1. A continuous rectification column is used to separate a binary mixture of A and B. Distillate is produced at 100 kgmol/hr containing 98 mole% A.

The mole fraction of A in the liquid and in the vapor, x and y respectively, from two adjacent ideal plates in the enriching section are as follows, x y 0.65 0.82 0.56 0.76 The latent heat of vaporization is the same for all mixtures and if the feed is a saturated liquid, calculate, (i) the reflux ratio and (ii) vapor rate in the stripping section in kgmoles/hr. [(i) R=1.54; (ii) 253.84 kgmoles/hr] 2. A continuous stream of a binary liquid mixture, containing x F mole fraction of A, is fed into a flash distillation unit. Feed is represented by point Q on the enthalpy-concentration diagram as shown in Figure (1). The products out of the unit are a vapor stream ( yV mole fraction of A) and a liquid stream ( x L mole fraction of A). (i) (ii) Obtain an expression for the ratio of vapor flow rate to feed in terms of composition. Show that the distance PQ gives the heat added per mole of Figure (1).

3. The following information is available from the records of binary fractionating column: Feed = 180 kgmole/hr and 60% vaporized Distillate = 100 kgmole/hr with 0.02 mole fraction of the less volatile component Reboiler steam demand = 420 kg/hr Latent heat of column liquid = 3104 J/gmole Latent heat of steam in reboiler = 2200 J/g Calculate, (i) The operating reflux ratio (ii) The composition of vapor entering that plate from which liquid overflow contains 0.7 mole fraction of the more volatile component. [(i) R = 0.388; (ii) y = 0.907] 4. A binary distillation column is operating under conditions specifies below: Feed rate = 350 kmol/hr; Overhead product rate = 150 kmol/hr Mole fraction of more volatile component in overhead product is 0.97 and in bottom product is 0.02. Reflux ratio is 3.5. In stripping section it was that the mole fraction of the volatile component in the vapor leaving a plate is 0.33 while its mole fraction in the liquid coming to the same plate is 0.25. Assuming constant molal counter flow, determine whether the feed is vapor or liquid or partially vaporized. [Ans.: Superheated vapor] 5. A liquid mixture containing 50 mole% each of benzene and toluene at 60 C is to be continuously flash vaporized to vaporize 60 mole% of the feed. The residual liquid product contains 35 mole% benzene. If the enthalpies per mole of feed, the liquid product and the vapour product are respectively 5, 2 and 30 kJ/mole. (i) Calculate the heat added in kJ/mole of vapor product. (ii) Represent the process on a H-x-y diagram.

6. In binary distillation, the separation of the components become easier at what value (>1 or <1 or = 1) of the relative volatility ()? Explain. 7. A feed of known composition (binary mixture of constant relative volatility) is to be distilled in a continuous fractionating column consisting of a partial condenser, one plate, and a reboiler. The feed enters the reboiler from which a bottom product is continuously withdrawn. The liquid reflux from the partial condenser is returned to the plate. The distillate composition is 0.8 and the reflux ratio is 2. What is the slope of the operating line on x-y plot and its intercept on the y-axis? Show, on x-y plot, the composition of the stream leaving the plate and bottom product composition. 8. 100 moles of acetonitrile nitromethane mixture are differentially distilled in a batch still at a pressure of 70 kPa. The feed contains 74 mole% acetonitrile. Distillation is continued till the liquid left contains 32 mole% acetonitrile. The vapor-liquid equilibria for the system at this pressure are correlated as follows:

y * = 1.05 x + 0.13 y * = 0.77 x + 0.28

*

for for

0.3 x 0.52 0.52 x 0.8

where, x and y refer to the mole fractions of acetonitrile in the liquid and equilibrium vapor, respectively. Find the average composition of the distillate collected. 9. In a single stage extraction process, 10 kg of pure solvent S is mixed with 30 kg feed F containing A at a mass fraction x F = 0.2 . The mixture splits into an extract phase E and a raffinate phase R, containing A at x E = 0.05 ; x R = 0.05 , respectively. What is the total mass of the extract phase? [Ans.: 8.89 kg] 10. According to Fenske equation, what will be the minimum number of trays required in a distillation column to separate an equimolar binary mixture of components A and B into an overhead product containing 99 mole% A and a bottom fraction containing 98 mole% B? (The relative volatility AB = 2.0 ). [Ans.: 13] 11. Compound A is extracted from a solution of A+B into a pure solvent S. A co-current unit is used for liquid-liquid extraction. The inlet rate of the solution containing A is 200 moles of B/hr m2 and the solvent flowrate is 400 moles of S/hr m2. The equilibrium data is represented by Y=3X2 where, Y is in moles of A/moles of B and X is in moles of A/moles of S. What is the maximum percent extraction achieved in this unit? [Ans.: 50%] 12. In liquid-liquid extraction 10 kg of a solution containing 2 kg of solute C and 8 kg of solvent A is brought into contact with 10 kg of solvent B. Solvent A and B are completely immiscible in each other whereas solute C is soluble in both the solvents. The extraction process attains equilibrium. The equilibrium relationship between the two phases is Y*=0.9X, where, Y* is kg of C/kg of B and X is kg of C/ kg of A. What is the amount of solute transfer to the solvent B? [Ans: 1.058 kg]

13. For a two-phase feed, where 80% of the feed is vaporized under column conditions, what is the feed line slope in the McCabe Thiele method for distillation column design? [Ans.: 1/4] 14. A liquid mixture of benzene and toluene is in equilibrium with its vapors at 101 kPa and 373 K. The vapor pressure of benzene and toluene at 373 K are 156 and 63 kPa, respectively. Assuming that the system obeys Raoults Law, calculate the mole fraction of benzene in the liquid phase. [Ans.: 0.41] 15. An ideal single stage extraction process is used to treat 100 mol/s of an organic feed solution. The solute concentration in this solution is to be reduced from 0.5 mol% to 0.1 mol%. A pure solvent S is used. How many stages are required to reduce the same concentration with the solvent used half of the earlier? 16. 100 moles of a binary mixture F containing 60 mol% A (more volatile) and 40 mol% B is treated in a batch distillation still. After 1 hr, 70 moles of the distillate D is collected leaving behind the residue W. Relative volatility is 2. What is the average mole fraction of A in distillate? The governing equation is,

log

Fx F F (1 x F ) = log WxW W (1 xW )

[Ans.: 0.69] 17. A binary distillation column separates 100 mol/hr of a feed mixture into distillate D and residue W. The McCabe Thiele diagram for this process is given in Figure (2). The relative volatility for the binary system is constant at 2.4. (i) What are the distillate and residue flowrates? [D = 48.4 mol/hr; W= 51.6 mol/hr] (ii) What is the ratio of liquid to vapor molar flowrates in the rectifying section? [Ans.: 0.64] (iii) What are the minimum numbers of theoretical stages (inclusive of reboiler) for this process? [Ans.: 8]

FIGURE (2)

18. It is desired to reduce the concentration of pyridine in 500 kg of aqueous solution from 20 wt% to 5 wt% in a single batch extraction using chlorobenzene as a solvent. Equilibrium compositions in terms of wt% of pyridine-water-chlorobenzene are (5,95,0) and (11,0,89). What is the amount of pure solvent used for extraction? [Ans.: 639 kg] 19. In a binary mixture containing components A and B, the relative volatility of A with respect to B is 2.5 when mole fractions are used. The molecular weights of A and B are 78 and 92, respectively. If the compositions are however expressed in mass fractions, then what is the relative volatility of A with respect to B? What is the percent change? 20. A batch distillation operation is carried out to separate a feed containing 100 moles of a binary mixture of A and B. The mole fraction of A in the feed is 0.7. The distillation progresses until the mole fraction of A in the residue decreases to 0.6. The equilibrium curve in this composition range may be linearized to y * = 0.7353 x + 0.3088 . Here x and y are the mole fractions of the more volatile component A in the liquid and vapor phases, respectively. What is the number of moles of residue? [Ans.: 48.02 moles] 21. A feed (F) containing a solute is contacted with a solvent (S) in an ideal stage as shown in the diagram. Only the solute transfers to the solvent. The flowrates of all the stream are on a solute free basis and indicated by the subscript S. The compositions of the streams are expressed on a mole ratio basis. The extract leaving the contactor is divided into two equal parts, one part collected as product (P) and the pther is recycled to join the solvent. The equilibrium relationship is Y*=2X. What are the product flowrate (Ps) and composition (Yout)?

[Ans.: Ps = 100 mol/s; Yout = 0.2] 22. The feed to a binary distillation column has 40 mol% vapor and 60 mol% liquid. What is the slope of the q-line in McCabe Thiele method? [Ans.: -1.5] 23. An equimolar mixture of four hydrocarbons (1, 2, 3, 4) is to be separated into highly purity individual components using a sequence of simple distillation column (one overhead and one

bottom product). Four possible schemes are shown below. Which one of the four is optimal scheme? Explain.

Scheme R

Scheme S

24. A binary feed mixture containing equimolar quantities of components S and T is to be distilled in a fractionating tower at atmospheric pressure. The distillate contains 96 mol% S. The q-line intersects the equilibrium curve at x = 0.46 and y = 0.66, where x and y are mole fractions. Assume that the McCabe Thiele method is applicable and relative volatility is constant. Find, (i) Minimum reflux ratio [Ans.: 1.5] (ii) Type of feed 25. Explain the effect of the pressure in distillation column. 26. 50 kmol of 35 mole% aqueous solution of acetone at 25 C is heated and flashed in a drum at 1 atm pressure when 35% of the liquid is vaporized. Using the enthalpy-concentration data, calculate

(i) (ii)

The amounts and concentrations of the vapour and liquid products. The heat supplied to the feed.