Chandra Halim

Tenses

Past Future
S V O V1 V2 V3 Vis Ving = Subject = Verb = Objects

Present

(Kata Kerja) (Infinitive) (Past) (Past Participle)

= Verb bentuk 1 = Verb bentuk 2 = Verb bentuk 3

= Verb bentuk 1 berakhiran bunyi desis. = Verb bentuk 1 berakhiran ing.

Present
Simple Present Possitive Form Negative Form Question Form Present Continuous Possitive Form Negative Form Question Form Present Perfect Possitive Form Negative Form Question Form : S + has/have + V3 + O : S + has/have + not + V3 + O : has/have + S + V3 + O ? : S + am/is/are + Ving + O : S + am/is/are + not + Ving + O : am/is/are + S + ving + O ? : S + V1 / (V1 + s,es,ies) + O : S + do/does + not + V1 + O : do/does + S + V1 + O ?

Passive Form : O + to be + V3 + by S

Passive Form : O + to be + Ving + by S

Passive Form : O + has/have been + V3 + by S

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Chandra Halim

Past
Simple Past Possitive Form Negative Form Question Form : S + V2 + O : S + did + not + V1 + O : Did + S + V1 + O ?

Passive Form : O + tobe (was/were) + V3 + by S

Past continuous Possitive Form Negative Form Question Form Past Perfect Possitive Form Negative Form Question Form : S + had + V3 + O : S + had + not V3 + O : Had + S + V3 + O ? : S + was/were + Ving + O : S + was were + not + Ving + O : was/were + S + Ving + O ?

Future
Simple Future Possitive Form Negative Form Question Form Future Continuous Possitive Form Negative Form Question Form Future Perfect Possitive Form Negative Form Question Form Possitive Form Negative Form Question Form : S + will have + V3 + O : S + will not have + V3 + O : Will + S + have + V3 + O ? : S + has/have + been + Ving + O : S + has /have + not + been + Ving + O : has/have + S + been + Ving + O ? : S + will + be + Ving + O : S + will + not + be + Ving + O : Will + S + be + Ving + O ? : S + will + V1 + O : S + Will + not + V1 + O : Will + S + V1 + O ?

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

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Chandra Halim

Possitive Form Negative Form Question Form

: S + had + been + Ving + O : S + had + not + been + Ving + O : Had + S + been + Ving + O ?

Lain lain
Kerangka lain dari pola Simple Present Possitive Form Negative Form Question Form Possitive Form Negative Form Question Form : S + am/is/are + .. : S + am/is/are + not + . : am/is/are + S + .. ? : S + can/may,must + V1 : S + can,may,must + not + V1 : can,may,must + S + V1 ?

Kerangka dari penggunaan kata : can , may, must

Ingat kata kata berikut ini : ~ Always , Sometimes, usually, seldom, rarely, often, generally, occasionally Kerangka lain dari pola Simple Past Possitive Form Negative Form Question Form : S + was/were +. : S + was/were + not + . : was/were + S + .. ?

Kerangka dari penggunaan kata : could , would Lihat kerangka pemakaian kata will, must, can, may Kerangka Khusus untuk had to Possitive Form Negative Form Question Form : S + had to + V1 : S + did not + have to + V1 : Did + S have to + V1 ?

Contoh contoh dalam penerapannya The earth moves round the sun. Water boils at 100 dangrees centigrade and it normally freezer at zero degree centigrade. Human beihge, animal, and plants need oxygen to live. Are all snakes poisonous?. The sun is the source of energy. Normal people will get sleep at night. Most monkeys can climb trees skillfully. We must breathe to live.

Contoh contoh dalam penerapanya

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Chandra Halim

Most of us cannot concentrate ourselves in a noisy environment Science and technology will always progress. He bought a set of hand phone yerterday. Last night I didnt borrow your VCR more over your VCD. Did the factory send out chemical waste products three days ago? Were you upstairs or downstairs last night. Five years ago she was the best cheerleader. Actually I would visit my aunt last week. She got trouble with her motorcycle so she could not arrive on time. Yesterday everyone waited for you because you had to show your responsibility When I arrived, they were discussing the topic seriously. She was enjoying her brand new Pajero when another car hit here foolishly. He was cycling leisurely in a fine afternoon when a dog chased him wildly. The workers were yelling for higher wages when the principal arrived. He wanted to give Sieny a lift while she was going home from school, but he had no word to say. If you are still confused, you must ask me. Dont operate the machine if you have no experience about it. When I checked my farmland, the boars had already ruined my corn plants. Actually my father had switched his car alarm on before he left it last night, but the car thief was more skillful. Attention students ! if you have finished with your composition, you must deliver it to me right away. Mr. reeves has been working for HANSON COMPANY for five years although he can take another job. She had been managing a car rental for seven years when her first son was born.

Passive
Kerangka dasar bentuk Passive S + am/is/are/was/were + V3 S + am/is./are/was/were + being + V3 S + will/can/must/has to / have to + be + V3 S + has/have/had + been + V3 Memahami dan atau mengunakan keharusan dan ketidakharusan. Di bagian ini, kita akan berkaitan dengan kata kata khusus, yaitu: Should Ought to Must Have to = seharusnya. = seharusnya. = harus. (authority & give order) = harus. Can, Will, Would, May, Might, Shall, Could

Hal hal khusus yang perlu kita perhatikan adalah sbb: a) Sehubungan dengan Subject dan tense dari kalimatnya, maka have to bisa menjadi has to atau menjadi had to. b) Should, ought to, must termasuk kelompok Modals. Selanjutnya, modals kita singkat M. Kerangka kalimat yang menggunakan Modals tsb. adalah sbb :
Sastra Sejarah Universitas Sanata Dharma

Chandra Halim

S + M + V1 S + M + not + V1 M + S V1

( positive form ) ( negative form ) ( question form )

Kerangka khusus untuk have to / has to adalah sbb : S + have to / has to + V1 S + do / does + not + have to + V1 Do / does + S have to + V1 Contoh contoh dalam penerapan : Alicia should tell the truth in front the judge. You ought not to speak so loudly here. You take others! Attention and more over you make me a little ashamed. Should Sandra come home ? I ought to phone her as soon as possible. We must take a bath at least twice a day if we want to have friends. She has to memorize a lot of English, words within a week. Do you have to hand over your translation to the teacher next week? Does she have to be home before 09.00 pm ? Perhatikan contoh contoh penerapan khusus berikut ini : You must not smoke here nor even enjoy alcoholic drink. (Anda tidak boleh merokok di sini apalagi minum minuman keras) You dont have to bring more money. I think this amount is enough. (Anda tidak usah membawa uang lebih banyak lagi. Saya kira ini sudah cukup) c) Di dalam pembicaraan ini, kita juga harus memperhatikan secara khusus kehadiran kata need. Sebagai kata kerja penuh, kata need dapat menjadi : needs atau needed, yang artinya memerlukan. Contoh : Civilized people need clothes to communicate with others. We dont need long speeches and slogans. We need real examples. Kata need dapat pula kita jumpai berpola seprti kelompok Modals tersebut di atas. Contoh : If the bell rings, you neednt run to leave the classroom If the time show 06.00 a.m. , we neednt wait for him. (positive form) (negative form) (question form)

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