Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
in 1942 to 1945 when Japan occupied the country. It replaced the Insular Government, a U.S. territorial government, and was established by the TydingsMcDuffie Act. The Commonwealth was [9] designed as a transitional administration, and it prepared the country for independence. During its more than a decade of existence, the Commonwealth had a strong executive and a Supreme Court. Its legislature, dominated by the Nacionalista Party, was at first unicameral, but later bicameral. In 1937, the government selected Tagalogthe language of Manila and its surrounding provincesas the basis of the national language, although it would be many years before its usage became general. Women's suffrage was adopted and the economy recovered to its pre-Depression level before the Japanese Occupation in 1942. The Commonwealth government went into in exile from 1942 to 1945, when the Philippines was under Japanese occupation. In 1946, the Commonwealth ended and the Philippines became an [10] independent Republic as provided for in Article XVIII of the 1935 Constitution.
or simply
as "the Commonwealth". It had official names in Tagalog: Kmonwlt ng Pilipinas ([plpins]) and Spanish: Mancomunidad de Filipinas ([filipinas]). The 1935 constitution specifies "the Philippines" as the country's short form name and uses "the Philippine Islands" only to refer to pre-1935 status and [10] [a][13] institutions. Under the Insular Government (1901-1935), both terms had official status.
March 23, 1935: Constitutional Convention. Seated, left to right: George H. Dern, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, andManuel L. Quezon
The pre-1935 U.S. territorial administration, or Insular Government, was headed by a governor general who was appointed by the president of the United States. In December 1932, the US Congress passed the HareHawesCutting Act with the premise of granting Filipinos independence. Provisions of the bill included reserving several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and [14][15] quotas on Philippine exports. When it reached him for possible signature, President Herbert
Hoover vetoed the HareHawesCutting Act, but the American Congress overrode Hoover's veto in 1933 [16] and passed the bill over Hoover's objections. The bill, however, was opposed by the then Philippine [17] Senate President Manuel L. Quezon and was also rejected by the Philippine Senate. This led to the creation and passing of a new bill known as TydingsMcDuffie Act, or Philippine Independence Act, which allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a tenyear period of peaceful transition to full independence the date of which was to be on the 4th July [14][18][19] following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth. A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30, 1934. On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. The constitution was approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 23, 1935 and ratified by popular [20][21] vote on May 14, 1935. On 17 September 1935, presidential elections were held. Candidates included former president Emilio Aguinaldo, the Iglesia Filipina Independiente leader Gregorio Aglipay, and others. Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmea of the Nacionalista Party were proclaimed the winners, winning the seats of [14] president and vice-president, respectively. The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila. The event was attended by a crowd of around [5] 300,000 people.
[5] [b]
Prehistory (pre-900)
Callao and Tabon Men Arrival of the Negritos Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs
Ma-i
Kingdom of Tondo
Spanish East Indies Christianization Dutch Invasions British Invasion Revolts and uprisings
Katipunan
Philippine Revolution
First Republic
Independence (1946present)
Demographic
Military
Political
Communications
Transportation Timeline
Philippines portal
Quezon and Osmea were escorted by troops from Manila to Corregidor, and later they left for Australia [25] and then the U.S. There they set up a government in exile, which participated in the Pacific War Council as well as the Declaration by United Nations. During this exile, Quezon became ill with tuberculosis, and later he died of it. Osmea replaced him as the president. Meanwhile, the Japanese military organized a new government in the Philippines known as the Second Philippine Republic, which was headed by president Jos P. Laurel. This government ended up being [26] very unpopular. The resistance to the Japanese occupation continued in the Philippines. This included the Hukbalahap ("People's Army Against the Japanese"), which consisted of 30,000 armed people and [26] controlled much of Central Luzon. Remnants of the Philippine Army also fought the Japanese [26] through guerrilla warfare, and it was successful, since all but 12 of the 48 provinces were liberated.
The American General Douglas MacArthur's army landed on Leyte on 20 October 1944, and they were all [14] welcomed as liberators, along with Philippine Commonwealth troops when other amphibious landings soon followed. Fighting continued in remote corners of the Philippines until Japan's surrender in August 1945, which was signed on 2 September in Tokyo Bay. Estimates for Filipino casualties reached one million, and Manila was extensively damaged when certain Japanese forces refused to vacate the [26] city (against their orders from the Japanese High Command). After the War in the Philippines, the Commonwealth was restored, and a one-year transitional period in preparation for independence began. Elections followed in April 1946 with Manuel Roxas winning as the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines and Elpidio Quirino winning as vicepresident. In spite of the years of Japanese occupation, the Philippines became independent exactly as scheduled a decade before, on July 4, 1946.
Main article: Demographics of the Philippines#1941 In 1941, the estimated population of the Philippines reached 17,000,000 while Manila's population was 684,000. The number of Chinese rose to 117,000. There were also 30,000 Japanese, with 20,000 living in Davao, and 9,000 US-Mexicans. As a second language, English was spoken by 27% of the population, while Spanish as a first language was spoken by only 3%, however Spanish was understood as a second language by a significant number of the population. Estimated numbers of speakers of the dominant languages: Cebuano: 4,620,685 Tagalog: 3,068,565 Ilocano: 2,353,518 Hiligaynon: 1,951,005 Waray: 920,009 Kapampangan: 621,455 Pangasinan: 573,752
[33]
Nacionalista
Liberal
The colors indicate the political party or coalition of each President at Election Day.
President
Took office
Left office
Party
Nacionalista
Sergio Osmea
Sergio Osmea
August 1, 1944
Nacionalista
2
vacant
Manuel Roxas
July 4, 1946
Liberal
Elpidio Quirino
In 1935 Quezon won the Philippine's first national presidential election under the banner of the Nacionalista Party. He obtained nearly 68% of the vote against his two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay. Quezon was inaugurated in November 1935. He is recognized as the second President of the Philippines. When Manuel L. Quezon was inaugurated President of the Philippines in 1935, he became the first Filipino to head a government of the Philippines since Emilio Aguinaldo and the Malolos Republic in 1898. However, in January 2008, Congressman Rodolfo Valencia of Oriental Mindoro filed a bill seeking instead to declare General Miguel Malvar as the second Philippine [c] President, having directly succeeded Aguinaldo in 1901. Quezon had originally been barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. However, in 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential elections, Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong with nearly 82% of the vote.
In a notable humanitarian act, Quezon, in cooperation with U.S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt, facilitated the entry into the Philippines of Jewish refugees fleeing fascist regimes in Europe. Quezon was also instrumental in promoting a project to resettle the refugees in Mindanao. Quezon suffered from tuberculosis and spent his last years in a cure cottage in Saranac Lake, NY, where he died on August 1, 1944. He was initially buried inArlington National Cemetery. His body was later carried by the USS Princeton and re-interred in Manila at the Manila North Cemetery before being moved to Quezon City within the monument at the Quezon Memorial Circle.
Osmea became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon's death in 1944. He returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces. After the war, Osmea restored the Commonwealth government and the various executive departments. He continued the fight for Philippine independence. For the presidential election of 1946, Osmea refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew of his record of 40 years of honest and faithful service. Nevertheless, he was defeated by Manuel Roxas, who won 54% of the vote and became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines.
Manuel Roxas, last president of the Commonwealth from May 28, 1946 July 4, 1946
Roxas served as the President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from his subsequent election on May 28, 1946 to July 4, 1946, the scheduled date of the proclamation of Philippine Independence. Roxas prepared the groundwork for the advent of a free and independent Philippines, assisted by theCongress (reorganized May 25, 1946), with Senator Jos Avelino as the Senate President and Congressman Eugenio Prez as the House of Representatives Speaker. On June 3, 1946, Roxas appeared for the first time before the joint session of the Congress to deliver his first state of the nation address. Among other things, he told the members of the Congress the grave problems and difficulties the Philippines are set to face and reports of his special trip to the US the [42] approval for independence. On June 21, he reappeared into another joint session of the Congress and urged the acceptance of two important laws passed by the US Congress on April 30, 1946 to the Philippine lands. They are [43] the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and the Philippine Trade Act. Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress.
1946. Sergio Osmea and Manuel Roxas vied for the Presidency. Roxas won thus becoming the last president of the Philippine Commonwealth. The Commonwealth era formally ended when the United States granted independence to the Philippines, as scheduled on July 4, 1946. Important legislations and events during the American period that made the Philippines a commonwealth of the United States: The Philippine Bill of 1902 - Cooper Act United States Congressman Henry Allen Cooper sponsored the Philippine Bill of 1902, also known as the Cooper Act. The bill proposed the creation and administration of a civil government in the Philippines. President Theodore Roosevelt signed it into law in July 2, 1902. Here are some of the more important provisions of the Cooper Act: Ratification of all changes introduced in the Philippine government by the president of the U.S., such as the establishment of the Philippine Commission, the office of the civil governor and the Supreme court Extension of the American Bill of Rights to the Filipinos except the right of trial by jury Creation of bicameral legislative body, with the Philippine Commission as the upper house and a still-to-be-elected Philippine Assembly as the Lower House Retention of the executive powers of the civil governor, who was also president of the Philippine Commission Designation of the Philippine Commission as the legislating authority for non-Christian tribes Retention of the Judicial powers of the Supreme court and other lower courts Appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners who would represent the Philippines in the US Congress but would not enjoy voting rights Conservation of Philippine natural resources The bill contained 3 provisions that had to be fulfilled first before the Philippine Assembly could be establishing these were the: Complete restoration of peace and order in the Philippines Accomplishment of a Nationwide census Two years of peace and order after the publication of the census The Philippine Assembly The assembly was inaugurated on October 16, 1907 at the Manila Grand Opera House, with US secretary of War William Howard Taft as guest of honor. Sergio Osmea was elected Speaker while Manuel Quezon was elected Majority Floor leader. The Recognition of the Philippine Assembly paved the way for the establishment of the bicameral Philippine Legislature. The Assembly functioned as the lower House, while the Philippine Commission served as the upper house. Resident Commissioners
Benito Legarda and Pablo Ocampo were the first commissioners. Other Filipinos who occupied this position included Manuel Quezon, Jaime de Veyra, Teodoro Yangco, Isaro Gabaldon, and Camilo Osias. The Jones Law To further train the Filipinos in the art of government, the U.S. Congress enacted the Jones Law on August 29, 1916. It was the first official document that clearly promised the Philippine independence, as stated in its preamble, as soon as a stable government was established. The Jones Law or the Philippine Autonomy act, Replace the Philippine bill of 1902 as the framework of the Philippine government. It provide for the creation of the executive powers. The vice governor general, assisted by his Cabinet, would exercise executive powers. The vice governor would act concurrently as the Secretary of Education. Creation of the Council of State Upon the recommendation of Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmea, Governor General Francis Burton Harrison issued an executive order on October 16, 1981, creating the first Council of State in the Philippines. It was the Councils duty to advise the governor general on matters such as the creation of policies for administering government offices. The Council held meetings once a week and whenever the governor general called for one. It was composed of the governor general, the department secretaries, the speaker of the Lower House, and the Senate president. During Harrisons term, the executive and legislative branches of government worked harmoniously with each other. The Os-Rox Mission One delegation, however, that met with partial success was the Os-Rox Mission, so called because it was headed by Sergio Osmea and Manuel Roxas. The Os-Rox group went to the United States in 1931 and was able to influence the U.S. Congress to pass a proindependence bill by Representative Butter Hare, Senator Henry Hawes, and Senator Bronso Cutting. The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law provided for a 10-year transition period before the United States would recognize Philippine independence. U.S.President Herbert Hoover did not sign the bill; but both Houses of Congress ratified it. When the Os-Rox Mission presented the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law to the Philippine Legislature, it was rejected by a the American High Commissioner representing the US president in the country and the Philippine Senate, specifically the provision that gave the U.S. president the right to maintain land and other properties reserved for military use. Manuel Quezon was tasked to head another independence mission to the united States. The Tydings-McDuffie Law In December 1933, Manuel L. Quezon returned to the Philippines from the United States with a slightly amended version of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting bill authored by Senator Milliard Tydings and representative McDuffie. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the new U.S. president, signed it into law on March 24, 1934. The Tydings-McDuffie Act (officially the Philippine Independence Act of the United States Congress; Public Law 73-127) or more popularly known as the The Tydings-McDuffie Law provided for the establishment of the
Commonwealth government for a period of ten years preparatory to the granting of Independence. See the full text of the Tydings-McDuffie Law orContinue to Japanese Occupation, Allied Liberation.