Experiment 8 - Free & Forced Convection Convection Heat Transfer.

doc

EXPERIMENT ON FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER 8.1 OBJECTIVES To study experimental data for heat transfer in order to evaluate the overall heat transfer coefficients and heat balances for the following cases of heat transfer in a .shell and tube heat exchanger. (a) Natural convection and (b) Forced convection. 8.2 THEORY A basic diagram of a shell and tube heat exchanger is shown in Figure 8.1. Here steam at a temperature of Tv is sent to the shell side at the port A at a rate of W kg/s. The steam transfers heat to a fluid at the tube side .The steam condenses during this process and leaves the shell side at the port B at a temperature Ts. The tube side fluid enters the heat exchanger at C with a flow rate of M kg/s at a temperature Ti and leaves at D at a temperature To. The heat loss QH from the steam can be expressed as QH = W( + CpH.(Tv-Ts)) Similarly, the heat gained by the tube side fluid QC can be expressed as QC= M.CpT. (Ti-To) The heat transfer coefficient for the shell side and tube side hH and hc can be estimated using QH = hH .TM and QC = hC. TM .

Page 1 of 15

Experiment 8 - Free & Forced Convection Convection Heat Transfer.doc

STEAM AT TV ENTER AT PORT A

TUBE SIDE FLUID ENTERS AT Ti

TUBE SIDE FLUID LEAVES AT To

CONDENSED STEAM LEAVES PORT B AT TEMPERATURE TS

FIGURE 8.1 BASIC LAY-OUT OF A SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Calculation of the individual heat transfer coefficients involves the following dimensionless numbers: The Nusselt number, Nu . where = individual heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K] d = characteristic length [m] (e.g. tube diameter) = thermal conductivity [W/mK] cp = specific heat [J/kgK] = dynamic viscosity [Pas] v = velocity [m/s] = density [kg/m3] The Prandtl number, Pr

The Reynolds number, Re

Page 2 of 15

Experiment 8 - Free & Forced Convection Convection Heat Transfer.doc

For natural convection one dimensionless number is added: The Grashof number, Gr

where g T = gravitational acceleration [m/s2] = volumetric expansion coefficient [K-1] = temperature difference [K]

. At natural convection the following generalized equation applies:

. At forced convection the following generalized equation applies:

. With dimensionless numbers and equations any consistent system of units can be applied. . The physical meaning of the different dimensionless numbers is as follows: Nu = (characteristic length)/(theoretical film thickness) Pr = (momentum diffusivity)/(thermal diffusivity) Re = (momentum by eddy diffusion)/(momentum by molecular transport) Gr = (inertia forces)/(viscous shear forces)(buoyancy forces)/ (viscous shear forces) The following equation is valid for laminar flow conditions (Sieder & Tate):

. where dh A s b w L Re Pr = individual heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K] = hydraulic diameter [m] = 4A/s = cross-sectional area [m2] = wetted perimeter [m] = thermal conductivity [W/mK] = dynamic bulk viscosity [Pas] = dynamic wall viscosity [Pas] = tube length [m] = Reynolds number = Prandtl number

The equation is valid for:

Page 3 of 15

Experiment 8 - Free & Forced Convection Convection Heat Transfer.doc

A large number of other equations are also available in literature, for different fluids, flow conditions and geometries 8.3 APPARATUS The layout of the equipment is shown in Figure 8.2 The apparatus consists of a constant head glass feeder tank E (6OD x 5 5/8 height) fitted with a vented aluminium top and bottom plate. The bottom plate is connected to a water inlet E1to the tank and also to a water overflow outlet E2 through a weir. A weir overflow drain pipe E3 is adjustable vertically through weir adjustment grip ring W, a packing gland assembly located near the middle of the line. Once the weir height is adjusted, the pointer indicates the level of the top of the weir from the zero position on the calibrated scale. The equipment is set so that at zero position of the weir, the height just sufficient for initiating gravity flow from the tank is represented. A line E2 permits water to be circulated from the tank at constant head for the experiment. A glass test chamber F (5OD x36 height) is enclosing a 1/2 nominal type copper condenser F1 ( 5/8 OD x 0.040 wall thickness) with a test length of 24 surrounded by a brass expanded metal cylinder F2 positioned in order to avoid undesired thermal convection effects induced between the tube and the glass. A flint glass condensate receiver G ( cylindrical 6OD x 8 height) rests on a wooden shelf below and left of the chamber .The condensate receiver receives condensate which collects at the bottom of the test chamber from which it overflows into the receiver. Steam is fed to the system at the steam inlet SI fitted with a valve V-3 to drain any condensate in the line and a valve V-4 to control the flow of steam. Valve V1 further throttles the steam into the test chamber. The pressure and temperature of the steam is metered by means of a pressure and a temperature gauge. The steam entering the bottom of the test chamber is discharged vertically downward through a U bend into a stainless steel mesh pad which traps any condensate in the incoming steam and de mists the steam and also distributes the rising steam evenly across the test section. Four Teflon coated chromel-alumel thermocouples T/C1, T/C 2, T/C3 and T/C4 connected through a selector switch, measures the inlet and outlet temperatures of the shall side and tube side fluids. Leads of the four thermocouples are connected to a selector switch mounted on the front panel of the apparatus. Water leaving the heat exchanger is collected at the receiver R and is discharged trough the valve W-3. All the valves S-1 to S3, V1-V-4 and W-1 - W4 incorporated in the unit are shown in Figure 8.2.

Page 4 of 15

Experiment 8 - Free & Forced Convection Convection Heat Transfer.doc

FIGURE 8.2 LAY OUT OF THE FREE AND FORCED CONVECTION UNIT

A view of the unit is shown in Figure 8.3

Page 5 of 15

Experiment 8 - Free & Forced Convection Convection Heat Transfer.doc

FIGURE 8.3 THE EXPERIMENTAL RIG 8.4. SERVICES AND MATERIALS REQUIRED Water supply. Power Supply 220V AC Steam Supply 8.5 PRE EXPERIMENTAL QUESTIONS 1. Identify the following units in the apparatus. (a) Feed Tank (b) Weir height calibrating scale (c) Condensate Receiver (d) Test heat exchanger tube and condenser (e) Drain valves (f) Steam inlet valve (g) Thermocouples and the selector switch 2. Explain the difference between the Natural convection and forced convection 3. Estimate the flow rates of water required to attain the following Reynold Numbers for flow through the heat exchanger tube. 100, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, 25000, 30000, 50000

Page 6 of 15

Experiment 8 - Free & Forced Convection Convection Heat Transfer.doc

8.6 PROCEDURE Caution for safety: 1. You must familiarize yourself with the flow paths and apparatus (including valves) before beginning of the experiment. 2. Low pressure steam and water should be used in this experiment. The rig T9054 has been hydraulically tested at 60 psig. The working pressure should be below 35 psig. 3. At the onset of admitting steam to the system, the steam valve should be opened slowly and cautiously in order to detect any possible leaks in the system. 4. Make sure the steam chest is vented and check the liquid seal plugged before closing the vent while the steam is on. 5. Wear heat resistant gloves as exposed steam lines are hot and could burn. 6. If a steam valve is detected to be unduly tight, never attempt to open the valve by force using a pipe wrench. In such a case, always turn the steam off and allow the system to cool down before force opening the valve. 7. Avoid water spillage on the floor in avoid mishaps due to slippery surfaces. General Experiment TEST A : LAMINAR FREE CONVECION HEAT TRASFER 1. Open the valves W-1 and W-2 and allow the water to flow until the feed tank level is maintained properly. Then close the valves W-1 and W-2. 2. Adjust the weir setting for 3.0 and steam pressure of the chest to 2.0 water gauge. Record the temperatures and pressures at 1 minute intervals until steady state is observed. Collect the condensate over a measured time ( 1 to 15 minutes) 3. The experiment should be repeated for weir settings of 2.0, 1.0 and 0.5. The reading of the weir overflow scale above zero is a measure of the buoyant force for natural circulation. 4. Set the weir overflow to zero. At this position a flow entirely due to natural circulation will be established. Repeat the experiment until steady sate is reached. 5. Adjust the weir overflow until the steady state just ceases. The temperature readings will show steady changes, but finally will reach steady state due to initiation of flow. The difference between the pointer reading and zero indicates the buoyant driving force.

Page 7 of 15

Experiment 8 - Free & Forced Convection Convection Heat Transfer.doc

TEST B : FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER 1. Shut the valve W-2 and open the valve W-1. Adjust W-1 for a flow rate corresponding to a value of Reynolds Number between 100 and 1000. 2. Set the shell side steam pressure to constant value 2 water. 3. Record the temperatures and pressures every one minute until steady state is reached. 4. Repeat the experiment for the following ranges of the Reynolds Number. (2000 to 5000), (10000 to 25000), (30000 to 50000) and greater than 50000 Shut Down Procedure 1. Open the vent S-4 on the steam chest slowly. 2. Close the steam supply valve V-4 and the steam supply SI so that the pressure gauge reading records zero. 3. Open the drain valves S-3 and V-2 4. Close the water supply and the valve W-1. 5. Drain water from the system by opening valves S-1 and S-2

Page 8 of 15

Experiment 8 - Free & Forced Convection Convection Heat Transfer.doc

8.7 EXPERIMENT LOG SHEET Students are requested to fill in the following measurements. TEST A : LAMINAR FREE CONVECION HEAT TRASFER Trial 1. Weir Setting = 3 Steam pressure = Comment whether steady sate is reached

TIME MINUTES Thermocouple 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Readings

T/C 1 T/C 2 T/C 3 T/C 4 Condensate collected = Time of collection = Water flow rate = kg minutes

Page 9 of 15

Experiment 8 - Free & Forced Convection Convection Heat Transfer.doc

Trial 2.

Weir Setting = 2

Steam pressure = Comment whether steady sate is reached

TIME MINUTES Thermocouple 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Readings

T/C 1 T/C 2 T/C 3 T/C 4 Condensate collected = Time of collection = Water flow rate = Trial 3. Weir Setting = 1 kg minutes Steam pressure = Comment whether steady sate is reached

TIME MINUTES Thermocouple 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Readings

T/C 1 T/C 2 T/C 3 T/C 4 Condensate collected = Time of collection = Water flow rate = kg minutes

Page 10 of 15

Experiment 8 - Free & Forced Convection Convection Heat Transfer.doc

Trial 4.

Weir Setting = 0.5

Steam pressure = Comment whether steady sate is reached

TIME MINUTES Thermocouple 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Readings

T/C 1 T/C 2 T/C 3 T/C 4 Condensate collected = Time of collection = Water flow rate = Trial 5. Weir Setting = 0 kg minutes Steam pressure = Comment whether steady sate is reached

TIME MINUTES Thermocouple 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Readings

T/C 1 T/C 2 T/C 3 T/C 4 Condensate collected = Time of collection = Water flow rate = kg minutes

Page 11 of 15

Experiment 8 - Free & Forced Convection Convection Heat Transfer.doc

TEST B : FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER Valve Position: W-1 OPEN Trial 1 Reynolds Number = between 10 and 1000 Water flow rate = Steam Pressure = Actual Re = Comment whether steady sate is reached

TIME MINUTES Thermocouple 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Readings

T/C 1 T/C 2 T/C 3 T/C 4 Condensate collected = Time of collection = Trial 2 kg minutes Steam Pressure = Actual Re = Comment whether steady sate is reached

Reynolds Number = between 2000 and 5000 Water flow rate =

TIME MINUTES Thermocouple 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Readings

T/C 1 T/C 2 T/C 3 T/C 4 Condensate collected = Time of collection = kg minutes

Page 12 of 15

Experiment 8 - Free & Forced Convection Convection Heat Transfer.doc

Trial 3

Reynolds Number = between 10,000 and 25,000 Water flow rate =

Steam Pressure = Actual Re = Comment whether steady sate is reached

TIME MINUTES Thermocouple 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Readings

T/C 1 T/C 2 T/C 3 T/C 4 Condensate collected = Time of collection = Trial 4 kg minutes Steam Pressure = Actual Re = Comment whether steady sate is reached

Reynolds Number = between 30,000 and 50,000 Water flow rate =

TIME MINUTES Thermocouple 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Readings

T/C 1 T/C 2 T/C 3 T/C 4 Condensate collected = Time of collection = kg minutes

Page 13 of 15

Experiment 8 - Free & Forced Convection Convection Heat Transfer.doc

Trial 5

Reynolds Number = above 50,000 Water flow rate =

Steam Pressure = Actual Re = Comment whether steady sate is reached

TIME MINUTES Thermocouple 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Readings

T/C 1 T/C 2 T/C 3 T/C 4 Condensate collected = Time of collection = kg minutes

8.8 POST EXPERIMENTAL QUESTIONS TEST A : LAMINAR FREE CONVECION HEAT TRASFER (a) For each of the trials, calculate the following for the steady state condition: i. Heat gained by water ii. Heat lost by steam iii. Heat lost to the surrounding iv. Heat transfer rate v. Overall heat transfer coefficient vi. Tube side heat transfer coefficient (using given shell side heat transfer coefficient) (c) For the Test A , plot the tube side heat transfer coefficient vs. weir height. TEST B : FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER (a) For each of the trials , calculate the following for the steady state condition: vii. Heat gained by water viii. Heat lost by steam ix. Heat lost to the surrounding x. Heat transfer rate xi. Overall heat transfer coefficient xii. Tube side heat transfer coefficient (using given shell side heat transfer coefficient) (b) For the Test B, plot the tube side heat transfer coefficient vs. Re ( c) Co-relate the tube side heat transfer coefficient in terms of Nu.Re-1 vs. Re (d) Comment on your results

Page 14 of 15

Experiment 8 - Free & Forced Convection Convection Heat Transfer.doc

REFERENCES 1. Brodkey, R.S. and H.C. Hershey, Transport Phenomena: A Unified Approach, McGraw-Hill, 1988. 2. Kern, D.Q., Process Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, 1950. 3. Levenspiel, O., Engineering Flow and Heat Exchange, Revised Edition, Plenum Press, 1998. 4. McCabe, W.L., J.C. Smith, and P. Harriott, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1993. 5. McCabe, W.L., J.C. Smith, and P. Harriott, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2001. 6. Mehra, D.K., "Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers", Chemical Engineering, July 25, 1983. 7. Standards of Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, 6th Edition, 1978.

Page 15 of 15