition. It connects Rukwa Region at Uvinza. This road facilitates transportation of salt from Nyanza Salt Mines at Uvinza, timber and other crops cultivated in this area as well as providing access to Lugufu and Uvinza ranches; and also to Katavi and Mahale National Parks and to Muyowosi Game Reserve. 123
4.2.1 ( c): Kigoma Kasulu Kibondo Nyakanazi The road that covers some 335 kilometers has physical surface partly engineered gravel or medium to fair standard and partly earth. The road is very important to the socio economic development of the region as it passes through forestry, cash and food crops producing areas of the region. There are many access roads joining it including those joining the refugee camps of Mtabila, Nyarugusu, Nduta and Kanembwa. Apart from connecting the three district headquarters it connects two neighboring regional headquarters of Kagera and Shinyanga at Nyakanazi.
Table 4.3: LENGTH OF ROAD NETWORK BY TYPE OF ROAD SURFACE AND BY DISTRICT, 2004
Type of Surface (Kms) District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total Tarmac 1.2 17.0 18.2 Gravel 289.0 136.8 19.0 542.0 986.8 Earth 471.0 35.2 257.0 691.0 1,454.2 Total 760.0 172.0 277.2 1,250.0 2,459.2
Table 4.4: LENGTH OF ROAD NETWORK BY GRADE AND TYPE OF SURFACE IN KIGOMA REGION, 2004 Grade Trunk Regional District Feeder Total Type of Road Surface (Kms.) Gravel Earth 361.8 65.2 213.6 121 153.5 1147.7 24 958.2 752.9 2292.1
Tarmac 6.2 0 12 0 18.2
Total 433.2 334.6 1313.2 982.2 3063.2
In all only about 59 percent of the roads are passable throughout the year during dry and rainy seasons. This percentage is not enough because the not passable 124
roads during rainy season seem to be many and of sizeable length especially in two districts; Kibondo and Kigoma urban. While 55 percent of all roads are impassable during rainy season in Kibondo District; there are many more, to the tune of 75 percent of the roads in Kigoma urban that are not passable. It would be more interesting if this situation would reverse and especially so for a region which is on the periphery in this country.
Table 4.5: LENGTH OF ROAD NETWORK PASSABLE ALL YEAR ROUND, BY GRADE AND BY DISTRICT, 2003 Kms District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total Passable all year round 339 730 496 89 1,655 Not passable in rain season 421 398 64 266 1,149 Total 760 1,129 560 355 2,804
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 4.3 Railway Transport Kigoma Town is one of the terminals of the railway line that starts from the port of Dar es Salaam. There are both; regular passenger trains and frequent cargo trains plying on what is generally referred to as the central line. The 1250 km railway branches off at Tabora 840 km (from Dar es Salaam) off northwards to Mwanza on the shores of Lake Victoria. There are three passenger trains and on average three cargo trains to and from Kigoma per week. The railway stations include Kigoma as a terminal on the other end, and other smaller stations are Lwiche, Kandaga, Kalenge, Kazuramimba, Lugufu, Uvinza, Malagarasi and Nguruka. The cargo trains carry about 20 loaded wagons with a capacity of 2,400 metric tones; comprising incoming cargo of mainly transit goods to DRC and Burundi such as wheat, building materials, fertilizers, sugar and fuel. Return cargo from Kigoma to Dar es Salaam include salt from Uvinza Salt Mines, coffee from Burundi / Kigoma, sardine, beans, fruit and vegetables.
125
4.4 Air Transport Being away from the countrys commercial capital, Dar es Salaam (about 1,939 km) Kigoma Region is basically served by one commercial airline Precision Air that operates between Dar es Salaam and Kigoma. There is a three-hour daily flight between the two cities. Kigoma airport can accommodate small to medium aircraft. UNHCR and Red Cross international, who provide relief services to Burundian and DRC refugees, also operate frequent flights between Kigoma and Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, DRC and Burundi. Kigoma Hilltop Hotel also provides airlifts to tourists visiting Mahale National Park and safari camps at Muyowosi Game Reserve.
According to international standards for categorization of airports, Kigoma airport is on grade three categories. It is understood that Tanzania Airports Authority (TAA) plans to upgrade the airport as per MONUC requirements but financing of the project is in the pipeline subject to confirmation. In addition to the Kigoma airport, there are ten airstrips in the region: four are in Kigoma Rural District, one in Kibondo District and six in Kasulu District.
4.4 Water Transport 4.1 Lake Tanganyika Water transportation in Kigoma Region is mainly dominated by transport through Lake Tanganyika which is shared by four countries namely Burundi covering 8 percent of the lake; DRC occupying 45 percent; Tanzania with another 45 percent and Zambia which shares the remaining 2 percent. Both, passenger ships and cargo ships do ply the waters of Lake Tanganyika docking in all the four countries listed above. The passenger and cargo ships are Mv. Liemba with capacity of ferrying 200 tonnes of cargo and 400 passengers and Mv. Mwongozo that has capacity to ferry 80 tons of cargo and 800 passengers. There is only one tanker ship known as Mt. Sangara with capacity of carrying 350,000 of fuel. On the Tanzanian side they call at Kigoma and Kasanga ports only.
126
4.5 Communication Services Traditionally, Kigoma Region heavily depends on the services of the Tanzania Posts Corporation (POSTA) for communication by letter and Tanzania Telecommunications Company Ltd (TTCL) for telephone, telex and fax services. There is one post office in each district and similarly one sub-post office in every district. The total number of telephone lines by district in the region has not been given. However, there is capacity and utilization of 2,321 telephone lines in the region. Of late the region has witnessed a growing demand and supply of Internet services and the cellular phones Vodacom, Tigo, and Celtel; and lately by Zantel. This has been spurred by the introduction of a competitive free market for telecommunication services. There is also an E-mail service station in every district. The region has six radio call services and in addition it enjoys the services pf Radio Tanzania and Radio Free Africa.
4.6: Electricity Kigoma Region is yet to be connected to the National Transmission Grid and is currently supplied with thermal power by Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO) generated by diesel engines located in the town. Other urban centers such as Uvinza, Kibondo and Kasulu have separate generation units located in their respective centers.
4.6.1: Generation Capacity: TANESCO has capacity to generate 4.108 MW from seven generating sets with rated capacity of 3 MW all together. Two relatively new generators with a capacity of 1.2 MW have been shifted to Kigoma from Kihansi to boost generation capacity. Power distribution infrastructure for the demand in the region has been installed in fair condition although it requires rehabilitation. Rehabilitation of the distribution network has started at a slow pace due to lack of enough funding. The infrastructure includes the following: -
127
A substation comprising of seven old and two new 11/0.4 KV transformers, two new transformers of capacity 1500 KVA and two auxiliary transformers with a total capacity of 1800Kva. Electricity distribution lines with a total of 48.05Km of 11 KV distribution lines and a total of 120 Km of low voltage distribution lines and Three fuel storage tanks with a total storage capacity of 176,000 litres.
4.6.2: Demand Kigoma / Ujiji has the demand for power but actual consumption is limited to existing capacity. Currently suppressed demand for the town is estimated at 3.5 MW while TANESCO has a total of 6,229 customers in Kigoma/Ujiji where 9 are classified as industrial consumers and remaining consumers are domestic. About 100 applications are awaiting connections to the power supply. Estimates put the demand of electricity in Kigoma Region at about 10 MW where the main consumption centers are Kigoma / Ujiji town (4.5 MW), Uvinza (2.0 MW refugee camps (2.0MW). Industrial consumers in Kigoma /Uiiji Town are KUWASA, Radio Tanzania, Hilltop Hotel, Prisons, Police, AMI and TTCL.
Alternatives exist for future expansion of generation capacity. The first alternative is that of connecting to the National Power grid at Tabora, by extending transmission line from Tabora to Kigoma TANESCO study on the option concluded that it was
not financially viable. The second alternative was that of establishing a hydro power plant at Malagarasi River with 5 modules each with 8.0 MW.
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SECTION V
5.0 OTHER DEVELOPMENT ISSUES A number of issues that affect the population on the whole and those affecting specific groups such as women and children need to be addressed clearly in this profile. Issues like day care centers are of particular interest these days; especially when mothers are involved in productive work like working on shambas and more so for those who are salaried employees. They ought to bring their children to day care centers, which would guarantee them of a peaceful working day when somebody else is taking care of the young. The day care centers also serve as a springboard for the children who latter turn out to be the beginners in pre primary schools.
Table 5.1: REGION DISTRIBUTION OF DAY CARE CENTRES BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA 1999 Number of Centres Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 2 200 2 Number of Pupils 200 Number Centres 7 19 26 14,395 2004 Number of Pupils 230 14,165
District
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 It is very common these days to have economic groups to trigger economic development; many women groups have initiated a number of different women economic groups in Kigoma region. Although Kigoma urban district does not feature in any women economic group, there are a total of 94 women economic groups with 732 as the total membership. Out of 664 groups registered in Kibondo district 19 have been assisted financially with a total loan amounting to five million shillings. Kasulu district with 16 women groups and Kigoma Rural with 14 women groups have all been assisted with 82 million shillings and 13.95 million shillings respectively. It shows that 52 percent of the groups were assisted in 2004. It is the expectation of other established groups in Kibondo, however, that they will be 129
assisted financially come year 2005 or so. Presumably Kigoma urban district will join hands with other districts in forming women economic groups if they are to forge ahead in development.
Table 5.2: District WOMEN ECONOMIC GROUPS BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION, 2004 Total Number of groups 64 16 14 94 Total membership 320 80 332 732 Number of groups assisted 2004 19 16 14 49 Total loaned 2004 (Tshs,) 5,000,000 82,000,000 13,950,000 100,950,000
All but Kasulu District had established Youth Economic groups ranging from 4 in Kigoma Rural to 84 in Kibondo, in Kigoma region. Where Kigoma rural doesnot show the number of group members, Kibondo had 270 and Kigoma urban had 129 members. The activities the youth engaged in can be labeled various as no indication of the type of activity has been shown. Financially Kibondo youth were loaned a total of 7.2 million shillings, Kigoma urban 3.5 million shillings and that of Kigoma rural a mere 0.22 of a million shillings.
Table 5.3: District YOUTH ECONOMIC GROUPS BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION 2004 Total Number of groups 84 4 29 117 129 399 4 29 117 220,000 3,500,000 10,920,000 Total Membership 270 Number of groups assisted 2004 84 Total loaned 2004 (Tshs) 7,200,000
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Cooperative societies as such were established a long time ago in Kigoma region but it is not indicative as to when they established and when they started functioning. Those shown in table 6.4 are classified as Savings and Consumer Cooperative Societies, commonly known as (SACCOS). There are 33 SACCOS in all in the whole region comprising of 1,842 members. They had funds totaling shillings 131.3 million as at December 31st 2004 while total loans recorded were shillings 99.4 million. No loan was recorded in Kigoma rural district.
Table 5.4: COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT SOCIETIES (SACCOS) BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION 2004 District Number of SACCOS Total membership SACCOS Total Funds Shs. 000 in SACCOS Accounts as at 31.12.04 76,600 4,008 27,972 22,696 131,276 5,000 5,000 Total amount Shs. 000 loaned to members 1999 2004 94,400 974 4,000 99,374
3 7 11 12 33
390 406 400 646 1,842
In table 6.5 below are depicted a number of cooperative societies ranging from consumer, service, marketing to other. The crop marketing cooperatives take the lead both in number societies and members followed by the consumer cooperatives. The former has 50 societies with 6,029 members and the latter has 8 societies with 846 members of the cooperatives. At 19 each, Kasulu and Kigoma rural tally in the number of marketing cooperatives, with the latter boasting of almost twice as much members than those in Kasulu District. The group Other has cooperatives
numbering 9 in the region commanding 1,125 members. The type they cooperate in is immediately identified; but they are 4 in Kigoma urban, two each in Kibondo and Kigoma rural while there is only one in Kasulu. The societies established in Kibondo 131
turn out to comprise of many members than any other in the region. Two societies had members amounting to 927. All these societies, add in one way or another, to the development of the people of Kigoma Region. Table 5.5:
District
OTHER COOPERATIVES BY DISTRICT IN KIGOMA REGION, 2004

Consumer Cooperatives Number Total member s 773 73 846 Service Cooperatives Number Total member s 47 50 66 163 Marketing Cooperatives Number Total member s 1,193 1,786 3,007 42 6,029 Other Cooperatives (other than SACCOS) Number Total members 927 15 80 103 1,125
Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma R Kigoma U Total
3 5 8
2 1 2 4
11 19 19 1 50
2 1 2 4 9
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 The Land Bank situation in kigoma region has been summarized in table 6.6 below. Although Kibondo District does not indicate the amount of land reserved as land bank, there are only small proportions of land bank in each district compared to total available land in the region. It seems no value is attached to land leasing as no statistic had been recorded that some piece of land had been leased out by any district during the financial year 2005/ 2006.
Table 5.6: DISTRIBUTION OF LAND BANK IN HECTARES BY DISTRICT, KIGOMA REGION 2005/06 District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total Total land area Sq.Km 16,058 9,324 11,545 128 37,055 Total arable land (Ha) 127,500 606,000 1,015,130 5,000 1,753,630 Total land bank available(Ha) 16,560 11,000 2,432 29,992 Total land bank leased None None None None None
132
Generally, proper planning of land use is very basic to any development at all and that is what is expected of Tanzanias all regions. The table supplied by Kigoma region does not suffice to write adequately on Land use planning. But it shows there is some work being done in some districts which show there is, at least, planning going on for 12 villages and 2 urban areas in the region.
Table 5.7; LAND USE PLANNING BY DISTRICT, IN KIGOMA REGION 2006 District areas Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total 8 villages 4 villages 2 14 83,354 200 83,554 In hand Number of Total hectares In the process Number of areas 2 villages 9 None 11 1,120 None .. Total hectares
Table 5.8: SURVEYING ACTIVITIES IN RURAL AREAS, BY DISTRICT IN KIMA REGION, 20042006. DISTRICT Villages surveyed Number Total hectares Farms surveyed Number Total hectares Total number of village land councils formed Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Total 63 8 1 72 83,354 19,000 102,354 2 14 Farms 9 25 20 112 486 618 60 90 50 110
The number of orphans appearing in the table below is not very useful as there are gaps in some districts such as in Kibondo; district there is no estimated number of 133
orphans in 2004 and 2006, the same appears for Kigoma rural. What is worse is there is no registered orphans for Kasulu and Kigoma rural altogether! What is evident in this region is the fact that there are orphans but they are resistant to voluntary registration; an element not immediately understandable because it could be a source of under estimating their needs such as health services and other financial support. In the wake of HIV/AIDS pandemic it becomes obvious that the recorded figures are underestimated. It generally defeats the whole issue of planning.
Table 5.9: THE NUMBER OF ORPHANS BY DISTRICT, 2004; 2006 District Estimated number of all orphans 2004 Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma urban Total 108,288 3,500 3,641 115,429 2006 16,200 82,344 98,544 Number of orphans registered 2004 213 1,853 2,066 2006 213 255 2,567 36,213 49,249
Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 Kigoma region has many NGOs, Bilateral and Multilateral agencies which rendered support to many projects over the years both local and international. Here below are listed some of them which are concentrated in the refugee camps but many are involved in development activities outside the camps. Kigoma rural district has not listed any, though. Their activities range from capacity building, environment related, sustainable agriculture, to health related activities. Some have been in the region for so long that they appear to have established rather permanent offices; they are such as UNICEF DANIDA and UNDP.
Table 5.10: LIST OF NGOS, BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL AGENCIES AND PROJECTS THEY HAVE SUPPORTED IN KIGOMA REGION 2002, 2003 AND 2004.
Organization
KIBONDO: TCRS DEVELOPMENT UNICEF DANIDA
Projects Supported
Capacity building and environment conservation CSPD Environment conservation and rural water supply
134
JAPAN (FOOD AID) CITZ UNDP IRC GTZ TACAIDS UNHCR KASULU: Africare Word vision Care international Tanzania red cross IRC international KIGOMA URBAN MERD NWB KUDA SANGANIGWA TCCIA TACARE SHIDEPHA+ KIVIDEA KDC SACCOS SODESO UWAWAKI NDELA KIGOMA HOMECRAFT TADERO KIKANGONET WILAC KIGOMA MUSLIM KIMUTA TWSEDHTA UPA TAMH CACHOBAKA
Small scale irrigation Sustainable agriculture Capacity building Strengthening referral system Seed bank and fertilizer Hiv/Aids control Education Social and economic infrastructure construction Food security at household level Environmental conservation and land use plans at village level HIV/ AIDS control Refugees Camps of Mtabila and Muyowozi Supplies of Education equipment Home craft Center School Buildings Care of Orphan Children Business Advisory Service Environment Conservation Campaign and training of AIDS Campaign and training of AIDS Poverty Alleviation for Women and Poverty Alleviation for Women and Poverty Alleviation for Women and Poverty Alleviation for Women and Student Technical Training Youth Development Poverty Alleviation Education for Law in Women Training of HIV/AIDS Training of HIV/AIDS Training of HIV/AIDS Training of HIV/AIDS Mental Retardation Training of HIV/AIDS
Youth Youth Youth Youth
135
SECTION VI Investment Potential Introduction The most outstanding sector that needs much improvement in the region is the Tourism sector. Kigoma region is endowed with good climatic conditions producing good green scenery with very limited level of pollution. Attractive sites suitable for tourism in the region include: the second deepest lake in the world, Lake Tanganyika; the Gombe National Park, famous in the world for the existence of well researched Chimpanzee; Mahale National Park, important for big population of Chimpanzee and other animals as well as birds; Muyowosi Game reserve important for abundance of big game for tourist hunting; Dr. Livingstone Memorial at old Ujiji town and the Slave Trade route. Others include Salt Springs and the Salt factory at Uvinza, Old German buildings; the old ship known to have been used during World War II the Liemba, the meandering nature and the waters of River Malagarasi and beautiful indigenous forests, to mention but some. 6.1 Lake Tanganyika This lake passes along rift valley making the Africas deepest lake with 650 km long and 50 km wide on average bordering three other countries of Burundi, DRC and Zambia. Along Kigoma the lake provides beautiful beaches that need development into tourist hotels and recreation sites. Kigoma beaches have only one tourist hotel, the Hilltop Hotel, a case that makes accommodation a big problem in Kigoma Township. The lake provides vast fishing potential for investors, which in turn attract the need of installation of fish processing plants and cool transport facilities. The lake provides high-class fish and sardines that are highly marketable. Researches conducted by Tanzania Fisheries Institute (TAFIRI) show that the lakes potential is 800,000 metric tones of fish per year. Currently about 700,000 metric tones are harvested annually. The methods used are traditional and artisan attributing to poor fishing facilities. Investors are invited to bring new fishing technology and processing facilities. Sardines comprise of 70% 80% of total fish volume caught in the lake. Sardines 136
harvested in this lake are well known for more flash and better flavor than in other parts of the world. 6.2 Gombe National Park This national park is famous and well researched since early 1960s for Chimpanzees behaviour by Jane Goodall Institute founded by Dr. Jane Goodall. The park is under the Tanzania National Parks and currently has a population of about 80 Chimpanzees. Gombe National Park is along Lake Tanganyika in the northerly and can be reached in an hour by a boat ride. At the park hotel facilities are provided in beautiful camping sites where accommodation is limited to 10 people only. The park also provides a wonderful opportunity where one can watch closely the behavior in social life between human being and the Chimpanzee.
6.3 Mahale National Park Mahale National Park is relatively bigger than Gombe and it has a bigger Chimpanzee population estimated at about 500. Other primates found in Mahale not common elsewhere include red tailored monkeys, red Columbus monkeys and the Angolan black and white Columbus monkeys. The park is also located along Lake Tanganyika south of Kigoma Town. It takes 4 hours to reach there by boat and 8 hours by Ship (Liemba). The Park has hotel facilities, accommodation and beautiful camping sites. In the eastern woodlands of the park are found elephants, giraffes, zebras, antelopes, buffalos and warthogs. Predators are also found in the park they are lions, wolfs and crocodiles and in the scavengers group are hyenas. There is also found a stunning variety of birds that produce beautiful sounds to bird watchers.
6.4 Dr. David Livingstone Memorial Kigoma is also famous for historical events / antiquities such as Dr. Livingstone Memorial monuments at Ujiji old Town. The site is the place where Henry Morton Stanley, the newspaper reporter from New York Herald, met Dr. Livingstone in 1871. Dr. Livingstone came all the way to Kigoma in his efforts to fight against slave trade in East Africa. Ujiji is also a point within the slave trade route to DCR where some of the slaves were taken to Bagamoyo and Zanzibar before shipment to Arabic countries and elsewhere. 137
6.5 Hotel Investment Opportunities Kigoma Region is endowed with an enormous number of attractions that attract a considerable number of tourists. On average, about 2,000 tourists visit Kigoma annually. Further, more than 1,000 international and national personalities visit Kigoma for various purposes viz. visit international organizations, refugee camps etc. but there is only one tourist hotel, the Hilltop Hotel. This makes tourist accommodation a big problem in Kigoma town, as in most cases this hotel is fully booked. Most people visiting Kigoma face with crucial accommodation problems and in most cases are forced to secure accommodation in substandard guesthouses and restaurants.
138
Appendix I: OTHER ISSUES

1. REFUGEE INFLUXES IN KIGOMA REGION
The geographical location of Kigoma region makes it a potential recipient of refugees from neighboring countries of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Burundi and Rwanda. Refugees arrived in Kigoma region from the DRC, then known as Zaire, in the 1970s. The region has since remained the home for refugees from neighboring countries especially Burundi. This refugee influx phenomenon is caused by armed conflict in their land of origin that has resulted in displacement of people from their land of origin into protected camps. The latest and largest influx of Burundi refugees was in October 1993 when Kigoma region had received about 550,000 refugees from Burundi. In 1994 unrecorded number of refugees arrived from Rwanda, while in 1998 the region received another 98,000 refugees from DRC. As of 31st December 2005 there were 289,839 refugees hosted in ten refugee camps. However, the number of refugees from Burundi and DRC who have opted to live with residents in villages cannot currently be ascertained. The negative impact caused by the presence of refugees in Kigoma region can be classified in the following five broad categories:Depletion of forest and vegetation resources due to high demand for forest and non-wood vegetation materials created by large number of refugee needs for households. Pollution of water through direct injection of wastewater washed directly into the flowing rivers within the catchments areas. Depletion of protective forests within the catchments areas causing soil erosion leading to excessive load of sandmen in the watercourses. Excessive fishing, hunting and poaching due to camps proximity to the game reserves. The slippage of fire arms from some refugees and militants resulting in the rise of armed and highway robbery and hence increasing social insecurity to the communities. 139
In order to address some of these negative impacts of refugee presence in Kigoma region the international community and some Non Government Organizations have been implementing some positive interventions on programmes under the umbrella of Refugee Affected Areas. Hosting refugees and subsequently addressing refugee issues can be a very tiresome experience, especially on administrative commitment by the regional authorities to ensure that the safety and integrity of refugees is preserved. However, following recent peace development in DRC and Burundi, they are indications of positive trend towards voluntary expatriation. The administration and people of Kigoma region sigh with relief when they see more refugees being enabled by UNCHR to return to their homeland.
2:
POPULATION IN KIGOMA REGION
The following population projections are based on the following assumptions:1. There is a very large refugee population in all the districts of the region whose mobility has to be taken into account. 2. The distortion in the size of the population especially in the 2002 census was due to this refugee factor. 3. Because the security situation in the DRC, Burundi and Rwanda is becoming progressively peaceful refugees from these countries are progressively going back. 4. Between the year of the 2002 census and 2009 all refugees have been and will have gone back in steady stream during the six years 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 2007 and 2008. 5. If the immediately above statement holds true then by the year 2009 there will be no refugees. 6. The districts of Kigoma Rural and Kibondo each has about 150,000 refugees to dispose of, Kasulu about 200, 000 and Kigoma Urban about 30,000. 7. The average intercensal growth rates if not otherwise identified are gross growth rates.
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THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA KIGOMA REGION SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

MAP OF KIGOMA REGION

Source: Regional Commissioners Office, Kigoma, 2006 1

Kigoma (U), 128 Kasulu, 9,315

Kigoma (R), 19574 Kasulu Kibondo Kigoma (R) Kigoma (U)

Source: Regional Commissioners Office, Kigoma, 2006

LAND AND WATER AREA BY DISTRICTS

336 A rea (Sq K m s) 15,000

0 Kibondo Kasulu Districts Kigoma Rural

0 128 Kigoma Urban

Source: Regional Commissioners Office, Kigoma, 2006

Source:- Census Reports for 1978,1988 and 2002

Population distribution during Census years by District

1978 1988 2002

Source:- Census Reports for 1978,1988 and 2002

Table 1.7: Population Density by District and by Census Years

Source:- Census Reports for 1978,1988 and 2002

- 603,691 17,036,499 23,170,847

Source:- Census Reports for 1978,1988 and 2002

Kigoma Rural Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Urban Total

6.5 0.2 1.9 5.1 2.9

3.6*** 2.3** 2.2** 3.8*** 2.8**

4.2*** 6.3*** 4.9*** 3.8*** 4.8**

Source: Computed from Table 1.8

Table 1.11 Contd: Population projections in (000) by district, 1996 to 2001

Kibondo 286 304 323 344 365 389

Kasulu 469 492 516 541` 568 595

Kigoma Urban 114 118 122 128 133 139

1,254 1,315 1,379 907 1,519 1,595

District Kibondo Kasulu Kigoma Rural Kigoma Urban Total

Table 1.15: Location of Agro Ecological Zones

Deep and acidic soil

- 1300 to 1650 mm annually.

The lowlands zones

-Red soil to sandy

- 850 to 1100 mm annually.

The lake zone

- Sandy clay, loam soil

- 650 to 1000 mm annually.

Source:- Regional Commissioners Office, Kigoma, 2006

Table 2.1: REGIONAL

GDP AT CURRENT PRICES Billion Shs.

Table 2.2: REGIONAL PER CAPITA GDP AT CURRENT PRICES (Shs.)

Source: National Accounts of Tanzania Mainland, 2005

2.3 Productive Sectors

Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006

Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006

2..3.2 Food Sufficiency in Kigoma Region

Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006

Average food production in Kigoma Region in the past five years

0 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04

Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006 23

Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006

Estimated Area under Major Cash Crops Production

Horticulture 2,177 Irish Potatoes 4,931

Cotton Tobacco 1,907 9,572 Coffee 32,074

Oil Palm 42,229

Source: Regional Commissioners Office , Kigoma, 2006

Average Production of Major Cash Crops

Cotton 170.2 Horticulture, 7778.2

Tobacco 1053.6 Coffee 1327.8 Oil Palm, 7446.0

Irish Potatoes, 6888.6 Groundnuts, 4913.8 Ginger, 7515.0

2000/01 15,000 2,250 392,823 164,799 515,398 370,844

3.6* 2.3 2.2 3.8* 2.8**

4.2* 6.3* 4.9* 3.8* 4.8**