Lesson2

Matrices: Vector spaces and linear

independence
PP 9 - 14
Vector spaces
In Physics: north
In basic maths:
a vector in 2D
a vector in 3D
In general: is a
vector in n-space with every a real
number
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v 60km/h =
a 3; 2 =< >
b 2; 1;5 =< >
1 2 n
x a ,a ,...,a =< >
a
i
Notation
: the set of all vectors in n - space
: the set of all vectors in the form
NB! Vector can refer to almost
anything a set of real numbers,
a set of complex numbers,
a set of matrices ect.
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R
n
2
R
, a b < >
What is a vector space?
If V is a set of elements on which two
operations called vector addition and
vector multiplication are defined then V is
a vector space if the eight axioms on
page 10 are satisfied.

A vector space is a set of elements
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Example 1
Examples of vector spaces
The set of real numbers, R
The set of ordered pairs, R
The set of triples, R
The set of complex numbers,
The set of all m n matrices
The set of all polynomials of degree n
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n
C

s
Linear dependence


Linear combination - scalar
multiplication and vector addition.
The set of vectors is linearly
dependent.
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1 2
c k a k b = +
{ }
, , a b c
Linear independence
Consider the set of vectors
The set is linearly independent if and
only if


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{ }
1 2
; ;...
n
x x x
1 2 1 2
... 0
n n
k x k x k x + + =
1 2
... 0
n
k k k = = = =
Example 2a
Show that the unit vectors and in
two dimensions is linearly independent.

Note: Geometrically and are
perpendicular and thus not multiples of
one another
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i
j
i
j
Example 2
b) Are and
linearly independent?

c) Show that ,
and are linearly
dependent.
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a 2; 6 =< >
b 1; 3 =< >
a 1;1;1 =< >
2; 1; 4 b =< >
5; 2; 7 c =< >
Example 2d
Test the following set for linear
independence

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1 1 1
0 , 2 , 2
0 0 3

( ( (

( ( (
`
( ( (

( ( (

)
Basis and dimension
Basis: consider the set
of vectors, denoted by
in a vector space V. If this set is linearly
independent in V such that

Then B is called a basis for V.
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{ }
1 2
B ; ;...;
n
x x x =
( )
1 2
S ; ;...;
n
x x x
( )
1 2
S ; ;...; V
n
x x x =
Basis and dimension
Every vector in V can be written as a
unique linear combination

Any other basis of V must also contain
n linearly independent vectors
The vector space has dimension n
(the number of vectors in a basis)


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y
1 2 1 2
y ...
n n
k x k x k x = + +
Example 3a
Is the following set a basis for a three
dimensional Euclidean space? Motivate.

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1 1 3
0 , 2 , 2
1 3 5

( ( (

( ( (
`
( ( (

( ( (

)
Example 3b
Is the following set a basis for a three
dimensional Euclidean space? Motivate.


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1 1 1
0 , 2 , 2
0 0 3

( ( (

( ( (
`
( ( (

( ( (

)
Next Week
Revise eigenvalues and eigenvectors
(Maths III)
Note available on myTUTor
Class test 1a
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