00 Editorial

01 Editor’s Mail Box

02 Campus Update ............................................../ Surjya Chutia
07 Academic World Around
08 Panorama
Personality
14 An Engineer from IIT, now a Farmer
Exam and Education
16 "‹¸Ú> ëA¡ïź δšìA¢¡ ....../ ³èº : ë™àìW¡ó¡ ëóø¡S¡ ëºr¡Wô¡¤à\¢à¹; ">å : ¹àoà W¡à}³àÒü
Career
19 ëA¡[¹Ú๠ë\¸à[t¡ .............................................../ >ã[º³ ë\¸à[t¡ ëÎ>àš[t¡
24 Advice for students Entering XI
25 Exam Schedule - 2009
26. Career Tabloid
Science and Tech.
27. Greatest Total Solar Eclipse of the Century ......../ Uday Narayan Deka
30. Total Solar Eclipse-2009 : How to Observe it Safely.../ Dr. Rajib Bordoloi
33. Waste Management at Personal Level........................../ Anirban Ghosh
35. št¡}K¹ "Š±ét¡ \ã¯>îźã .................................../ ¹ç¡‰ >à¹àÚo ¤¹A¡àA¡t¡ã
39. [ÅÇ¡¹ [¤A¡àÅ "à¹ç¡ ¤õ[‡ý¡ ............................................../ l¡0 ¹ê¡šàºã KîK
Language and Literature
41 A Perspective of the Assamese Language .................../ Rajen Barua
45 My Rendezvous with Prague : ........ Czech Rep../ Dr. Rajib Bordoloi
50 šøoÚ>¹ ƒåÅ ¤á¹¹ šàát¡ ...‘¹ç¡[W¡>à= A¡à³¹ê¡šã’(?)¹ ŦìA¡àÈ / l¡0 냯¤øt¡ ų¢à
54 šì=¹ šòàW¡àºã ................................................../ l¡0 "[\t¡ A塳๠[Î}Ò
59 Wå¡[i¡ K¿ : *®¡à¹ i¡àÒü³ ................................/ ³èº : "\”zà ">å : ÎåÅà”z A¡¹
64 Wå¡[i¡ K¿ : "š¹à‹ã............................................................/ ¹[gt¡à ų¢à
69 A¡[¤t¡à : ë>೺ ³àÒàt¡à, ">å¹ê¡š ¤¹à, i¡³àW¡ ëÎàìoà¯àº
Social Science
71 State, Patriarchy and Women .................../ Dr. Swarna Lata Baruah
78. Indian Philosophy — Some Reflections ................/ Dr. Bandana Puzari
83 Health Issues in Developing Countries ......................./ Anita Baruwa
Students’ Column
85 A¡[¤t¡à : ÎåÅà”z ëAò¡à¯¹, ºÛ¡ì\¸à[t¡ ¤¹ç¡¯à, \Ú”z[\; ¤¹ç¡¯à
86 Wå¡[i¡ K¿ : ëÎl¡ü\ãÚà ¹ê¡³àºJ> .............................................../ "´¬¹ ³¹ào¡

Editorial Board
Patron : Dr. Bhuban Gogoi
Adviser : Dr. Achyut Borthakur, President, ACTA, Tinsukia College Unit
Editor in Chief : Rana K. Changmai
Executive Editor : Sushanta Kar
Editors : Monika Devi, Rashmi Dutta, Mayuri Sarma Baruah, Manashi
Rajkhowa, Nilimjyoti Senapati, Surjya Chutia, Dr. Kamalesh Kalita
Students’ Representatives : Pankaj Gohain, (Magazine Secretaty, TCSU)
Published by : Secretary, Assam College Teachers’ Association (ACTA),
Tinsukia College Unit, Tinsukia College, Tinsukia - 786125
Contact : Web : http://sites.google.com/site/pragyan06now
Cell : 9954226966
email : pragyan_tsc50@yahoo.co.in, pragyan.tsc50@gmail.com
Printed at : The Assam Computers (Govt. app ‘A’ Category Press)
email : assamcomputer@gmail.com
Tinsukia - 786125 (Assam)
 It’s very meaningful for the North East I’ll try to be a contributor
Finally, I was able to read the magazine (online). It is a very nice and
professional publication. Coming out of Tinsukia, I think it is very I will try to contribute
meaningful for all in the North East. I will send some literary contribution valuable article on North East
in Assamese and English in near future. I’m delighted to see the report Region. I am sorry to see my
of the visit of two students to the Space Talk event at St Anthony’s name being mistakenly typed
college in Shillong. Please, thank them on behalf of Friends of Assam wrongly. It is written as
and Seven Sisters. Please send me full names and the classes of the Mohem Naorem. It must be
students as well as of the teacher who attended there so that FASS may Mohen Naorem. Anyway,
issue a Certificate to each of them. Please keep up the good work. what’s in a name? Our
Thanks mission is to promote and
Rajen Barua work for welfare of our
Chairman, Friends of Assam and Seven Sisters, HQ, Houston, USA region. I will read the journal
email : rajen.barua@gmail.com and try to be a regular
contributor if possible in
I salute your effort ! every issue now.
This was easy to open (on-line) and read. Very fine job! That must I also publish a magazine
have been a lot of work. I salute your effort. Keep it up.... to promote our culture,
Chandan Mahanta language and identity. I
St. Louis, Missouri State, USA; e-mail : cmahanta@charter.net would like to send some
copies for the college and
This time it’s a bit different editorial staffs, do send me
Heartiest congratulations to the whole team of Pragyan for the your mailing address.
successful completion of six years long journey. Long live Pragyan! Mohen Naorem
Pragyan this time is little different from its previous issues. Like to Editor
read the cover story which is quite appropriate as we hardly remember The Manipur Journal
the great people who contributed a lot for the development of our Imphal, Manipur-795004
culture and society. e-mail:themanipurtimes@gmail.com
Tanusree Sarker
Lecturer in Political Science,
(Editor’s Note: We are sorry
Women’s College, Tinsukia.; email : sarkertanusree19@gmail.com
for the mistakes we have
made with Mohen’s name in
Totally fit for all
his article “North East Girls
I’ve just downloaded (and read) the (March, 09) issue....and trying to are Very Beautiful”
download the other issues of Pragyan. But I can say that the issue is published in the March,09
totally fit for all kinds of students as well as General Readers....I’ll issue of Pragyan. We simply
try my best to make it more popular... regret for that. We’ll be
* Partho Gogoi cautious next time. )
Ex-H.S. Student,2004-06 batch

1/ /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

 It has scholarly articles
I got your Pragyan sent by post. Magazine has scholarly articles.
It is good looking and well composed.
MB Qasmi, Mumbai
e-mail:manager@markazulmaarif.org
It’s really nice
I’ve visited the Pragyan’s site. It is really a nice journal. I’ve visited
your personal orkut profile as well. It’s great to know that you are
a Bengali literature teacher in our college. Please, give my respect
to Sri Rana Changmai sir and all other teachers of my college.
Thank you.
* Anirban Ghosh – an alumni
Chittaranjan Loco Works, West Bengal
e-mail: ringmaster_ind@yahoo.co.in
Provide more current tips
As a regular reader of Pragyan I hope to get some new and useful
information from this. If we get some current study and career tips
then the usefulness of Pragyan will increase and the market value
of this will increase. This journal will serve as the Gita of students
and ex-students.
* Biki ( nick name)
B’com 2nd year
I’ll contribute
I’m an ex-student of Tinsukia College. I had Major in History. It’s
really nice to see this college journal (on-line). I will definitely try
to contribute something to Pragyan. Best of luck.
* Mamoon – an Alumni
Prochesta Ashadharon
Prochesta Ashadharon ! Antorikata Nirvejal ! Antorik Shubheccha !
Paramita (Prajna) Bhowal
an Alumni of 1984 batch
commented in Pragyan’s website.
* Scribed in Pragyan’s Orkut Profile
Readers may choose whatever language they feel comfort with to write in mail box. But for better
communication we prefer English and Assamese. – Editor
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
‘šø`¡à>’ "γãÚà
Îà[Òt¡¸t¡ &A¡ >tå¡>
>à³ íÒ ¹*A¡¡
>³ÑH๠"à¹ç¡ [¤×¤¤ãÚà *ºK
\>àìºòà¡ú ¤×[ƒ>¹ š¹à Òü-ë³Òüº
>A¡[¹ Òàìt¡ì¹ [º[J³ ¤å[º* [º[J¤îº
¤àA¡ã =à[A¡ ™àÚ¡ú ... "àìšà>àìºàA¡¹
‡à¹à šøA¡à[Åt¡ ‘šø`¡à>’& >tå¡> ™åK¹
áày-áàyãA¡ "à¹ç¡ `¡à> [ƒÚA¡¡ú ®¡àº
®¡à¹t¡ãÚ >àK[¹A¡ A¡[¹ K[Øn¡ ët¡àºA¡¡ú
®¡àº >àK[¹A¡¹ "à¹ç¡ šøAõ¡t¡ ë>tõ¡â«¹
"®¡à¯¡ú ëƒl¡üt¡à¹ (Ѭà‹ã>t¡à Î}Nøà³ã
šà>ã¹à³ ƒàΠδš[A¢¡t¡ Î}¤àƒ, ³àW¢¡
2009, šø`¡à>) A¡=à "à¹ç¡ ë³à¹
(">å¤àƒ) A¡[¤t¡à šøA¡àÅ A¡¹à¹ A¡à¹ìo
¤×ìt¡à ‹>¸¤àƒ¡ú
P¡¯àÒài¡ã ë¤à³à¹ >K¹ã¡ú t¡àt¡
`¡à>¹ Îå-W¡ZW¢¡à¹ "®¡à¯¡ú >¹A¡àÎå¹¹
γÚì¤à¹ ®¡àº "à[ạú ÒüÚ๠š¹à
Òü}¹à\ã Å¦ì¹ ®¡¹à "àW¡[¹t¡ "γãÚà¹
ƒÒAå¡[¹³à> "àìºàW¡>ã *ºàÚ¡ú t¡à¹
"à‹à [¤W¡[ºt¡ ë™ï¯> δšA¢ ¡ ãÚ¡ú
[t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚ๠[>[W¡>à "¯ìÒ[ºt¡ k¡àÒü¹
š¹à *ìºà¯à `¡à> γõ‡ý¡ ‘šø`¡à>’ &A¡
>tå¡> šƒìÛ¡š¡ú γÚt¡ ³Òü [ƒAô¡ƒÅ¢ã
[A¡áå ëºJà [º[J =à[A¡³¡ú ([W¡[A¡;Îà
ÅàÑ|, ëÎ>à-¤à[Ò>ã "à[ƒ δšìA¢¡)¡ú
‘šø`¡à>’ "γãÚà Îà[Òt¡¸t¡ &A¡
>tå¡> >à³ íÒ ¹*A¡¡ú ‘šø`¡à>’¹ γèÒ
΃θ-΃θàîº ë³à¹ "à”z [ ¹A¡
Aõ¡t¡`¡t¡à `¡àš> A¡[¹ìºà¡ú
l¡à@ [¤A¡àÅ A塳๠ƒàÎ
šøàv¡û¡> ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ [¤³à> ¤à[Ò>ã¹ [W¡[A¡;A,¡
¹àÒüì>à \à}Kº &l¡ô쮡e¡à¹,
¤à}Kàºå¹ç¡-37
/2
 1 CWSD Observed International Women’s Day
As per the guidelines of U.G.C, the ‘Cell for
Women Studies and Development’ (CWSD) of
Tinsukia College was set up in the year 2005.
Since its inception, the cell has been organizing
various programmes and workshops for bringing
awareness among the womenfolk in different
aspects such as health and hygiene, social equality,
self dependence etc. in different times. The cell
also observes International Women’s Day
regularly.
This year (2009), besides its normal
programmes, the cell also organized a special
felicitation programme on the occasion of
3/
International Women’s Day. A group of members
of the cell felicitated Dr. Swarnalata Boruah,
Retired Prof. & HoD of History department,
Dibrugarh University, Ex-president of Indian
History Congress (2006) — Mediaeval period,
renowned feminist of the state, and also one of
the pioneers of the women movement in the
country, at her residence at Dibrugarh, who has
been suffering illness since long days. She was
felicitated with a Muga Shawl and a Maan-patra
by Bontimala Devi President, CWSD, Tinsukia
College. The other members in the group were
Anjana Goswami, Roshmi Dutta, Dr. Sanjukta
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
Gohain Boruah, Dr. Meenakshi Chamua,
Dr Rupali Gogoi, Anita Boruah, Dr. Achyut
Borthakur and Sushanta Kar.
Dr. Boruah praised the women’s cell for
its various deeds and hoped for milestones in
the future. She expressed distress at the fact that,
despite constituting half of the world’s
population, women are still deprived of their
rights and privileges in a patriarchal society that
relegates them to a lower status. She also pointed
out that women were in no way less than men in
their ability and capacity to work. She suggested
the members to organize more seminars,
workshops, projects etc. in women related issues
specially in the remote areas of the state. She
also suggested to submit projects to the National
and International organizations related to the
issues for its funding.

2 Dr. Rajib Bordoloi Attended International Seminar at Prague

Dr. R Bordoloi, HoD, Physics department, Tinsukia
college participated and presented paper at the international
conference on ‘Photonics’ that was held at Prague, Czech
Republic from 20-23 April, 2009. The Seminar was organized
by the Society for photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)
– U.S.A, a pioneering organization devoted to most advanced
photonics research in the world. Total six hundred scientists and
technological wizards from all over the world took part in the
seminar. Dr. Bordoloi’s Paper had two parts – theoretical and
experimental, presented on 21st & 22nd April, respectively.
It may be mention here that very recently Dr. Bordoloi Dr. Rajib is in the middle of the picture
has been conferred Ph.D Degree by Dibrugarh University for his with two co-participants, one of them is
Research Work entitled ‘A Study on a Laser Induced Non-linear Prof. Kato (right) of Japan, who heads the
Phenomena in Molecular Media’. Photonics Dept. of Photonics Lab, Japan.

3 Science Day Observed

National Science Day was celebrated by the
Assam Science Society, Tinsukia branch on 28
February, 2009, with a day long programme. The
programme started with the hoisting of the
society’s flag by Sri Dilip Kalita, president of the
branch in the morning in front of its office at
Tinsukia college. The others programmes of the
day were a seminar on ‘Remote Sensing and GIS
— a New Horizon of Science’ was held at Jatiya
Vidyalaya, Tinsukia, where Dr. Kamalesh Kalita
delivered a thought provoking lecture. A Science
Exhibition was also part of the day’s programme
held at Jatiya Vidyalaya, Tinsukia. The day long
programme ended with vote of thanks offered by
Dr. Dipika Bhattacharjee. Secretary, Assam
Science Society, Tinsukia branch.

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

/4
 4 Mathletics Competition, 2009
Ma t h e m a t i c s d e p a r t m e n t o f
Tinsukia college successfully conducted the
Mathletics Competition, 2009 on 31st May at
the Tinsukia College Centre among the students
of Class V to Class XII from different
institutions of Tinsukia district. The
competition was held in 39 different centres
all over the state. Assam Academy of
Mathematics was the main organizer of the
Competition. Altogether 60 teams participated
Mathematics Olympiad, 2009 on September 6,
in the competition from 10 different schools
which will also be held at Tinsukia College
at the Tinsukia College Centre
Centre. Interested candidates may contact the
It may be mentioned here that the Assam
Mathematics Dept. during the last part of August
Academy of Mathematics will organize
for its application forms.„

5 World Environment Day Observed

The World Environment Day 2009 was
observed at Tinsukia College on 5th June 2009,
with a day long programme, which was organised
jointly by Assam Science Society, Tinsukia
branch, Department of Zoology, Tinsukia College
and ‘Ed-en’ (A society for environment education)
Tinsukia. World Environment Day has been
observed all over the world since 1972. The theme
of the World Environment Day’ 2009 was ‘Your
planet needs you – UNite to combat climate
change !’
Sit and draw, poster with the slogan contest,
open house nature game cum quiz contest on
environment issues for students were organized
on the day. A lecture on the topic ‘Role of Civil
Society in Bio Diversity Conservation’ was
delivered by Dr. Rishi Das, HoD, Zoology dept.
of the college, Students from different schools
took part actively in the programmes.„

6 Campus Recruitment Drive at the College

Emergency Management and Research Placement Cell, IQAC, Tinsukia College
Institute (EMRI), Assam in association with conducted a campus interview at Tinsukia college

5/ /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

 on 3rd June 2009 for selecting candidates for
Emergency Medical Technician. The selection
procedure was in two phases – written test
examination and personnel interview (Viva).
More than 50 candidates from the students of the
college appeared in the selection test. Finally six
qualified candidates have been selected to employ
for EMT. They are – 1. Dheraz Moran, 2. Jagya
Phukan, 3. Gukul Nanda Boruah, 4. Santonu
Saikia, 5. Joyanta Boruah and 6. Prabhat Boruah
Moreover, some B.Sc. appeared candidates who reach them in an average of 15 minutes in urban
had cleared the written test examination will be called area and 20 minutes in rural area. It handles all
for personnel interview at Guwahati later on. kinds of Medical emergencies like acute
The EMRI is a non profit organization in abdomen illness, respiratory disorders, asthma
the PPP (Public Private Partnership) model. It attacks, heart attacks, suicide, and pregnancy
has tie-up with over 55 private and govt. related cases, road accidents etc. It also handles
hospitals in Assam to ensure immediate patient police emergencies like theft, bodily offence,
stabilization on admission to the hospitals. A free property offences etc. Having started its
service, anyone, any where in the operational operation in the state on 6th Nov. 2008, EMRI –
area can call the toll free number 108 for any Assam today operates with over 102 Ambulances
emergencies (Medical, Police, Fire) and help will serving a population of nearly three crores.

7 Ph.D Awarded to Rajib Konwar

Dr. Rajib Konwar, Senior Lecturer, Physics Department, Tinsukia College
has been conferred Ph.D Degree by Dibrugarh University for his Research Work
entitled ‘Optical and Spectroscopic Studies of Some Stratified Media’.
He has been working the guidance of Prof. G.D. Baruah, Emritus Fellow,
AICTE, Dept. of Physics, Dibrugarh University.
(The Updater teaches Economics in the College)
(Contd. from Page 7)

Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh

Career Counseling Session Organized
Po s t - g r a d u a t e St u d e n t s ’ U n i o n o f The counseling session was also chaired
the Dibrugarh University recently organized a by chief manager, SBI regional office,
career counseling session Dibrugarh, Bimal Debroy,
at Rang Ghar auditorium. and Branch manager, SBI,
More than 500 students Dibrugarh University
of the university attended Branch, Sanjeev Kumar.
the session. Career They discussed at
counselor Gauranga Kr length various career
Sharma informed the opportunities in the
students about the financial services sector
emerging sectors of the 21st century. and ways to build careers. [PEB]

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

/6
Tripura University, Agartala
Conference of Physics Academy Held
The Sixth National Conference of Physics Biswajit Saha of Jadavpur University
Academy of the Northeast was recently held at bagged the Syeda Kainat Memorial Award for best
the department of Physics, Tripura University. oral presentation on condensed matter physics.
The conference provides a platform for The Amiyabala Devi Award for best oral
information and dissemination of knowledge in presentation in other than condensed matter
the emerging areas of physics was given to Sanjeev
physics as well as of its Kalita for his paper on “Late
interdisciplinary Time Cosmic Acceleration of
relevance. a Flat Matter Dominated
Altogether 79 Universe with a Constant
participants presented Vacuum Energy”. The best
their papers in various poster award went to Mizoram
branches of physics like University. A Technoquest
nuclear physics, festival was part of the
astrophysics and the like. proceedings. [PEB]

Assam University, Silchar

CISCO and HCL Comnet for Campus Wide Network
With an aim to provide a campus- CISCO’s campus wide network earlier, now Cisco
wide network that would enable students and is carrying on a campus upgrade process with the
faculty to access the internet and internet based latest Cisco equipments at the University.
resources, Assam Assam University, a
University, Silchar has teaching cum affiliating
selected CISCO and HCL University, established in
Comnet for widening the 1994, has nine different
network to offer schools (including major
uninterrupted disciplines such as Social
connectivity to its Sciences, Humanities,
academic community, i.e. Languages and others)
faculty and students. This with 29 departments. The
uninterrupted five districts under the
connectivity will surely enrich learning and jurisdiction of the University have as many as 51
teaching experiences there. undergraduate colleges. ©Assam Tribune, and
Though the university has deployed Pradeep Dutta, (pradipdutta200@yahoo.co.in)
(Contd. on Page 6)

7/ /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09


Archer Jayanta Bagged Gold in Croatia
Jayanta Talukdar clinched the men’s individual gold
and helped India win the team event in the Archery World
Cup Stage 2 at Porec, Croatia, on 9th May,09. Talukdar, an
Assamese youth, upset Athens Olympic gold medalist
Marco Galiazzo of Italy by 110-108 in the final to clinch
his second gold. Earlier, the trio of Talukdar, Rahul Banerjee
and Mangal Singh Champia won India the men’s recurve
team gold.
Born in 1987, Talukdar’s journey from a promising
youngster to India’s top archer has been nothing less than
remarkable. Jayanta was picked up by archery coaches at a
talent hunting camp in Guwahati, his native place. At the
subsequent training camp in Tata Archery Academy,
Jamshedpur, Jayanta impressed the coaches with his physical
strength and focused attitude.
In 2004, Jayanta emerged as the top
performer of the Indian team which made history
by winning the silver medal at the junior Worlds
in Britain. It was the country’s first medal at a
World championship.
In 2005, Jayanta became India’s
top archer when he upstaged a few
seasoned stars to clinch the Olympic
round at the 25th Senior
Nationals in Kochi. The same
year, Jayanta made history as
he became the first Indian
archer to win the gold medal
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
in the FITA Meteksan Archery World
Cup at Porec, Croatia.
The May, 09th’s performance was
his and his team’s second consecutive
team gold after bagging the first at
Santo Domingo World Cup Stage 1 on
April 5, 2009. India had beaten Great
Britain in Stage 1 final. The trio had
bagged India the first team gold in
World Cup series winning at Antalya
(Turkey) in 2008. This was followed
by two more already this year.
Talukdar also won his third head-
to-head contest against the Italian
Galiazzo, all played at Porec. He first
tamed Galiazzo in 2006 on way to the
gold medal, and again beat him in 2008
and now in the final on May 9th.
Talukdar held the lead in the first two
ends of three arrows each at 55-52. He
surprisingly conceded two points in the
third end to allow the Italian to narrow
the gap to 81-82. When Galiazzo hit an
eight with his second arrow
of the final end of
t h e
/8
three arrows, the Indian needed a nine to win.
Talukdar hit a 10 to take the second crown in Porec.
In the men’s team summit clash, Russia
trailed by one point (54-55) in the first end,
recovered in the second end to tie the match at
108 points at halfway mark.However, India took
The Manipur Journal – A Different Initiative
A monthly journal on promotion of culture,
language and identity of the North East Region
was launched on Feb 15, 2009 at the Manipur
Press Club in Manipur. A function to mark
launching of the journal was held at Manipur
Press Club here on that day with DIPR Director
T. Sitlhou as Chief Guest, President in-charge
of the Editor’s Forum Manipur P. Ibochouba as
functional president and former news Editor of
AIR Imphal Seram Mangi and College of
Agriculture, CAU
Dean Dr N. Iboton
as guests of honour.
Observing
that larger
communities
of India
and the
world
work
t o
Now it’s Non-Resident North East Indian’s Turn
Indian Diaspora has played a major role in
shaping India’s political and economic history.
The influence is such that a ministry (Ministry of
Overseas Indian Affairs) has been created to look
after their affairs. In contrast to states like Kerala,
Punjab and Gujarat, the number of NRIs from
Assam and the entire North East is miniscule and
of relatively recent origin. Moreover, they are
mostly professionals. Hence it would be
unrealistic to assume huge investments from NR-
NEIs.
Keeping this in mind, the North East India
9/
the lead in the third end at 164-162. Russia showed
their best in the last end, but it was not enough to
beat the Indians.
Archery Association of India president V.K.
Malhotra and secretary general Paresh Nath
Mukherjee congratulated the winners. [PEB]
promote and spread their culture and tradition
to other parts of the world, The Manipur Journal
lamented that North East Regions are still unable
to showcase their culture, tradition and identity
to other nations. The Journal will focus on
exposing the culture and tradition of the North
East Region. It will also feature articles and
stories on culture, traditions and national
identities of different nations of the world.
Mohen Naorem is the editor of the Journal.
Consulting editors include Yuichi Imoue for
Japan, Stephen Christopher and Adrienna Rose
Block for Korea, Rajen Barua and Shanti
Thokchom for the USA.
It might be mentioned here that Mohen has
included his name as one of the distinguished
member of the Pragyan family, as one of his write
ups, ‘North East Girls Are Very Beautiful’ got
published in the March,09 issue of Pragyan and
he was kind enough to help to improve Pragyan’s
website well.
Internation Meet – 2010 (NEIIM-2010) is organized
to tap the vast “knowledge bank” of the NR-NEIs.
The event will take place on 11 & 12 January, 2010
at Guwahati. The dates have been chosen so that
NR-NEIs travelling to India to attend the Pravasi
Bharatiya Divas on 7-9 January will find it
convenient to attend NEIIM-2010 in Guwahati.
Moreover for visiting Assamese NRIs Magh Bihu
uruka falls on 13 January.
The NR-NEIs can act as catalysts in the
development of the region through the transfer of
their knowledge and skills and by facilitating
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
investments from large foreign corporates.
NEIIM-2010 will be a one & half day
programme with a number of sessions so that
maximum number of delegates can participate in
their area of expertise & interest.
The Organising committee has already
Silchar Railway Station Renamed Bhasha Sahid Station
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh instructed
the Railway Ministry to rechristen the Silchar
Railway Station as ‘Bhasa Sahid Station, Silchar’.
The Ministry will announce its decision in forth
coming Union Rail Way Budget.
It’s a achievement of ‘Sammilito Samskritik
Mancha’, a platform of various cultural
organizations of Silchar town, and Bhasa Sahid
Station Sahid Smaran Samiti. Under the
leadership of these two organizations the people
of the Barak valley
fought for last two
year to
rechristened the
station and the
newly launched
Silchar-Agartala
train. Last year, in
the month of June,
both the organization collected 1,44,000
signatures from the people of various section of
the society, irrespective of caste-creed-language
and religion, in an memorandum demanding the
AMC Among the Top 10 in the Country
The Assam Medical College secured 10th rank
among government
medical colleges in a
nationwide survey done
by Education Times-Gfk
recently. Significantly,
the AMC has also been
recognised as the best
among medical colleges
in the Eastern Zone.
A total of 225 institutions were surveyed
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
started the process of Preliminary Registration
from 1st June, 09 . NR-NEI’s are being requested
to send their names to Bidyananda Barkakoty ,
Organising Committee Member, NEIIM-2010. He
can be contacted on : Cell : +91-9435046211,
Email : barkakoty@yahoo.co.in. [PEB]
rechristening the station. Chief Minister Tarun
Gogoi agreed and promised to do the needful.
Now, after one year the New Union Government
has decided to honour the language martyrs who
sacrificed their lives for their language on
May 19, 1961.
The Union Railway Minister Mamata
Banerjee might personally visit Silchar after
Railway Budget to formally inaugurate the new
name-plate.
It may be mention here that it’s not only the
people of Barak Valley that demanded the renaming.
The people and the Government of neighbouring
state of Tripura also joined with them. [PEB]
and their performance in nine categories was
evaluated before the
rankings were awarded.
Dr Borbora said that
credit for the new
recognition was due to a
number of people, including
the students, the staff and
those at the health
department who were
involved in giving a boost to the oldest medical college
/ 10
 of the region. “The turnaround of the AMC is a
collective effort, and everyone deserves praise,” he
mentioned.
Referring to new steps taken in the college,
Dr TR Borbora, the Principal of the college
asserted in front of the media that the college
was adopting a zero-tolerance approach towards
ragging. Three female students, found
responsible for ragging, have already been
rusticated sending a strong message to all.
The AMC is now in the middle of an
ambitious expansion programme. From 2007,
funds have been available to create new
infrastructure and bring in a range of sophisticated
equipment. The academic atmosphere has
improved, and the morale of students, faculty and
staff has gone up.
The institution currently has an annual
intake of 170 students for the MBBS course and
107 students for the PG programme. It has faculty
strength of 381, and its 18 PG departments make
it one of the bigger medical colleges in the
country. © Buljit Buragohain (buluassam@yahoo.co.in),
Assam Tribune

Amrit Pritam Won IIFA Award

Amrit Pritam of Assam has won the International Indian Film
Academy (IIFA) Awards, 2009 for best sound designing of the film
Ghajini. He won the award jointly along with Oscar-famed Resul Pookutty.
Pritam, who hails from Jorhat, is the first person from Assam and the
entire Northeast to have won an IIFA award. Currently Pritam and Resul
Pookutty have been jointly working on actor/director Saurabh Shukla’s
Pappu Can’t Dance Saala.

Assamese Writer Wins British Scholarship

Aruni Kashyap, who earned fame in the Assam, with the “secret
Assamese literary scene with his essay ‘The killings phase” of the
Identity Crisis of Assamese Youth’ (Asomiya Juva nineties as background. He
Prajanmar Poricitir Xonkot), published in wants to write a novel soon
‘Satsori’, has won the prestigious Charles Wallace on the harrowing Assam
India Trust Scholarship to participate in a creative Agitation since he
writing course at the University of Edinburgh. feels that the
The angry personal essay argued that the shoddy new generation
literature syllabi in Assam schools gradually of Assamese
reduce the interests of the Assamese youth on doesn’t know
Assamese literature. much about this
Aruni debuted with a popular monthly nationalist
column in the Assamese daily ‘Amar Asom’, movement and the national and international
when he was a young undergraduate student at media has not presented its true picture to the
St. Stephen’s College, Delhi. Since then he has world; the history textbooks are also silent about
published short stories, essays, literary essays and this phase that changed Assam forever.
poems in English and Assamese magazines. His Under this scholarship, he will be attending
stories and poems are mostly set in Assam and a creative writing course during the month of
the violence that plagues his state finds expression August, under some well known British authors.
in them in complex ways. Currently he is lending The Scottish Universities International Summer
finishing touches to his novel ‘The House with a School organises this program every year. The
Thousand Novels’, a family saga set in rural 2008 summer school was once again a truly

11 / /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

international affair, with participants from 27
different countries and Man Booker Prize short
listed author Philip Hensher teaching a master
class in fiction. This year the creative writing
courses will be taught by authors such as popular
Gate’s Grant to Assamese Doctor
Dr. Bikul Das, an original resident of
Sualkuchi near Guwahati and a graduate of Gauhati
Medical College, has got the prestigious Bill and
Melinda Gates Foundation grant to explore “bold
and largely unproven ways” to improve health in
developing countries. Dr. Das, at his late forties
working with Stanford University Medical School
in California, will explore the potential role of stem
cells in treating latent tuberculosis infection.
His name for the $100,000-grant figured
among 81 researchers from 17 countries in the list
that was announced on Monday in Seattle. The
endowment was awarded through the foundation’s
Lijjat Papad Celebrated 50th Anniversary
Eighty-year-old Jaswantiben Jamnadas
Popat is the only survivor of a group of semi-
literate Gujarati housewives who founded Lijjat
Papad 50 years ago. She celebrated the Lijjat
golden jubilee on 15 March, 09 with 45,000 other
women who are part of the women-only co-
operative. Mrs. Popat cannot believe that what
started as a desperate move to ‘supplement the
family income’ 50 years ago has come so far.
When seven housewives of them, popularly
known as ‘seven sisters’, started their business it
was not meant to become so big.It is indeed a big
business today, with an annual turnover of nearly
$100m and a flourishing exports account to boot.
It’s as if a real life fairy tale turned to be true.
The Lijjat trade began when seven Gujarati
housewives decided to exploit the only skill they
knew – cooking. They were semi-literate which
restricted their chances to get jobs. But they
realised their papad-making expertise could be
used to earn small amounts of money to help their
husbands reduce their financial responsibility.
On 15 March 1959, they gathered on the
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
playwright Douglass Maxwell, Man Booker Prize
short listed author James Robertson and many
others.
© Buljit Buragohain (buluassam@yahoo.co.in)
Assam Tribune
Grand Challenges Explorations initiative, which
aims to develop a pipeline of creative ideas that
could change the face of global health.
One of the new grants was awarded to Dr
Bikul Das of Stanford University Medical
School, who has studied cancer stem cell biology
for the last decade but maintains an interest in
infectious diseases due to his clinical training in
India and Bhutan. The new grant will enable him
to explore the potential role of stem cells in latent
TB infection.
© The Times of India,
Buljit Buragohain (buluassam@yahoo.co.in)
terrace of an old building in a crowded South
Mumbai locality and rolled out four packets of
papads to sell. The ‘seven sisters’, started
production with the princely sum of 80 rupees
(now $1.50), borrowed from a good Samaritan,
Chaganlal Karamsi Parekh, a social worker with
entrepreneurial brains. It was Chaganlal, who
advised them that if they wanted to experience
success, never accept donations. They have never
ignored his advice. Soon the entrepreneurship
expanded in Mumbai’s overcrowded and poverty-
stricken shanty towns. Three months later the
business had 25 women. The trade began to
expand as a co-operative. In a few years they had
/ 12
branches all over Mumbai and in subsequent
years all across India.
The women received one award after
another. Exports flourished. They were on a roll
- from poppadoms they branched out into soaps,
savouries, chutneys and pickles.
Now after fifty years Lijjat papads are a perfect
example of how a sustainable business can be built,
providing large-scale employment to rural women,
who are illiterate but skilled. And when such skills
are given an organisational structure on a co-operative
basis a long term sustainable model assures success.
Astrometry Nabs Another Exoplanet
Researchers for half a century have tried —
and failed — to use the motion of stars moving
across the sky to discover planets that lie beyond
the solar system. Now a team has finally used the
method, known as astrometry, to find one of these
orbs. The newfound extrasolar planet, six times
heavier than Jupiter, orbits the low-mass star VB
10 some 20 light-years from Earth, report Steven
Pravdo and Stuart Shaklan of NASA’s Jet
Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California in
the July Astrophysical Journal.
The traditional method of identifying
extrasolar planets, which now number more than
350, relies on tracking the velocity of a parent star
along the line of sight to Earth — rather than across
the sky. Because an orbiting planet pulls its parent
star ever so slightly to and fro, the star’s line-of-
sight motion speeds up and slows
down periodically, revealed by
telltale shifts in the color of
starlight recorded from Earth.
This technique, known as the
wobble or Doppler shift method,
detects heavyweights that lie
close to their star most easily,
since such planets produce the
largest changes in that star’s speed
along the line of sight to Earth.
But the method can only reveal
the minimum mass of a planet.
In contrast, the astrometric method, which
13 /
Most of the 45,000-strong female workforce
live in slums or one-room hutments, with
communal bathrooms and toilets. They are still
part of what is known as the working class. But
working for Lijjat Papads gives them financial
security. They are now capable of taking
decisions, sending their children to schools and
keeping their men on the straight and narrow.
The Lijjat women have proved that success
does not necessarily need money and
infrastructure, as long as there is determination.„
© http://news.bbc.co.uk
records the positions of stars as they slowly drift
across the sky, pins down the exact mass of a planet.
The method favors massive planets that lie far from
a parent star, since such planets cause a star to move
by the largest amount across the sky. Researchers
have previously used astrometry to measure the
precise mass of planets found with the wobble
method, but this is the first time the technique has
been used to discover an extrasolar planet.
The planet found by Pravdo and Shaklan lies
about as far from its star as Mercury, the solar
system’s innermost planet, lies from the sun. Yet
the newly discovered body, unlike Mercury, is
relatively cool since its parent star is only one-twelfth
the mass of the sun and therefore produces much
less radiation and heat.
The researchers say that because the
astrometric technique finds massive planets that
orbit far from parent stars, the
method could identify stars that
might be examined in follow-up
studies for smaller, Earth-mass
planets with tighter orbits. A
search for those close-in bodies
might best be examined with the
wobble method. Should VB 10
harbor a rocky planet that lies
much closer in, it might be
habitable — or at least contain
liquid water.„ ©Ron Cowen./
www.sciencenews.org
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

offbeat career hogged the limelight at the event. The
star at the event was R Madhavan, an alumnus of IIT-Madras.
This is Madhavan’s success story as a farmer as he told to the
audience...)
Passion for agriculture:I had a passion
for agriculture even when I was young. I don’t
know how my love for agriculture started. I
only know that I have always been a nature
lover. I used to have a garden even when I
was a teenager. So, from a home garden, a
kitchen garden, I gradually became a farmer!
My mother used to be very happy with the
vegetables I grew.
Studying at IIT-Madras: My family was
against my ambition of becoming an
agriculturist. So, I had to find a livelihood for
myself. I wrote IIT-JEE and got selected to study
at the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. I
enjoyed studying mechanical engineering.My
intention was to transform what I study into what
I love; mechanisation of farming. I felt the
drudgery in farming is much more than in any
other industry, and no one had looked into it.
Working for ONGC after IIT : I started my
career at the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
(ONGC). My father refused to give me any
money to start farming. So I asked the officials
to let me work at the offshore sites, on the
rigs. The advantage was that I could work on
rigs for 14 days and then take 14 days off. I
chose to work on the rigs for nine years,
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
(One of
the most interesting
themes at last year’s Pan-IIT
event was the session on rural
transformation. IITians who have chosen an
uninterrupted.
My first farm land: After 4 years, I saved enough
money to buy six acres of land. I bought land at
Chengelpet near Chennai. I chose that land
because the plot had access to road and water.
Back in 1989, a man in a pair of trousers aroused
curiosity among the farming community. That
was not the image of a farmer!
Tough beginning as a farmer : I became a full
fledged farmer in 1993. It was tough in the
beginning. Nobody taught me how to farm. There
was no guidance from the gram sevaks or the
University of Agriculture. I ran from pillar to post
but couldn’t find a single scientist who could help
me. I burnt my fingers. My first crop was paddy
and I produced 2 tonnes from the six acres of
land, it was pathetic.When I lost all my money,
my father said I was stupid. I told him, it didn’t
matter as I was learning. It was trial and error for
me for three years. Until 1997, I was only
experimenting by mingling various systems.
Going to Israel to learn : In 1996, I visited Israel
because I had heard that they are the best in water
technology. Take the case of corn. They harvest
7 tonnes per acre whereas we produce less than a
tonne. They harvest up to 200 tonnes of tomatoes,
whereas here it is 6 tonnes, in similar area of land.
/ 14
I stayed in one of the kibbutz, which is a co-
operative farm for 15 days. I understood what we
do is quite primitive. It was an eye opener for me.
They treat each plant as an industry. A plant
producing one kilo of capsicum is an industry that
has 1 kilo output. I learnt from them that we abuse
water. Drip irrigation is not only for saving water
but it enhances your plant productivity. We
commonly practice flood irrigation where they just
pump water. As per the 2005 statistics, instead of
1 litre, we use 750 litres of water.
Dr Lakshmanan, my Guru : I met Dr
Lakshmanan, a California-based NRI, who has
been farming for the last 35 years on 50-60,000
acres of land. He taught me farming over the last
one decade. Whatever little I have learnt, it is
thanks to him. I knew a farm would give me much
better returns in terms of money as well as
happiness. Working for money and working for
happiness are different. I work and get happiness.
What more do you need?
No guidance in India : I said at one platform that
we have to change the curriculum of the agricultural
universities. What they teach the students is not how
to farm, but how to draw loans from a bank! What
they learn cannot be transformed to reality or to the
villages. The problem in the villages is not
mentioned in the university. There is a wide gap and
it is getting worse.
Making profits : After burning my fingers for four
years, from 1997 onwards, I started making profits.
Even though it took me four years, I did not lose
hope. I knew this was my path even though I didn’t
have any guidance from anyone. In those days,
communication was slow. Today, I can get
guidance from Dr Lakshmanan on Skype or Google
Talk, or through e-mail. I send him the picture of
my problem and ask his guidance. In those days, it
took time to communicate. There was no Internet
or connectivity. That was why it took me four years
to learn farming. Today, I would not have taken
more than six months or even less to learn the trick!
The farming cycle: I started crop rotation after 1997.
In August, I start with paddy and it is harvested in
December. I plant vegetables in December itself and
get the crops in February. After that, it is oil seeds
15 /
like sesame and groundnut, which are drought-
resistant, till May. During May, I go on trips to learn
more about the craft. I came back in June-July and
started preparations on the land to get ready for
August. In 1999, I bought another four acres. My
target is a net income of Rs 100,000 per annum per
acre. I have achieved up to Rs 50,000.
Selling the products : I sell my produce on my
own. I have a jeep and bring what I produce to my
house and sell from there. People know that I sell
at home. I don’t go through any middle man.I take
paddy to the mill, hull it and sell it on my own. In
the future, I have plans to have a mill too. These
days, people tell me in advance that they need rice
from me. I have no problem selling my produce.
Engineering helps in farming : More than any
other education, engineering helps in farming
because toiling in the soil is only 20 per cent of
the work. About 80 per cent of farming needs
engineering skills. Science is a must for any
farming. I have developed a number of simple,
farmer-friendly tools for farming areas like
seeding, weeding, etc. as we don’t have any tools
for small farmers.If I have 200 acres of land, I
can go for food processing, etc. My next project
is to lease land from the small farmers for
agriculture. The village will prosper with food
processing industries coming there. My yield will
also be more with more land.
Abdul Kalam visits the farm : Dr Abdul Kalam
visited my farm when he was the President, after
hearing about what I was doing. He spent around
two hours on my farm. During his visit, he said:
“We need not one, but one million Madhavans!” If
I am able to inspire or create even one entrepreneur,
I will be very happy, because that is what Dr Kalam
wished me to do.
Experimental farming : Every acre of my land has
ten cents of experimental farming. I have done this
for the last 15 years. This is a part of my research
and development. Some of it may fail, but even if I
succeed at one thing, that is enough for me.
Entrepreneurship in the village : I feel that the
number of people engaged only in farming should
come down. Instead of ten people, there should
Contd. on Page 18
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
 [ºJA¡¹ δšìA¢¡ : "àì³[¹A¡à¹ [³ì>W¡’i¡à šøìƒÅ¹ ëW¡–i¡
š’º (City of St. Paul, Minnestota, USA) >K¹¹ "[‹¤àÎã
ë™àìW¡ó¡ ëóø¡S¡ ëºr¡Wô¡¤à\¢àì¹ (Joseph Frank Landsberger)
¤t¢¡³à> Î}J¸à¹ š¹à &Òü [Åt¡à>t¡ &A¡ >tå¡> ‹à¹à¤à[ÒA¡ "๴±
A¡[¹ìº¡ú ë™àìW¡ó¡, [™\> ë\à’ >àì³ì¹* \>à\àt¡, &\>
[¤Å«[¤J¸àt¡ "‹¸Ú> š¹à³Å¢ƒàt¡à (Study Counsellor) 1981
"à¹ç¡ 1991 W¡>t¡ Curriculum and Education Systems
"à¹ç¡ International Management [¤ÈÚt¡ Ñ•àt¡ìA¡àv¡¹
ë\à’¹ šàá¹ \ã¯>¹ Kì¯Èo๠[¤ÈÚ "à[ẠLearner Char-
acteristics and Attributes; Established
Sabbatical Precedent for Professional Staff¡ú
"‹¸Ú> A¡àºì¹ š¹à ët¡*ò γNø [¤Å« °³o A¡[¹ìá "à¹ç¡
šõ[=¯ã¹ ¤× [¤J¸àt¡ [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ "à¹ç¡ [ÅÛ¡àšø[t¡Ë¡à>t¡ &Òü [¤ÈìÚ ¤v¡ûõ¡t¡à [ƒ "à[Òìá¡ú ëÎÒü ¤v¡ûõ¡t¡àγèìÒì¹ ët¡*ò Î\àÒü
tå¡[ºìá ët¡*ò¹ 믤-áàÒüi¡ : Study Guides and Strategies (www.studygs.net)¡ú ¤× šå¹ÑHàì¹ì¹ Ζµà[>t¡
ë\à’ "‹¸Ú> δš[A¢¡t¡ ¤× Nø”‚ "à¹ç¡ 믤-áàÒüi¡¹ ¹[W¡Út¡à¡ú ët¡ìJt¡¹ š[¹A¡[¿t¡ &J[> l¡üìÀJì™àK¸ W¡àÒüi¡¹ >à³ History
of Romani Emigration From India &Òü šøàW¡ã> Nø”‚J> "àW¡ºìt¡ ët¡*ò W¡ã>¹ \å [ó¡ "à¹ç¡ c¡à} [c¡Úà>ìÒà}-¹ (Xu Fie
and Zhang Tianhong) ºKìt¡ ™åi¡ãÚàîA¡ ">åÎÞê¡à> A¡[¹ δšàƒ>à A¡[¹ šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹ìá¡ú &Òü Nø”‚Jì>Òü šø³ào ë™ W¡ã> "à¹ç¡
®¡à¹t¡¤È¢¹ [¤ÈìÚ* ë\à’¹ ®¡àìº[J[> "‹¸Ú> "àìá¡ú
ë\à’¹ ºKt¡ "à³à¹ ë™àKàì™àK "àA¡[ͶA¡¡ú ët¡*ò¹ W¡àÒüi¡¹ ÎÞê¡à> ëšà¯à¹ šàát¡ "à[³ ëšà>ìšài¡ãÚàîA¡ ët¡*òA¡
‘šø`¡à>’¹ ¤àì¤ [ºJà š[k¡Úà¤îº ">åì¹à‹ \>à*ò, "à¹ç¡ &ìA¡ºìK &Òü [¤ÈÚt¡ A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ ÒüZáà šøA¡àÅ A¡ì¹òàú"à³à¹ šøt¡¸àÅà
³ìt¡Òü ët¡*ò "à³àîº [™ìi¡à ë³Òüº š[k¡Úàìº ëÎÚà íÒìá :
Greetings Sushanta !
Thank you for writing, the compliments, and your request.
I am glad that you value presenting your content in Assamese and perhaps we can collabo-
rate on a project. Generally I resist duplication of my English on othet websites, mostly because
of the problem with duplication, as well as the administrative challenge of keeping track of who
has used my content when I upgrade sites. Also the interactive exercises cannot be duplicated.

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

/ 16
 However, if you translate the content you find valuable into Assamese, then you can also cite the
English source on my Website. I could then take that translation and make it available on my Website,
include it in interactive exercises, and include a link to both your college and magazine. My Website
is very prominent in international education, and this will further raise the profile of your effort.
This is a thought. If you do not want to translate, then I suggest a descriptive link to my subjects
and my Website. This has worked very well with other educational institutions.
Thank you again for all.
Regards.
Joe
Educationally inclined
Wisdom to discern the right path
Courage to take it
Discipline of joy to encounter it
jos f landsberger; mail to jft@studygs.net
t¡à¹ ºKìt¡ ët¡*ò &Òü ÎèW¡>à "‹¸àÚ[i¡ ëšø¹o A¡ì¹¡ú &Úà "๴±[o¡ú ët¡*ò¹ šø¯Þê¡ì¤à¹ "à[³ "γãÚàîº ">å¤àƒ A¡[¹
‘šø`¡à>’t¡ šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹ ™à³¡ú ët¡*ò ÒüÚ๠šø[t¡ìi¡à "‹¸àÚ [>\¹ W¡àÒüi¡t¡ l¡üšÑ‚àš> A¡[¹ ™à¤¡ú t¡àt¡ "à³à¹ ‘šø`¡à>’¹ [>\à W¡àÒüi¡ì¹à
Î}ì™àK =à[A¡¤¡ú &ìA¡ƒì¹ ‘šø`¡à>’¹ W¡àÒüi¡¹ ‘ëÒà³ìš\’t¡ "à[³ Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ ët¡*ò¹ W¡àÒüi¡¹ Î}ì™àK Ñ‚àš> A¡[¹ìáà¡ú "à[³ "àÅà
A¡[¹ìáà, ë\à’¹ ºKt¡ "à³à¹ &Òü ¤Þêå¡â« ƒãQ¢Ñ‚àÚã Ò’¤ "à¹ç¡ t¡à¹ š¹à "à[³ l¡ü®¡Ú šÛ¡ [¤ƒ¸àÚt¡[>A¡ ëÛ¡yJ>t¡ ºà®¡à[Þt¡ Ò³¡ú
: ">å¤àƒA¡ "à¹ç¡ ‘šø`¡à>’¹ ³åJ¸Î´šàƒA¡ - ¹àoà W¡à}³àÒü

[™ ÎA¡ìº ëA¡ì>îA¡ [Å[A¡¤ ºàìK t¡àA¡ \àì> ët¡*òìºàìA¡
™ì=Ê \àì>¡ú
-ÿ- ëÒ>¹ã ¤øç¡A¡áô "àƒà³áô
"àìšà>๠"ài¡àÒüt¡îA¡ 󡺃àÚA¡ [ÅA¡o¹ š=ìi¡à
Ò’º [>\ìA¡ \>๠³àì\[ƒ¡ú
"àìšà>๠[ÅA¡o Îà³=¢¸¡ú
"àšå[> "t¡ãt¡t¡ Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢¸t¡àì¹ ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡¹à š‡ý¡[t¡ ¡ú
"àšå [ > \à[>¤îº Òü Z áà A¡¹à [¤ÈÚìi¡à¹ šø [ t¡
"àìšà>๠"àNøÒ "à¹ç¡ `¡à>ú
"àìšà>๠¤àì¤ šƒà=¢ [¤`¡à> [Å[A¡¤îº ÎÒ\ Ò’¤
šàì¹ [A¡”ñ ëi¡[>Wô¡ ëJº¹ [¤ÈìÚ [Å[A¡¤îº A¡[k¡> Ò’¤ šà칡ú
>àÒü¤à ÒüÚ๠[¤š¹ãt¡ìi¡à* Ò’¤ šà칡ú
ÎA¡ìºà [ÅA¡ìoÒü &ìA¡ài¡à šø[yû¡Úà, [™ìi¡à [A¡áå³à>
n¡àšt¡ δšèo¢ ÒÚ¡ú [ÅA¡o¹ W¡à[¹i¡à n¡àš Ò’º :
&Òü šõË¡àA¡ ášà A¡¹A¡ *"à¹ç¡ šøÅì— A¡Òüi¡à¹ l¡üv¡¹ [ƒÚA¡¡ú
t¡à¹ [šW¡t¡ "àìšà>๠l¡üv¡¹ γèÒ¹ "à¹ç¡ ">¸ "‹¸Ú>
[>샢[ÅA¡à (Study guide) ¹ ÎÒàÚt¡ [>\¹ ¹o>ã[t¡ šøÑñt¡
A¡[¹ º*A¡¡ú
"t¡ãt¡¹ š¹à "๴± :
"àšå[> ëA¡ì>îA¡ [Å[A¡¤ [¤W¡àì¹ &Òü Ζƒ®¢¡t¡
"àìšà>๠"[®¡`¡t¡à [A¡?
"àšå[> [A¡ ®¡àº šàÚ? š[Øn¡¤îº, γθà γà‹à>
A¡[¹¤îº (to solve problems)? ³åJÑ‚ A¡[¹¤îº?
"à¤õ[v¡ A¡[¹¤îº? ¤¸àJ¸à A¡[¹¤îº (to interpret)?
ƒºãÚ®¡àì¯ A¡=à šà[t¡¤îº?
17 /
"àšå[> Îà¹à}Å ít¡Ú๠A¡[¹¤ \àì>ì>?
"àšå[> [A¡ š[Øn¡[ẠëÎÒü [¤ÈìÚ [>\ìA¡ šøÅ—
A¡[¹ìáì> >àÒü¤à šå>¹ãÛ¡o A¡[¹áàì>?
[¤[®¡Ä l¡ü;ι š¹à t¡=¸ "àÒ¹o¹ Îå[¤‹à "àìá ë>?
"àšå[> [>\¢>t¡à ®¡àº šàÚì> "‹¸Ú> ëKài¡ ®¡àº
šàÚ?
"àšå[> ¤× ëA¡Òüi¡à W¡³å "‹¸Ú> í¤k¡A¡ ®¡àº šàÚ ë>
&i¡à ƒãQº í¤k¡A¡ ®¡àº šàÚ?
"àìšà>๠"‹¸Ú> "®¡¸àÎì¤à¹ ëA¡ì>? ëÎÒüì¤à¹
ëA¡ì>ƒì¹ K[Øn¡ tå¡[ºìá? ëA¡à>ìi¡à ë¤[á A¡à³t¡
"à[Òìá "à¹ç¡ ëA¡à>ìi¡à ">à¯Å¸A¡? "àšå[> [ÅA¡à
A¡=àìi¡à "à>A¡ "ài¡àÒüt¡îA¡ ®¡àºîA¡ ëA¡ì>îA¡
¤å\à¤? [º[Jt¡ š¹ãۡ๠\[¹Úìt¡, [ÅÛ¡àA¡àºã>
l¡üv¡¹ A¡àA¡t¡¹ \[¹Úìt¡, ë> ÎàÛ¡à;A¡à¹¹ ë™àìK[ƒ?
¤t¢¡³à>îº "àK¤àØn¡A¡ :
&Òü [¤ÈÚìi¡àt¡ ³Òü [A¡³à> "àNøÒã?
&Òü [¤ÈÚìi¡à [Å[A¡¤îº ³Òü [A¡³à> Î³Ú J¹á A¡[¹¤
[¤W¡àì¹à?
ë³à¹ ³ì>àì™àK¹ ëA¡àì>à¤à šø[t¡‡–‡ã "àìá ë>[A¡?
ë³à¹ Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢¸t¡à¹ š[¹ì¤Åìi¡à Î[k¡A¡ ë>?
³Òü ëA¡à>ì¤à¹ [>Ú”|o A¡[¹¤ šàì¹à? ëA¡à>ì¤à¹
ë³à¹ [>Ú”|o¹ ¤à[Ò¹t¡?
ëÎÒü "¯Ñ‚àì¤à¹A¡ ³Òü Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢¸t¡àîº š[¹¤[t¢¡t¡
A¡[¹¤ šà[¹³ ë>?
&Òü [¤ÈÚìi¡à [Å[A¡¤îº ë³à¹ [™ [·ý¡à”z "àìá, t¡àA¡
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
 [A¡ìÒ šø®¡à[¯t¡ A¡[¹ìá?
ë³à¹ [A¡¤à "òàW¡[> "àìá ë>[A¡? ë³à¹ "òàW¡[>ìÚ
šè¤¢¹ "[®¡`¡t¡à "à¹ç¡ ë³à¹ [>\Ѭ [ÅA¡o š‡ý¡[t¡A¡
[¤ì¤W¡>à A¡[¹ìáì>?
šø[yû¡Úàìi¡àîº "àÒA¡; [¤ÈÚ ¤Ññ @
>à³ ¤à [Åì¹à>à³à [A¡ ?
šøA¡i¡ íÒ š¹à ³èº Ŧ (Key words) ëA¡à>
ëA¡Òüi¡à?
ëÎÒüìA¡Òüi¡à ³Òü ¤å[\ šàÒüìáàì>? &Òü Ζƒ®¢¡t¡ ³Òü
Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ [A¡ \àì>à?
ÒüÚ๠íÎìt¡ δšA¢¡ãt¡ [¤ÈÚì¤à¹ \àì>à ë>?
ëA¡ì> ‹¹o¹ l¡ü;Î "à¹ç¡ t¡=¸Òü ë³àA¡ ÎÒàÚ A¡[¹¤?
³Òü ëA¡¯º &i¡à l¡ü;Îìt¡ (ë™ì> šàk¡¸šå[=) [>®¢¡¹
A¡[¹³ ë>?
"[t¡[¹v¡û¡ l¡ü;ι "à¯Å¸A¡ Ò’¤ ë>[A¡?
³Òü ë™[t¡Úà šìØ n ¡à, ët¡[t¡Úà ‘šØ n ¡à[J[> ¤å [ \
šàÒüìáàì>’ ¤å[º [>\ìA¡ ëÅàì‹àì> ?
³Òü t¡t¡àît¡ÚàîA¡ ë™à¯à l¡ü[W¡t¡ ë> ºàìÒ ºàìÒ ë™à¯à
l¡ü[W¡t¡?
™[ƒ [A¡¤à &i¡à ¤å[\ >àšà*ò, ët¡[t¡Úà [A¡Ú ¤å\à >àÒü
&Òü A¡=àìi¡à ëÅàì‹àì>?
š[Øn¡ =àìA¡àìt¡ í¹ [ƒ* "à¹ç¡ Îà¹à}Å šøÑñt¡ A¡ì¹à
ë>[A¡?
* &Òü >tå¡> ‹à¹à¤à[ÒA¡ šø¤Þê¡[i¡¹ šø[t¡ìi¡à "‹¸àÚ ‘Ê¡à[l¡ KàÒül¡Wô¡ &r¡ ëÊ¡öìi¡[\’¹ 믤W¡àÒüi¡t¡ Ñ‚à> šà¤ ¤å[º ÒüÚ๠®¡àÈà*
ëÎÒü ƒì¹ š[¹A¡[¿t¡¡ú ‘ášà A¡¹A¡’ Ŧ ƒåi¡àA¡ šàk¡ìA¡ ‘šø[t¡[º[š šøÑñt¡ A¡¹A¡’ ¤å[º* š[Øn¡¤ šà칡ú
(">å¤àƒA¡ Òü}¹à\ã ®¡àÈà "à¹ç¡ Îà[Òt¡¸¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡)
(Contd. from Page 15)
An Engineer from IIT, now a Farmer
only be two people. I am not saying the eight should
go jobless. What we should do is, create
employment in the villages based on other agro
activities like value addition, processing, etc.We
can go for mechanisation in large areas so that the
cost per acre goes down. In India, the cost per every
meal is very high. So, my next concern is, how do
you make it cheap. In America, the unskilled
working for one hour can earn three meals a day.
Here, in the rural areas, even if they work for one
day, they can’t get one meal a day. How do you
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
³Òü í¹ ™à*ò ë>[A¡ "à¹ç¡ &Òüìi¡à ™å[v¡û¡šèo¢ íÒìáì>
¤å[º šøÅ— A¡ì¹à ë>?
³Òü í¹ ™à*ò ë>[A¡ "à¹ç¡ ÒüÚàA¡ ³èº¸àÚ> A¡ì¹à ë>?
("=¢à; Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ šØn¡à [¤ÈÚ¹ ºKt¡ ³Òü Ζµt¡ ë>
"Ζµt¡ -ÿ-ÿ- &Òü A¡=à [¤ì¤W¡>à A¡ì¹àì>?)
&Òü Ζƒ®¡¢t¡ ë³àA¡ γڹ šøìÚà\> ë>[A¡ ™àìt¡ [A¡áå
[W¡”zà A¡[¹ šå>¹ [¤ÈÚìi¡àîº l¡ü®¡[i¡ "à[Ò¤ šàì¹à ?
&Òü A¡=àìi¡à "à> [ÅA¡à¹ç¡¹ íÎìt¡ "àìºàW¡>à A¡¹àìi¡à
"à¯Å¸A¡ ë>[A¡ ™àìt¡ ³Òü t¡=¸Î³èÒ šøÑtñ ¡ A¡[¹ º’¤
šàì¹à?
&Òü [¤ÈÚ¹ *š¹t¡ A¡tõ¢¡â« =A¡à &\> ¤¸[v¡û¡ ë³à¹
"à¯Å¸A¡ ë>[A¡, ë™ì> &\> [ÅÛ¡A¡, Nø”‚àKà[¹A¡?
šå>¹ãÛ¡o K[Øn¡ ët¡àºà :
³Òü ëA¡à>[J[> Î[k¡A¡îA¡ A¡[¹ìºà?
³Òü ëA¡à>ìi¡à ë¤[á ®¡àºîA¡ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹ìºàìÒìt¡>?
A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ ë³à¹ ίºt¡à "à¹ç¡ ƒè¤º¢ t¡à[J[>¹
íÎìt¡ ë³à¹ "òàW¡[>J> [³º JàÒüìáì>? ³Òü Î[k¡A¡
W¡t¢¡Î³èÒ ¤à[W¡ íº[áìºàì>?
³Òü ®¡àºƒì¹ ë³àJ[> ³à[¹ìºà ë>? ³Òü [>\¹ šø[t¡
[>Ú³à>å¯t¢¡ã "à[áìºàì>?
³Òü Aõ¡t¡àA¡à™¢¸ Ò’ìºà ë>?
&[t¡Úà ë³à¹ Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢¸t¡à l¡üƒ™ô àš> A¡[¹¤ šàì¹à ë>?
(yû¡³Å@)
bring down the cost? By producing more food. So,
my intention is to make more food.
Food insecurity in India : The United Nations says
65 per cent of the world population suffers from food
deficiency, and India ranks first in the list. About 49
per cent of our children are undernourished. This
means our future generation will be affected. If we
are not going to give attention to this area, we are in
for real trouble. Food insecurity is more threatening
than an atom bomb!
© http://theheadlinestoday.com/2008/12
/ 18
 &Òü¤á¹ ëA¡–ƒøãÚ ëºàA¡ìίà "àìÚàK¹ "Îà³[¹A¡
ëί๠š¹ãۡ๠ó¡ºàó¡ìº γNø "γ¤àÎãîº &A¡ "à>–
ƒ¹ ¤t¡¹à íº "à[>캡ú ³åk¡ &Q๠\> šøà=¢ã &Òü š¹ãÛ¡à¹
Wè¡lØ ¡à”z ¤àW¡[>t¡ l¡üv¡ão¢ ëÒà¯àìi¡à ÎòW¡àÒü ¹à\¸J>¹ ¤àì¤
W¡³A¡šøƒ šøƒÅ¢>¡ú ÎA¡ìºà [ƒÅìt¡ šàáš¹à ¤å[º "Δñ[Ê¡
"à¹ç¡ Òã>³>¸t¡àt¡ ®å¡[K =A¡à "γ¹ \>Îà‹à¹ìo t¡=à
¹à\¸J>¹ ÎA¡ìºà šøW¡à¹ ³à‹¸ì³ &Òü Îà󡺸A¡ [¤\Ú
l¡üÀàìÎì¹ "àƒ¹[o \>à캡ú
[A¡”ñ &i¡à ¤á¹¹ ëA¡Òü\>³à> šøà=¢ã¹ Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢t¡àA¡
íº l¡üÀà[Ît¡ íÒ =à[A¡ìº ¤à "àuΔñ[Ê¡ º[®¡ìº >Ò’¤¡ú
&Òü Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢t¡à¹ ‹à¹à¤à[ÒA¡t¡à ¹Û¡à A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú
ëA¡¯º [W¡[®¡º W¡à[®¢¡ìá\ š¹ãÛ¡àÒü >ÒÚ, ÎA¡ìºà ‹¹o¹
¹àÊ¡öãÚ š™¢àÚ¹ šø[t¡ì™àKãt¡à³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ "à³à¹ áày-
áàyãÎA¡ìº Aõ¡[t¡â« šøƒÅ¢> A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú ëA¡Òü\>³à>
áày-áàyã¹ Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢t¡à šøW¡à¹ ³à‹¸³¹ [Åì¹à>à³ Ò’¤
ºKãÚà ëÒà¯àìi¡à Τ¢®¡à¹t¡ãÚ š™¢àÚt¡ ¹à\¸J>¹
áày-áàyãÎA¡º¹ ƒå¤¢º [Ñ‚[t¡¹ìÒ š[¹W¡àÚA¡¡ú
ÎA¡ìºà šø[t¡ì™àKãt¡à³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ "γ¹
áày-áàyã¹ l¡üv¡ão¢¹ Ò๠¤õ[‡ý¡ šà¤ ºà[K¤
"à¹ç¡ &ì> š¹ãÛ¡à γèÒt¡
"γ¹ áày-
áàyãÎA¡º¹
19 /
"à[‹št¡¸ &A¡ [>Ú³ãÚà Qi¡>àt¡ š[¹ot¡ Ò’ìºìÒ "àW¡ºìt¡
¹à\¸J>¹ Îå[ƒ> "à[Ò¤¡ú
ëºàA¡ìίà "àìÚàK (UPSC) ¹ "[t¡ Ζµà>\>A¡
"Îà³[¹A¡ ëÎ¯à š¹ãÛ¡à (Civil Services) t¡ "γ¹ áày-
áàyãÎA¡º¹ ó¡ºàó¡º Îì”zàÈ\>A¡ ë>àìÒà¯à¹ ¤× A¡à¹A¡
"àìá¡ú &Òüì¤à¹ š™¢àìºàW¡>à A¡[¹ ƒè¹ A¡[¹ìºìÒ "γ¹
áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº ÒüÚàt¡ l¡üÄt¡ ó¡ºàó¡º šøƒÅ¢> A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¤¡ú
šø=³ A¡=à Ò’º -ÿ-ÿ- &Òü š¹ãۡ๠δšìA¢¡ áày-
áàyã ÎA¡º¹ ³à\t¡ Î\àKt¡à ¤õ[‡ý¡ A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú &[t¡Úà*
"à³à¹ "[‹A¡à}Å áày-áàyãì¹ ëºàA¡ìίà "àìÚàK¹ ‡à¹à
">å[Ë¡t¡ "Îà³[¹A¡ ëί๠š¹ãۡ๠[¤ÈìÚ ëA¡àì>à γ¸A¡
‹à¹oà >àÒü¡ú "¯ìŸ ë³[l¡Ú๠Aõ¡šàt¡ &Òü¤à¹ &Òü δšìA¢¡
™ì=Ê¡ šøW¡à¹ íÒìá "à¹ç¡ ¤× Î}J¸A¡ áày-áàyã &ì> š¹ãÛ¡à¹
šø[t¡ "àNøÒã ëÒà¯à ëƒJà íKìá¡ú &Òü¤à¹ l¡ü@ ³à@ š¹ãÛ¡à¹
ó¡ºà󡺹 šàát¡ ¤× Î}J¸A¡ Aõ¡[t¡ áày-áàyãìÚ "àÒü-&-
&á¡ (IAS) ëÒà¯à ÒüZá๠A¡=à šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹ìá¡ú [A¡”ñ
ët¡*òìºàìA¡à šøAõ¡t¡ìt¡ &Òü š¹ãÛ¡à δšìA¢¡ [A¡³à>
"¯Kt¡ [Î Îì– ƒÒ\>A¡¡ú "àW¡ºìt¡ &Òü š¹ãÛ¡àìi¡à
δšìA¢¡ ¤× ‘³ã=’ šøW¡[ºt¡ íÒ
"àìá¡ú ¤×ìt¡Òü &Òü
š¹ãÛ¡à
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
¤× A¡[k¡> ¤å[º ®¡à[¯ ƒè¹¹ š¹àÒü >³ÑH๠A¡¹à¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡
¤×ìt¡ "àìA¡ï ‘šà>ã[³î=’ ¤å[º ‹[¹ íº &ì>ìÚ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡
¤ìÒ¡ú ¤×ìt¡ "àìA¡ï ®¡àì¯ [ƒÀãîº KìºÒü "àÒü-&-&á Ò’¤
šà[¹¡ú [A¡”ñ ëA¡àì>à A¡ìº\t¡ [™ ëA¡àì>à l¡üšàìÚì¹ (l¡ì>Ÿ>
¤à ëA¡[šìi¡Å¸> [ó¡ [ƒ Ò’ìº*) >à³ ®¡[t¢¡ A¡[¹ l¡àv¡û¡¹ /
Òü[g[>Ú๠¤à &³ [¤ & ëÒà¯à¹ ƒì¹ ‘ëA¡à[W¡} ëW¡si¡à¹t¡’
šø[ÅÛ¡o ºìºÒü "àÒü-&-&á ëÒà¯à¹ [>ÆW¡Út¡à >à=àìA¡¡ú &Òü
š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ l¡üv¡¢ão Ò’¤¹ ¤àì¤ ƒãQ¢[ƒ>ãÚà šøÑñ[t¡¹ šøìÚà\>¡ú
ëA¡¯º [>\¹ [¤ÈÚ¹ "‹¸Úì>Òü ™ì=Ê¡ >ÒÚ, Îà‹à¹o `¡à>¹
®ò¡¹àìºà ™ì=Ê¡ W¡ÒA¡ã Ò’¤ ºà[K¤¡ú ëÎÒü [ƒÅt¡ [A¡”ñ "à³à¹
볋à "à>[A¡ ÅãÈ¢ Ñ‚à> ƒJº A¡¹à áày-áàyãÎA¡ìºà "[t¡
ëÅàW¡>ãÚ ®¡àì¯ šàáš¹à¡ú "¯ìŸ "à³à¹ ¹à\¸J>¹ Τ¢y
Îà‹à¹o `¡à>¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ íƒ>¸ ƒÅà [¤ƒ¸³à>¡ú "à³à¹ ë³[l¡ÚàÒü
Î}™åv¡û¡ "Îà³à[¹A¡ š¹ãۡ๠ó¡ºàó¡º t¡à[ºA¡à¹ ëÅȹ ó¡àìº
=A¡à ÎA¡ºìA¡à "àÒü-&-&á ¤>àÒü [ƒìÚ, ¹àÒüì\* t¡àìA¡
ÎòW¡à ¤å[º ®¡à[¯ =àìA¡¡ú [A¡”ñ Òü ®¡[¯È¸t¡ šø\–µ¹ áày-
áàyãÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ Û¡[t¡A¡à¹A¡ Ò’¤ šà칡ú ¤àÑz¯ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡¹
δšìA¢¡ ®¡[¯È¸ìt¡ šø[t¡ì™àKãt¡à³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡à [ƒ³ ¤å[º ®¡¯à
áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº "¯[Òt¡ ëÒà¯à "[t¡ \¹ç¡¹ã¡ú &Òü¤à¹ l¡üv¡¢ão
³åk¡ 11 \> š¹ãÛ¡à=¢ã¹ ³ày ƒå\>ìÒ "àÒü.&.&á [¤ÈÚà¹
ëÒà¯à [>ÆW¡Út¡à "àìá, ëÎÒü Ú à \à[>ìºìÒ ®¡[¯È¸ìt¡
"àÒü . &.&á Ò’³ ¤å [ º ®¡à[¯ =A¡à áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº
šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à¹ K[t¡ ">审¯ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¤ "à¹ç¡ [>\ìA¡ "[‹A¡
šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à¹ ¤àì¤ šøÑñt¡ A¡[¹ tå¡[º¤ šà[¹¤¡ú
"à[³ šø`¡à>¹ šõË¡àt¡ Òü[t¡šè줢 "Îà³[¹A¡ ëÎ¯à š¹ãÛ¡à¹
δšìA¢¡ ™ì=Ê¡ [¤Ñzà[¹t¡®¡àì¯ "àìºàW¡>à A¡[¹ìáòà¡ú &[t¡Úà t¡à¹
šå>ì¹à[v¡û¡ >A¡[¹ "àNøÒã áày-áàyãÎA¡ºA¡ ³àì=à A¡¤ ëJàì\òà
ë™ &Òü š¹ãÛ¡à A¡[k¡>, [A¡”ñ "δ±¯ >ÒÚ¡ú "à>[A¡ "àÒü.&.&á
Ò’¤¹ ¤àì¤* Îà}Qà[i¡A¡ ë³‹à ¤à W¡³A¡šøƒ ó¡ºàó¡º A¡¹à¹
"à¯Å¸A¡ >àÒü¡ú Îà‹à¹o ¤å[‡ý¡ ¤õ[v¡¹ áày-áàyãìÚ* [>\¹
"‹¸¯ÎàÚ¹ ¤ºt¡ &Òü š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ ®¡àº ó¡º ëƒJå*¯à¤ šà칡ú
&Òü ëÛ¡yt¡ "ài¡àÒüt¡îA¡ šøìÚà\> Ò’º š[¹A¡[¿t¡ šøÑ[ñ t¡, í‹™¢,
">åÅãº> "à¹ç¡ K®¡ã¹ "àu[¤Å«àΡú A¡ìº\ / [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹
š¹ãۡ๠ºKt¡ šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡à &ìA¡ >ÒÚ¡ú
[¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ "[t¡ Îà}Qà[i¡t¡ [¹\àÂi¡ A¡¹à \ì>*
šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ ¤¸=¢ Ò’¤ šà칡ú A¡à¹o, A¡ìº\
[¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ áày-áàyã \>¹ ëA¡¯º [¤ÈÚKt¡ `¡à>¹
š¹ãÛ¡à ëºà¯à ÒÚ¡ú [A¡”ñ, šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à ³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ šøà=¢ã
\>¹ ëA¡àì>à [>[ƒ¢Ê¡ [¤ÈÚ¹ šà[r¡t¡¸ ëW¡à¯à¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡ Îà³[NøA¡
`¡à> "à¹ç¡ ¤¸[v¡û¡â«¹ ³èº¸àÚ> A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú
[™ìA¡àì>à Τ¢®¡à¹t¡ãÚ šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡à [ƒ¤ ëJà\à
áày-áàyãìÚ [>\¹ Îà‹à¹o `¡à>¹ ¤õ[‡ý¡ A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ ™â— A¡[¹¤
ºàìK¡ú t¡à¹ ¤àì¤ ¤àt¡[¹ A¡àA¡t¡, "àìºàW¡>ã "à[ƒ [>Ú³ãÚàîA¡
"à¹ç¡ šå}Jà>åš}å J®¡àì¯ "‹¸Ú> A¡¹à¹ "®¡¸àÎ A¡[¹¤ ºàìK¡ú ™à¹
"®¡à¯t¡ ¤× Aõ¡[t¡ áày* šàát¡ ³åJ ë=ìA¡W¡à JठºKà ÒÚ¡ú
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡àγèÒ¹ &A¡ "[¤ìZჸ "}K
Ò’º ÎàÛ¡à;A¡à¹¡ú &ì> ÎàÛ¡à;A¡à¹ γèÒt¡ "àW¡ºìt¡
šøà=¢ã\>¹ ¤¸[v¡û¡â«¹ š¹ãÛ¡à A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ áày-áàyã
ÎA¡ìº &A¡ Îå–ƒ¹, Κø[t¡®¡, "à¹ç¡ ë>tõ¡â«Î庮¡ ¤¸[v¡û¡â« K[Øn¡
ët¡àºà¹ ¤àì¤ ">åÅãº> A¡[¹¤ ºàìK¡ú ÎàÛ¡à;A¡à¹ γèÒt¡
"¯t¡ão¢ Ò*ìt¡ [™ ëA¡àì>à šøÅ—¹ ¤àì¤ Îà\å íÒ ™à¤ ºàìK¡ú
[¤ìÅÈîA¡ [>\¹ ¤àÚ’l¡ài¡à, [>\¹ "e¡º t¡=à ¹à\¸¹ "à=¢-
Îà³à[\A¡, ¹à\î>[t¡A¡ [¤ÈÚ¹ ºKt¡ \[Øl¡t¡ šøŗγèÒ¹ l¡üv¡¹
[ƒ¤ š¹àîA¡ δšèo¢ Îà\å íÒ ™à¤ ºàìK¡ú Δ|àÎ¤àƒ ¤à ¤à>šà>ã
γθ๠[¤ÈìÚ ™=àì™àK¸ l¡üv¡¹ [ƒ¤ ë>à¯¹à šøà=¢ã &K¹àA¡ãA¡
ÎàÛ¡à;A¡à¹ NøÒoA¡à¹ãÎA¡ìº [>ÆW¡Ú ë™àK¸ ¤å[º >஡à쯡ú
"àìA¡ï, Îà‹à¹o `¡à> ¤à šàk¡¸ [¤ÈÚ¹ šøÅ— γèÒ¹ ëÛ¡yt¡
"àìA¡ï ÎA¡ìºà šøÅ—ì¹ l¡üv¡¹ \à[>¤Òü ºà[K¤ ¤å[º A¡=à >àÒü¡ú
l¡üv¡¹ >\>àìi¡à l¡àR¡¹ A¡=à >ÒÚ, ëÎÒü ³å×t¢¡t¡ šøà=¢ã \>¹
šø[t¡[yû¡Úà ¤à ët¡*ò¹ Òà¯-®¡à¯ìÒ ÎàÛ¡à;NøÒoA¡à¹ãÎA¡ìº ë¤[á
ºÛ¡¸ A¡ì¹¡ú ¤× γÚt¡ &ìA¡ài¡à t¡à;Û¡[oA¡ šøÅ— A¡[¹ šøà=¢ã\>¹
¤å[‡ý¡³v¡à "à¹ç¡ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡ [>Ú”|o¹ ƒÛ¡t¡à š¹ãÛ¡à A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú
ëÎÒü ëÛ¡yt¡ ÎàÛ¡à;A¡à¹ NøÒoA¡à¹ã ÎA¡º¹ ³> \Ú A¡[¹¤
š¹àt¡ìÒ šøà=¢ã \>¹ ƒÛ¡t¡à šøA¡àÅ šàÚ¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ ëA¡¯º šå[=Kt¡
`¡à> =à[A¡ìºÒü >Ò¤, A¡³ γÚt¡, A¡³ A¡=àt¡ \>à A¡=à [J[>
šøàgº ®¡àÈàt¡ šøA¡àÅ A¡¹à "à¹ç¡ ÎàÛ¡à;A¡à¹ Î[³[t¡¹ "àKt¡
[>\ìA¡ &A¡ γà\ ÎìW¡t¡>, ¤å[‡ý¡³à>, Κø[t¡®¡ "à¹ç¡ ë>tõ¡â«Îºå ®¡
P¡o¹ "[‹A¡à¹ã ¤å [ º šø ³ ào A¡¹à¹ Îà³=¢ ¸ ìÒ Ò’º
šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ Îà󡺸¹ P¡œ¡ ³”|¡ú
ëÅÒt¡ãÚàîA¡ "à³à¹ áày-áàyãÎA¡º¹ ³à\t¡
šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à³èºA¡ š¹ãÛ¡à t¡=à šøÅàÎ[>A¡ ëί๠šø[t¡ [™ "àNøÒ
Îõ[Ê¡ íÒìá [Î [>ÆW¡Ú Ç¡®¡ ºÛ¡o¡ú &Òü "àNøÒA¡ l¡üš™åv¡û¡®¡àì¯
A¡à³t¡ ºKàìº [>ÆW¡Ú "γ¹ ®¡[¯È¸; šø\–µÒü ¹à\¸J>¹ Îà³[NøA¡
á[¤J>ìA¡Òü κ[> A¡[¹¤îº ÎÛ¡³ Ò’¤¡ú [A¡”ñ &Òü[J[>ìt¡Òü
Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ ÎA¡ìºàì¹ ³à\t¡ Kà A¡[¹ l¡ük¡à [A¡áå³à> ‘³ã=’ ƒè¹
A¡¹à¹ ¤àì¤ šøìW¡Ê¡à W¡ìºà¯àì¹à Î³Ú "à[Ò š[¹ìá¡ú "γt¡
š[Øn¡ìº ®¡[¯È¸; >àÒü, ¤à[Ò¹t¡ š[Øn¡ìºìÒ ‘[A¡¤à &i¡à’ Ò’¤, -
ÿ- &ì> ‹à¹oàì¤à¹ κह Ò’º¡ú Τ¢®¡à¹t¡ãÚ š™¢àÚ¹ ÅãÈ¢
Ñ‚à>ãÚ [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>γèÒ¹ [Åۡ๠³à> [>ÆW¡Ú l¡üÄt¡ ³à>¹¡ú t¡à¹
š[¹ì¤ìÅà ÎåA¡ãÚà¡ú "à³à¹ 볋à áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº ët¡ì>
[ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡ l¡üÄt¡¹ [Åۡ๠¤àì¤ ë™à¯àt¡ ëA¡àì>à "Ѭ஡à[¯A¡t¡à
>àÒü¡ú [A¡”ñ "[t¡ Îà‹à¹o ³à>¹ áày-áàyãìÚ* ëA¡¯º ¤à[Ò¹t¡
šØn¡à¹ >à³t¡ ‹>¹ [¤[>³Út¡ [™ìA¡àì>à [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡ >à³ ®¡[t¢¡
A¡[¹ [™ š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡¹ Îõ[Ê¡ A¡[¹ìá, [Î ¹à\¸J>¹ íÅ[Û¡A¡ š[¹ì¤Å
ƒè[Èt¡ A¡[¹ tå¡[ºìá¡ú [¤[®¡Ä A¡à¹ot¡ ¤à[Ò¹îº ™à¤ ë>à¯à[¹
"γìt¡ "‹¸Ú> A¡¹à ¤× áày-áàyã "à[\ Òã>³>¸t¡àt¡ 뮡àKà
ëƒJà íKìá¡ú [A¡”ñ šøA¡õ t¡ìt¡ "γ¹ [Åۡ๠³à> [>ÆW¡Ú Òü³à>
ë¤Úà >ÒÚ¡ú "γ¹ [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>¹ š¹à l¡üv¡¢ão ¤× áày-áàyãìÚ
ëƒÅ [¤ìƒÅ¹ [¤[®¡Ä A¡³¢ìÛ¡yt¡ [>\¹ šà¹ƒ[Å¢t¡à ëƒJå¯à¤îº
ÎÛ¡³ íÒìá¡ú ¤t¢¡³à> "γ t¡=à l¡üv¡¹ šè¤à¢ e¡ºt¡ šøàÚ ÎA¡ìºà
/ 20
"à‹å[>A¡ [¤ÈÚ¹ l¡üZW¡ [ÅÛ¡à ºà®¡¹ ¤àì¤ [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à> "àìá¡ú K[Øn¡ l¡ü[k¡ìá¡ú =à[A¡º š[¹ì¤Å¡ú "γ¹ [Åۡ๠š[¹ì¤Å ™[ƒ
"γt¡ MBA, MCA, Hotel management, Fashion tech- ë¤Úà íÒìá, t¡àA¡ "à³à¹ áày-áàyãÎA¡ìºÒü l¡üÄt¡ A¡[¹ K[Øn¡
nology, Biotechnology, BA.LLB, MASSCOM "à[ƒ tå¡[º¤ ºà[K¤¡ú š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡¹ š¹à šºàÚ> A¡¹à¹ š[¹¤ìt¢¡ "à³à¹
ÎA¡ìºà [¤ÈÚ¹ [ÅÛ¡àºà®¡¹ Îå[¤‹à "àìá¡ú šø[t¡ì™à[Kt¡à³èºA¡ >-šø\–µÒü >tå¡> "àÅàì¹ "àP¡¯àÒü "ÒàìÒ "à[³ A¡à³>à A¡ì¹à¡ú
š¹ãۡ๠¤àì¤ šø[ÅÛ¡o ëA¡–ƒø* "γt¡ (P¡¯àÒài¡ãt¡) "àìá¡ú ëÎÒüìÛ¡yt¡ "à[³ l¡üìÀJ A¡[¹¤ šàì¹òà "³õt¡ šøãt¡³¹ A¡=à¡ú
"γt¡ ë³[l¡ìA¡º, Òü[g[>Úà[¹R¡ "à[ƒ šØn¡à¹ ¤àì¤* δšèo¢ ‘K[\>ã’¹ W¡àl¡ür¡ [l¡\àÒü>¹ A¡à³¹ ¤àì¤ ¤× šøÅ}[Ît¡ &Òü
¤¸¯Ñ‚à "àìá¡ú W¡¹A¡à¹ã Jr¡¹ NIT, AEC, JEC ¹ *š[¹* ™å¯A¡\ì> Ŧ NøÒo "à[ƒ šàk¡ íº[Ạ"γ¹ ">àƒõt¡ ë\¸à[t¡
¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ Jr¡¹ &A¡à[‹A¡ "[®¡™à[”|A¡ ³Òà[¤ƒ¸àºÚ Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ [W¡y¤>ìt¡¡ú
®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ ëA¡[¹Úà¹
š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à> : Environmental Science
Îà´ß[t¡A¡ ³à>¯ γàì\ ΖµåJã> ëÒà¯à ®¡Úà¤Ò γθà
γèÒ¹ ">¸t¡³ íÒìá š[¹ì¤Å šøƒèÈo¡ú šøƒèÈo¹ ó¡ºt¡ "à³à¹
¤àÚå, ³à[i¡, šà>ã ÎA¡ìºà &ì>îA¡ ƒè[Èt¡ íÒ š[¹ìá ë™ &Òü
‹¹à t¡=à ÒüÚ๠\ã¯A塺¹ ®¡[¯È¸t¡ "[Ñzâ« "à[\ [¤šÄ íÒ
š[¹ìá¡ú š[¹ì¤Å šøƒÈè o¹ ó¡ºt¡ Îõ[Ê¡ ëÒà¯à γθ๠®¡Úà¤Òt¡à
">å‹à¯> A¡[¹ "à[\ [¤Å« \å[¹ š[¹ì¤Å Î}¹Û¡o¹ ¤àì¤
Î\àKt¡à ¤õ[‡ý¡ šàÒüìá¡ú ÒüÚ๠¤àì¤ š[¹ì¤Å Î}¹Û¡o "à¹ç¡
t¡à¹ ºKt¡ \[Øl¡t¡ "à>åÈ}[KA¡ [¤ÈÚγèÒ "‹¸Ú>¹ ¤àì¤ &A¡
ÎåA¡ãÚà "‹¸Ú> [¤ÈÚ KØn¡ íº l¡ü[k¡ìá "à¹ç¡ t¡à¹ P¡¹ç¡â« "à¹ç¡
\>[šøÚt¡à yû¡³àt¡ ¤õ[‡ý¡ šàÒüìá¡ú [¤Å«¹ l¡üÄt¡ ëƒÅì¤à¹t¡
Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ ‰ç¡t¡ [¤A¡àÅ Q[i¡ìá "à¹ç¡ ëÎÒü
[¤ÈÚ¹ áày Kì¯ÈA¡ ÎA¡º¹ ¤\๠W¡à[Òƒà* ¤õ[‡ý¡ šàÒüìá¡ú
ºÛ¡¸ ¹à[J ÒüÚàA¡ "à[³ ®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠"àJ¸à [ƒ¤ šàì¹òà¡ú
®¡à¹t¡ìt¡à Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ "‹¸Ú>¹ ¤àì¤ [¤[®¡Ä
A¡à¹o š[¹ì¤Å¹ "¯Û¡Ú [™ Òà¹t¡ Q[i¡¤îº íºìá ™’t¡ γNø
[ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡ [¤[®¡Ä šàk¡¸yû¡³ ³åA¡[º A¡¹à íÒìá¡ú
[¤Å«Òü ">àKt¡ [ƒ>t¡ š[¹ì¤Å Î}¹Û¡o¹ Τ¢à[‹A¡ P¡¹ç¡â« [ƒ¤îº
š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ (Environmental Science) [ÅÛ¡à
¤à‹¸ Ò’¤¡ú ëÎÒü ëÛ¡yt¡ ‹à™¢ A¡¹à šåò[\* ët¡ì>ƒì¹ ¤õ[‡ý¡
NøÒo A¡¹à áày áàyãÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ "à[\ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ¤× š=
šà¤¡ú t¡à¹ ó¡ºt¡ "ƒè¹ ®¡[¯È¸t¡t¡ š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>ãÎA¡º¹
³åA¡[º íÒìá¡ú š[¹ì¤Å ÎìW¡t¡>t¡à ¤õ[‡ý¡¹ ºìK ºìK W¡¹A¡àì¹*
W¡à[Òƒà "àÅàt¡ãt¡®¡àì¯ ¤õ[‡ý¡ šà¤¡ú ëA¡[¹Ú๠[>¤¢àW¡>¹ ëÛ¡yt¡
šøƒÈè o [>Ú”|o t¡=à š[¹ì¤Å Î}¹Û¡o [¤ÈÚt¡ P¡¹ç¡â« [ƒ¤îº
[‡‹àt¡ =A¡à áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à> "‹¸Ú> A¡[¹
íºìá¡ú [¤[®¡Ä A¡º-A¡à¹Jà>à, l¡ü샸àK, ¤õÒ; šø[t¡Ë¡à> γèìÒ*
[>\¹ ¤àì¤ &A¡ [¤Å«\>ã> ëA¡[¹Ú๠(Global Career)
šøƒÈè o [>Ú”|o¹ ¤àì¤ [¤[®¡Ä A¡à™¢¤¸¯Ñ‚à Òàt¡t¡ íºìá¡ú
K[Øn¡¤ šà칡ú Kt¡à>åK[t¡A¡ ëÛ¡y γèÒ¹ š¹à "àtò¡[¹ "à³à¹
&Òü[¤ºàA¡ [ƒÅ t¡â«à¤‹à> A¡¹à¹ ¤àì¤ šøìÚà\> íÒìá
áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ ¤Òº ëÛ¡yJ>t¡ šøì¤Å
š[¹ì¤Å [¤ÈÚA¡ [¤ìÅÈ `¡à> "à¹ç¡ "Ò¢t¡à δšÄ ëºàA¡¹¡ú
A¡[¹ [>\ìA¡ ®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ ¤àì¤ Îà\å A¡¹àìt¡à [>ÆW¡Ú ®¡àº Ò’¤¡ú
ÒüÚ๠ó¡ºt¡ š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ "Ò¢t¡à δšÄ ¤¸[v¡û¡¹ ™ì=Ê¡
šàk¡¸yû¡³ "à¹ç¡ [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à> @
W¡à[Òƒà Îõ[Ê¡ íÒìá¡ú &Òü [¤ÈÚ¹ [ÅÛ¡à šøàœ¡ ¤¸[v¡û¡ìÚ W¡¹A¡à¹ã
š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ Ñ•àt¡A¡ (B. Sc) "à¹ç¡ Ñ•àt¡ìA¡àv¡¹
/ ë¤W¡¹A¡à¹ã l¡ü®¡Ú Jr¡ìt¡ A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš> šà¤ šà칡ú ¤t¢¡³à>
(M. Sc), l¡ü®¡Ú š™¢àÚt¡ "‹¸Ú> A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¡ú ë¤[ᮡàK
γÚt¡ &ì> [¤ÈÚ "‹¸Ú> A¡[¹ Îà‹à¹oìt¡ t¡ºt¡ [ƒÚà ëÛ¡y
[ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡ &Òü [¤ÈÚ¹ Ñ•àt¡ìA¡àv¡¹ šàk¡¸yû¡³ (M. Sc in
γèÒt¡ ëA¡[¹Ú๠K[Øn¡¤ šà[¹¡ú
EV Sc.) "àK¤ìØn¡à¯à ÒÚ ™[ƒ* ¤× [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡ ÒüÚàA¡ Ñ•àt¡A¡
1¡ú l¡ü샸àK (Industry)
³Òºàìt¡ "‹¸Ú>¹ Îå[¤‹à "àìá¡ú &Òü [¤ÈÚ¹ Ñ•àt¡ìA¡àv¡¹
2¡ú Kì¯Èoà "à¹ç¡ l¡üÄÚ> (R & D)
šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ >à³®¡[v¢¡ A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ šøà=¢ã [¤`¡à>¹ Ñ•àt¡A¡
3¡ú Îà³à[\A¡ l¡üÄÚ> (Social development)
(B. Sc) ëÒà¯à šøìÚà\>¡ú
4¡ú š[¹ì¤Å Îà}¤à[ƒA¡t¡à (Environment journalism)
t¡ºt¡ &Òü [¤ÈÚ¹ "‹¸Ú>¹ Îå[¤‹à =A¡à ëA¡ÒüJ>³à>
Òüt¡¸à[ƒ¡ú
[ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>¹ >à³, šàk¡¸yû¡³ "à¹ç¡ ë™àK¸t¡à l¡üìÀJ A¡¹à Ò’º :
š[¹ì¤Å [¤`¡à>¹ W¡à[Òƒà "à¹ç¡ \>[šøÚt¡à ¤õ[‡ý¡¹ šø[t¡
1) Delhi University, Delhi.
21 / /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
 Course : B.Sc. Ev.Sc. Aurangabad-431004, Maharashtra
Eligibility : 10 + 2 with Physics. Course : M.Sc. Ev.Sc
2) Jamia Hamdard University Eligibility : B.Sc. Duration : 2 years
M. Sc. Ev.Sc (Eligibility : B.Sc) 10. Shivaji University, Vidyanagar,
3) Delhi College of Engineering. Kolhapur, Maharashtra
(M.Sc. Ev.Sc) Course : M.Sc. Environmental Geology
4) JNU, New Delhi (M.Sc. Ev.Sc) Eligibility : B.Sc. Duration : 2 years
5) Sambalpur University, Orissa. 11. Assam University,Dargakona, Silchar-11
Course : PG Dip. in Environmental Courses :
Education and Management. i] M.Sc. (by course work).
Eligibility : Degree / PG in any Discipline. Duration : Two Years (Four Sem).
6. Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of No. of seats : 31
Environment Education & Research ii] M.Phil ( by course work and dissertation).
Bharati Vidyapeeth University Duration : Three Semesters.
Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune 411 043 No. of seats: 13
Maharashtra. iii] Ph.D. (by research work)
Course : B.Sc/ M.Sc on Ev. Sc iv] D.Sc.
7. SNDT Women’s University, Mumbai v] PGDTM (by course work)
Course : Environmental and Development Duration : Two Semester
(Post Graduation) 12. Gauhati University, Guwahati
Duration : 1 Year Courses : M.Sc, M.Phil and Ph.D
Eligibiliy : Only female candidated with 13. Tezpur University, School of Energy,
graduation or post graduation in any Environment and Natural Resources.
subject. i] Dept. of Energy
8. Marathwada University, Maharashtra ii] Dept. of Environmental Studies
Course : M.Sc. Ev.Sc. iii] M.Sc in Environmental Science
Eligibility : BSc. Duration : 2 years For more information visit :
9. B.R. Ambedkar Marathwada University, www.indicareer.com.

[>[ÆW¡t¡ ëA¡[¹Úà¹
W¡ài¢¡àl¡ &A¡àl¡üìsi¡si¡¡ : Chartered Accountant (CA)
[¤v¡ãÚ ëÛ¡yJ>¹ ëA¡[¹Úà¹Î³èÒ¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ &ìA¡¤àì¹ tered Accountants of
ÅãÈ¢t¡ =A¡à ">¸t¡³ India (ICAI) ¹ ΃θ
ëA¡[¹Ú๠Ғº W¡ài¢¡àl¡ &A¡àl¡üìsi¡si¡, W¡³åîA¡ CAú Òü Ò’¤ ºà[K¤¡ú &Òü
¤t¡¢³à> γڹ &A¡ "[t¡ \>[šøÚ ëA¡[¹Úà¹, ™’t¡ šøt¡¸àÔà>¹ ">åË¡à>¹ ΃θšƒ ºà®¡¹
ºKìt¡ Îå–ƒ¹ 󡺹 Îåì™àK "àìá¡ú ëƒÅ¹ "=¢>ã[t¡¹ [™³àì> ¤àì¤ &i¡à [¤ìÅÈ šàk¡¸yû¡³
[¤A¡àÅ Ò’¤, CA ÎA¡º¹ W¡à[Òƒà "à¹ç¡ P¡¹ç¡â«* [γàì> ¤õ[‡ý¡ Î³àœ¡ A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú
šà¤¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ ®¡[¯È¸t¡ δ±à¯>๠ó¡àº¹ š¹à* Òü &A¡ šø=³ ICAI ‡à¹à š[¹W¡à[ºt¡ &Òü
šW¡–ƒ¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠[ÒW¡àì¤ Ñ¬ãAõ¡[t¡ ºà®¡ A¡[¹ìá¡ú šàk¡¸yû¡³¹ [t¡[>i¡à Ñz¹
CA Ò’º [ÒW¡à¤ ¹Û¡à, [ÒW¡à¤ š¹ãÛ¡à (Auditing) "à¹ç¡ "àìá @ -ÿ- (i) Compe-
A¡¹ Î}yû¡à”zãÚ [¤ÈÚ¹ [¤ìÅÈ`¡¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ Î¹ç¡, l¡àR¡¹ ÎA¡ìºà tency Professional test
¤¸¯Îà[ÚA¡ šø[t¡Ë¡à>ìt¡ CA ÎA¡º¹ ëί๠šøìÚà\>¡ú (CPT) (ii) Professional
ëA¡à´šà>ã "àÒü> ">åÎ[¹ [™ ëA¡àì>à ëA¡à´šà>ã¹ [ÒW¡à¤ competency Exam (PCE) (ii) Final Exam.
š¹ãۡ๠¤àì¤ CA [>™å[v¡û¡ [ƒÚà ¤à‹¸t¡à³èºA¡¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ CA l¡üZW¡t¡¹ ³à‹¸[³A¡ (10 + 2) l¡üv¡ão¢ ¤à "¯t¡ão¢ áày-
ÎA¡º¹ W¡à[Òƒà ™ì=Ê¡ "àìá "à¹ç¡ Òü yû¡³àt¡ ¤õ[‡ý¡ šàÒüìá¡ú áàyãìÚ CA šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ (CPT) >à³ ®¡[t¢¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú
CA Ò’¤¹ ¤àì¤ &\> ¤¸[v¡û¡ (Institute of Char- ëKàìi¡Òü ¤á¹ \å[¹ &Òü šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ >à³ ®¡[t¢¡ W¡[º =àìA¡¡ú

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

/ 22
š¹ãÛ¡à ¤á¹t¡ ƒå¤à¹ (ë³ "à¹ç¡ >쯴¬¹)
">å[Ë¡t¡ ÒÚ¡ú "à>Òàìt¡ ¤à[o\¸¹ Ñ•àt¡A¡ (B ¹à\>ã[t¡* Ò’¤ šàì¹ ëA¡[¹Ú๠:
Com with 50% marks), "=¤à 55% >´¬¹ Politics as a Career
ÎÒ ">¸ [¤ÈÚA¡ Ñ•àt¡A¡ÎA¡ìº ëšà>ši¡ãÚàîA¡
PCC šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ >à³ ®¡[t¢¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú PCE
¹à\>ã[t¡ ¤å[ºìºÒü ¤×ìt¡Òü >àA¡ ëA¡àW¡àÚ¡ú [¤ìÅÈîA¡ [Å[Û¡t¡ ™å¯ W¡à³¹
³à\t¡ ¹à\>ã[t¡¹ šø[t¡ &A¡ [¤¹àK ®¡à¯ ëƒJà ™àÚ¡ú 볋à áày-áàyãÎA¡º¹
l¡üv¡ão¢ áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº &ìA¡à\> A¡³¢¹t¡ CA
"[‹A¡à}ÅÒü ¹à\>ã[t¡ "à¹ç¡ ¹à\î>[t¡A¡ [¤ÈÚγèÒ¹ δšìA¢¡ ë>[t¡¤àW¡A¡ ƒõ[Ê¡®¡}Kã
¹ "‹ã>t¡ šø[ÅÛ¡à=¢ã (Articled clerk) [ÒW¡àì¤
šøA¡àÅ A¡¹àìi¡à šøàìÚÒü ëƒ[J¤îº šà*ò¡ú "¯ìŸ "à³à¹ ëƒÅ¹ ¹à\>ã[t¡[¤ƒ
>è¸>t¡³ &¤á¹ A¡à³ A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú t¡à¹ šàát¡
ë>t¡àÎA¡º¹ A¡à³ A¡à\ ëƒ[Jìº ¹à\>ã[t¡¹ šø[t¡ [¤¹àK \–µàìi¡à Ѭ஡à[¯A¡¡ú
CA Wè¡lØ ¡à”z š¹ãÛ¡à šàá A¡[¹ &\> CA [ÒW¡àì¤
[>\¹ >à³ šgãÚ> A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¤¡ú [A¡”ñ &[t¡Úà Î³Ú Îº[> íÒìá¡ú ëÎï [Î[ƒ>àîº "[Å[Û¡t¡, "‡ý¡¢ [Å[Û¡t¡, "š¹à‹ã
t¡=à "®¡¤¸ ëºàA¡¹ [¤W¡¹o ®è¡[³ ¹ê¡ìš š[¹K[ot¡ ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ ¹à\>ã[t¡t¡ &W¡à[i¡
[>™å[v¡û¡¹ [ƒÅ¹ š¹à CA &A¡ "[t¡
š[¹¤t¢¡>¹ ¤t¡àÒ ¤[º¤îº íºìá¡ú ¹à\>ã[t¡t¡ [Å[Û¡t¡ ëºàA¡¹ Î}J¸à ¤à[Øn¡ìá,
[>[ÆW¡t¡ ëA¡[¹Ú๡ú Articled / Audit clerk
[ÒW¡àì¤ A¡à³ A¡¹à¹ γڹ š¹àÒü áày- ¤à[Øn¡ìá ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ P¡¹ç¡â«¡ú ë™à¯à ƒÅA¡t¡ ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ ¹à\>ã[t¡t¡ l¡üZW¡ [Å[Û¡t¡
ëºàA¡¹ šø®¡à¯ ¤õ[‡ý¡ ëšà¯à ëƒJà íKìá¡ú ®¡à¹t¡¹ ¤t¢¡³à>¹ šø‹à> ³”|ã
áàyãÎA¡º¹ l¡üšà\¢> "๴± ÒÚ¡ú CA [ÒW¡àì¤
l¡0 ³>ì³àÒ> [Î} "Gó¡’l¢¡, ëA¡[´¬\
šgãÚ> ºà®¡ A¡¹à¹ šàát¡ W¡¹A¡à¹ã / ¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ ö ¹ [ÅÛ¡àšøàœ¡ "à”z@¹àÊ¡öãÚ J¸à[t¡ δšÄ
"=¢>ã[t¡¹ Kì¯ÈA¡, "‹¸àšA¡, [¤ìÅÈ`¡¡ú l¡0 [ÎR¡¹ &Òü¤à¹¹ ³”|ã ή¡à¹
l¡ü®¡Ú Jr¡ìt¡ ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ ¤àì¤ [>[ÆW¡t¡ [>ìÚàK¹
ƒÛ¡t¡à "à¹ç¡ A¡³¢šiå¡i¡à¹ [®¡[v¡t¡ ">¸à>¸ W¡¹A¡à¹ã l¡üZW¡ šƒ¹ šøà=¢ã [>¤¢àW¡>¹
šèo¢ Îåì™àK "àìá¡ú ®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ [>ÆW¡Út¡à [¤W¡¹à
ƒì¹Òü [>¤¢àW¡> A¡¹à íÒìá ³”|ã ÎA¡ºA¡¡ú [š [W¡ƒà´¬¹³ Ò’º Ò஢¡àƒ¢ [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹
"à¹ç¡ t¡à¹ ¤àì¤ šøt¡¸àÔà> º¤îº Îà\å =A¡à
ÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤ CA Ò’¤ šàì¹ šø=³ šW¡–ƒ¹ &³. [¤. & [l¡Nøã‹à¹ã, &³.&W¡ Aõ¡Ì¡ ëi¡GàW¡¹ š¹à "àÒü>¹ [l¡Nøã ëºà¯à "à”z¹àÊ¡öãÚ
"àÒü> [¤ìÅÈ`¡, A¡[šº [W¡¤àº [¤[ÅÊ¡ "àÒü>`¡, í¤ìƒ[ÅA¡ š[¹yû¡³à (¹à[\¸A¡)
ëA¡[¹Ú๡ú &Òü šàk¡¸yû¡³ NøÒo A¡[¹¤ [¤W¡¹à áày-
³”|ã¹ ‡à[Úâ« ëºà¯à ÅÅã =à¹ç¡¹ [¤[ÅÊ¡ Aå¡i¡>ã[t¡[¤ƒ t¡=à ¹àÊ¡öÎ}Q¹ šøàv¡û¡> "¯¹
áàyãÎA¡ìº t¡º¹ [k¡A¡>àt¡ ë™àKàì™àK A¡[¹¤
šà칡ú Î[W¡¤¡ú ³”|ãή¡à¹ ">¸à>¸ ë\¸Ë¡ ΃θ ÎA¡º¹ "[‹A¡à}ÅÒü l¡üZW¡ [Å[Û¡t¡ ëÒà¯à¹
1. Guwahati Branch of Eastern ºKìt¡ >¯[>¤à[W¢¡t¡ t¡¹ç¡o ³”|ãÎA¡º "à‹å[>A¡ [ÅÛ¡àì¹ [Å[Û¡t¡¡ú ‘®¡[¯È¸t¡¹
India Regional Council, šø‹à>³”|ã’ "àJ¸à ëšà¯à ¹à׺ KàÞê¡ã ‘l¡üÄÚ> "=¢>ã[t¡¹’ &³.[ó¡º [l¡Nøã ‹à¹ã¡ú
The Institute of Chartered "àìA¡ï ³”|ã ή¡à¹ Τ¢A¡[>Ë¡ ΃θà "àKà=à W¡à}³à "àÒü>¹ Ñ•àt¡A¡ ëÒà¯à¹
Accountants of India l¡üš[¹ š[¹ì¤Å ¤¸¯Ñ‚àš>à [¤ÈÚA¡ &³. [ó¡º [l¡Nøã ‹à¹ã¡ú ¤t¢¡³à> ëºàA¡Î®¡à¹
Ambari (Near AGP Office), "‹¸Û¡à ³ã¹à A塳๠šè줢 ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ í¤ìƒ[ÅA¡ ëί๠(IFS) [¤ÈÚà "à[ạú
Guwahati : 781001 Assam ¹àÊ¡öãÚ ¹à\>ã[t¡t¡ P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢ Ñ‚à> ƒJº A¡[¹ =A¡à ¤× ëA¡Òü\> ë>t¡à-ë>yãìÚ
Phone : 03612513774 ¹à\î>[t¡A¡ \ã¯> "๴± A¡[¹[Ạáày ë>t¡à [ÒW¡à줡ú [¤ìÅÈîA¡ \¯àÒ¹ºàº
email : icai.guwahati@gmail.com, ë>Ò¹ç¡ [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ &ÒüìÛ¡yt¡ [¤ìÅÈ Îå>à³ "àìá¡ú "γ¹ ¹à\>ã[t¡¹
guwahati@icai.org ¤t¢¡³à>¹ ¤×ìA¡Òü\> ƒÛ¡ ë>t¡à "à[ẠA¡i¡> A¡ìº\ "à¹ç¡ ë\.[¤ A¡ìº\
Web : www.icaiguwahati.org áày Î}т๠šøàv¡û¡> [¤ÈÚ¤¤ãÚà¡ú [¤Kt¡ [>¤¢àW¡>t¡ ¤× "š¹à‹ã ¹à\>ã[t¡A¡¹
2. St. Edmund’s College š¹à\Ú [¤š¹ãìt¡ [Å[Û¡t¡, t¡¹ç¡o šøà=ã¹ [¤\ìÚ ëƒÅ¹ ¹à\>ã[t¡îº >tå¡>
Laitumukhrah Road š[¹¤t¢¡>¹ "àK\à>>ã [ƒìá¡ú ëƒÅ &J>¹ l¡üÄ[t¡¹ ¤àì¤ l¡àv¡û¡¹, Òü[g[>Úà¹,
Shillong - 793 003, Meghalaya
"àì³àºà, [ÅÛ¡A¡, [¤`¡à>ã¹ ºKìt¡ ƒÛ¡ì>t¡àì¹à šøìÚà\>¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ "à³à¹
Phone : 0364-229993
ëW¡àA¡à ¤å[‡ý¡¹ áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº ¹à\>ã[t¡¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ šøì¯Å A¡[¹
3. Asansol Branch of EIRC of ICAI,
ICAI Bhawan
ÒüÚàìA¡à ëA¡[¹Ú๠[ÒW¡àì¤ º’¤ šà칡ú ‘¹à\>ã[t¡ ƒKà¤à\¹ ëÅÈ
Kalyanpur Housing More "àÅø Ú’ ¤å
[ º ®¡à[¯ =A¡à¹ [ƒ> "à[\ *A¡[ºº¡ú
Vivekananda Sarani
P.O. Asansol
Dist. Burdwan : 713305
West Bengal
([ºJA¡ ¹à\>ã[t¡ [¤`¡à>¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡)
(&Òü [Åt¡à>¹ ëºJàγèÒ š[¹[W¡[t¡ ³èºA¡ ëÒ¡ú ѬÚ}-δšèo¢ >ÒÚ¡ú ÒüÚàt¡ [ƒÚà t¡=¸Î³èÒ [¤[®¡Ä l¡ü;ι š¹à Î}KõÒãt¡¡ú Ç¡‡ý¡ t¡=¸ [ƒÚà¹
¤àì¤ ÎA¡ìºà šøìW¡Ê¡à W¡ìºà¯à Ѭìt¡* δšèo¢ Ç¡‡ý¡t¡à ƒà¤ã A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯àì¹à¡ú [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>¹ t¡à[ºA¡à šø[t¡[>[‹â«³èºA¡ δšèo¢ >ÒÚ¡ú -ÿ-ÿ- [ºJA¡)

23 / /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09


Entering high school is perhaps the most
crucial phase in the life of a teenager. This is
the time when you will have to make concrete
plans about your future. This will determine
the course for the rest of your life.
The moment you enter XI standard,
you should take utmost care in the
choice of your subjects. An ideal thing
to do is to consult academicians,
relatives and guardians. Today, options
are not limited to science,
mathematics, commerce or arts. If you
are good in mathematics, physics and
any of the fields related to these
subjects appeal to you only then opt
these subjects. If you scored good
marks in mathematics but were poor
in physics or you did not find the
laboratory of physics appealing, there
are other options for you.
There are options available for jobs
after X for students in Army, Navy or
Coast Guards. You can also refer to a
list of institutes for courses in ITI,
provided on our site vocational
institutes in India.
If you have a flair for writing and have
a good command over language then
you can go for arts in XI standard and
simultaneously develop your writing
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
skills. Later you can go for journalism
course during your graduation.
Likewise, if you have a penchant for music
or acting or modeling then you can choose
subjects that may help you in pursuing
these careers after your XII. For a list of
career options in music or acting or
modeling please visit our site.
If you like pursuing a particular sport then
do not feel shy or awkward about it. On
the other hand, pursue your studies along
with sports. Chose such subjects which
may give you ample time to practice that
particular sport.This helps you in several
ways . It makes it easier for you to pursue
a career in sports.There is no alternative
to formal education.Formal education
equips you better to handle the nuances
of the sports. Formal education prepares
you, for life, after your sporting career is
over.It provides you a chance to display
your skills at the pre- University and the
University levels. This increases your
chances of selection in the National team.
Therefore, it becomes imperative that you
chose your subjects in XI very wisely and
careful deliberation. For a choice of
careers in sports please visit our site.
Of course, you should give due
consideration to the circumstances, social
status, priorities of your family, your
physical attributes, your own limitations
and capabilities and so forth. However,
you should keep in mind your own
priorities. Academic competence increases
if you are able to devote your energies
towards the field of your choice. You
should keep an open mind. You should not
go for the traditional careers just because
/ 24
 somebody suggested or somebody tried to
convince you.
You can go for your SWOT analysis i.e.
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and
Threats. You should build on your strong
points, try to minimize your weaknesses,
try to grab the opportunities that may come
your way and be wary of perceived threats.
You may consult a professional
Psychologist if you so feel like.
These days there is a plethora of
information. Do a crosscheck about a given
career option. Research well in advance
over career options. Do not feel shy of
seeking the help of a professional Career
Counselor. Feel free to consult National
Network of Education.
You should never doubt your own
capabilities. Half the battle is lost when you
start doubting your own
capabilities.Remember that there is no short
cut to success. At the same time, if your
field of hobby becomes your field of career,
chances of success increase manifold.
Arriving at your best career option is
possible, only if you gather as much
© www.indiaeducation.net/CareerCenter/Advice
information as possible on diverse
professions and educational opportunities.
In no way you should be prejudiced about
a job and end up attaching unqualified
superiority for professions like medicine,
engineering, and the civil services, though
one can always have preferences for.
Remember at the end of the day all it
matters is how much you excel in a
profession and the rest follows.
The list of careers is perhaps again like the
imagination of a poet, endless. Every body
has a place under the sun even if the sun is
not benign, you can still make your mark
under it by choosing a career option close to
your heart. Never mind, you are not good at
mathematics or science, you can still choose
from a plethora of options from the
commerce stream, humanities, and
vocational courses. You name it and we have
it. Here we at National Network of Education
are trying a role, howsoever insignificant it
may seem, to simplify things for you. With
the help of National Network of Education,
each career option seems like the grains
appear as a pearl on the golden beach.

Exam Schedule - 2009-10

Sl Noti- Last Noti- Last
fica- date Sl fica- date
No Exams No Exams
tions of tions of
appln appln
1. UPSC Civil Services Oct Dec May 8. SSC Combined graduate Oct Nov Feb
Exams (Prelims) level Exam (Prelim)
2. UPSC CDS (1) Sept Oct Feb 9. Indian Economics June July Dec
3. Indian Forest Services Feb Mar July Service Exam (IES)
Exam 10 FTI, Pune Entrance Mar Apr Jun
4. Spl. class Railway Feb Mar July 11 IIMC, New Delhi Mar Apr May
apprentics Exam (Entrance)
5. NDA (I) Oct Nov Apr 12 JNU - Biotechnology Jan Mar May
6. NDA (II) Mar Apr Aug Entrance
7. Central Police Forces May June Oct 13 IRMA entrance Aug Oct Nov
(Asstt. Commandants)

25 / /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

 NE States will have one NIT each
Six of the nine new National Institutes
of Technology promised by the UPA
government will be set up in the Northeast,
one in each state without an NIT at present.
The human resource development ministry
had asked the chief ministers of Manipur,
Nagaland, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Arunachal
Pradesh and Sikkim allocate land for the NITs .
The move follows controversial changes
to the institutes’ admission policy last year that
the northeastern states termed as
discriminatory against regions traditionally
backward in technical education.
The NITs admit students on the basis of
their performance in the All India Engineering
Entrance Examination (AIEEE), a national-
level test conducted by the CBSE. Till last
year, 50 per cent of the seats in the NITs were
filled by domiciled candidates of the state in
which the NIT is located. The states without
B.Tech at Dibrugarh University
The Dibrugarh University will be
offering four-year BTech degree from this
academic session. An Institute of Engineering
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
NITs were also allocated reserved seats at other
NITs, based on their population.
The rationale for the reservation was that
most of the NITs were initially set up as Regional
Engineering Colleges (RECs) aimed at developing
technical education in specific states. A key
precondition placed by states for the transfer of
these institutes to the Centre as NITs was the
continuation of reservation for students belonging
to the respective states.Last year, the HRD ministry
changed the admission policy for the NITs. The
move was considered controversial for two reasons
: The institutes are officially autonomous bodies
and it is their apex decision making body, the NIT
Council, and not the HRD ministry, that is
empowered to alter the admission process.
Secondly, the new admission policy also ended
state-specific reservations, stipulating that all seats
would be filled up on the basis of a student’s merit
determined by performance in the AIEEE.
The end of reservations at the NITs was
discriminatory against relatively less developed
states, chief ministers of the northeastern states
had complained to Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh, a Rajya Sabha MP from Assam.
They feared that students from their states
would no longer find minimum proportional
representation at the NITs. The New initiative
will resolve the issue for ever in a way which
was unthinkable even before a year or two. [PEB]
and Technology has been set up on the varsity
campus for this purpose. The necessary clearances
(Contd.on Page 40)
/ 26
 Uday Narayan Deka
On We d n e s d a y J u l y 2 2 , 2 0 0 9
a n exceptionally long duration total eclipse
of the Sun will be visible in eastern part of
the globe. The path of Moon’s umbral shadow
begins in India and crosses through Nepal,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma and China. The
instant of greatest eclipse occurs in the Pacific
Ocean at 02:35:19 (U.T.). The maximum
duration of totality here will be 6m39s.
In Assam the eclipse will start around
5:30 a.m. and will end around 7:40 a.m. The
totality will be around 6:30 a.m. in Lower
Assam and around 6.31 a.m. in Upper Assam.
The duration of totality will vary from place
to place. Guwahati being on the Latitude of
26011’ (N), will be just out of southern limit
of path of totality, which will touch southern
limit at 26013’ (N). Northern limit here will
be at 27054’(N) and width of path of totality
will be around 225 kms. in entire Assam,
Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh. Totality will
begin around 6.30 a.m. in this region. Central
line between northern & southern limit will
have maximum duration of totality. Pasight
in Arunachal Pradesh is just south of central
line in path of totality. Places away from
central line on either side will have lesser time
of duration of totality. (Places on either side
of path of totality will see only partial solar
eclipse.)
Dhubri in the west & Dibrugarh towards
east in Assam although will be inside the path
27 /
o f
totality
will have lesser
duration of 2 minutes 41 seconds & 3 minutes 38
seconds respectively as both the places are away
from central line.
Total eclipses of the Sun draw solar astronomy
enthusiasts to the far corners of the globe. Amateurs
are attracted by expectations of the breathtaking
beauty of the eclipsed Sun during the few minutes
of totality. The sky is then as dark as twilight. Only
in the darkness of totality, the solar corona, the
outer atmosphere of the Sun, can be viewed with
the unaided eye. A total eclipse of the Sun is one
of the grandest natural phenomena and the most
spectacular celestial event. A total eclipse of the
Sun occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun
and Earth and obscures the Sun completely.
A total eclipse, which is a life time
experience, is a fascinating phenomenon – our Sun,
which is so normally so reliable, is suddenly
stained black by the Moon. Any solar eclipse is an
interesting event, but a total solar eclipse is the
most spectacular astronomical phenomenon that
you’ll ever see.
During the last 500 years, only three total
solar eclipses had swept Assam. The T.S.E. of
17.10.1762 swept Barak Valley. The eclipse of
04.06.1788 swept Brahmaputra valley and third
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
one on 17.07.1814 touched Arunachal Pradesh & the same from such terrain. As the eclipse will
Dibrugarh, Tinsukia in Brahmaputra Valley. occur in morning elevation of the Sun during
In the last century, three total solar eclipses totality in Lower Assam will be only about 200. In
occurring in 1980, 1995 & 1999 were visible from Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, the Sun’s altitude will be
Indian soil. However totality of none was visible around 260 during totality. So observation from
from N.E.Region.The next total solar eclipse plain without obstruction in the eastern horizon will
occurring on 22nd July 2009 will dramatically pass only be useful.
over Assam, Bhutan & Aruanachal Pradesh in A total solar eclipse is dramatic event. The
morning starting from Gujarat. The duration of sky begins to darken, the air temperature falls, the
totality in central line in N.E. Region will be more winds increase as the Moon’s umbra races toward
than 4 minutes i.e. longest duration in recent times. us. All nature responds; the birds go to roost,
Prominent places like Dhubri, Kokrajhar, flowers close their petals, crickets begin to ring as
Bongaigaon, Pathsala, Barpeta, Sarthebari, Tihu, if evening had occurred. As totality approaches the
Nalbari, Rangia, Tangla, Kalaigaon, Mangaldai, landscape is bathed in shimmering bands of light
Kharupetia, Rowta, Udalguri, Dhekiajuli, Tezpur, and dark and the last few rays of sunlight peak out
Balipara, Jamuguri, Sootea, Bishanath Chariali, from behind the edge of the Moon. And finally
Gohpur, Narayanpur, Banderdewa, Bihpuria, pearly white corona blazes forth in a star studded
Laluk, North Lakhimpur, Gogamukh, Dhemaji, midday sky. It is an awesome sight.
Silapathar, Jonai, Murkongselek, Sibsagar, The total phase of the eclipse is accompanied
Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Doomdooma, Digboi etc. in by the onset of rapidly darkening sky whose
Assam will be very convenient to observe the appearance resembles evening twilight about half
event. All these places will be within path of totality an hour after sunset. The effect presents an
and few of them more or less closer to central line. excellent opportunity to view planets and bright
Here in N.E.Region, central line will pass through star in the daytime sky. The brightest and most
mostly hilly region making it difficult to observe conspicuous planet will be Venus. It is located in
Taurus. During the
totality on 22.07.09, the
sun’s background
constellation will be
Cancer near its border
with Gemini.
Solar eclipses
result from the
alignment of the Sun,
Moon, and Earth on the
day of New Moon. Total
solar eclipses - in which
the Sun is completely
blocked by the Moon -
are a spectacular and
rare sight to witness. It
is the most beautiful
celestial event in the sky.
Path of Totality in Bhutan, Assam & Arunanchal Pradesh indicating central The total phase of
line of totalty,where totality will be maximum & also indicating duration of an eclipse can and should
totality in certain prominent places. be seen without any filter.

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

/ 28
 actively to scientific research
– observation of contact
timings at different locations
along the eclipse path are
useful in refining our
knowledge of the orbital
motions of the Moon and the
Earth and sketches and
photographs of the solar
corona can be used to build a
three-dimensional picture of
the Sun’s extended
atmosphere during the
eclipse.
Caution : The partial
phases of the total solar
eclipse upto the display of
‘Diamond Ring’ or any
partial or annular solar
eclipses must be observed
with proper solar filter only.
Sky during Total Solar Eclipse on 22nd July 2009 showing some planets The totality can be observed
(Mercury, Venus, Mars & Jupiter) and some brilliant stars (Sirius, Rigel, directly without any aid. It
Betelgeuse, Aldebaran, Procyon, Pollux, can also be photographed
Capella & Deneb) easily without any filter.
The brightness by corona is
It is completely safe to do so. Certainly the most slightly more than brightness of a full moon. As
spectacular and awe-inspiring phase of the eclipse is soon as totality ends, again filter should be used to
totality. For a few brief minutes or seconds, the sun’s protect our eyes. We should feel fortunate enough
pearly white corona, red prominences and to have a longest duration total solar eclipse in our
chromospheres are visible. Photograph of the corona life time. Let us be ready for the event.
must be made without filter. As the event will be occurring in the monsoon
A solar eclipse offers students a unique period, chance of enjoying the eclipse depends
opportunity to see a natural phenomenon that upon availability of clear sky in the morning of
illustrates the basic principles of mathematics and 22nd July 2009.
science taught through elementary and secondary In the public interest, Doordarshan has been
schools. Indeed many scientists (including requested to arrange live telecast of the event from
astronomers) have been inspired to study science as a Dibrugarh University Campus since Dibrugarh will
result of seeing a total solar eclipse. The rise and fall be most ideal place for observation in the south
of environmental light levels during an eclipse bank of Brahmaputra. During monsoon season,
illustrates the principles of radiometry and many places in north bank are generally cut off in
photometry, while biology classes can observe road communication.
associated behaviour of plants and animals. It is also It may be mentioned that there will not be any
an opportunity for children of school age to contribute total solar eclipse over Assam in next 900 years.
(The author Retired as Manager, Planning, Reserve Bank of India and these days he is the Secretary of
The Pragjyotish Amateur Astronomers’ Association, C/o Guwahati Planetarium)

29 / /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

 Dr. Rajib Bordoloi
On the 22nd July 2009, the world will
get to see a very special celestial event, the
Total Solar Eclipse. However all the world
population is not that lucky as the path of
totality (the umbra of the shadow of the moon)
will be passing through only a small belt on
the Globe. Luckily for us, the shadow will be
passing through the entire district of Tinsukia
and a major portion of Dibrugarh, Darrang and
Lakhimpur etc. As a result, we the people of
Tinsukia, Dibrugarh etc will be able to observe
the rare event, which has occurred here after a
huge gap of more than 400 years and it will
take more than hundred years for us to get
another chance to observe such a phenomenon.
Solar eclipse or for that matter any event
concerning the Sun has always been the source
of inquisitiveness for human since the early
days of civilization. Especially the eclipses are
always considered with awe and fear. But
today we all know, thanks to the knowledge
and information provided by the great
Astronomers since the days of early
civilization, that the Solar eclipse is just a
normal celestial event and it provides us with
some breathtaking and divine scenes that one
can ever get to see in the nature. Another
important thing that we get to learn from the
works of the great astronomers that we should
take utmost care while observing the Sun as it
can damage our eyesight without giving us any
warning. Given below are some important
rules that one must strictly obey while
observing the Sun during eclipse.
1. Never look at the Sun
a) Directly, even for a very small time.
b) Using cheap solar filters supplied by
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
unauthorized vendors.
c) Using dark Goggles or any dark polymer
films/ sheets.
d) Using photographic films (negatives).
e) Using used X-ray plates (the plates that
have already been used to take X-ray photo
of a person).
f) Using telescopes/ binoculars or cameras
where proper solar filters are not fitted at
all or not fitted properly (always take the
help of a trained person).
g) Using a mirror or a bucketful of water,
where the reflected image of the Sun
appears.
2. Always obey the following rules while
observing the Sun
a) Use a pinhole camera to project the image
of the Sun on a wall or floor; you can see the
exact view of the eclipse without harming
your eyes (see illustration in fig. 1).
b) Use proper solar filter marketed by reputed
companies or provided by genuine
scientific organizations (properly trained
and authorized persons of the scientific
organizations).
c) Use welder’s glass (No. 14). The glass
/ 30
 used by the welders (No. 14) to protect their
eyes while welding are recognized by the
concerned authorities as good solar filters
and they are not very costly also.
d) Use mirror projection method. For detail
please see the appendix box below.
There are many other sophisticated but costly
methods available for observing an eclipse. While
preparing this article the students and the enthusiasts
of this region are only kept in mind and hence only
simple and less costly methods have been discussed.
Another point to be noted that the x-ray plates can
also be used for safe viewing of the eclipse, but it
must be (i) unused and (ii) properly exposed to
ordinary light (under the supervision of a trained
person) before use. Even after that some times it
has to be folded twice or thrice to ensure maximum
cut off of the harmful radiations.
Another truth about the eclipse is that during
‘Totality’ the Sun can be viewed with naked eye
APPENDICES :
1. Pinhole Camera Method :
also. During totality the harmful radiations can’t
reach us as the Sun is totally covered by the moon.
However for that one must
i) Know exactly when the totality begins and
ends. For that one must have the eclipse
calendar at his/ her disposal, also their
clocks must be synchronized with the IST
or the time followed in the Eclipse Calendar.
ii) Normally for a group of people planning
to observe eclipse, there should be one
trained person (may be a teacher) as a guide
and a time keeper with a bell or a whistle.
As the totality starts, the keeper rings the
bell and the group of people observing the
eclipse using solar filters would get rid of
their filters and look at the sun directly. As
the totality comes to end, the keeper will
again ring the bell and the group
instantaneously would take their solar
filters to view the rest part of the eclipse.
Fig. 1 : Observing the Eclipse using Pinhole
Camera. Make a pinhole on a plane cardboard
sheet hold it as shown in the figure using your
hand or using a stand so that it remains stationary.
You can see the image of the sun and the eclipse
on the opposite wall clearly.

2. Mirror Projection Method

Fig. 2: Take a small mirror, Cover its reflecting
surface with coloured paper and make a small round
hole (1 cm diameter) at the center of the paper so that
this small opening can reflect Sun rays. Place the
mirror on the ground as shown in the figure. If you
don’t have a wall nearby, bring a black board from
your class room with its stand, hang a white drawing
sheet from the board. It will serve as your wall, where
the beautiful image of the Sun will appear and you
guys can see the beautiful eclipse. But never look at
the hole on the mirror directly.

3. Eclipse Calendar (Data Source: NASA and DST, Govt of India):

Eclipse time table for some nearby places
are also provided here along with Tinsukia town.
However there is always possibility of 1% to 2%
error as 100% accurate prediction is not possible.
Also in some tables the IST could not be given.
The readers can calculate the IST of their town
by simply adding 5 hours 30 min to the UT
provided in the tables. For example if the UT of a
town is 00:00:00, the corresponding IST will be
05:30:00, i.e. 5-30 am.

31 / /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

Old Tinsukia (Lat : 27.48560 N, Long : 95.3560E) Duration of Totality : 3 min 18.2s Magnitude : 1.012
Railway Station
Event Date Time (UT) Alt Azi
Start of partial eclipse (C1) : 2009/07/22 00:01:46.1 012.8° 073.6°
Start of total eclipse (C2) : 2009/07/22 01:01:24.0 025.6° 079.4°
Maximum eclipse : 2009/07/22 01:03:02.7 026° 079.6°
End of total eclipse (C3) : 2009/07/22 01:04:42.2 026.3° 079.7°
End of partial eclipse (C4) : 2009/07/22 02:11:52.6 041.1° 086.3°
0 0
Makum (Lat : 27.4851 N, Long : 95.4393 E) Duration of Totality : 3 min 14.2 s Magnitude : 1.012
Event Date Time (UT) Alt Azi
Start of partial eclipse (C1) : 2009/07/22 00:01:47.4 012.8° 073.6°
Start of total eclipse (C2) : 2009/07/22 01:01:29.8 025.7° 079.4°
Maximum eclipse : 2009/07/22 01:03:06.5 026° 079.6°
End of total eclipse (C3) : 2009/07/22 01:04:44.0 026.4° 079.8°
End of partial eclipse (C4) : 2009/07/22 02:11:59.5 041.2° 086.4°
Duliajan (Lat : 27.35590 N, Long : 95.32290E) Duration of Totality : 2 min 48.1 s Magnitude : 1.008
Event Date Time (UT) Alt Azi
Start of partial eclipse (C1) : 2009/07/22 00:01:41.6 012.7° 073.5°
Start of total eclipse (C2) : 2009/07/22 01:01:33.5 025.6° 079.3°
Maximum eclipse : 2009/07/22 01:02:57.2 025.9° 079.5°
End of total eclipse (C3) : 2009/07/22 01:04:21.6 026.2° 079.6°
End of partial eclipse (C4) : 2009/07/22 02:11:46.7 041° 086.2°
Dibrugarh (Lat : 27.46560 N, Long : 95.9150E) Duration of Totality : 3 min 32.5 s Magnitude : 1.015
Event Date Time (UT) IST Alt Azi
Start of partial eclipse (C1) : 2009/07/22 00:01:39.0 5:31:39 012.3° 073.4°
Start of total eclipse (C2) : 2009/07/22 01:00:56.6 6:30:57 025.1° 079.2°
Maximum eclipse : 2009/07/22 01:02:42.5 6:32:43 025.5° 079.3°
End of total eclipse (C3) : 2009/07/22 01:04:29.1 6:34:29 025.9° 079.5°
End of partial eclipse (C4) : 2009/07/22 02:11:16.1 7:11:16 040.6° 086°
0 0
Digboi (Lat : 27.3474 N, Long : 95.636 E) Duration of Totality : 2 min 22.2 s Magnitude : 1.006
: 27.34740 N, Long : 95.636
Digboi (Lat Event 0
DateE) Duration
Time of (UT)
Totality : 2 min
IST22.2 s Magnitude
Alt : Azi
1.006
Start of partial eclipse (C1) : 2009/07/22 00:01:39.0 5:31:39 012.3° 073.4°
Start of total eclipse (C2) : 2009/07/22 01:00:56.6 6:30:57 025.1° 079.2°
Maximum eclipse : 2009/07/22 01:02:42.5 6:32:43 025.5° 079.3°
End of total eclipse (C3) : 2009/07/22 01:04:29.1 6:34:29 025.9° 079.5°
End of partial eclipse (C4) : 2009/07/22 02:11:16.1 7:11:16 040.6° 086°
Doomdooma (Lat : 27.56790 N, Long : 95.55360E) Duration of Totality : 3 min 26.5 s Magnitude : 1.015
Event Date Time (UT) Alt Azi
Start of partial eclipse (C1) : 2009/07/22 00:01:51.7 013° 073.7°
Start of total eclipse (C2) : 2009/07/22 01:01:31.7 025.8° 079.5°
Maximum eclipse : 2009/07/22 01:03:14.3 026.2° 079.7°
End of total eclipse (C3) : 2009/07/22 01:04:57.7 026.6° 079.9°
End of partial eclipse (C4) : 2009/07/22 02:12:10.9 041.3° 086.5°

(The author teaches Physics in the College)

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

/ 32
 Our home, the Earth is facing the worst
environmental crisis. It ranges anywhere from
Climate change, Global warming, Global
dimming, Fossil fuels, Sea level rise,
Greenhouse gases, to Species extinction,
Poaching, Endangered species, Environmental
impacts of dams, Genetic pollution, Genetically
modified food controversies. From
Overgrazing, Irrigation, Environmental effects
of meat production, to Land pollution,
Desertification, Soil erosion, Soil
contamination, Soil salination. From Urban
sprawl, Habitat fragmentation, Habitat
destruction, to Nanotoxicology, Nanopollution,
Nuclear fallout , Nuclear meltdown,
Radioactive waste, Overpopulation, Ozone
depletion — CFC , pollutions – Air, Light,
Noise, Visual, Water, Acid rain, Eutrophication,
Marine pollution, Ocean dumping, Oil spills,
Thermal pollution, Urban runoff, Water crisis,
Marine debris, Ocean acidification, Ship
pollution, Thermal pollution, Urban runoff,
Wastewater, Smog, Tropospheric ozone,
Volatile organic compound, and many more.
We will have a detailed discussion on each and
every topic that our environment is facing in
coming issues of Pragyan. Please read
regularly and suggest measures.
Finding a solution to all these problems
is the biggest challenge that humankind is
facing today. The task is huge, most difficult
one but not impossible. A proper planning and
33 /
a collective effort are necessary on a long term
basis. It is the time to react-else it could be too
late. Everyone will have to participate in this mass
movement.
Managing waste is a big challenge in our
civilised (so called) society. Huge amount of
waste are generated at our home, office and other
places. Some simple steps, if taken by us, can
reduce the production of waste to a great deal.
Adapt Reduce-Reuse-Recycle Policy :
The critical fist step of waste prevention is
recycling. Please adapt Reduce-Reuse-recycle
policy and create awareness about it in public. Ask
your local retailers to stock more products made from
recycled materials and buy products made from the
highest recycled content whenever possible. In
general, try to buy products/containers made from
recycled material as often as possible to support the
recycled product market. When purchasing paper
products, look for paper that has been recycled using
a minimum of 50% post-consumer waste. Also,
purchase from companies that do not use chlorine
to bleach their paper products (which creates dioxin
waste). Use natural fertilizers for your flower garden
and kitchen garden. Create a compost pit, dump the
dry leaves and your vegetable wastes into that when
it is full, cover it with soil. The composts will be
ready by the next season. While in travel, you may
not have recycle bins, pack your recyclables and
carry back home.
Simplify your lifestyle as far as possible.
The belongings that you use and enjoy on regular
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
basis, only keep them. Once when you’ll reduce
your needs, you’ll purchase less and once you
purchase less, you’ll waste less.
Try the 30-Day Rule :
Before purchasing something, think — Do
you really need it? Think about the product’s
impact on environment (also associated packaging
material) and what impact on environmental will
it have during its disposal. When you are thinking
about buying something, try the 30-Day Rule –
wait 30 days after the first time you decide you
want a product to really make your decision. This
will eliminate impulse buying.
Adapt Use-Wash-Use Policy :
Minimise the use of tree and tree-products at
home as far as possible. Use cloth napkins / towels
instead of paper napkins/towels. Adapt Use-Wash-
Use policy. At work, edit your works on computer
itself. Take the printout only when you are done
instead of taking printout-edit-do correction-take
final printout policy. Create and use note pads from
once-used papers. Install a reusable notice board at
home to leave message for your family members
and roommates instead of writing in a piece of paper.
Purchase in Bulk :
Purchase the daily requirement commodities
in bulk quantity in lieu of buying again and again.
This will eliminate the gathering packaging
materials. Store the food items reusable containers.
Avoid Creating Trash :
Avoid creating trash wherever possible. when
ordering food, avoid receiving any unnecessary
plastic utensils, straws, etc. (ask in advance), buy
ice cream in a cone instead of a cup, don’t accept
“free” promotional products, buy products with the
least amount of packaging, etc. Every little bit of
(For more articles on other environmental issues, Please log on to http://sites.google.com/site/planetgreenactnow/ The
author is an alumni of Tinsukia College and now works at Chittaranjan Loco Works, West Bengal.
Photograph Courtesy: Papiya Shome )
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
trash avoided does make a difference!
Stop Polythene Shopping :
Polythene Shopping are one of the greatest
threat to the environment today. Carry your own
reusable shopping bags from home for shopping.
Refuse the articles given in plastic shopping bags.
Ask for paper bags while carrying small sized
articles like dal, rice, sugar etc.
When staying at a hotel, let the management
know that you like to support businesses that adopt
environmentally responsible practices (including
reducing waste). Suggest the management a Sustainable
Solutions for Green Hotels environmental tips.
Go for Veg-Food :
One of the important steps to protect our
environment is to switch to vegetarian diet. Also
ensure everyone has enough to eat. The United
Nations recently released Livestock’s Long
Shadow–Environmental Issues and Options, which
concludes that the livestock sector (primarily
chickens and pigs) emerges as one of the top two
or three most significant contributors to our most
serious environmental problems, at every scale
from local to global. It is one of the largest sources
of greenhouse gases - responsible for 18% of the
world’s greenhouse gas emissions as measured in
CO2 equivalents. By comparison, all transportation
emits 13.5% of the CO2. It produces 65% of
human-related nitrous oxide (which has 296 times
the global warming potential of CO2) and 37% of
all human-induced methane (which is 23 times as
warming as CO2). It also generates 64% of the
ammonia, which contributes to acid rain and
acidification of ecosystems. In addition, the
enormous amounts of grain required to feed
livestock reduces the amount of food available for
the world’s hungry. Buying organic, locally grown
food also reduces global warming
emissions and helps protect the
environment.
Think about becoming a lacto-
ovo vegetarian (no meat but some
eggs and dairy products) or vegan
(no animal products). (to be
continued)
/ 34
 ‘¹³ºàÒü KàJã¹¹ W¡áìš>ìi¡à ëKá¹ Ê¡’®¡t¡ l¡ük¡àÒü
\åÒüA塹à [W¡³t¡ [ƒ º¹àº[¹îA¡ šàá[º A¡à[i¡¤îº ¤[Òº¡ú
¤à¹ãì¹ Î๠[>[ƒÚàîA¡ ë¹à¯à šàá[ºƒ¹à¹ š¹à
[K[¹ìÚìA¡ "à[> ë=à¯à ¤Þê¡àA¡[¤ìi¡à t¡àÒü ³> A¡[¹ìº
-ÿ-ÿ- A¡[¤¹ šàt¡t¡ [A¡áå³à> Î¹ç¡ Î¹ç¡ Ò຋ãÚà ¤¹o¹
[JW¡ô[J[W¡Úà ³[>¹ ƒì¹ ¤Ññ¡ú šàt¡[Jºà P¡W¡àÒü [ƒìº
™[ƒ* [®¡t¡¹¹ t¡¹šìi¡àt¡ ëƒJà šàìº "à³à¹ &¹ã
ëºi¡àìi¡à¹ [>[W¡>à ëA¡Òüi¡à³à> ëºi¡à¡ú ëÎÒüìA¡Òüi¡à t¡àÒü
P¡áàÒü 뚺à캡ú t¡à¹ šàát¡ A¡[¤ìi¡à ƒåó¡àºîA¡
A¡àìi¡àìt¡ [®¡t¡¹t¡ [º¹[º¹àÒü =A¡à ÅA¡t¡ A¡’ºà ¤¹o¹
šºå ëƒJà šà캡ú Òàt¡t¡ šºå &l¡àº ºKàt¡ t¡àÒü Òàt¡
‹åÒü 뚺à캡ú’ &Òü Qi¡>àìi¡àt¡ ¹³ºàÒü ëƒJà ëšà¯à
¤Ññ ëA¡Òüi¡à "à[Ạ-ÿ-ÿ- št¡}K¹ A¡oã, ëºi¡à "à¹ç¡
šºå¡ú ³à>åÒ¹ \ã¯>t¡ [™ƒì¹ íÅů, íA¡ìÅà¹, ™å¯à
"à¹ç¡ ¤õ‡ý¡ "à[ƒ š[¹yû¡³à š¹Ñš¹ Î}K[t¡ ¹à[J δšÄ
ÒÚ [k¡A¡ ëÎÒüƒì¹ št¡}K¹ \ã¯> ¤å¹gãt¡ A¡oã, šºå,
ëºi¡à "à¹ç¡ šèo¢¤ÚÑH (š[Jºà, ³à[J ¤à P¡¤¹ç¡¯à)
"à[ƒì¹ δšèo¢ ÒÚ¡ú &ì>‹¹ìoì¹ &i¡à Ñz¹¹ š¹à
"à> &i¡à Ñz¹îº š[¹¯v¢¡> ëÒà¯à šø[yû¡ÚàA¡
A¡àÚà”z¹o ( Metamorphosis)
ë¤àºà ÒÚ¡ú
A¡àÚà”z¹o ³àì>ì>à [A¡ @
A¡ãi¡-št¡}K¹
ëÛ¡yt¡ [t¡[>‹¹o¹ A¡àÚà”z¹o ëƒJà ™àÚ :
1) "A¡àÚà”z¹o (Ametabola) : št¡}K¹
"št¡¸Ñz¹ "à¹ç¡ šèo¢ [¤A¡[Åt¡ št¡}K¹
³à\t¡ "àA¡à¹ ¤õ[‡ý¡¹
¤àìƒ ">¸
35 /
ëA¡àì>à š[¹¯v¢¡> >Qìi¡¡ú ë™ì> : šå¹oà [A¡t¡àš-šy¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡
ëƒJà ëšà¯à ‘[Ắ¡à¹ [ó¡á’¡ú
2) "δšèo¢ A¡àÚà”z¹o (Hemimetabola) @ št¡}K¹
"št¡¸Ñz¹ì¤à¹ \º\ ÒÚ, ÒüÚàA¡ ‘>àÚàƒ’ (Naiad) ë¤àºà
ÒÚ¡ú ë™ì> : {\d¡à¡ú
3) yû¡[³A¡ A¡àÚà”z¹o (Paurometabola) @ št¡}K¹
"št¡¸Ñz¹ì¤à¹A¡ ‘[>´£¡’ (Nymph) ë¤àºà ÒÚ¡ú ë™ì> :
šÒüt¡àìW¡à¹à¡ú
4) δšèo¢ A¡àÚà”z¹o (Holometabola) @ A¡oã¹ š¹à
óå¡[i¡ *ìºà¯à šºåì¤à¹ ëºi¡à ¤àìÞê¡, šàát¡ šèo¢[¤A¡àÅ št¡}K¹
Îõ[Ê¡ ÒÚ¡ú ë™ì> : š[Jºà¡ú
št¡}K¹ ή¡¸t¡à [A¡³à> šøàW¡ã>?
[¤[®¡Ä št¡}K[¤ƒ¹ γãÛ¡à ">åÎ[¹ 350-500 [>™åt¡
¤á¹¹ šè줢 [¤Å«t¡ št¡}K¹ "à[¯®¢¡à¤ íÒ[ạú ÑHi¡ìºr¡t¡
"à[¯ÍH๠ëÒà¯à ël¡®¡’[>Úà> (Devonian) ™åK¹ Rhyniella
precursor (Pedigo, 2006) >à³¹ št¡}K¹ ó¡[áìºÒü Ò’º
ίàìt¡àîA¡ šøàW¡ã> ³à>¯`¡àt¡ št¡}K¡ú l¡ü[Š±ƒ¹Î JàƒA¡
A¡ãi¡ì¤à¹¹ [¤¯t¢¡> íÒ "à‹å[>A¡ št¡}K
Îõ [ Ê¡ Ò*ò ì t¡ [yû ¡ i¡à[W¡ÚàW¡
(Cretacious)
™å K îºìA¡ &A¡
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
 t¡à[ºA¡à : 1) št¡}K¹ [¤[®¡Ä Ñz¹¹ ëÅøoã[¤®¡à\> t¡à[ºA¡à : 2) št¡}[¤ƒ¸à ">å™àÚã št¡}K¹ ¤K¢ãA¡¹o
Ñz¹ [¤[®¡Ä ®¡àK l¡üƒàÒ¹o ¤K¢ l¡üƒàÒ¹o
A¡oã -ÿ-ÿ- -ÿ-ÿ- A¡) Apterygota
šºå "šƒã (Apod) ³à[J 1) Thysanura Silverfish
"¿šƒã (Oligopod) P¡¤¹ç¡¯à 2) Collembola Springtail
3) Protura Telsontail
¤×šƒã (Polypod) š[Jºà
4) Diplura Japygids
ëºi¡à ÒüGàì¹i¡ (Exerate) P¡¤¹ç¡¯à J) Pterygota
"¯ìi¡C¡ (Obtact) ³= 5) Ephemeroptera Mayfly
yû¡àÒüìW¡[ºW¡ (Chrysalis) š[Jºà 6) Odonata [\òd¡à
A¡’¯A¢¡ìi¡i¡ (Coarctate) ³à[J 7) Plecoptera Stonefly
šøàœ¡¤ÚÑH 8) Grylloblatodia Rock Crawlers
9) Orthoptera ó¡[¹}, A塳[t¡
10) Phasmida Stick insect,
Leaf insect
11) Dermaptera Earwig
12) Embioptera Webspiner
13) Dictyoptera šÒüt¡àìW¡à¹à
14) Isoptera l¡üòÒü-š¹ç¡¯à
15) Zoraptera Zoraptean
16) Psocoptera [A¡t¡àš¹ *A¡[>
17) Mallophaga W¡¹àÒü¹ *A¡[>
18) Siphonculata ³à>åÒ¹ áຠl¡üA¡[>
19) Hemiptera KàÞê¡ã ëšàA¡
20) Thysanoptera Thrips
21) Neuroptera Antlion, Aphidlion
22) Mecoptera Scorpion fly
23) Lepidoptera š[Jºà
24) Trichoptera Caddisfly
25) Diptera ³à[J
26) Siphonaptera Fleas
27) Hymenoptera š¹ç¡¯à, ë³ï, ¤¹º
28) Coleoptera P¡¤¹ç¡¯à
29) Strepsiptera Stylopids
*30)Mantophasmatidae Gladiator
* >tå ¡ >îA¡ Ѭ ã Aõ ¡ [t¡ ëšà¯à ¤K¢ ¡ ú "γãÚàt¡ ëKàìi¡Òüì¤à¹ ¤K¢¹ >à³
ëšà¯à >à™àÚ ¤àì¤, Òü}¹à\ãìÚÒü ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡¹à íÒìá¡ú

[W¡y 1 [¤[®¡Ä št¡}K¹ [l¡´¬ (Pedigo, 2006)

[W¡y 2: š[Jºà \àt¡ãÚ št¡}K¹ šºå (Pedigo, 2006)
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
/ 36
[W¡y 3 : P¡¤¹ç¡¯à \àt¡ãÚ št¡}K¹ šºå (Pedigo, 2006) [W¡y 7 : št¡}K¹ δšèo¢ A¡àÚàÑz[¹t¡ [¤A¡àÅ ‘³à[J’
(Pedigo, 2006)

[W¡y 4 : št¡}K¹ "A¡àÚàÑz[¹t¡ [¤A¡àÅ ‘[W¡º®¡à¹ [ó¡á’

(Pedigo, 2006)

[W¡y 5 : št¡}K¹ "δšèo¢ A¡àÚàÑz[¹t¡ [¤A¡àÅ [W¡y 8 : [¤[®¡Ä št¡}K¹ ëºi¡à (A¡), (J) "à¹ç¡ (K)
‘‘ë³’ óáàÒü’’ (Pedigo, 2006) ëº[šl¡’ìŸi¡¹à; (Q) š¹ç¡¯à; (R¡) ³Ò (Pedigo, 2006)

[W¡y 6 : št¡}K¹ yû¡[³A¡ A¡àÚàÑz[¹t¡ [¤A¡àÅ [W¡y 9 : šøàœ¡¤ÚÑH P¡¤¹ç¡¯à \àt¡ãÚ št¡}K
‘[С}K ¤àK’((Pedigo, 2006) (Pedigo, 2006)

37 / /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

ÎåƒãQ¢ š[¹yû¡³à "[t¡yû¡³ A¡[¹¤ ºKàt¡ š[¹[ạú ³‹å [>™¢àι ¤àì¤Òü ë³à¯à-ëšàA¡A¡ l¡üv¡û¡ ëšàA¡¹
\ã¯\Kt¡t¡ št¡}K¹ šø®è¡â« : "àyû¡³o¹ š¹à ¹Û¡à A¡ì¹¡ú
šøàoã\Kt¡ìt¡Òü >ÒÚ Î³Nø \ã¯\Kt¡¹ &A¡ ¤×º "}Å, R¡) Òü ³à>åÒ¹ ƒì¹ ¤×ƒè¹ "[t¡yû¡³ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú ‘³>¢àA¡
¤t¢¡³à> št¡}K¹ ƒJºt¡ "àìá¡ú "ƒ¸[š Î}`¡à[Út¡ 1.7 [>™åt¡ ¤ài¡à¹óáàÒü’ >à³¹ š[JºàÒü šøìt¡¸A¡ Åãt¡t¡ ëÒ\à¹
šø\à[t¡¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ 45,000 šø\à[t¡ 볹硃r¡ã, 2,50,000 ëÒ\๠³àÒüº Òül¡ü.&á.&.¹ š¹à šø¤ö\> A¡[¹¤
šø \ à[t¡ l¡ü [ Š± ƒ "à¹ç ¡ 9,50,000 šø \ à[t¡ št¡}K šà칡ú &Òü šø¤\ ö > l¡üš™åv¡û¡ š[¹ì¯Å ºà®¡¹ l¡üì„ìŸ
(Groombridge, 1992)¡ú \ã¯[¤ìƒ >à³àA¡¹o A¡[¹¤îº A¡ì¹¡ú
ÎÛ¡³ ëÒà¯à &Òü št¡}K γèÒ¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ A¡[º"’ìŸi¡¹à W¡) ‘ë¤K¯³¢’¹ šºå "à¹ç¡ ëºi¡à Îå¹[Û¡t¡ ë³à>๠[®¡t¡¹t¡
ëº[šl¡’ìŸi¡¹à, ÒàÒüì³>’ìŸi¡¹à "à¹ç¡ [l¡ìŸi¡¹à¤K¢¹, ™=àyû¡ì³ [¤A¡àÅ šàÚ¡ú
3, 1.1, 1.1 "à¹ç¡ 0.85 ºàJ šø\à[t¡™åv¡û¡ št¡}KÒü ³à>åÒ "Û¡³ št¡}K ÎÛ¡³ @
\ã¯\Kt¡¹ 56% k¡àÒü "[‹A¡à¹ A¡[¹ "àìá¡ú Òü³’W¡ (Imm's) A¡) št¡}KÒü [W¡»¡, ë³ï, ³³ "à¹ç¡ ºà šøÑñt¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú
>à³¹ št¡}K[¤ƒô K¹àA¡ãìÚ Î³Nø št¡}KA¡ 19 i¡à ¤K¢t¡ ¤K¢ãAõ¡t¡ J) "Î}J¸ Î¹ç¡ Î¹ç¡ ó塺¹ š¹à ³‹å Î}NøÒ A¡[¹¤ šàì¹,
A¡[¹ìá, ™[ƒ* ¤v¢¡³à> "à‹å[>A¡ [¤`¡à>ãγàì\ ѬãAõ¡[t¡ šøƒà> [™ìi¡à A¡à³ ³à>åìÒ "t¡¸à‹å[>A¡ ιgàì³ì¹* A¡[¹¤
A¡¹à "à> &i¡à >¤ã> ¤K¢ Ò’º ‘ë³si¡’ìó¡Í¶à[i¡[l¡’¡ú ë>à¯à칡ú
³à>åìÒìÒ šàì¹ì>[A¡¡? K) [>\Ѭ šà[Jì¹ l¡ü[¹¤ šà칡ú ³à>åìÒ ëÒ[ºA¡œ¡à¹ "à¹ç¡
A¡) ³à>åÒ¹ ƒì¹ [ÎÒòìt¡ "àÅøÚÑ‚º [>o¢Ú A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú &ì¹àìšÃì>ì¹ìÒ šà칡ú
l¡üƒàÒ¹o Ѭ¹¡ê ìš ë³ï-³à[JìÚ ë³ï-¤àÒ Îà[\¤ \àì>¡ú Q) [>ì\Òü ëšàÒì¹à Îõ[Ê¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú ë™ì> : ë\à>àA¡ã
J) šø™å[v¡û¡ ëA¡ïź ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡[¹ "à¯àÎ Îà[\¤ \àì>¡ú š¹ç¡¯à¡ú
ë™ì> : l¡üòÒü ëšàìA¡ ¤× *J Òàó¡ºå [>\Ѭ A¡ºà- R¡) [>\Ѭ *\>t¡îA¡ ¤× P¡o K‹å¹ ¤Ññ ƒà[R¡¤ šàì¹ú
ëA¡ïÅìºì¹ šøÑñt¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú ë™ì> : š¹ç¡¯à¡ú
K) ³à>åìÒ l¡üƒ¸à> Îì\à¯à¹ ëº[JÚàîA¡ [A¡áå³à> l¡üòÒüìÚ W¡) šøìt¡¸A¡ í\[¯A¡ šƒà=¢ - Wå¡[º, šà[J, $º, ³³,
ë®ò¡A塹 l¡üƒ¸à> [>³¢ào A¡ì¹¡ú l¡üƒàÒ¹o Ѭ¹ê¡ìš l¡üòÒüìÚ ëW¡ºåº’\, ÒàØl¡, ët¡\, l¡ü[Š±ƒ [>™¢àÎ, ³à}Î "à¹ç¡ \”ñ¹
Òàó¡ºå¹ *š¹t¡ ¤¹ >àóå¡ >à³¹ ë®ò¡A塹, Jàƒ¸¹ ë¹W¡> ‰¤¸ "à[ƒA¡ Jàƒ¸¹ ¹ê¡št¡ NøÒo A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú
l¡üì„ìŸ "à¹ç¡ ºKìt¡ "à‰t¡à¹ ®¡à¹Î೸ ¹Û¡à¹ ¤àì¤ "=¢î>[t¡A¡®¡àì¯ P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢ Åθ, šøàoã "à¹ç¡ íƒ>[–ƒ>
K\àÒü ºÚ¡ú "à[Òºàšà[t¡ ‹ÿ¤}Î A¡[¹ &Å &¤å[¹ ¤ƒ>à³¹ ³à\ìt¡à št¡}K¹
Q) ³à>å ì Ò K¹ç ¡ ëšàÒ๠ƒì¹ [A¡áå ³ à> š¹ç ¡ ¯àÒü [A¡áå³à> l¡üšA¡à¹ l¡üìÀJ>ãÚ¡ú ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à ³Òà³à¹ã¹ l¡ü;Î
ë³à¯à-ëšàA¡A¡ ³‹å[>™¢àÎ "àÒ¹o¹ ¤àì¤ ëšàìÒ¡ú [ÒW¡àìš [yû¡Úà A¡¹à št¡}K¹ [A¡áå³à> šø\à[t¡ Jàƒ¸ [ÒW¡àìš*
‘ëº[l¡ ¤àl¢¡[¤i¡º’ >à³¹ ëšàA¡ [¤‹¹ &A¡ šø\à[t¡ìÚ ¤¸¯Ò๠ÒÚ¡ú \ã¯>A¡ "Š±ét¡‹¹ìo ‹à¹o A¡[¹¤ \>à šàîA¡t¡
ë³à¯à-ëšàA¡A¡ Jàƒ¸ [ÒW¡àìš ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡ì¹¡ú š¹ç¡¯àÒü [Å¿ã št¡}K¹ [¤ÈìÚ \à[> ëÅÈ A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯à[¹¡ú
šøÎ}K šå[=
1¡ú A Textbook of Applied Entomology by K.P. Srivastava (1996 Edition and 1st Vol)
2¡ú Insecta – An introduction by Raghumoorthi et al. (2003 Edition)
3¡ú Entomology and Pest Management by L.P. Pedigo (2006 Edition)
[˜¡o ѬãA¡à¹ : šàr¡[º[šìi¡à šøÑñ[t¡¹ γÚt¡ [¤[®¡Ä ‹¹ìo ÎÒàÚ "àK¤ìØn¡à¯à¹ ¤àì¤ Åøã³à> W¡yû¡šà[o "à¹ç¡
Åøã³à> ™å[v¡û¡ [·ý¡îº ‹>¸¤àƒ ™à[W¡ìºòà¡ú]

([ºJA¡ >Kà*ò W¡Ò¹¹ "[‹¤àÎã¡¡ú &Òü\> Aõ¡[È [¤`¡à>ã "γãÚà ®¡àÈàt¡ [¤`¡à> [¤ÈÚ¹ &\> º¦ šø[t¡Ë¡ ëºJA¡)

Don't keep your dreams in the eyes. they may drop down as tears. Keep
them in your heart. So that every heartbeat reminds you to fulfil your
desire. Paramita Prajna : Scribed in Pragyan’s Orkut Profile

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

/ 38
 \ã¯Î³èÒ¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ ΃¸\àt¡ ³à>¯[ÅÇ¡ì¯Òü
ÎA¡ìºàt¡îA¡ "ÎÒàÚ "à¹ç¡ "îšot¡¡ú ΃¸\àt¡ &[i¡ [ÅÇ¡
Ѭà‹ã>®¡àì¯ \ãÚàÒü =A¡àìi¡à "δ±¯¡ú šø=³ "¯Ñ‚àt¡ &[i¡
[ÅÇ¡ì¯ Jàƒ¸, ¹Û¡oàì¤Û¡o "à¹ç¡ [A¡áå ³¹³¹ l¡üš[¹* Kà¹
l¡ü³* [¤W¡à칡ú ³à>åÒ¹ Aå¡[¹ ¤á¹ ¤ÚÎîº Åà¹ã[¹A¡ ¤õ[‡ý¡
Qìi¡ ™[ƒ* šø=³ ¤á¹¹ ¤õ[‡ý¡ "à¹ç¡ [¤A¡àÅ [A¡áå ³>
A¡[¹¤ºKãÚà¡ú [ÅÇ¡[i¡¹ ¤ÚÎ ¤à[Øn¡ ë™à¯à¹ ºìK ºìK Òü
\[i¡º¹ š¹à \[i¡ºt¡¹ "¯Ñ‚àîº "àK¤à[Øn¡ íK =àìA¡¡ú
šø=³ "¯Ñ‚àt¡ [ÅÇ¡ì¯ Jål¡ü¤ *W¡¹¹ š¹à [™ ëƒìJ
¤à Ç¡ì> t¡à¹ š¹àÒü [Å[A¡¤îº "๴± A¡ì¹¡ú [A¡áå ">审¯
"à¹ç¡ ëKàÞ꡹ š¹àÒü [Î A¡àì¹à¤à¹ l¡üš[Ñ‚[t¡ ">审¯ A¡[¹¤
šà칡ú &Òü "¯Ñ‚àt¡ [ÅÇ¡ì¯ ƒõ[Ê¡ [Ñ‚¹ A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯àì¹
ëÎìÚìÒ ëA¡àì>à ¤Ññ¹ á[¤¹ Ñ‚à[Úâ« Jål¡ü¤ A¡³ ÒÚ "à¹ç¡
ó¡ºt¡ [ÅÇ¡[i¡ìÚ "њʡ ¹ê¡št¡ìÒ ¤Ññì¤à¹ ëƒìJ¡ú [Î
¤×ƒè¹¹ ¤Ññ ëƒJàt¡ "Îå[¤‹à ÒÚ¡ú &Òü γÚt¡ ëƒJà
¤Ññì¤à¹¹ á[¤ [ÅÇ¡¹ ³>t¡ >à=àìA¡¡ú
Ź㹹 "}K-šøt¡¸}Kì¤à¹ [®¡>ô [®¡>ô Òà¹t¡ ¤àìØn¡¡ú
Ź㹹 ëA¡àì>à ëA¡àì>à "}KÒü "à>ì¤à¹¹ t塺>àt¡ ÅãìQø
š[¹šB¡t¡à ºà®¡ A¡ì¹¡ú íÅů "¯Ñ‚àt¡ Ź㹹 ">¸à>¸
"}K¹ t塺>àt¡ ³è¹ìi¡à¹ "àA¡à¹ "à>åšà[t¡A¡®¡àì¯ ë¤[á
l¡àR¡¹ ÒÚ¡ú [ÅÇ¡¹ ëƒÒ¹ [¤A¡àÅ *š¹¹ š¹à t¡ºîº
ÒÚ¡ú [ÎÒòt¡¹ ¤à× ƒåJ>t¡îA¡ ®¡[¹ƒåJ>¹ ¤õ[‡ý¡ [A¡áå ³”‚¹
39 /
K[t¡t¡ ÒÚ¡ú šø=³ìt¡ [l¡[R¡ "à¹ç¡ ¤à×¹ [¤A¡àÅ ÒÚ, t¡à¹
šàát¡ìÒ l¡ü¹ç¡ "à¹ç¡ ®¡[¹¹ Kk¡>¹ [¤A¡àÅ Qìi¡¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ
[ÅÇ¡[i¡ìÚ ¤[Ò¤îº ëºà¯à¹ "àKìt¡Òü ëA¡àì>à ¤Ññ Jà³å[W¡
‹[¹¤ šà칡ú [ÅÇ¡ l¡àR¡¹ ëÒà¯à¹ ºìK ºìK ³à}ÎìšÅãγèÒ
[¤A¡[Åt¡ ÒÚ¡ú l¡àR¡¹ l¡àR¡¹ ³à}ÎìšÅãì¤à¹ Î¹ç¡ Î¹ç¡
³à}ÎìšÅãt¡îA¡ ‰ç¡t¡ K[t¡t¡ ¤àìØn¡ "à¹ç¡ ³à}ÎìšÅã¹ Îe¡àº>
Ñ‚éºt¡à¹ š¹à yû¡ì³ ÎåÜt¡àîº š[¹¤[t¢¡t¡ ÒÚ¡ú Î³Ú šà¹
ëÒà¯à¹ ºìK ºìK "®¡¸àι \[¹Úìt¡* ³à}ìšÅãì¤à¹ š[¹šåÊ¡
ÒÚ "à¹ç¡ [ÅÇ¡ÎA¡ìº yû¡³¤‹¢³à> K[t¡t¡ "[‹A¡ \[i¡º
A¡à³ì¤à¹ A¡[¹¤ š¹à ÒÚ¡ú ë™[t¡Úà [ÅÇ¡[i¡ ¤[Ò¤îº [ÅìA¡
ët¡[t¡ÚàÒü ®¡[¹ ëA¡Òüi¡àÒü ëƒÒ¹ ®¡à¹Î೸t¡à ¹Û¡à A¡¹àìt¡à
ÎÒàÚ A¡ì¹¡ú &Òü γÚìt¡ [ÅÇ¡ì¯ t¡à¹ A¡àìÈì¹ ëA¡àì>à¤à
šà¹ íÒ íKìá ¤à ëA¡àì>à¤àÒü [A¡¤à JàÒüìá Òüt¡¸à[ƒì¤à¹
Î[k¡A¡®¡àì¯ š™¢ì¤Û¡o A¡[¹¤ š¹à ÒÚ¡ "à¹ç¡ ët¡[t¡Ú๠š¹àÒü
Òü ºàìÒîA¡ Îà³à[\A¡ šøàoã¹ ºÛ¡oγèÒ ëƒJå¯à¤îº ‹ì¹¡ú
[t¡[> ³àÒ¹ š¹à áÚ ³àÒ¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ [ÎÒòt¡¹ ëƒÒ¹
Kk¡> Jål¡ü¤ J¹îA¡ ÒÚ¡ú šòàW¡ ³àÒt¡ [ÎÒòt¡¹ ëƒÒ¹ *\>
\–µìt¡ =A¡à *\>t¡îA¡ šøàÚ ƒåP¡o ÒÚ¡ú >J "à¹ç¡ Wå¡[ºì¤à¹
¤à[Øn¡¤îº ‹ì¹¡ú [t¡[>³àÒt¡ [ÎÒòt¡¹ W¡àº¹ Kk¡> \–µìt¡ =A¡à
W¡àºJ>t¡îA¡ [A¡áå šõ=A¡ ÒÚ¡ú &Òü γÚt¡ìÒ šøAõ¡t¡ [ÅÇ¡¹
W¡àº ¤å[º A¡’¤ š¹àîA¡ W¡àºJ> ëA¡à³º "à¹ç¡ [³[Ò ÒÚ¡ú &Òü
γÚìW¡à¯àìt¡ ¹v¡û¡ Î}¤Ò> t¡”|ìi¡à A¡à™¢Û¡³ ÒÚ ™[ƒ* k¡àr¡à
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
¤à K¹³ [>Ú”|o A¡[¹¤ š¹à Û¡³t¡àîº >àìÒ¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ [ÅÇ¡A¡
γìÚà[W¡t¡ A¡àìšà¹-A¡à[> [šìÞê¡à¯àìt¡à Jåì¤Òü šøìÚà\>ãÚ¡ú
[t¡[>³àÒ¹ š¹à [ÅÇ¡¹ W¡Aå¡ "à¹ç¡ Òàt¡ γt塺¸ ÒÚ¡ú [™ìi¡à
ëƒìJ ëÎÒüìi¡à [Ñ‚¹®¡àì¯ W¡àÚ "à¹ç¡ ‹[¹¤îº ëW¡Ê¡à A¡ì¹¡ú &Òü
γÚìW¡à¯à¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ [ÅÇ¡¹ Î}줃> t¡”|¹ "}KγèÒ Î[yû¡Ú
Ò’¤îº ‹ì¹¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ [ÎÒòìt¡ "à> ëJº¹ Îà³Nøãt¡îA¡
šåt¡ºà[¤ºàA¡ ®¡àº šàÚ¡ú [ÎÒòìt¡ šåt¡ºàì¤à¹ º’¤îº "à¹ç¡
³¹³ A¡[¹¤îº [ÅìA¡, [™ìÚ [ÎÒòt¡A¡ Îà³à[\A¡ "[®¡¤õ[v¡ Kk¡>t¡
ÎÒàÚ A¡ì¹¡ú
áÚ ³àÒ¹ š¹à >-³àÒ¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ [ÅÇ¡ì¯ ¤[Ò¤îº ‹ì¹¡ú
&Òü [t¡[>³àÒt¡ [ÎÒòìt¡ šW¡–ƒ "à¹ç¡ "šW¡–ƒìi¡à ¤å\àÒü [ƒ¤
š¹à ÒÚ¡ú [¤Å« ѬàÑ‚¸ Î}т๠³ìt¡ áÚ ³àÒ¹ š¹àÒü [ÅÇ¡A¡
ëKài¡à "àÒ๠[ƒÚ๠A¡=à [W¡”zà A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¡ú áÚ ³àÒ¹ š¹à
[ÎÒòìt¡ ëKài¡à ¤Ññ ëW¡à¤à¤îº "à¹ç¡ [K[º¤îº [ÅìA¡¡ú &Òü
A¡à™¢Òü "àºå¹ ³à}ÎìšÅã Τº A¡ì¹, [™ ³àt¡ óå¡i¡àt¡ ÎÒàÚ
A¡ì¹¡ú [ÅÇ¡¹ šø=³ "àÒ๠ëQò×t¡îA¡ W¡àl¡üº¹ š¹à Ò’ìº
®¡àº¡ú ƒò à t¡¹ "àA¡à¹ Kk¡> Ò*òìt¡ ™ì=Ê¡ γÚ
ºàìK¡ú
(ëº[JA¡à šøàoã [¤`¡à> [¤®¡àK¹ [ÅÛ¡[Úyã)
(Contd. from Page 26)
Career Tabloid
from the AICTE have been already acquired by
the university. Courses would be like Computer
Sciences and Engineering, Petroleum Engineering,
Electronic & Computer Engineering and
Mechanical Engineering. All the courses would
have the four year semester system, and successful
candidates would be conferred AICTE approved
B Tech degrees.
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
³àtõ¡K®¢¡ìt¡ ëÅȹó¡àºîº ƒòàt¡ì¤à¹¹ [¤A¡àŹ šø[yû¡Úà "๴±
ÒÚ¡ú KØl¡ [ÒW¡àšt¡ [ÅÇ¡[i¡¹ Îàt¡ ³àÒt¡ìÒ ƒòàt¡ Kì\¡ú áÚ
³àÒ¹ š¹àÒü [ÎÒòìt¡ A¡àš, ¤à[t¡ ¤à [KºàW¡t¡ [š-Jà¤îº [ÅìA¡¡ú
šøàÚ "àk¡ ³àÒ¹ š¹à [ÅÇ¡ì¯ [>ì\ Jà¤îº ëW¡Ê¡à A¡ì¹¡ú >-
³àÒ¹ š¹à [ÎÒòìt¡ "àÒ๹ W¡à³åW¡J> ®¡àºîA¡ ‹[¹¤îº [ÅìA¡¡ú
&Òü áÚ ³àÒ¹ š¹à >-³àÒ¹ [®¡t¡¹ìt¡ [ÅÇ¡ì¯ Òàt¡¹ š¹à
š[¹ ë™à¯à ¤Ññ &i¡à [¤W¡à[¹ "à[>¤ \>à ÒÚ¡ú >-³àÒ¹ š¹à
¤à¹ ³àÒ¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ [ÅÇ¡ì¯ &i¡à &i¡à Ŧ l¡üZáà¹o A¡[¹¤
š¹à ÒÚ¡ú &Òü γÚìáà¯àìt¡ [ÎÒòìt¡ ëJà\ 뚺à¤îº* [ÅìA¡¡ú
šøAõ¡t¡ìt¡ ëJº¹ ³à‹¸ì³ì¹ìÒ [ÅÇ¡ì¯ [¤[®¡Ä A¡=à
[ÅìA¡¡ú ëJºà¹ Îà³NøãγèìÒÒü íÒìá [ÎÒòt¡¹ š¹ãۡ๠l¡ü;Î
"à¹ç¡ &Òü Îà³Nøãì¤à¹A¡ íºìÚÒü [ÎÒòìt¡ [ÎÒòt¡¹ A¡¿>๠\Kt¡
&J> šà[t¡ ºÚ¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ Jål¡ü¤ \[i¡º [A¡áå³à> ëJºà¹
Îà³NøãìÚ [ÎÒòt¡¹ A¡¿>àt¡ ¤à‹àìÒ \–µàÚ¡ú [¤ìÅÈîA¡ [t¡[>
³àÒt¡ [ÅÇ¡A¡ [ƒÚà ëJº>àì¤à¹ Jål¡ü¤ ÎÒ\ Ò’¤ ºàìK¡ú
[ÎÒòt¡A¡ [®¡Ä ‹¹o¹ šåt¡ºà [ƒ¤ ºàìK¡ú &Òü [®¡Ät¡àì¤à¹
[ÎÒòìt¡ [t¡[>³àÒ¹ š¹àÒü ¤å[\¤ š¹à ÒÚ¡ú &¤á¹¹ š¹à º’¹à
"à¹ç¡ ëáà¯àºã¹ ëJºà¹ ‹¹oì¤à¹ ºàìÒ ºàìÒ
ë¤ìºK ÒÚ¡ú
K[t¡ìA¡ ëƒJà
™àÚ [ÅÇ¡[i¡ìÚ
šø=³ ¤á¹ìt¡
¤× A¡à³
[ÅìA¡ "à¹ç¡
ºàìÒ ºàìÒ
Îà³à[\A¡
"[®¡¤õ[v¡
[¤ºàìA¡* KØn¡
íº l¡üìk¡¡ú
The University is also working on to introduce
several more professional courses for the benefit of
the students of the northeast. These include a
proposed course in Petroleum Exploration
Geophysics, PG courses in Philosophy and Hindi,
B.P.Ed (Bachelor in Physical Education). Other
proposals include introduction of courses relating
to aviation, avionics, hospitality and tourism, etc.
/ 40
 In the vast Indian sub continent, the
Assamese stands out with its own unique
identity which is somewhat different in
character from the rest of India. This is
evident in many respects of the Assamese
culture. Importantly, this is noticeable in the
Assamese language which has the
characteristic guttural X (Î) sound. This
sound which is pronounced in between the
English sounds /s/ and /h/ is normally not
found in any other modern Indian languages.
It is the Assamese language which has given
us not only our separate identity but also has
given us our delicate unity in this multi racial
Austric-Tibeto-Burman-Mongoloid-Aryan
labyrinth of North East India.
Assamese is the eastern-most member
of New Indo Aryan (NIA) languages in India,
and is spoken in the Brahmaputra valley in
Assam. It is also the easternmost member of
the Indo-European group of languages which
is the largest language group in the world with
a total number of speakers of more than half
of the world population. All the modern
European languages as well as those of Iran,
India and Pakistan fall into this Indo-
European group. Being the farthest outpost
of Aryan migration towards the east,
Assamese falls in the outer belt or in the
peripheral Indo-Aryan languages.
It is a multi-lingual column. Our valued writers can contribute write-ups in any of the four
languages — English, Assamese, Bengali and Hindi.
41 /
Assamese is a very ancient language, a fact
not very well recognized by many
Assamese. Amongst the NIA languages, Assamese
bears some unique characteristics which are not
found in other Indian languages. The phonetics of
the Assamese language are somewhat different from
other IA languages in India (Sanskrit, Hindi, Punjabi,
Bengali etc) chiefly for four reasons. 1) Assamese
language has developed, over the years, in
comparative isolation from other IA languages in
India. 2) Assamese language was influenced heavily
by the Tibeto-Burman and other languages of NE,
while other IA languages in mainland India were
not. 3) The IA languages in mainland India, on the
other hand, were influenced heavily by the Dravidian
languages while Assamese was not. 4) The branch
of Aryans that emigrated to Assam in pre-historic
times, were basically pre-Vedic Aryans, because of
which Assamese still retains some of the
characteristics of the original phonetics of the Indo-
European group of languages which other IA
languages in India seem to have lost.
One major difference is the absence of the
cerebrals (murdhonyo swor) in the Assamese
language which are present in Sanskrit and other
NIA languages. In the original pre-Vedic language
these cerebrals were not there and Sanskrit is said
to have acquired the cerebrals later due to the
influence of Dravidian languages. Beside that,
Assamese has the unique X (Î) sound which is
— Editor.
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
absent in Sanskrit and other NIA languages. What
is the characteristics of this Assamese X (Î) sound ?
Where from and when did the Assamese acquire
this X (Î) sound ? Is it an non Aryan sound ? Let
us see what the scholars have to say about the
Assamese X (Î) sound.
Phonetically, this Assamese X (Î) sound is
similar to the German sound /ch/ as pronounced in
the word ‘Bach’ or the Scottish sound as found in
the word ‘Loch’. Thus unlike Sanskrit and other
NIA languages, in Assamese, all the three Indo-
Aryan Sibilants: s ( Î ), s’( È ) and s’’( Å ) are
pronounced as X (Î) and not as ‘so’. This is a
unique characteristic of the Assamese language.
When the Baptist Missionaries in the early
nineteenth century encountered the Assamese
language for the first time, they duly observed the
Assamese X (Î) sound and opined correctly that
Assamese has the unique X (Î) sound which is
similar to the Greeks. It may be noted here that
none of the non-Aryan languages in the North East
(Bodo, Tai, Meitei, Kuki and other Tibeto-Burman
or Naga-Kuki languages) has any sound similar to
this X (Î) sound. In fact many ethnic groups in the
North have problem in pronouncing the X (Î)
sound correctly. In this context it may be mentioned
that the Sylheti language has this X sound which
is pronounced as h. When Mr Benudhar Rajkhowa
was a magistrate in the district of Sylhet, he wrote
a book titled Notes on the Sylheti Dialect in 1913.
There he showed that the Sylheti language was
more similar to the Assamese than to the Bengali.
He specially noted that the Sylheti people
pronounce the sibilants S as X ( Î ) like the
Assamese. However, they lean towards /h/ and they
say hi (As. xi), hou (As. xou), heito (As. xeito) etc.
unlike the Bengalees. Mr Benudhar Rajkhowa also
came across an old Sylheti manuscript of Padma
Puran written in old Assamese script.
About this X (Î) sound, Dr. Suniti Kumar
Chatterjee, the leading Indian philologist,
remarked, “The change of initial, intervocal and
final (sibilants) to the gluteral spirant X (Î) in
Assamese is something remarkable and is
paralleled by what we see in Singhalese and
Kashmiri. This is also noticeable in Iranian,
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
Hellenic and Celtic” In many languages this
original Indo-European X (Î) sound was lost which
either evolved to s, kh or h. According to Kaliram
Medhi, a great Assamese scholar, “The Assamese
pronunciation of the sibilants is peculiar in
Assamese, and evidently a relic of pre Vedic Aryan
pronunciation.” Dimbeswar Neog another
Assamese scholar also agrees, “Next to the above
peculiarities is the Asamiya X (Î) pronunciation
of the sibilants which also must have been brought
by the Early Aryans called the Mediterranean.”
The X (Î) sound was there in the pre-Vedic Aryan
language also before the evolution of the classical
Sanskrit language. Dr Suniti Kumar Chatterjee,
writes “It seems that in certain forms of OIA (Old
Indo-Aryan) languages the X (Î) sound was the
actually one employed for S as can be inferred from
a medieval pronunciation of S as /kh/ being the
nearest approximation to the traditional X(Î)’’.
Dimbeswar Neog further writes, “When the Nordic
of Vedic Aryan immigration into India took place
in the second millennium B.C., the X (Î) sound as
in Asamiya was prominent. Chatterjee thinks that
“tatax kim” was the actual pronunciation at the
time of the Rig Veda. It came to be pronounced as
“tatah kim” in later times owing to the loss of X
( Î ) sound due to non-Aryan influence
predominating over the Aryan. But it remained
almost intact in the Dardic or Pisaci speech which
like the Asamiya is a language of the outer band.”
Mr Neog shows that this X (Î) sound was
there in the Bengali language till the eighteenth
century. Citing an Benglo-Portuguese Dictionary
which was published in Lisbon in 1743 with the
spelling x for X (Î) pronunciation in the title, Mr
Neog commented, “....the Asamiya X ( Î )
pronunciation lingered in Bengal until at least the
middle of eighteenth century from the earliest times
even through the “Caryas” and “Krishna Kirtan”
etc. Perhaps even to-day the state of Bengal has
two distinct cross currents of their speech - the
lower and deeper being that of old Asomiya or
Kamrupi, and the upper and the surface current
being that of modern or standard Bengali so called.
As for the X (Î ) pronunciation, it has mostly
changed to H as in East Bengal”.
/ 42
 How this sound came to Assam ? According formless God. It is interesting to note that even today
to one theory, it was carried by the early immigrants Assamese culture has some striking correspondence
who were the Alpine Aryans from the with the old Persian culture as found in Zend-Avesta.
Mediterranean. “During the third millennium The Persian language has also some
B.C.the Alpine immigration poured into India, one correspondence with the Assamese language in
branch of them moving toward the western coast many respects including the common X (Î) sound
of India through the Indus valley and the other which is pronounced as /h/ like the Sylheti language.
branch pushing towards Eastern India.” They Scholars have now correctly identified this
must have come through the foothills of the unique Assamese sound to be a ‘veller fricative’
Himalayas bypassing the mainland India. sound. Dr. Banikanata Kakaoty, states that in
Assamese language bears some interesting Assamese it is an ‘unvoiced velar fricative’ sound.
correspondence to some languages of the Dr Golok Ch Goswami describes it as a “velar
Himalayan foothills. It is also probable that some voiceless aspirant’. The International Phonetic
of them came through one of the northern trade Association (IPA), has identified all the sounds of
routes thru Tibet and Bhutan, which were in all the languages in the world and have assigned
common use in those times. The X (Î) sound has some unique symbols. The IPA symbol of the ‘velar
also been retained by some people in Rajasthan fricative’ sound as found in Assamese and other
and other western states. languages is the Roman letter X. (See IPA Chart).
Thus we see
that this X ( Î )
sound in Assamese
is not something
which developed
in Assam, nor it is
a sound which was
inherited from any
of the non-
Aryan languages
in Assam, but it
simply marks an
earlier Indo-
European pre-
Vedic heritage.
Thus our
A s s a m e s e
language is a
unique language
which is one of the
few which still
retains this X (Î)
sound. It is
obvious that in
Assam we have this sound from the early days of Some of the Indo-European languages have
Narakaxura and before who belongs to an Axura retained this sound although today in each language,
(Sans : Asura) tribe which is an earlier pre-Vedic the actual pronunciation is slightly different. In the
Aryan group; the main branch of this group European languages this sound is spelled either as x
immigrated to Persia and later established the or ch. In the Greek language it is spelled as x as in
worship of the supreme deity, Ahura Mezda as the the word Xarish (meaning favor). In the Russian
43 / /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
language it is spelled as x as in the words Xrushchev to adopt a standard Roman letter for this sound. The
or Chexov. In the German language it is spelled as absence of a formal Romanized adoption of this sound
ch as in the words Dach (meaning roof) or Bach in Assamese has created a serious problem. It inhibits
(meaning brook). In Scottish language also this the Assamese to express this proper Assamese sound
sound is there, and is spelled, like the Germans, as through the Roman script. As a result, at present, all
ch as in the word Loch (meaning hole). Assamese proper names are being written and
However, that is not all. Philologists tell us pronounced in rather Anglicized form, the way the
that this X (Î) sound was there in our familiar British had presented these to us in the nineteenth
English language too. Commenting on this sound, century, than in Roman script. We therefore invariably
Mr Robert Claiborne states, “Just as English syntax write Sibsagar, Hukanguri, Simaluguri and
has changed over the centuries, so have English Hapekhati, not to speak of hundreds of other such
phonetics and English vocabulary. Thus the sound Assamese words. Not only that. Now a days, we even
we write as ch (as in “church”) appeared in English carry these Anglicized expressions further and write
only about fifteen hundred years back, while the words like Asom, Parishad, Satra etc for the
guttural sound /kh/ disappeared about five hundred Assamese words etc. Needless to say, none of these
years ago (except in Scotland where it is spelled ch words express the correct Assamese pronunciation.
as in : It’s a braw, bricht moonlight nicht).”(“Our We have already lost this sound from such words as
Marvelous Native Tongue”, p 17,). Other linguistics Das, Sharma, Saikia, Sibsagar, Satyen and others.
agree with Mr Claiborne. “There were other Unless the Assamese develop a keen awareness of
changes as well, most notably the loss of the Old the situation, I fear that within another few decades,
English sound /x/, which in technical terms, was a we will probably call ourselves proud Osomiya instead
voiceless labiodental fricative - or to you and me of Oxomiya.
the throat-clearing sound of /ch/ in Scottish “Loch” In order to retain this unique Assamese sound,
or German “Ach”. (“The Mother Tongue : English Assamese should take proper steps. First, in
& How it Got That Way” - Bill Bryson; p 93). keeping with the IPA (International Phonetic
From the ancient past, the Aryan roots of the Association) this sound should be represented by
Assamese language has retained the X (Î) sound even the letter X. Assamese should start writing this
after great assimilation with various other linguistic sound in their many words which have this sound.
groups of the Tibeto-Burman family. However, during Thus the correct spelling of the word Assam in
the last two hundred years, we are fast loosing this Assamese should be OXOM. There has been some
unique sound with the advent of the British since 1826. attempt to write the word with the spelling ASOM.
This is happening for several reasons. First under the Needless to say that the spelling ASOM does not
Anglicized western influence on one hand, and due represent the proper Assamese pronunciation and
to over Sanskritization of the Assamese language in this will be a sure way to kill one’s own language.
the modern period on the other, many educated Same applies to many other words such as
Assamese are confused about the real significance of Sankaradeva, Satriya and many others which
the X (xo) sound. The Assamese have therefore failed should be spelled a Xongkordeb, Xotriya etc.
References
1) Assamese Grammar and Origin of the Assamese Language – Kaliram Medhi. 2) The Background of Assamese Culture
– R. M. Nath . 3) Oxomia Bhaxar Moulik Bisar – Debanad Bharali 4) Assamese-Its Formation and Development – Dr
Banikanta Kakoty 5) Structure of Assamese – Dr Golok Chandra Goswami 6) Origin and Development of Bengali
Language – S. K. Chatterjee 7) Assamese Grammar and Origin of the Assamese Language – Kaliram Medhi. 8) The
Origin and Growth of Asomiya Language – Dimbeswar Neog 9) A History of India – A.F.Rudolf Hoernle & Herbert A.
Stark 10) Asamiya Barna Prakash – Dr Golokchandra Goswami. 11) The Mother Tongue : English & How it Got That
Way – Bill Bryson 12) Our Marvelous Native Tongue – Mr Robert Claiborne
(The author, an engineer by profession, is a freelance writer and writes on various cultural, linguistic and
religious issues of Assam and India. Sri Barua lives in Houston, Texas, USA. He is also the founder Chairman
of the NGO called, Friends of Assam and Seven Sisters (FASS). To know more about his works please visit :
www.friendsofassam.org)
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
/ 44
 It was 8pm on 31 st Dec., 2008. My
daughter was busy with some of her friends
preparing for their night long celebration of the
New Year eve. My wife was busy as usual in
her kitchen. I eased myself off in front of the
TV with a cup of tea. Unfortunately the horrible
programmes on the TV would not let me watch
them and I have decided to sit in front of my
PC instead to check if there was any important
mail coming. As I opened the mail box I hardly
realized that there was a big new year present
waiting for me in the form of an acceptance
letter from the organizers of the “SPIE
international Conference on Photonics” to be
held at Prague, Czech Republic from 20 – 23
April, 2009. Initially I could not believe my
luck. SPIE (Society for Photo-Optical
Instrumentation Engineers-USA) is a
Pioneering organization devoted to most
advanced Photonics research in the world and
it sets such high standard for itself that it is
almost next to impossible thing to get their nod
affirmatively. That way it was a big
achievement for me to get selected for
presentation of my paper in their conference.
My joy knew no bound at that time.
After the initial hangover of the news, it
45 /
was time for me to initiate all the preparations that
were necessary for anyone embarking upon an
international trip. It started with a seven hour long
uninterrupted queue at the passport office,
Guwahati. One needs to go there to get an idea
about the plight of the passport seekers at the RPO,
Guwahati. However most of the stuffs of the office
were very sincere and hard working. It was just
improper and inadequate infrastructure that made
everyone’s life hell out there. After the passport it
was time for the VISA, advanced Hotel Booking,
Registration etc. The VISA rules for entry to any
European country are very strict, especially after
the 9-11 incident and if you are from a place not in
the good book of the international community, they
would refuse you the visa at any pretext and that
was almost the case with me as well. Above all I
did not have enough money with me at that point
of time to meet with such huge expenses, had it
not been for some of my friends and also my wife
I would never have availed this golden opportunity
coming my way. With financial help from them I
first got registered on-line for the conference.
Unlike in India the registration fee there was a huge
545 Euro (≈ Rs. 37,000/-). Similarly the hotels
were very costly (about 80 to 100Euro per person
per night) and I had to book it in advance to meet
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
with the visa specifications. Then came the booking
of air ticket. There is no direct flight to Prague from
India, so after a detailed search I have opted for
the Delhi – Frankfurt – Prague flight route as it
suited my travel plans. For the two way flight I
had to pay Rs. 51,000/- plus another Rs.14, 000/-
for Dibrugarh – Delhi and back journey. On 15th
April I boarded the plane to Delhi as my Visa was
not ready yet and the Czech Embassy had asked
me to appear before them for an interview.
In Delhi I stayed for couple of days at the
flat of Mr. Malay Kishore Dutta, who happened to
be one of my most talented and adorable students.
Malay and his wife Indu took great care of me
during my stay at their place. On 20th April I got
the Visa and the same night I boarded my flight
for Frankfurt. In fact the Air India airbus to
Frankfurt was scheduled to fly at 1-10 am next
morning, but I arrived at the Delhi International
airport (Indira Gandhi International Airport) well
in advance as that was for the first time I was
boarding an international flight and I was basically
not familiar with the huge amount of the formalities
that I had to go through at the airport. Slowly and
steadily I have tried to follow what the other
passengers had been doing and by frequently taking
the help from the ever busy flight attendants, I went
through the processes like check–in, passport and
immigration control, security check etc. Before
that I had converted some Indian currencies to
Euro. In Czech Republic they mostly use their own
currency “Karuna” but in the airports, Taxi stands
etc you can use Euros as well. In Delhi Airport no
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
money exchanger would provide me with the
Czech currency, but then I had my VISA debit card
with me so I knew that once I get a money changing
machine at Prague, I would have enough Czech
Karuna for my use. All those formalities took
almost four hours mostly due to my ignorance and
also to a certain extent due to heavy traffic even at
that hour.
After completion of my final security check
it was time for us to wait in the lounge for the
departure. I was terribly exhausted mainly due to
the heat of Delhi and pressure of going abroad
alone for the first time to present paper on an
international platform started telling on me. I was
sitting alone in a corner of the suffocating lounge
feeling pretty lonely and awed by the occasion.
Starting from such a humble background to get
recognition at the international arena was
something that I found really hard to believe at
that time. At the same time I was really scared also.
What if I fail to convince the experts over there, or
what if they simply laugh at my work? All those
thoughts and tiredness made me very sick and weak
from inside. But at the top of it I knew that I cannot
go back empty-handed from here. At least I cannot
disappoint all those well wishers back home. So I
gathered strength and kept waiting. At last the call
for boarding the plane came and everybody hustled
towards the boarding gate. Here again after a long
queue, of which I was the last, all of us finally
boarded the plane. It was a huge airbus, and my
seat was towards its wings. I was so tired that after
boarding the plane I fell deep asleep.
Our plane landed at Frankfurt at around 6
am. From Frankfurt my flight to Prague was in a
/ 46
small plane of Lufthansa Airlines. I had two hours
of transit time in my hand and normally it is
sufficient enough time for a transit. Along with the
other transit passengers I had been guided by one
very smart German attendant in his twenties. He
first briefed us about the formalities for transit
passengers, then gave us the counter numbers, the
terminal gate numbers and finally showed us the
direction in which we needed to go to find the
counters. He then left us with a bright smile. Once
he left I was on my own, and then I started realizing
how big that Frankfurt Airport’s international
terminal could be. I, along with other passengers
virtually ran for almost twenty minutes through that
endless building to arrive at the Passport and
customs check counters. The tough and scary
looking customs officers very promptly cleared me
after asking few questions and showed me the way
to the security check gate. Looking around I again
realized that it was time for another sprint as my
clock showed that almost one hour had elapsed
since my arrival at the airport. With many others I
again started moving very fast through the tube
like tunnels (air conditioned of course) and after
another ten – fifteen minutes of virtual running,
finally I saw the Security check gates at a very
distant corner of the building. By this time I have
realized what it takes to change a flight at an
international airport. Any way, at the security check
point it was a heavy rush and after an hour long
queue I finally got through the security check with
a deep sense of relief we all boarded the plane
meant for us. At 8-30 am the plane left for Prague.
Once the plane took off I eased off at my seat and
started looking
through the
window to get a
view of the
Frankfurt city. It
was such a
beautiful and awe
inspiring sight! In
the mean time the
airhostess started
distributing
breakfast and
47 /
drinks to us. I took one burger and a bottle of apple
juice and by the time we finished our breakfast the
pilot started preparing the plane for landing at
Prague International Airport.
In Prague it was summer time but the normal
temperature was a chilly 100C. I was told that in
winter the whole city is completely covered by
snow and the temperature goes down to as low as
– 200C. After coming out of the airport I boarded
a share -taxi and the driver dropped me in front of
my hotel after almost an hour. On my way to the
hotel I could see the glimpses of the heavenly
beauty of the city and the landscape formed by the
Vtlava (Moldau) River, which is flowing down
the heart of the city. After boarding the hotel room,
I straightaway went to the conference building,
which was just one metro stop away from my hotel.
The “Prague Congress Center”, in which the
conference was going on, was a huge building and
was in a very high security zone as it frequently
hosts summits of European Union and NATO etc.
After entering the building and passing through
the security-check, I completed the registration
formalities and entered the hall in which the
presentation of my section (Nonlinear Optics) was
going on. The main theme of the conference was
Photonics and it had nine sub themes. Nonlinear
Optics was one of the subthemes. Total six hundred
scientists and technological wizards from all over
the world took part in it and it was an awesome
experience for me to be a part of the whole
extravaganza. I had two presentations, one was
st nd
scheduled for 21 April and the other for 22 April.
The theoretical part of my paper was well
appreciated by the
participants, especially by
Prof. Kato of Photonics
lab. Japan; however my
experimental works
appeared to be not at par
with the international
standard.
After my
presentation I received the
certificate from the
organizer and immediately
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
went out to explore the city. It was an extremely
beautiful and well maintained city having small
population. The whole city is a major tourist
attraction having many famous tourist spots. During
summer the whole city is flocked by tourist from all
over the Europe, mostly British and German. The
people were very nice, fun loving and extremely
beautiful. Due to paucity of time and mainly due to
the language problem (everybody speaks their own
language only and have repulsion towards
English), I could cover only a small part of the city.
However I was lucky enough to visit some of the
most important historical spots and bring back their
memories in my camera.
Below I have given a very brief description
of the sites that I have visited.

the original clockwork has been in operation from

the beginning to the present time for six centuries,
and even the astronomical dial shaped like an
astrolabe survives in the original form.
Here, I’m in the middle of the picture with
two co-participants, one of them is Prof. Kato
1. Tyn Cathedral : It
(right) of Japan, who heads the Photonics Dept. of
is a 12 century church
Photonics Lab, Japan.
at Prague Old Town
Square. It is basically 3.Mozart Museum : It
a huge brick structure is the place where
with two big identical Mozart lived for few
towers and a huge pure gold structure of Virgin years and created some
Mary that can be seen from miles away. of his famous
symphonies. It is now
2. Astronomical converted into a
Clock : It the most museum. However I
famous tourist could not go inside it as
attraction in the by the time I visited the
whole Czech place, it was closed.
Republic. It was built
in 1490 by the
4. The Belvedere Palace: It is an old palace
clockmaker Mikulas
renovated and beautifully maintained. I could not
of Kadan in
gather much
collaboration with
information
Jan Ondrejuv called
on this. The
Sindel, professor of
first picture
mathematics and astronomy of Prague Charles
is a photo of
University. At the turn of the hour it puts on a minute
the palace
long show with apostles moving out of the window
taken more
to the left of the clock. The four figures to either
than a
side of the top clock face represent Vanity, Greed (a
century
Jewish money-lender), Death, and a Pagan Invader
back and
(a Turk); around the bottom clock face are a
the second
Chronicler, Angel, Astronomer and Philosopher.
one (below)
It is one of the oldest European clocks of its
was taken
kind. It is unique in being the oldest of those where
by me.

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

/ 48
 5. Vtlava (Moldau) River : It is the river that flows
through the entire city. With beautiful banks,
migratory birds, stealthily moving canoes and
Gorgeous motor launches it looked like a scenic
masterpiece of God. Despite flowing through the
entire city, it is totally free from any sort of pollution
that a big city can cause to a river. There are many
beautiful bridges built at different time on the river.
I could see the tourists and the locals relaxing with
a bottle of beer or juice almost everywhere on the
riversides – quietly, without making any noise.
After moving around the city for more than so much to tell them about my performance at an
one and half day finally it was time for me to say international platform! My plane left at morning 6-
good bye to the most beautiful place I have ever 30 am on 24th April from Prague and after changing
been to and after checking out of my hotel, I took a the flight at Frankfurt I finally boarded our Air India
taxi to the airport to board my plane back to India. flight to Delhi at 9-30 am the same day and finally
On my way back to the airport the taxi driver kept our flight touched down at Delhi at 9 pm.
talking to me in his own English about his country, If I someone asked me to choose from the
the Soviet dominance, the Vietnamese refugees and things that I have gathered from the brief stint at
so on, but I was absolved deep in my own thoughts, Prague, I would definitely list them according to
I just could not figure out if I was sad or happy, priority as: my research exposure at international
perhaps it was a mixture of both. I was sad as I had arena, the honesty and love that those people have
to part with this beautiful city, which gave me so for their country, strict adherence to rules and
much fame and recognition; at the same time I was regulations, utmost effort to maintain cleanliness
happy, as I was going back to my own people with and hygiene and love for their mother tongue.
(The author teaches Physics in the College)
(53 šõˡ๠š¹à)
‘¹ç¡[W¡>à= A¡à³¹ê¡šã’(?)¹ 1810 W¡>¹ ŦìA¡àÈJ>
"à³àA¡ ÎÒàÚ A¡[¹¤ &Òü '[t¡Òà[ÎA¡ ¤¸[v¡û¡\>A¡ [¤W¡à[¹ &Òü ŦìA¡àÈJ> Î}A¡º> A¡[¹[áº, ët¡[t¡Úà* "γ¹
l¡ü[ºÚà¤îº¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ "àNøÒãÎA¡ìº "γãÚà \àt¡ãÚ "[®¡‹à> ë¤[º³à¹ Ò’¤¹ ë>ï ; ÒüÚàr¡à¤å Î[Þê¡îº, ¤õ[i¡á¹ šƒt¡ºîº
šøA¡¿, "γ \àt¡ãÚ šøA¡àÅ, "àJ¹àQ¹, ³àìºï"à[º, ™à¤îº ët¡[t¡Úà* "à³à¹ 16 ¤á¹ ¤àA¡ã¡ú 18 Å[t¡A¡à¹
ë™à¹Òài¡-785 001 &Òü [k¡A¡>àt¡ l¡àA¡ì™àìK, "=¤à ëÅÒ®¡àK¹ &\> "γãÚàÒü l¡üî>á Å[t¡A¡à¹ "àK®¡àKt¡
94353-51255 ³’¤àÒüº ëó¡à>t¡ ë™àKàì™àK A¡ì¹ ë™>, ™åP¡ìt¡à¯à ŦìA¡àÈJì> šøA¡àŹ ³åJ ë>ìƒJàîA¡ìÚ Aå¡[¹
&ìÚ šøà=¢>à¡ú "¯ìŸ Òü* ÎòW¡à ë™ ëŸG[šìÚ¹¹ ¹W¡>à[J[> Å[t¡A¡à "[t¡yû¡³ A¡[¹ &îA¡á Å[t¡A¡àt¡ šøì¤Å A¡[¹ìº ; њŢ
™[ƒ ëŸG[šìÚì¹ [>[º[J "à> ëA¡àì>à¤àÒü [º[J[áº, A¡[¹ìº Òü[t¡Òàι ëºìJì¹ W¡à[¹i¡à Å[t¡A¡à "à¹ç¡ šèo¢ A¡[¹¤îº
ët¡[t¡Úà* t¡à¹ P¡¹ç¡â« "à¹ç¡ ³Òw ³åìk¡* >A¡ì³¡ú *ºàº ƒåi¡à δšèo¢ Å[t¡A¡à¡ú
\àt¡ãÚ "[®¡‹à>¹ šøA¡àÅ Û¡oìt¡ Qi¡>àyû¡ì³ 2010 W¡>¹ š[Òºà \à>å¯à[¹¹ [ƒ>à [™
&ÒüJ> ŦìA¡àÈì¹à ƒåÅ ¤á¹ šèo¢ Ò’¤ ³åÒèt¢¡t¡ "γãÚà \àt¡ãÚ "[®¡‹à>J> šøA¡àÅ íÒ *ºà¤, ëÎÒü
1810 W¡>t¡ ë™[t¡Úà ‘¹ç¡[W¡>à= A¡à³¹ê¡šã’ (?) ëÚ ³åÒtè ¡¢ ìt¡ ‘¹ç¡[W¡>à=’¹ ŦìA¡àÈJ>ì¹à [‡Åt¡¤È¢ "๴± Ò’¤¡ú
([ºJA¡ ë™à¹Òài¡ ³Òà[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ Òü}¹à\ã ®¡àÈà "à¹ç¡ Îà[Òt¡¸¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡¡ú ¤× Nø”‚¹ šøìot¡à&Òü ëºJA¡ ‘&A¡º¤¸ šøA¡àÅ>’¹
A¡o¢‹à¹¡ú ¤t¡¢³à> ët¡*ò &A¡ ¤õÒ; ‘"γãÚà \àt¡ãÚ "[®¡‹à>’ šøoÚo¹ A¡à³t¡ ¤¸Ñz "àìá¡ú &Òü [¤ÈìÚ [¤Ñzõt¡ \à[>¤îº
www.assamesedictionary.org t¡ W¡à*A¡¡ú &Òü ¹W¡>à ‘šøà[”zA¡’¹, 1 "àKÊ¡, 2008 Î}J¸à¹ š¹à ët¡*ò¹ ">å³[t¡
ÎàìšìÛ¡ šèo@ ³è[‰t¡¡ú)
49 / /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
 ë™à¯à &i¡à ƒÅA¡ì¹à "[‹A¡ A¡àº "à[³ [™ ‘"γãÚà
\àt¡ãÚ "[®¡‹à>’¹ A¡à³t¡ ¤øt¡ã íÒ "àìáòà, t¡àì¹à ëšø¹oà
"à[³ šø=ì³ šàÒü[áìºà ƒåÅ ¤á¹¹ "àK¹ &J> "γãÚà
"[®¡‹à>¹ šøÎ}K¹š¹à¡ú "γãÚà \à[t¡ Kk¡> šø[yû¡Úà
δšA¢¡ãÚ Kì¯Èoà A¡[¹¤îº íKìÚÒü "A¡Ñ¶àìt¡ Òàt¡t¡
š[¹[Ạ"à¦åá áàv¡à¹¹ ëi¡àA¡à δ¬[ºt¡ l¡0 ³[Úƒåº Òüáºà³
¤¹à¹ šø¤Þê¡ &i¡à¡ú ‘>¯™åK’ "àìºàW¡>ãt¡ šøA¡à[Åt¡ ëÎÒü
ëºJàìi¡à "¯ìŸ 1932 W¡>¹ ‘"à¯àÒ>’t¡ (3 Ú ¤á¹,
9³ Î}J¸à, "àÒà¹, 1854 Å’A¡) šø=³ šøA¡àÅ šàÒü[ạú
(‘>¯™åK’, 28 "àÒà¹, 1888 ÅA¡, 13 \åºàÒü, 1966;
δšàƒA¡ l¡0 ¤ãì¹–ƒø A塳๠®¡jàW¡à™¢ ‰Ê¤¸)¡ú
"γ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à δšèo¢ "¯Kt¡ @
šøàÚ ƒåÅ ¤á¹ "àK¹ ëÎÒü "γãÚà "[®¡‹à>J>¹
δšìA¢¡ "γ¹ ¹àÒü\A¡ šø=³ \>àÒü[Ạl¡0 ³[Úƒåº Òüáºà³
¤¹àÒü, [™ 1940 W¡>t¡ "γ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à¹ ë™à¹Òài¡
"[‹ì¤Å>t¡ ή¡àš[t¡â« A¡[¹[ạú ëA¡¯º [γàì>Òü >ÒÚ,
"[®¡‹à>J>¹ [¤ÈìÚ ("à[\îºìA¡ "à[³ \>à ³ìt¡) Τ¢š=ø ³
ëºJàìi¡àt¡ l¡0 ¤¹àÒü íA¡[Ạ– ‘‘"ºš [ƒ>¹ "àKìt¡ ³Òü
[¤ºàt¡t¡ =àìAò¡àìt¡ &J[> "γãÚà "[®¡‹à> Òü[r¡Úà "[ó¡á¹
šå[=®ò¡¹àºt¡ ëƒ[J¤îº šàÒü[áìºà¡ú &Òü šå[=J[> ¹ç¡[W¡>à=
A¡à³¹ê¡šã¹‡à¹à 1810 JøãÊ¡à¦t¡ ¹[W¡t¡ íÒ[ạú
"[®¡‹à>J[>t¡ šàt¡[> "à[ƒ >=A¡à¹ A¡à¹ìo Nø”A‚ ¡t¢¡à¹ [¤ÈìÚ
[¤ìÅÈ \à[>¤ š¹à >Ò’º¡ú ët¡ìJt¡¹ >à³¹ šàát¡ A¡à³¹ê¡šã
"àJ¸à =A¡à¹š¹à ¤å\à ™àÚ ë™ ët¡ìJt¡ A¡à³¹ê¡š¹ ³à>åÒ¡ú &Òü
šø¤Þê¡t¡ "[®¡‹à>J[>¹ Îà‹à¹o [¤¯¹o [ƒ¤îº "àK¤à[Øn¡ìºà¡ú
ÒüÚ๠γàìºàW¡>à "à[ƒ šàáîº Ñ‚[Kt¡ ¹Jà Ò’º¡ú "γ
Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡àÒü &Òü šå[=¹ [¤ÈìÚ "ºš W¡A¡å [ƒ¤ šàì¹, "à¹ç¡
Îå[¤‹à ë™> ëƒ[Jìº šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹¤îº ëW¡Ê¡à A¡¹à l¡[ü W¡t¡ ú’’
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
l¡üìÀJì™àK¸ ë™ 1940 W¡>t¡ l¡0 ¤¹à "γ Îà[Òt¡¸
ή¡à¹ ή¡àš[t¡ ÒÚ¡ú [A¡”ñ ή¡àÒü ët¡ìJt¡¹ ëÎÒü "àÔà>t¡ ÎòÒà[¹
>\>à캡ú ³> A¡[¹¤ºKãÚà ë™ ëÎÒü šø¤Þê¡ìi¡à šøA¡àÅ ëšà¯à
‘"à¯àÒ>’¹ šøA¡àÅA¡ "à[ẠÎà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à¹ "à> &\> ή¡àš[t¡
>ìK–ƒø >à¹àÚo ëW¡ï‹å¹ã (1931 W¡>¹ "[‹ì¤Å>¹ ή¡àš[t¡;
"=¢à; l¡0 ¤¹à¹ šø¤Þê¡ šøA¡àÅ ëšà¯à γڹ ή¡àš[t¡¡ú ëW¡ï‹å¹ã¹
A¡à™¢A¡àº "à[Ạ1933 W¡>îºìA¡¡)¡ú
"γ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à¹ "à> &\> ή¡àš[t¡ ë¤o勹 ų¢à*
"[®¡‹à>J>¹ [¤ÈìÚ "¯Kt¡ "à[ạú t¡=¸¹ l¡ü;Π΃[¹
>A¡[¹ìº* &i¡à šø¤Þê¡t¡ ët¡ìJìt¡ [º[J[ẖ ‘‘l¡àv¡û¡¹ ëóø¡[e¡á
¤åA¡à>> áàÒठ"γ š[¹°³o A¡[¹¤îº "àìÒòàìt¡ ¹ç¡[W¡>à=
>àì³ì¹ &\> A¡à³¹ê¡šãÚàÒü "=¢à; A¡à³¹ê¡š-A¡à³àJ¸à¹ ëºàìA¡
1810 W¡>t¡ &J> ŦìA¡àÈ [º[J[ạú šå[=J>t¡ ®¡àÈà¹
í¤ÚàA¡¹[oA¡ [>Ú³ ¤à š‡ý¡[t¡¹ &ìA¡à l¡üìÀJ >à[áº; "à[áº
ëA¡¯º >à³[> "γt¡ ¤¸¯Ò๠ëÒà¯à [A¡áå³à> Ŧ¹ ¤R¡ºà
šø[t¡Å¦¡ú’’ ("[®¡‹à>-ëºìJòàt¡à ‘\àƒå¹à³ ël¡A¡à¤¹ç¡¯à’,
"à¯àÒ>, 3 Ú ¤á¹, 12 Å Î}J¸à, 1854 Å’A¡, "=¢à;
1932 W¡>)¡ú ų¢àìƒì¯ "àK¤ìØn¡à¯à t¡=¸[J[>t¡ ®¡àìºìA¡Òüi¡à
®å¡º "àìá, ë™ì> – &ÒüJ> ‘ëA¡¯º >à³[> "γt¡ ¤¸¯Òà¹
ëÒà¯à’ Ŧ¹ ëA¡àÈ >ÒÚ ; [‡t¡ãÚìt¡ ÒüÚàt¡ ëA¡àì>à ‘¤R¡ºà
šø[t¡Å¦’* >àÒü¡ú Òüó¡àìº &Òü šø¤Þê¡ìi¡à ‘"à¯àÒ>’t¡ *ìºà¯à¹
γÚìt¡à ‘"à¯àÒ>’¹ šøA¡àÅA¡\ì>Òü Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡àì¹à ή¡àš[t¡
"à[ạú "à>Òàìt¡ ë¤o勹 ų¢à¹ &Òü šø¤Þê¡ìi¡à šàát¡ ‘ë¤o勹
ų¢à ¹W¡>௺㒹 tõ¡t¡ãÚ Jr¡t¡ šøA¡àÅ šàÚ (1983)¡ú ëÎÒü
¹W¡>௺㹠">¸t¡³ δšàƒA¡ "à[ẠÎà[Òt¡¸ ή¡àì¹Òü "à¹ç¡
ƒåK¹àA¡ã ή¡àš[t¡ ™ì`¡Å«¹ ų¢à "à¹ç¡ l¡0 ¤ãì¹–ƒø A塳à¹
®¡j¡àW¡à™¢¡ú
[™ [A¡ >Ò*A¡, ë¤o勹 ų¢àÒü l¡üìÀJ A¡¹à l¡àv¡û¡¹ ëóø¡[e¡á
/ 50
¤åA¡à>>¹ š³ ëJ[ƒìÚÒü "à[³ [¤W¡à[¹ ºìºà ëóø¡[e¡á ëÒ[³Âi¡>¹
An Account of Assam¡ú l¡üìÀJì™àK¸ ë™ l¡à@¡ ¤åA¡à>ì>Òü
1815 W¡>t¡ Òü}ìºr¡t¡ ³àA¡¹ Îà-δš[v¡¹ l¡üv¡¹à[‹A¡à¹ã íÒ
[>\¹ šè¤¹¢ l¡üšà[‹ κàÒü ëÒ[³Âi¡> ÒÚ ¤å[º Òüsi¡à¹ì>i¡¹ Îèyt¡
šø A ¡àÅ (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ Francis-
Buchanan-Hamilton.) ëÎÒü Nø”J ‚ > "γ¹ ¤å¹gã "à¹ç¡
šå¹àt¡w "‹¸Ú> [¤®¡àìK 1940 W¡>¹š¹à [t¡[>¤à¹îA¡ šøA¡àÅ
A¡[¹ "à[Òìá¡ú 1940 W¡>¹ šø=³ Î}ÑH¹o¹ šàt¡[>ìt¡ ëÎÒü
[¤®¡àK¹ Îe¡àºA¡ l¡0 Î虢 A塳๠®è¡d¡àÒü \>àÒü[áº ë™ An
Account of Assam "¹ ¤àìƒ* ‘¤åA¡à>>-ëÒ[³Âi¡> šàrå¡[º[š
Î}NøÒ’¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ "à[Ạ(1) &J> A¡à³¹ê¡š¹ ¤å¹gã ([™J>
ëÎÒü [¤®¡àìK 1930 W¡>t¡ šøA¡àÅ A¡ì¹), (2) ‘¹ç¡[W¡>à= A¡à³¹ê¡šã¹
‡à¹à 1810 W¡>t¡ šøÑtñ ¡ ëÎÒü "γãÚà A¡à³¹ê¡šã ŦìA¡àÈJ>,
[™J> l¡0 ®è¡d¡àÒü ºr¡>¹ Òü[r¡Úà "[ó¡á ºàÒüì¤ø[¹¹š¹à Î}NøÒ
A¡[¹ "à[>[áº, "à¹ç¡ (3) Òü}¹à\ã, "γãÚà, ¤à}ºàìA¡ ‹[¹ >i¡à
®¡àÈà¹, 1800 Ŧ¹ &J> ŦìA¡àÈ¡ú [™ [A¡ >Ò*A¡, "à[³
ë\๠[ƒ¤ Jå[\ìáòà &Òü A¡=àt¡ìÒ ë™ 1940 W¡>¹ [®¡t¡¹ìt¡ l¡0
®è¡d¡à¹ Òàt¡t¡ ëÎÒü ŦìA¡àÈJ>¹ &i¡à šø[t¡[º[š š[¹[ạú
"à>Òàìt¡ ët¡ìJìt¡à "à[Ạ"γ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à¹ ">¸t¡³
ή¡àš[t¡¡ú ¤å¹gã[¤ƒ l¡0 ®è¡d¡àÒü "¯ìŸ &Òü "³èº¸ ŦìA¡àÈJ>¹
[¤ÈìÚ [A¡¤à [¤t¡}îA¡ [ºJ๠[¤ÈìÚ "à[³ \à[>¤ š¹à >àÒü¡ú
ëA¡¯º [γàì>Òü >ÒÚ, "γ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à¹ "à> &\>
ή¡àš[t¡ l¡0 ³ìÒ–ƒø¡ ¤¹à¹ Òàt¡ìt¡à &Òü '[t¡Òà[ÎA¡ ŦìA¡àÈJ>¹
"à¹ç¡ &i¡à šø[t¡[º[š "à[ạú A¡=àìi¡à \>àÒüìá "γ Îà[Òt¡¸
ή¡àì¹ (šøàv¡û¡>) šø‹à> δšàƒA¡ l¡0 ¤Î”z A塳๠ëKàѬà³ãìÚ¡ú
ët¡ìJìt¡ [º[Jìá – ‘‘¹ç¡[W¡>à= A¡à³¹ê¡šã¹ 1810 W¡>¹ "γãÚà
A¡à³¹ê¡šã "[®¡‹à> "šøA¡à[Åt¡¡ú ºr¡>¹ Òü[r¡Úà "[ó¡W¡ ºàÒüì¤ø¹ãt¡
šàrå¡[º[š &i¡à "àìá¡ú ÒüÚ๠&i¡à šø[t¡[º[š ¤å¹gã "à¹ç¡ šå¹àt¡w
[¤®¡àKt¡ "à[ạú šå[=J>¹ šø[t¡[º[š &i¡à l¡0 ³ìÒ–ƒø ¤¹à¹
šå[=®ò¡¹àºt¡ ëƒ[J[áìºà¡ú’’ (‘"[®¡‹à>t¡w’, ë™à¹Òài¡,
1997)¡ú "γ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à¹ ët¡[t¡Ú๠ή¡àš[t¡ l¡0 >ìK>
ÅÒü A ¡ãÚàÒü &Òü J > šå [ =¹ "àKA¡=à [º[J[ạú "=¢ à ;
l¡0 ³ìÒ–ƒø ¤¹à, l¡0 ¤Î”z A塳๠ëKàѬà³ã, l¡0 >ìK> ÅÒüA¡ãÚà
"à[ƒ "γ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à¹ A¡àr¡à¹ãÎA¡º ƒåÅ ¤á¹ šå¹[o "γãÚà
ŦìA¡àÈJ>¹ δšìA¢¡ "¯Kt¡ ë>àìÒà¯à >ÒÚ¡ú ‘"[®¡‹à>t¡w’
ë™ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à¹ šøA¡àÅ>, >A¡’ìº* ÒÚ¡ú
ÒüÚ๠š¹à ëƒJà ™àÚ 1932 W¡>ì¹ š¹à ÎåƒãQ¢ 76 ¤á¹
A¡àº, &i¡à Å[t¡A¡à¹ [t¡[> W¡tå¡=¢à}ŠγÚ, "γ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡à¹
ºKt¡ \[Øl¡t¡ ®¡àìºìA¡Òü\> ë>tõ¡Ñ‚à>ãÚ ¤¸[v¡û¡ &Òü "³èº¸
ŦìA¡àÈJ> δšìA¢¡ "¯Kt¡ "à[ạú "à¹ç¡ Îå[>[ƒ¢Ê®¡àì¯
A¡’¤îº K’ìº "àk¡\>îA¡ ή¡àš[t¡, &\> šø‹à> δšàƒA¡
"à¹ç¡ ƒå\> "[t¡ÅÚ Q[>Ë¡ ëºàìA¡ &Òü δšìA¢¡ \à[>[ạú
ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ "”zt¡@ W¡à[¹\> šøt¡¸Û¡®¡àì¯ Å¦ìA¡àÈJ>¹
51 /
šø[t¡[º[šìi¡àì¹à Îà[Ä‹¸îº "à[Ò[ạú [A¡”ñ "`¡àt¡ A¡à¹ot¡
l¡0 ³[Úƒåº ÒüW¡ºà³ ¤¹à¹ (ºKìt¡ "à¦åá áàv¡à¹) ¤àìƒ "à>
ëA¡àì>* &Òü [¤ÈìÚ "γ¤àÎãA¡ Î[¤ìÅÈ >\>àìº, l¡0 ¤¹àÒü
1932 W¡>ìt¡ ŦìA¡àÈJ> šøA¡àŹ ¤àì¤ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡àîº
\ì>à¯à "àÔàì> 76 ¤á¹ \å[¹ ή¡à¹ ÎòÒà[¹ >àšà캡ú
"Nø\ "à¹ç¡ "¯Kt¡ÎA¡º¹ &Òü [>¹¯t¡àÒü ">å\ÎA¡ºA¡
"àÞê¡à¹ìt¡ ëJ[šÚà¤îº ¤à‹¸ A¡[¹ìº¡ú ‘šøà[”zA¡’¹ ÎÒA¡à¹ã
δšàƒA¡ Òü³¹à> ×ìáÒüì> ‘"à³à¹ "γ’ A¡àA¡t¡t¡ ‘"γãÚà
šø=³ "[®¡‹à>’ ÅãÈ¢A¡ &i¡à šø¤Þê¡ [º[J &Òü ŦìA¡àÈJ>¹
[¤ÈìÚ \à[>¤ Jå[\[Ạ"à¹ç¡ "à>[A¡ "γ Îà[Òt¡¸ ή¡àìA¡à
&Òü [¤ÈìÚ "àK®¡àK º’¤îº "àÔà> \>àÒü[Ạ(3¡ú 9¡ú04
t¡à[¹J¹ ‘"à³à¹ "γ’ ‰Ê¤¸)¡ú [A¡”ñ t¡àì¹à ÎòÒà[¹ ëšà¯à
>K’º¡ú "¯ìŸ "à[³ [>ì\* l¡0 ³[Úƒåº ÒüW¡ºà³ ¤¹à¹
ëºJàìi¡à¹ ¤à[Òì¹ &Òü [¤ÈìÚ &ìA¡àì¯Òü >à\à[>[áìºà¡ú *š¹t¡
l¡ü[À[Jt¡ ë¤[ᮡàK t¡=¸Òü ëÅÒt¡ãÚ஡àì¯ìÒ Î}NøÒ A¡¹à¡ú
"àKìt¡ íA¡ "Òà "γãÚà \àt¡ãÚ "[®¡‹à> [>³¢ào¹
šø[yû¡Úàt¡ ¤øt¡ã Ò’¤îº íK ë¹®¡àì¹r¡ >à=à> ¤øàl¡ü>¹ Gram-
matical Notices of the Assamese Language "¹ 1848
W¡>¹ šø=³ Î}ÑH¹o, Brief Vocabulary in English and
Assamese (Originially by Mrs. Harriet B. L. Cutter
in 1841, Revised by Mrs. S. R. Ward in 1864) "à[ƒ
"àšå¹¡ç KãÚà "à¹ç¡ '[t¡Òà[ÎA¡ P¡¹ç¡â«Î´šÄ Nø”‚ l¡ü‡¡ý ๠A¡[¹[áìºà¡ú
ëÎÒü[¤ºàA¡¹ [¤ÈìÚ ®¡àÈàW¡à™¢ t¡=à "γãÚà \àt¡ãÚ "[®¡‹à>¹
³åJ¸ l¡üšìƒÊà l¡0 ëKàìºàA¡ W¡–ƒø ëKàѬà³ãA¡ \>àÒü[áìºà¡ú ºKìt¡
ÒüÚàìA¡à íA¡[áìºà ë™ ‘¹ç¡[W¡>à= A¡à³¹ê¡šã’ (?)¹ "[®¡‹à>J>ìÒ
"à[³ A¡’ìt¡à [¤W¡à[¹ ëšà¯à >àÒü¡ú ³Òà>审¯ ¤¸[v¡û¡\ì> t¡;Û¡oà;
\>àÒü[áº ë™ t¡à¹ &i¡à šø[t¡[º[š ët¡ìJt¡¹ Òàt¡t¡ "àìá "à¹ç¡
ët¡ìJìt¡ "à>ì–ƒì¹ "à³àìA¡à &i¡à šø[t¡[º[š [ƒ¤¡ú ë™à¯à 21-
6-08 t¡à[¹ìJ ƒå\> Îà}¤à[ƒA¡ ¤Þê¡å [ƒK”z ų¢à "à¹ç¡ [y[ƒ¤
ƒv¡A¡ ºKt¡ íº íK "à[³ l¡0 ëKàѬà³ã¹š¹à šø[t¡[º[šìi¡à íº
"à³à¹ &i¡à ƒÅA¡¹ Îìšà> ë™> Òàt¡t¡ nå¡[A¡ šàÒü[áìºà¡ú l¡0
ëKàѬà³ãìÚ \ì>à¯à³ìt¡ 2002 W¡>t¡ "à>–ƒ¹à³ ¤¹ç¡¯à ®¡àÈà-
A¡ºà-Î}ÑH[õ t¡ Î}Ñ‚àÒü &Òü ŦìA¡àÈJ> ºr¡>¹š¹àÒü ">àÒü[ạú
ët¡[t¡ÚàÒü t¡à¹š¹à &i¡à šø[t¡[º[š ët¡ìJìt¡ A¡¹àÒü íº[ạú
"à[\¹ t¡à[¹Jt¡ (11 \åºàÒü, 2008) šø[t¡[º[šìi¡à
"à³à¹ Òàt¡t¡ š¹à¹ Aå¡[¹ [ƒ> δšèo¢ íÒìá¡ú &Òü Aå¡[¹[ƒ>t¡
ÒüÚàA¡ "”zt¡@ Aå¡[¹¤à¹ š[Øn¡ W¡àÒü ™=àδ±¯ šàìk¡à‡ý¡à¹ A¡[¹ ¤×\>¹
ºKt¡ "àìºàW¡>à A¡[¹ šø=³¤à¹¹ ¤àì¤ ášàÅàºîº [ƒìáòà¡ú
&ÒüìÛ¡yt¡ "à[³ t¡ã¤ø t¡à[Kƒà ">审¯ A¡[¹ìáòà &Òü ¤àì¤Òü [™ìÒtå¡
122 i¡à ¤á¹ "`¡àt¡Îàì¹ (1810-1932), "à¹ç¡ 76 i¡à
¤á¹ (1932-2008) &A¡à}Å "Nø\¹ δšèo¢ `¡àt¡Îàì¹
"šøA¡à[Åt¡ íÒ =A¡à &Òü [¤¹º ŦìA¡àÈJ> &i¡à [ƒ>, &i¡à ³åÒtè ¡¢ *
ºåA¡å ¯àÒü ¹J๠í>[t¡A¡ "[‹A¡à¹ "à³à¹ >àÒü¡ú \à[t¡¹ δš[v¡,
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
\à[t¡¹ Ѭà=¢t¡ \à[t¡¹ Òàt¡t¡ Kt¡à¤Òü ºà[K¤¡ú ÒüÚ๠&i¡à Ŧ*
³ÒàA¡àº¹ A¡¹àº NøàÎt¡ \àÒ ™à¤îº &[¹ [ƒ¤ ë>à¯à[¹¡ú &A¡º¤¸
šøA¡àÅ>¹ ÎÒì™àKt¡ "γ \àt¡ãÚ šøA¡àìÅ ëÎÒü '[t¡Òà[ÎA¡
ƒà[Úâ«ìA¡ šàº> A¡[¹¤îº íºìá¡ú
1810 W¡>¹ šàrå¡[º[šìi¡à @ "à¯Ú[¤A¡ ‹à¹oà¡:
l¡0 ³[Úƒåº Òüáºà³ ¤¹à¹š¹àÒü šàr¡å[º[šìi¡à¹ &i¡à
"à¯Ú[¤A¡ ‹à¹oà "à[³ ºà®¡ A¡[¹¤ šàì¹òà @ ‘‘ÒüÚ๠šøìt¡¸A¡
[š[k¡¹ "àA¡à¹ ƒãQº 10 Òü[e¡ "à¹ç¡ š=à[ºìÚ 7 Òü[e¡¡ú’’
"¯ìŸ l¡0 ¤¹àÒü šå[=J>t¡ 202 šõË¡à ëšà¯à ¤å[º l¡üìÀJ
A¡¹à¹ κ[> "à[³ ³èº ŦìA¡àÈ "}Åìi¡àt¡ 200 šõË¡à "à¹ç¡
[šáó¡àìº ¤¸àA¡¹o Î}yû¡à”zãÚ ái¡à šõˡ๠[®¡t¡¹ì¹ 8, 9, 29,
30, 86, 131, 133, 134, 165 "à¹ç¡ 192-197 -
&Òü 15 šõË¡à "à³à¹ šø[t¡[º[šìi¡àt¡ >à[ạú Î}[ÅÃÊ [™ÎA¡º¹
*W¡¹t¡ &Òü šõË¡àìA¡Òüi¡à "àìá, ¹àÒü\A¡ \ì>à¯à¹ Ѭà=¢ìt¡ "à³àA¡
[ƒ¤îº [>줃> \>àÒüìáòà¡ú ŦìA¡àÈJ>¹ šø[t¡ šõË¡àt¡ KìØl¡
14 i¡àîA¡ Åà¹ã "àìá "à¹ç¡ "à³à¹ Òàt¡t¡ =A¡à 200–15 =
185 šõË¡àt¡ "à[³ Τ¢³kå ¡ 2237 i¡à "γãÚà (A¡à³¹ê¡šãÎÒ)
Ŧ šàÒüìáòà¡ú ÒüÚ๠ºKt¡ ëÒ¹ç¡l¡ü¯à 15 šõˡ๠Ŧδ±à¹ ë™àK
[ƒìº A¡ì³* 2500 Ŧ Ò’¤ ¤å[º ÎÒì\ ">å³à> A¡[¹¤
šà[¹ (ÒüÚ๠[®¡t¡¹t¡ Î}ÑHtõ ¡ Ŧì¤à¹ ‹¹à ëÒà¯à >àÒü)¡ú ëA¡à¯à
¤à׺¸ ë™ "à[\¹š¹à [k¡A¡ ƒåÅ ¤á¹ "àK¹ "à³à¹ ³àtõ¡®¡àÈà¹
2,500 Ŧ "à³à¹ ƒõ[Êt¡ &i¡à ³Òà³èº¸¤à> \àt¡ãÚ Î´šƒ¡ú
"[®¡‹à> ë> ŦìA¡àÈ @ Î}`¡à [¤W¡à[¹¡:
l¡ü[À[Jt¡ šàrå¡[º[šìi¡àt¡ Ŧì¤à¹ ¤o¢à>åyû¡[³A¡®¡àì¯
Îì\à¯à ëÒà¯à >àÒü¡ú ¤¹} [¤ÈÚà>åyû¡[³A¡®¡àì¯ìÒ Î\à¤îº
ëW¡Êà A¡¹à íÒìá¡ú "à>Òàìt¡ ÒüÚ๠šø=³ [Åt¡à>t¡ Î}ÑHõt¡
Ŧì¤à¹ "àìá "à¹ç¡ [‡t¡ãÚ "à¹ç¡ tõ¡t¡ãÚ [Åt¡à>t¡ ™=àyû¡ì³
"àÎà³ã ("=¢à; l¡ü\[> "γãÚà) "à¹ç¡ A¡à³¹ê¡šã ("=¢à; >à³[>
"γ¹) ®¡àÈàt¡ Î}ÑHõt¡ ŦγèÒ¹ Î}`¡à >ÒÚ, šø[t¡Å¦ [ƒÚà
"àìá¡ú ëÎìÚìÒ ÒüÚàA¡ "[®¡‹à> ¤å[º >îA¡ ŦìA¡àÈ ¤å[º
ëA¡à¯àìÒ ™åP¡t¡¡ú [A¡”ñ 79 šõˡ๠šàát¡ Òk¡à; [t¡[>i¡à [Åt¡à>¹
k¡àÒüt¡ ƒåi¡à [Åt¡à> A¡¹à Ò’º¡ú 80 šõË¡àt¡ Î}ÑHõt¡¹ κ[>
"à>ìi¡à [Åt¡à>¹ [Åì¹à>à³à [ƒÚà Ò’º ‘A¡à³¹ê¡š’ (A¡à³¹ê¡šã
>ÒÚ)¡ú š¹¤t¡¢ã 120 i¡à šõˡ๠*š¹t¡ [Åt¡à>¹ ëA¡àì>à
[Åì¹à>à³à >àÒü¡ú "à>Òàìt¡ Î}ÑHõt¡¹ κ[> [™ì¤à¹ Ŧ [ƒÚà
íÒìá, ëÎÒüì¤à¹ A¡à³¹ê¡šã ¤å[º A¡’¤ ë>à¯à[¹, (l¡ü\[>¹)
"γãÚàìÒ ¤å[º¤ šà[¹¡ú ëÎÒü "=¢t¡ l¡0 ³[Úƒåº Òüáºà³
¤¹à¹ ºKìt¡ Îå¹ [³ºàÒü "à[³* A¡’¤ ëJàì\òà ë™ ë¤iå¡šàt¡t¡
¤õ[i¡á W¡àÒà¤\ì> [º[J ë=à¯à¹ ƒì¹ Òü Vocabularies of
the Ashami and Kamrupa Languages >îÒ &J>
Î}ÑHõ[t¡ "γãÚà "[®¡‹à> ¤à ŦìA¡àÈìÒ¡ú
ŦìA¡àÈJ> ™å P ¡t¡à*ò ì t¡ Î}A¡ºA¡\>¹ A¡ì³*
&¤á¹³à> ºà[K[Ạ¤å[º ">å³à> A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¡ú A¡à¹o šø=³
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
šõˡ๚¹à "àk¡šõË¡à ³à>îºìA¡ ³àì\ ³àì\ (š=à[ºîA¡)
&ìA¡àl¡àº "òàW¡ i¡à[> A¡àÈt¡ 1, 2, 3 íA¡ [º[J ë™à¯à íÒ[áº,
[™ìi¡à &i¡à &i¡à [ƒ>¹ ëºJ ë™> ºàìK¡ú ŦìA¡àÈJ>¹ šø=³
šõ Ë ¡à¹ "๴± [ oìt¡ ("à¹ç ¡ [A¡áå šõ Ë ¡à¹ ³è ì ¹ ³è ì ¹)
‘ÅøãÅøãƒåK¢à\Ú[t¡’ ¤å[º [º[J ëºà¯à íÒìá¡ú "à>Òàìt¡ šø=³
šõˡ๠šø=³ Ŧìi¡àì¯Òü Ò’º #Å«¹Ò, t¡à¹š¹à yû¡ì³ #Å«¹t¡à,
Ñ÷Ê¡à, [¤Å«´±¹, Τ¢Å[v¡û¡³à>, "”z™¢à³ã, [>t¡¸t¡à, Ko, \ã¯Ò,
ëšøt¡@, ®¡àK¸³ "à[ƒ ‹³¢ãÚ ¤à "à‹¸à[uA¡, ƒàÅ¢[>A¡ Ŧ¡ú
ŦìA¡àÈJ>t¡ ÒüÚ๠šàát¡ "àA¡àÅ, NøÒ, t¡¹à, l¡ü»¡à,
¤à¹ "à[ƒ ë\¸à[t¡[¤¢`¡à>¹ š[¹Qi¡>à[®¡[v¡A¡ Ŧ ëšà¯à ™àÚ¡ú t¡à¹
šàáìt¡ "àìá ë\¸à[t¡È¹ [¤[®¡Ä ¹à[Åì¤à¹ ; šè¤-š[ÆW¡³ "à[ƒ
[ƒÅì¤à¹, NøãͶ, ¤È¢à, [Å[Ź, ®è¡A¡àš "à[ƒ ¤t¡¹ [¤`¡à>¹
Ŧì¤à¹; [K[¹, A¡–ƒ¹ "à[ƒ šøàAõ¡[t¡A¡ [¤ÈÚì¤à¹ ; šå¹¡ç È->à¹ã¹
\ã¯>¹ Ñz¹, šà[¹¤à[¹A¡ δ¬Þ¡ê (šõË¡à 11-14) ; Ź㹹 "}K-
šøt¡¸}K (16-22) ; ÅÚ>, \àK¹o "à[ƒ Ź㹹 "¯Ñ‚à (šõ@
231) ; Òü[–ƒøÚà>审è [t¡, ë™ì>- ¹}, ëKàÞê¡ ‹ÿ¤[> "à[ƒ (šõ@ 23-
25) ; ë¹àK-³õt¡å ¸ "à[ƒ (šõ@ 26) ; ë¹àKγèÒ (šõ@ 27-30)
; [W¡[A¡;Îà (šõ@ 31-32) ; Jàƒ¸-š=¸ (šõ@ 33-35) ;
\”ñγèÒ (šõ@ 35-39) ; W¡¹àÒü (šõ@ 40-42) ; ³àá-A¡àá-
št¡}K (šõ@ 44) ; ‹àtå¡Î³èÒ, ³åv¡û àγèÒ (šõ@ 45-47) ; š[¹ì‹Ú
¤Ñ| "à[ƒ (šõ@ 47-48)¡ú ŦìA¡àÈJ>t¡ "à>[A¡ A¡àìšà¹¹ [¤ÈìÚ
A¡’¤îº íK A¡àìšà¹ [ÎÚà ë¤\ã, P¡ºãîºìA¡ ÎA¡ìºà [¤ÈÚ Îà³¹à
íÒìá¡ú
[¤ÈÚ í¤[W¡y @ Î}A¡º>¹ "[®¡`¡t¡à¹ ®¡àr¡à¹ìi¡à :
ŦìA¡àÈJ>¹ 49 šõË¡àt¡ "àºÒã, "[t¡[=¹ A¡=à l¡üìÀJ
A¡[¹ t¡à¹ šàáìt¡ ®¡\à, Aå¡i¡à ³R¡Ò, ÅàA¡, ®¡àt¡, KàJã¹, ³àJ>,
Aò¡àÒã-¤à[i¡ "à[ƒ¹ A¡=à l¡üìÀJ "àìá¡ú &Òü[J[>ìt¡ ³>
A¡[¹¤ºKãÚà ë™ Î}A¡ºA¡ [>ì\ "[t¡ "[®¡\àt¡ ëÅøoã¹ ³à>åÒ
¤à ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ ºKt¡ δšA¢¡ =A¡à ¤¸[v¡û¡ ëÒà¯à¹ δ±à¯>à¡ú
A¡à¹o ët¡*ò ([³á¹¹š¹à "Òà ?) [³[W¡[¹, "๤¹š¹à "Òà
ëJ\å¹ "à¹ç¡ "àì³[¹A¡à¹š¹à "Òà "à>à¹Î¹ A¡=à* \àì>¡ú
ë¤à‹ÒÚ ët¡*ò ëÎÒüì¤à¹ JàìÚà šàÒüìá¡ú [A¡”ñ 1810 W¡>t¡,
¤õ[i¡á "Î³îº "Ò๠16 ¤á¹ "àKìt¡Òü &Òüì¤à¹ ¤Ññ¹ A¡=à
[™ \àì>, ët¡*ò¹ [>ÆW¡ÚîA¡ "γ¹ ¤à[Ò¹¹ ºKt¡, [¤ìÅÈîA¡
ët¡[t¡Ú๠A¡ºA¡àt¡à¹ ºKt¡ δšA¢¡ =à[A¡¤ ºà[K¤ !
[™, [A¡ >Ò*A¡, ŦìA¡àÈJ>¹ š¹¤t¢¡ã šõË¡àγèÒ¹
[¤ÈÚì¤à¹ Ò’º &ì>‹¹o¹ : Ká, ó¡º, ó塺 "à[ƒ (61-62);
[¤[®¡Ä ³áºà (šõ@ 64); [¤[®¡Ä šøA¡à¹¹ ³à[i¡ "à¹ç¡ ëJ[t¡ (šõ@
65); ¤¸¯ÎàÚ, ˜¡o Òüt¡¸à[ƒ (šõ@ 66-70); ëºJà δšA¢¡ãÚ
(šõ@ 70-71); ‹à>ìJ[t¡ (72); [¤[®¡Ä ÅàA¡ (72-73);
¤õ[v¡Î³èÒ (šõ@ 73-77); tò¡àt¡Åຠ(77); "à[Òºà (78)
Òüt¡¸à[ƒ¡ú ÒüÚ๠¤à[Òì¹* ŦìA¡àÈJ>t¡ >à* "à¹ç¡ >à*Qài¡, ™å‡¡ý ,
™å‡¡ý àÑ|, ³à>[ÎA¡ [¤ÈÚ, ¤Þê¡å â«, "š¹à‹, Åà[Ñz, ¹à\ÅàÎ>, A¡¹-
/ 52
A¡ài¡º, ‹³¢-ƒÅ¢>, γÚ, Kãt¡-¤àƒ¸, ëJºà-‹èºà, [ÅÛ¡à-ƒãÛ¡à,
Nø”¹‚ W¡>à, ÅàÑ|`¡à>, ¤¸àA¡¹o, \¸à[³[t¡, ë\¸à[t¡È, Î}J¸à "à[ƒ
[¤[W¡y [¤ÈÚ Îà³[¹ ëºà¯à íÒìá¡ú &Òü[¤ºàìA¡ Î}A¡ºA¡¹ `¡à>¹
š[¹[‹ "à¹ç¡ "[®¡`¡t¡à¹ í¤[W¡y¸ì¹à ÎàÛ¡¸ ƒà[R¡ ‹ì¹¡ú
"γãÚà \àt¡ãÚ "[®¡‹à>îº "¯ƒà> :
200 ¤á¹ "àK¹ 2,500 "γãÚà Ŧ¹ šø[t¡ìi¡àìA¡
"γãÚà \àt¡ãÚ "[®¡‹à>t¡ Ñ‚à> [ƒ¤ š¹à ™à¤ì> ëÎÚà [W¡”zà
"à¹ç¡ [¤ì¤W¡>๠[¤ÈÚ¡ú "¯ìŸ ÒüìÚà ÎòW¡à ë™ ÒüÚàì¹ ¤×ì¤à¹
Ŧ Îà³à>¸ ÎàºÎº[>ì¹ "à[\* W¡[º "àìá "à¹ç¡ ëÎÒü[¤ºàA¡
Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ "γãÚà \àt¡ãÚ "[®¡‹à>¹ "”z®å¢¡v¡û¡ íÒìá¡ú
t¡=à[š* t¡àì¹ [A¡áå³à> Ŧ ÒüÚàt¡ ƒà[R¡ ‹¹à¹ ëºà®¡¡ Îà³[¹¤
ë>à¯à[¹ìºà¡ú l¡üƒàÒ¹oѬ¹ê¡ìš– Τ¢Å[v¡û¡³à>¹ šø[t¡Å¦
l¡ü\[>t¡ ‘&i¡àÒüγ=¢’ ("à¹ç¡ >à³[>t¡ ‘ÒA¡ºÎ³=¢’), [¤Èå¤
³àì> ‘W¡’t¡¹ [¤×’, ¹à³ì‹>å¹ k¡àÒüt¡ ‘Aò¡à¹ì‹>å’ Å¦¹
¤¸¯Òà¹, NøãͶA¡à[º¹ k¡àÒüt¡ ‘Qà³’, ëW¡à¹¤àºåA¡à¹ šø[t¡Å¦
‘ƒA¡àƒ³A¡à’, ¤å‡åƒ¹ šø[t¡Å¦ ‘šà[>óå¡i¡’, ¤àºA¡¹ k¡àÒüt¡
‘K®å¡¹à’, Ñz>¸šàÚã¹ k¡àÒüt¡ ‘KàJã¹ìJà¯à’, [štõ¡¤¸šåyÒ¹
šø[t¡Å¦ ‘ƒƒàÒüìšà’, šè¤¢šå¹ç¡È¹ "γãÚà ‘"à=à*[š=à*’,
ëšàȸšåyA¡¹o} ë¤àìºòàìt¡ ‘ët¡àº[>"àìšàA¡¹à’, šÃãÒà¹
"γãÚà ‘\å¹-Jàš[¹’, Û塉[¤ìÑ£¡ài¡Ò¹ šø[t¡Å¦ ‘JåƒJ×’,
ë\à>àA¡ãš¹ç¡¯à ¤å\à¤îº ‘\åÒü"àR¡[>’, [¤ìyû¡t¡à¹ "γãÚà
‘ë¤[W¡"à’, yû¡à[ÚA¡Ò ¤à ëyû¡t¡à¹ "γãÚà ‘ëA¡>Òü"à’,
yû ¡ Úšy¹ "γãÚà ‘Jt¡’, W¡yû ¡ ¹ "γãÚà ‘[Qºà’,
šàÈào[Å¿ã¹ "γãÚà ‘[źàAè¡[i¡’ ëšà¯à ™àÚ¡ú
ëÎÒüƒì¹ tò¡àt¡¹Åູ l¡üt¡ì¤Ê¡>ƒr¡¹ šø[t¡Å¦ ÒüÚàt¡
‘¤òàW¡®¡¹à’, ®¡¹o} íÒìáîK ‘A¡à[>Îèt¡à’, >௹ A¡o¢‹à¹ íÒìá
‘P¡[¹"ຒ, [>ÍHši¡¹ "γãÚà ‘[>ÎA¡š[i¡"à’, A¡¹šøƒ@ Ŧ¹
šø[t¡Å¦ ‘šà[A¡ ¤à Jài¡[>‹>’ [ƒÚà, Î\㯠Ŧ¹ šø[t¡Å¦ ‘[\Út¡’,
®¡àѬ¹¹ "γãÚà ‘[W¡A¡[³[A¡"à’, [>ì³Èo} Ŧ¹ šø[t¡Å¦ ‘W¡Aå¡
[š[¹ìA¡à"à’, >帪ãA¡¹o} Ŧ¹ šø[t¡Å¦ ‘l¡ü¤[¹*"à’¹
(l¡ü¤[å ¹*¯à) š¹à ëƒJà ™àÚ Î}A¡ºA¡¹ Î}ÑHtõ ¡ "à¹ç¡ "γãÚà
ƒåìÚài¡à ®¡àÈ๠*š¹ìt¡ ™ì=Ê ƒJº "à[ạú *k¡¹ Å[t¡A¡à¹
ëÅÈ- l¡üî>á Å[t¡A¡à¹ šø=³®¡àK¹ "γ¹ &ì> &\> ¤¸[v¡û¡, [™
"”zt¡@ W¡à[¹i¡à ®¡àÈà-l¡üš®¡àÈà- yû¡ì³ Î}ÑHtõ ¡, (l¡ü\[>) "γãÚà,
A¡à³¹ê¡šã "à¹ç¡ ¤à}ºà W¡W¢¡à A¡[¹[áº, A¡³-ë¤[á š[¹³àìo \à[>[áº
"à¹ç¡ ëÎÒüìA¡Òüi¡à ®¡àÈàt¡ ŦìA¡àÈ-¤¸àA¡¹o W¡ZW¢¡à A¡[¹¤îº
"àK¤à[Øn¡[áº, ët¡ìJt¡ [>ÆW¡Ú \à[t¡ìi¡à¹ >³Î¸ ¤¸[v¡û¡ìÚÒü "à[ạú
‘¹ç¡[W¡>à= A¡à³¹ê¡šã’¹ ÎÞê¡à>t¡
šàrå¡[º[šìi¡à¹ A¡’ìt¡à Î}A¡ºA¡ ¤à ëºJA¡¹ >à³ ¤à
W¡Òã šà¤îº >àÒü¡ú ³ày ƒåÅ šõˡ๠ëÅȹ Åà¹ãt¡ l¡üìÀJ "àìá
@ ‘γà육àÚ} Nø”Ò‚ A¡à³¹ê¡šã ®¡àìÈÚ[³[t¡’¡ú ÒüÚ๚¹àÒü ÒÚìt¡à
Î}Nø à ÒA¡\ì> ‘¹ç ¡ [W¡>à=’ >à³¹ Î}A¡ºA¡\>¹ l¡ü š à[‹
‘A¡à³¹ê¡šã’ ¤å[º ‹à¹oà A¡[¹[Ạ"à¹ç¡ ëÎÒü³ì³¢Òü ë¤iå¡šàt¡t¡
53 /
‘¹ç¡[W¡>à= A¡à³¹ê¡šã’¹ š¹à ëšà¯à ¤å[º [º[J ¹à[J[ạú [A¡”ñ
"à[³ ¤× ëW¡Êà A¡[¹* ‘A¡à³¹ê¡šã’ l¡üšà[‹¹ ëA¡àì>à ¤¸[v¡û¡ ¤à
š[¹Úູ [¤ÈìÚ \à[>¤ š¹à >àÒü¡ú Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ ®¡àÈàW¡à™¢
l¡0 ëKàìºàA¡ ëKàѬà³ã¹š¹à "à[³ ŦìA¡àÈJ>¹ šàrå¡[º[š
NøÒo A¡ì¹òàìt¡ l¡üš[Ñ‚t¡ =A¡à Îà[ƒ>¹ Îà}¤à[ƒA¡ [ƒK”z ų¢àÒü
ë™à¯à 27 \å>, 2008 t¡à[¹ìJ Îà[ƒ>t¡ &Òü [¤ÈìÚ ëA¡àì>à
¤¸[v¡û¡ìÚ \à[>ìº \>à¤îº "à줃> A¡¹à íÒ[ạú "à[\
10 \åºàÒü, 2008 íºìA¡ ëA¡àì>à ÎòÒà[¹ ëšà¯à ëÒà¯à >àÒü¡ú
ëÎìÚìÒ šàrå¡[º[šìi¡à¹ [®¡t¡¹ç¡¯à t¡=¸Î³èÒ '[t¡Òà[ÎA¡
š[¹ìšø[Û¡t¡t¡ šø[t¡Ë¡à A¡[¹ Î}A¡ºA¡\>A¡ [¤W¡à[¹ l¡ü[º*¯à¹
¤àì¤ ëW¡Ê¡à W¡ìºà¯à¹ ëA¡àì>à [¤A¡¿ "à³à¹ *W¡¹t¡ >àÒü¡ú "à[³
&[t¡Úà ëÎÒü A¡à³ìt¡ ¹t¡ "àìáòà¡ú [A¡”ñ '[t¡Òà[ÎA¡ [¤W¡à¹îº
ë™à¯à¹ "àKìt¡ šøà[”zA¡¹ ÎìW¡t¡> šàk¡A¡Î³à\¹ γåJt¡ "à[³
ƒåi¡à³à> ®¡à[ÈA¡ t¡=¸ìÒ ƒà[R¡ ‹[¹¤ Jå[\ìáòà¡ú ëÎÚà Ò’º @
1) Î}A¡ºìA¡ 79 šõˡ๠šàát¡ Î}ÑHõt¡ Ŧ¹ A¡à³¹ê¡šã
šø[t¡Å¦ [ƒÚà ¤àƒ [ƒìº¡ú š¹¤t¢¡ã 121 šõË¡àt¡
ët¡ìJìt¡ Î}ÑHtõ ¡ ŦγèÒ¹ ëA¡¯º (l¡ü\[>) "γãÚà
šø[t¡Å¦ìÒ [ƒ =à[A¡º¡ú
2) 200 šõˡ๠šàát¡ ¤à}ºà ®¡àÈ๠[>Ú³¹ κ[>
ët¡ìJìt¡ A¡à³¹ê¡šã ®¡àÈ๠[>Ú³¹ [™ l¡üƒàÒ¹o [ƒìá
ëÎÚà l¡ü\[>¹ ®¡àÈà¹ìÒ l¡üƒàÒ¹o @ ë™ì>- ¤à}ºà
Ŧ ®¡[K>ã¹à, A¡à³¹ê¡šã @ ®¡[>Òòìt¡ ; ¤à}ºà Q¹P¡ºà,
A¡à³¹ê¡šã Q¹[¤ºàA¡; ¤à}ºà šåìy¹à, A¡à³¹ê¡šã
ëšà[¤ºàA¡ ; ¤à}ºà A¡>¸à¹à, A¡à³¹ê¡šã ëW¡à"à[º[¤ºàA¡
/ ëÒòt¡ (ëáà¯àºã[¤ºàA¡ / Òòt¡)¡ú
3) t¡º¹ Ŧ[¤ºàA¡t¡ Î}ÑHõt¡ Ŧ¹ κ[> ët¡ìJìt¡
‘"àÎà³ã’¹ (l¡ü\[> "γãÚà) γà”z¹àº®¡àì¯
A¡à³¹ê¡šã [Åt¡à>t¡ [™ì¤à¹ Ŧ [ƒìá, ëÎÒüì¤à¹
A¡à³¹ê¡šã Ŧ [ÒW¡àìš [A¡³à>ƒè¹ Ç¡‡ý¡àÇ¡‡ý¡ ëÎÒü
δšìA¢¡* "à[³ šàk¡A¡¹ ³t¡à³t¡ [¤W¡à[¹ ¹à[Jìºà @
Î}ÑHõt¡ "àÎà³ã A¡à³¹ê¡šã
Τ¢Å[v¡û¡³à>ô &i¡àÒüγ=¢ ÒA¡ºÎ³=¢
[¤Èå¤Ò W¡’t¡¹[¤× W¡t¡¹[¤×
šåy ëšà ëšà
[št¡à³ÒÒ A¡A¡à A¡A¡à
[št¡à³Òã ¤å[Øl¡"àÒü ¤å[Øl¡"àÒü
[štõ¡¤¸Ò ƒƒàÒü ƒƒàÒü
[štõ¡¤¸šåy@ ƒƒàÒüìšà ƒƒàÒü"àšà...
"à[³ ‹à¹oà A¡ì¹òà ë™ &Òü Ŧì¤à¹¹ Ç¡‡ý¡àÇ¡‡ý¡¹ [®¡[v¡t¡
&Òü ƒåi¡à Å[t¡A¡à šå¹[o "γãÚà šàrå¡[º[šJ>¹ Î}A¡ºA¡\>¹
뮡ïìKà[ºA¡ [Ñ‚[t¡ [W¡>àv¡û¡ A¡[¹¤îº "à[³ ÎÛ¡³ Ò’³¡ú Òü[t¡³ì‹¸
šàrå¡[º[šìi¡à¹ "®¡¸”z¹ão ÎàÛ¡¸¹ '[t¡Òà[ÎA¡ [¤W¡àì¹ ÒÚìt¡à
(49 šõË¡àt¡ W¡à*A¡)
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
 [¤Å«³–ƒàA¡àºã> γìÚ [¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èìo¹ ‘šì=¹
šòàW¡àºã’ (1929) l¡üš>¸àÎ[i¡ šøA¡à[Åt¡ ÒÚ¡ú & γìÚ
ÅÒ¹ áàØl¡à* [¤ø[i¡Å l¡üš[>ì¤Å ¤à}ºà¹ Nøàì³-Kìg
á[Øl¡ìÚ šìØl¡¡ú ÅÒì¹ Î®¡¸t¡à¹ šø®¡à¤ A¡³-ë¤[Å Nøàì³¹
³à>åÈìA¡* "àAõ¡Ê A¡ì¹¡ú Nøà³-¤à}ºà¹ [W¡¹A¡àºã>
'[t¡ìÒ¸ ®¡àR¡> Ç¡¹ç¡ ÒÚ¡ú [¤ø[i¡Å¹à "àÎ๠šè줢 "à³à샹
ëƒìÅ ë™ Aõ¡[È [>®¢¡¹ "=¢>ã[t¡¹ Åv¡û¡ ¤[>Úàƒ [áº,
t¡à¹Òü [¤[>³¢ào A¡ì¹ [¤ø[i¡Å š[¹W¡à[ºt¡ "à‹å[>A¡
[Å¿¤¸¤Ñ‚à¡ú &Òü [Å¿¤¸¤Ñ‚๠"”zK¢t¡ [ẠW¡i¡A¡º,
빺š=, ëi¡[ºNøàó¡- &Τ [A¡áå ¤à}ºà¹ Aõ¡[È [>®¢¡¹
"=¢>ã[t¡¹ l¡üš¹ [>ì\¹ ƒJº A¡àìÚ³ A¡ì¹¡ú [¤ø[i¡Å
l¡üš[>ì¤Å [>ì\샹 Å[v¡û¡ ¤àØl¡àì>๠\>¸ ">¸ ¹àÊöìA¡
ëÅàÈìo¹ l¡üš¹ P¡¹ç¡â« ëƒÚ¡ú γàìºàW¡A¡ l¡0 [¤šà>
W¡ì–ƒø¹ (">å¤àƒA¡-¤ø\ƒåºàº ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ) ®¡àÈàÚ –
‘‘‹>t¡ì”|¹ "àì¹à "NøK[t¡¹ \>¸ Aõ¡[È * [Å¿ìÛ¡ìy
šøìÚà\> ëƒJà [ƒº šø®è¡t¡ š[¹³ào šåò[\¹¡ú [¤øìi¡ì>
&Òü šåò[\¹ l¡ü;Î [ẠÎã[³t¡, t¡àÒü ëÎ ëƒìŹ šåò[\š[t¡
δ߃àÚ [¤ø[i¡Å ‹>t¡ì”|¹ šøÎàì¹¹ \>¸ [¤ìƒ[Å ¹àìÊ¡ö¹
δšƒ ºåq¡ì>¹ A¡=à ®¡à¤ìt¡ ºàKìº>¡ú’’1 &A¡=à
뮡ì¤Òü [¤ø[i¡Å +š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ Å[v¡û¡ t¡à샹 ÅàÎ>š‡ý¡[t¡¹
A¡àk¡àì³à¹ š[¹¤t¢¡> A¡ì¹¡ú &¹Òü ³ì‹¸ [¤øìi¡ì> Qìi¡
™àÚ [Å¿ [¤šÃ¤¡ú [¤ø[i¡Å "=¢>ã[t¡ìt¡ ³åJ¸ Ñ‚à> "[‹A¡à¹
A¡ì¹ [Å¿š[t¡ ëKàË¡ã¡ú &Òü ëKàˡ㹠Ѭàì=¢¹ A¡=à [W¡”zà
A¡ì¹ ®¡à¹ìt¡¹ ¤–ƒ¹ &¤} ¤à\à¹P¡[º l¡ü–µåv¡û¡ A¡ì¹ ëƒ*Úà
ÒÚ¡ú ó¡ìº Nøà³-¤à}ºà¹ Τ¢yÒü [¤ø[i¡Å šìo¸¹ ëƒJà
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
™àÚ "¤à‹ ¤¸¤Ò๡ú &Τ šo¸ šøì¤Å A¡¹àì>๠\>¸
¹àÑzàQàìi¡¹ šø®è¡t¡ l¡üÄ[t¡ Îà‹> A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú
[¤ø[i¡Å šìo¸¹ "¤à‹ ¤¸¤Òàì¹¹ ó¡ìº Nøà³ão [Å¿ *
Aõ¡[ȹ [¤ìÅÈt¡ ¤à}ºà¹ \>\ã¤ì> ë>ì³ "àìÎ A¡àìºà
"Þê¡A¡à¹¡ú t¡ì¤ &A¡=à* ѬãA¡à¹ A¡¹ìt¡ ÒÚ, Nøà³ão [Å¿ *
Aõ¡[ȹ Û¡[t¡ Òìº* >à>à‹¹ì>¹ "à‹å[>A¡ [Å¿ ¤à}ºàÚ KìØl¡
*ìk¡¡ú Òü l ¡ü ì ¹àšãÚ ™å [ v¡û ¡ ¤àƒ, ³à>¤t¡à¤àƒ-®¡à¹t¡ãÚ
\>Îà‹à¹ìo¹ ³>> [W¡”zàÚ &A¡ í¤šÃ[¤A¡ š[¹¤t¢¡> Îà‹>
A¡ì¹¡ú &Òü š[¹¤t¢¡> šø=³ Îà[‹t¡ ÒÚ ÅÒ¹àe¡ìº, šì¹
Nøà³àe¡ìº¡ú "à‹å[>A¡ ™”|[Å¿ >tå¡> š[¹¤Ò> ¤¸¤Ñ‚à >K¹
"e¡ìº¹ [¤Ñzà¹, A¡º-A¡à¹Jà>à, "[ó¡Î, ÒàΚàt¡àº,
[¤ƒ¸àºÚ šø®õ¡[t¡ A¡³¢ìÛ¡ìy ³[Òºà샹 [>ìÚàK -ÿ- Τ[A¡áå
&A¡ Îà³à[\A¡ š[¹¤t¢¡ì>¹ ÎèW¡>à A¡ì¹[ạú ó¡ºÑ¬¹ê¡š \àt¡-
šàt¡ [®¡[v¡A¡ γà\ ¤¸¤Ñ‚àÚ "ì>A¡ [Å[=ºt¡à "àìÎ &¤}
Îà³à[\A¡ ¹Û¡oÅãºt¡à "ì>A¡ A¡ì³ ™àÚ¡ú
[¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èo ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ ¹[W¡t¡ ‘šì=¹ šòàW¡àºã’
l¡üš>¸àÎ[i¡ ³èºt¡@ Ò[¹Ò¹ ¹àìÚ¹ š[¹¤à¹ìA¡ ëA¡–ƒø A¡ì¹Òü
¹[W¡t¡¡ú Ò[¹Ò¹ š[¹¤àì¹¹ A¡t¢¡à &¤} ëÎ áàØl¡à* ¹ìÚìá Ñ|ã
Τ¢\Úà, šåy A¡>¸à ™=àyû¡ì³ "šå * ƒåKࢠ¡ú &Òü W¡à¹\> áàØl¡à*
¹ìÚìá>, Ò[¹Òì¹¹ ƒè¹Î´šA¢¡ãÚ "àuãÚà Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA¡¹ç¡o *
">¸à>¸ Aå¡Å㺤¡ú [¤ìÅÈt¡@ l¡üš>¸àìι >àÚA¡ "šå¹ ³‹¸[ƒìÚ
[¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èo +š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ γà\ ¤¸¤Ñ‚à * &Òü γà\¤¸¤Ñ‚à¹
"ìC¡àšàìι \ຠë=ìA¡ ³å[v¡û¡¹ [W¡y tå¡ìº ‹ì¹ìá>¡ú
l¡üš>¸àÎ[i¡¹ A¡=à¤Úì> ¹ìÚìá [t¡>[i¡ "}Å -ÿ-ÿ- ¤Ààºã ¤àºàÒü,
"à³ "òà[i¡¹ 뮡šå * "yû桹 Î}¤àƒ¡ú &Òü [t¡>[i¡ "}Å \åìØl¡
/ 54
+š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ ÅàÎ>-γà\-š[¹Î¹-Òü[t¡ÒàÎ * [¤[®¡Ä
W¡[¹ìy¹ l¡üìÀJ =àA¡ìº* ³åJ¸ ®è¡[³A¡à [>ìÚìá šøAõ¡[t¡¡ú
šøAõ¡[t¡¹ ®è¡[³A¡à δ¬ìÞê¡ Î³àìºàW¡A¡ ƒåK¢àƒàÎ ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ
¤ìºìá> – ‘‘[¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èìo¹ šì=¹ šòàW¡àºã ³åJ¸t¡ šøAõ¡[t¡¹
"à‹àì¹ &A¡[i¡ [ÅÇ¡³ì>¹ yû¡³[¤A¡àìŹ A¡à[Ò>ã¡ú’’ ëºJA¡
šøAõ¡[t¡ìA¡ "à‹å[>A¡t¡à¹ ëÎàšà> [ÒìÎì¤ ¤¸¤Ò๠A¡ì¹
+š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ ë¤Øl¡à-\ຠë=ìA¡ ³åv¡û¡ Ҥ๠ëW¡Êà A¡ì¹ìá>
&¤} [A¡áå [A¡áå ëÛ¡ìy Îó¡º* ÒìÚìá>¡ú
‘¤Ààºã ¤àºàÒü’ "}ìŹ šø=ì³Òü ëƒJà ™àÚ, &A¡[i¡
š[¹¤àì¹¹ ®¡Uå¹ "¤Ñ‚àì>¹ ƒõŸ¡ú Ò[¹Ò¹ ¹àìÚ¹ šè¤¢šå¹ç¡ìȹà
&A¡[ƒ> šøW塹 ‹> δš[v¡¹ ³à[ºA¡ =àA¡ìº* ¤t¡¢³àì>
ëA¡à>yû¡ì³ t¡à¹ [ƒ> "[t¡¤à[Òt¡ ÒÚ¡ú t¡à샹 '[t¡Ò¸¤àÒã
¤øàÕ¡o¸â« * \[³ƒà¹ã "ÑzàÚ³à>, ƒãQ¢[ƒì>¹ '[t¡Ò¸ºà[ºt¡
Îà³”zš=ø à* ‹ÿ¤}ìι ³åìJ – &A¡=à +š>¸à[ÎA¡ šø=ì³Òü šàk¡A¡
γà\ìA¡ \à[>ìÚ ëƒ>¡ú ™à¹à ¤øàÕ¡oì⫹ ëƒàÒàÒü [ƒìÚ K[¹¤
šø\à [A¡}¤à [Åȸγà\ìA¡ k¡[A¡ìÚ [ƒ>™àš> A¡¹t¡ t¡à샹
\ã¤> š[¹Îì¹ "[®¡Åàš [ÒìÎì¤ ëƒJà ëƒÚ Òü}ì¹\ šø¤[t¢¡t¡
[W¡¹Ñ‚àÚ㠤얃à¤Ñz¡ú ™[ƒ* ‘¤Ààºã ¤àºàÒü’ "}Å óå¡ìi¡ *ìk¡
'[t¡Ò¸[®¡[v¡A¡ γàì\¹ [W¡y¡ú ëºJA¡ [¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èo Ò[¹Òì¹¹
Îà³à[\A¡ š[¹W¡Ú šøƒà> &®¡àì¤ A¡ì¹ìá> -ÿ-ÿ- ‘‘[>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹
Nøàì³¹ &ìA¡¤àì¹ l¡üv¡¹šøàì”z Ò[¹Ò¹ ¹àìÚ¹ Û塉 ëA¡àk¡à¤àØl¡ã¡ú
Ò[¹Ò¹ Îà‹à¹o "¤Ñ‚๠KõÒÑ‚, íštõ¡A¡ "à³ìº¹ Îà³à>¸
\[³\³à¹ "àÚ * ƒå-W¡à¹ Q¹ [Åȸ ëΤìA¡¹ ¤à[È¢A¡ã šøoà³ã¹
¤ì–ƒà¤Ñz ÒÒüìt¡ Îàƒà[΋஡àì¤ Î}Î๠W¡àºàÒüÚà =àìA¡¡ú’’
áÄáàØl¡à Î}Îàì¹ ƒè¹Î´šA¢¡ãÚ "àuãÚà Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA¡¹ç¡o Ç¡‹å
"W¡º-">Øl¡ >Ú; ëÎ ë™> &A¡ Òü[t¡ÒàÎѬ¹ê¡š¡ú t¡à¹ ³õt塸¹
³‹¸[ƒìÚÒü Qìi¡ &A¡[i¡ "‹¸àìÚ¹ γà[œ¡ú Òü[–ƒ¹ šå¹ç¡Èt¡à[”|A¡
γàì\¹ ¤àºàÒü¡ú [t¡[> ëA¡à>* "à[Åøìt¡¹ A¡àìá [KìÚ ÎåìJ-
Åà[”zìt¡ \ã¤> "[t¡¤à[Òt¡ A¡¹ìt¡ šàì¹>[>¡ú [A¡”ñ t¡à¹ ëW¡àJ
[ƒìÚÒü šàk¡A¡ γà\ šø=³ "à‹å[>A¡ γà\ ¤¸¤Ñ‚๠"஡àÎ
šàÚ¡ú +š>¸à[ÎA¡ l¡üZW¡¤K¢ãÚ ëA¡ï[º>¸ šø=๠¤[º Òü[–ƒ¹
k¡àA¡¹ç¡ìo¹ ³åJ [ƒìÚ ¤ìº> – ‘‘' ¤ø\ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹ ë™ [®¡i¡à
"à\A¡àº \Uº ÒÒüÚà š[Øl¡Úà "àìá, ëA¡à\àK¹ã ºÜã-šè[o¢³à¹
[ƒ> Nøà³Îå‡ý¡ ëºàA¡ ëÎJàì> šàt¡ šà[Øl¡t¡¡ú... ëW¡àJ ¤å[\Úà
®¡à[¤ìºÒü Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA¡¹ç¡o ëÎΤ &J>* ëƒ[Jìt¡ šàÚ ë™ !’’
&Jàì>Òü Nøà³ão ®¡Uå¹ Î³àì\¹ šø[t¡Zá[¤¡ú
Nø à ³-γàì\¹ ®¡àR¡ì>¹ ³‹¸[ƒìÚ KìØ l ¡ *ìk¡
+š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ "à‹å[>A¡ γà\ ¤¸¤Ñ‚à¡ú t¡J>Òü '[t¡Ò¸Kt¡
Nøà³ão ¹ã[t¡->ã[t¡¹ Î}ÑH๠ǡ¹ç¡ ÒÚ¡ú Nø೸ Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹
"àÑzàW¡ìº¹ γìÚÒü \–µ ÒÚ "šå¹¡ú "šå¹ \–µ Òü[–ƒ¹
k¡àA¡¹ç¡ìo¹ [¤š¹ãt¡ Îv¡à [ÒìÎ줡ú "šå ™t¡ ¤Øl¡ ÒìÚ *ìk¡
t¡ìt¡àÒü ¤àºàÒü Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA¡¹ç¡ìo¹ š[¹Î¹ ëáài¡ Òìt¡ =àìA¡¡ú
55 /
³õt塸¹ šè줢 k¡àA¡¹ç¡o ®¡àì¤ – ‘‘&Òü [®¡i¡à¹ QàÎiå¡Aå¡, ' A¡t¡
™ìâ— ëšòàt¡à 뺤å Kàái¡à, &Òü "t¡¸”z [šøÚ cò¡ài¡à Kàái¡à,....
&Τ áàØl¡à ëÎ "๠[A¡áå \àì>* >àÒü, ¤åìc¡* >àÒü¡ú’’ šøA¡õ [t¡¹
³ì‹¸Òü ëÎ ¤àºàÒü \ã¤ì>¹ ³å[v¡û¡¹ Ñ¬àƒ Jåòì\ šàÚ¡ú Òü[–ƒ¹
k¡àA¡¹ç¡ìo¹ ³õt塸¹ ³‹¸[ƒìÚ [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹ Nøàì³ &A¡ ™åìK¹ šèo¢
"¤Îà> Qìi¡¡ú Nøà³-γàì\¹ ®¡àR¡ì>¹ šèo¢ ¹ê¡š šàÚ¡ú yû¡³Å
\ã¤> Nøà³ ¤à}ºà ë=ìA¡ ÅÒ¹³åJã "à¤[t¢¡t¡ ÒÚ¡ú &¹Òü
"[®¡™àìt¡ "šå W¡ìº ë™ìt¡ W¡àÚ "à‹å[>A¡ ÅÒ¹ A¡ºA¡àt¡àÚ¡ú
"šå¹ "NøK[t¡¹ \ì>¸Òü ÒÚìt¡à Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA¡¹ç¡oìA¡ l¡üš>¸àìι
š[¹Î¹ ë=ìA¡ Î[¹ì¹ ëƒ> +š>¸à[ÎA¡ [¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èo¡ú &Jàì>
γàìºàW¡A¡ [źà[ƒt¡¸ ëÎì>¹ &A¡[i¡ ³”z¤¸ l¡üìÀJ>ãÚ – ‘‘...
[¤ø[i¡Å l¡üš[>ì¤ìŹ šø\à "à³¹à, "šå¹ "NøK[t¡¹ l¡üìÂi¡à
[šìk¡ t¡àÒü ³¹ìt¡Òü ÒÚ Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA¡¹ç¡oìA¡¡ú’’
[¤ø [ i¡Å l¡ü š [>ì¤Å [>ì\샹 Ѭ à =¢ ¹Û¡à¹ \>¸
n¡àºà*®¡àì¤ Òü}ì¹[\ [Åۡ๠¤¸¤Ñ‚à A¡ì¹ ÅÒ¹ A¡ºA¡àt¡à ÎÒ
®¡à¹t¡¤ìÈ¢¹ Τ¢y¡ú Òü}ì¹[\ [ÅÛ¡à-Òü "à³à샹 "à‹å[>A¡ [W¡”zà-
ëW¡t¡>๠¤àÒA¡¡ú &áàØl¡à [¤ø[i¡Å Å[v¡û¡ tò¡à샹 "=¢>ã[t¡ìA¡
Åv¡û¡ìšàv¡û¡ A¡¹à¹ \>¸ ¤à}ºà¹ γà\¤¸¤Ñ‚àìA¡* "à‹å[>A¡¹ìo¹
šøìW¡Ê¡à A¡ì¹¡ú t¡àÒü l¡üš>¸àìι Îœ¡³ š[¹ìZáìƒ ëƒJà ™àÚ,
Nø೸ γàì\ \åº³å ¤à\ã A¡ì¹ \[³ƒà¹ãìt¡ "[®¡`¡ "Äƒà ¹àìÚ¹
\ã¤ì>¹ &A¡ Q> "Þê¡A¡à¹ š[¹ì¤Å¡ú [¤ø[i¡Å ιA¡àì¹¹ \[¹š
¤¸¤Ñ‚à Nø೸γàì\¹ 뮡t¡ì¹¹ "¤Ñ‚àìA¡ Îà³ì> [>ìÚ "àìΡú
&t¡[ƒ> W¡ìº "àÎìá – ‘‘¹à³ ÒÚt¡ Ÿàì³¹ \[³ [>[¤¢¤àìƒ
[>ì\¹ ¤[ºÚà 뮡àK A¡[¹Úà "à[Îìt¡ìá, ™ƒå ƒÅ [¤Qà¹
Jà\>àÚ ¤àì¹à [¤Qà [>¹ç¡š‰ì¤ ƒJº A¡[¹ìt¡ìá, &t¡[ƒ>
™àÒà šèo¢ Åà[”zìt¡ [>ÍšÄ ÒÒüìt¡[áº, &Òü¤à¹ ëÎÒü ÎA¡ìº¹
³ì‹¸ ëKຳຠëš][ạú’’
&Τ ëKຳàìº [ƒÅàÒà¹à ÒìÚ šìØl¡> "ăà¤à¤å ÎÒ
"ì>A¡¡ú "Äƒà ¤à¤å¹ [ƒìÅÒà¹à Ò*Ú๠">¸ A¡à¹o* ¹ìÚìá¡ú
t¡à¹ `¡à[t¡šåy >ãì¹> Òü}ì¹[\ [Å[Û¡t¡, ÎàìÒ¤ã W¡àºW¡ºì>
"®¡¸Ñz &¤} +š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ Îv¡à¹ ÎìU šèo¢®¡àì¤ \[Øl¡t¡¡ú
ëºJìA¡¹ ®¡àÈàÚ ¤ºà ™àÚ – ‘‘... ëÅï[J> ‹¹ì>¹ A¡ìºì\¹
ëáìº, &A¡Jà[>ìt¡ ëÅàÚ, &A¡Jà[>ìt¡ šØl¡à Åå>à A¡ì¹...¡ú’’
Nø೸ γà\ ¤¸¤Ñ‚à ë=ìA¡ >ãì¹ì>¹ ¤Î¤àÎ "ì>A¡ ƒè칡ú
ëÎ >tå¡> ™åìK¹ ¤àt¢¡à¤àÒA¡¡ú +š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ Å[v¡û¡ [>Ú[”|t¡ *
Òü}ì¹[\ ®¡àÈ๠™åìK¹ ³à>åÈ¡ú Nø೸ γà\-Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ šø[t¡
t¡à¹ i¡à> ë>Òü¡ú ëÎ \àì> Nøàì³ ®¡[¤È¸; ë>Òü, ®¡[¤È¸; ¹ìÚìá
"à‹å[>A¡ ÅÒ칡ú &Òü >ãì¹> δ¬ìÞê¡ ëºJA¡ ¤ìº> – ‘‘...
ë¤Å ¤[ºË¡ KØl¡>, Îåš¹å ç¡È¡ú A¡[ºA¡àt¡à¹ A¡ìºì\ "àÒü> šìØl¡,
"t¡¸”z ë³ï>ã šøAõ¡[t¡¹ ³à>åÈ....[ƒ>¹àt¡ >쮡º š[Øl¡Úà *
¤–ƒåA¡ áåò[Øl¡Úà A¡ài¡àÚ¡ú’’
‘¤Ààºã ¤àºàÒü’ "}ìÅÒü ƒåK¢à¹ ÎìU šàk¡A¡ γàì\¹
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
š[¹[W¡[t¡ Qìi¡¡ú ƒåK¢à Òº Òü[–ƒì¹¹ ³t¡ ëA¡ï³ γàì\¹
šø[t¡[>[‹¡ú ƒåKࢠìA¡ l¡üš>¸àìι šø=³ ë=ìA¡ še¡[¤}Å š[¹ìZáƒ
š™¢”z ÎŹãì¹ ëƒJà ™àÚ¡ú š¹¤t¡¢ã ƒÅ[i¡ š[¹ìZáìƒ ëÎ
ÎŹãì¹ >à =àA¡ìº* t¡à¹ áàÚà l¡üš>¸àìÎ l¡üš[Ñ‚t¡¡ú ƒåK¢à
[ẠšøAõ¡[t¡ šø[t¡³à Ѭ¹ê¡š¡ú Òü[–ƒì¹¹ ƒå@ìJ ëÎ [Ạγ¤¸=ã¡ú
[š[ÎìA¡ W¡Øl¡ìA¡¹ 볺à ë=ìA¡ &ì> ëƒÚ ƒå-šÚÎ๠³åØl¡[A¡
"๠ƒåìi¡à A¡ƒ³à¡ú &Òü ƒåK¢à¹ š[¹W¡Ú ëºJA¡ &®¡àì¤ [ƒìÚìá>
– ‘‘ƒåK¢à¹ ¤ÚÎ ƒÅ-&Kàì¹à ¤;ι ÒÒüº¡ú KØl¡> šàt¡ºà
šàt¡ºà ¹} "šå¹ ³t¡ "t¡i¡à ó¡Î¢à >Ú, &A¡iå¡ W¡àšà¡ú Òàìt¡
A¡àìW¡¹ Wå¡[Øl¡, š¹ì> ³Úºà A¡àšØl¡, ³à=๠W塺 ¹åÛ¡, ¤àt¡àìÎ
l¡ü[Øl¡ìt¡ìá, ³åìJ¹ KØl¡> ³–ƒ >Ú, "šå¹ ³t¡ ëW¡àJP¡[º ë¤Å
l¡àK¹ l¡àK¹¡ú’’ šøAõ¡[t¡ A¡>¸à ¤ìºÒü t¡àìA¡ W¡à¹ ëƒ*Úà캹
K[r¡¹ ³ì‹¸ "ài¡[A¡ìÚ ¹àJà ™àÚ[>¡ú Nøàì³¹ γÑz Kàá-šàºà,
ó塺-ó¡º, ¹àÑzàQài¡ t¡à¹ >Jƒš¢ìo¡ú ¹àÑzàQài¡, ¤>\Uº ë=ìA¡
>à>à‹¹ìo¹ 󡺳èº, A¡[W¡"à³, A衺-&Τ &ì> ®¡àÒü "šåìA¡
ëƒÚ &¤} [>ì\* JàÚ¡ú &Τ A¡àì\¹ \>¸ ³àìÚ¹ A¡àá
ë=ìA¡ A¡t¡ ¤Aå¡[>, [šiå¡[> ëJìÚìá¡ú ³à Τ¢\Úà šå¹ç¡Èt¡à[”|A¡
³èº¸ì¤à싹 t¡àØl¡>àÚ t¡àìA¡ ‘ë³ìÚ’ [ÒìÎì¤ KìØl¡ ët¡àºà¹
ëW¡Êà A¡ì¹* šàì¹>[>¡ú
&Òü ƒåK¢à¹ ÎàÒW¡ì™¢Òü "šå ¤Øl¡ ÒÚ¡ú ƒåK¢à ™t¡Òü Ѭà‹ã>
ëÒàA¡ >à ëA¡>, ³àìÚ¹ ®¡ìÚ ³ì¹ Wå¡[š Wå¡[š "àìÎ, "šåìA¡
>à>à‹¹ì>¹ Jà*Úà¹ ó¡º³èº ëƒÚ, "à¤à¹ t¡àìA¡ [>ìÚ ™àÚ
[¤[®¡Ä \àÚKàÚ ë¤Øl¡àì>๠\>¸¡ú Nøàì³¹ ëA¡à>* ëáìº-
ë³ìÚ¹ ÎìU ƒåK¢à Jå¤ &A¡i¡à 볺àì³Åà A¡ì¹ >à¡ú ΤγÚÒü
ëÎ šåtå¡ìº¹ ¤àG * ëJºàQì¹¹ ιgà³ [>ìÚ ¤¸Ñz¡ú &Òü
ƒåK¢à Wå¡[¹¹ [³=¸à "š¤àìƒ ³à Τ¢\Ú๠A¡àìá ³à¹ JàÚ¡ú "šå
[A¡”ñ Wå¡[¹¹ [³=¸à "š¤àƒìA¡ ë³ì> [>ìt¡ šàì¹[>¡ú Τ¢\Úà
¹àìK¹ ¤Åã®è¡ìt¡ ƒåK¢à¹ W塺 [áìØl¡ ëó¡ºàÚ "šå ¹àK A¡ì¹
®¡àì¤ – ‘‘... [ƒ[ƒ¹ l¡üš¹ "t¡¸”z ³³t¡à ÒÚ – ëA¡³> ë™>
³ì> ÒÚ [ƒ[ƒ¹ ëA¡Ò ëA¡à=à* >àÒü – ëÎ ë™> &A¡à ëA¡à=à
ÒüÒìt¡ "à[ÎÚàìá – l¡üÒ๠Îà=ã ëA¡Ò &Jàì> >àÒü¡ú’’ "šå¹
&Òü ®¡à¤>àÚ K®¡ã¹ t¡à;š™¢¸ ‹¹à šìØl¡¡ú ƒåK¢à¹ γà\
šøAõ¡[t¡Kt¡-™à +š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ γà\ ë=ìA¡ "ì>A¡ ƒè칡ú
‘&Jàì>’ Ŧ[i¡ "t¡¸”z t¡à;š™¢šoè ,¢ ëÎ &A¡à, ' Nøೠγàì\,
' Òü[t¡ÒàìÎ ƒåK¢à¹à &A¡àÒü &¤} š[¹Î¹Òã>¡ú ƒåK¢à ³àìA¡ ®¡Ú
šàÚ &¤} t¡à ë=ìA¡ ³å[v¡û¡ šà*Ú๠\>¸ šå[o¸šåAå¡ì¹¹ ¤øt¡
A¡ì¹¡ú [A¡”ñ t¡à¹ ³>, šà[J¹ Jàƒ¸ ëÅ*Øl¡à¹ šàA¡à ó¡ìº¹
[ƒìA¡¡ú ƒåKࢠ¹à "à‹å[>A¡ ™åìK \–µ [>ìÚ* "à‹å[>A¡t¡à¹ š[¹Î¹
ë=ìA¡ ƒèì¹ =àìA¡¡ú Î³Ú [¤ìÅìÈ, ƒåK¢à¹ ³ì> ®¡[¤È¸ìt¡¹
l¡ü^º "àìºà¹ c¡ºôA¡à[> ëƒJà ëƒÚ¡ú ëKàAå¡ìº¹ ¤l¡ü ™J>
>ãì¹ì>¹ ÎìU ƒåK¢à¹ [¤ìÚ¹ δ±à¤>๠A¡=à l¡üìÀJ A¡ì¹
t¡J> t¡à¹ ³ì> >tå¡> ®¡à줹 \–µ ë>Ú¡ú "೤àKàì> >ãì¹ì>¹
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
ÎìU ƒåK¢à¹ W¡à¹ìW¡àìJ¹ [³ºì>¹ ³ì‹¸ ¤Ú@Î[Þê¡ [A¡ìÅà¹ã¹
š[¹W¡Ú óå¡ìi¡ *ìk¡¡ú >ãì¹> ƒåK¢àìA¡ >¤¹ê¡ìš ëƒìJ ®¡àì¤ –
‘‘ë™> šÀã šø à ì”z ¹ [>®õ ¡ t¡ Wè ¡ t¡-¤Aå ¡ º-¤ã[=¹ šø K àØ n ¡
Ÿ೺[Ñ•Mý¡t¡à l¡àK¹ ëW¡àJ ƒå[i¡¹ ³ì‹¸ "‹¢Îåœ ¹[ÒÚàìá¡ú’’
t¡J> ë=ìA¡ ƒåK¢à¹* ³ì> A¡t¡ ¹[R¡> Ѭ욗¹ ën¡l¡ü ëƒàºà ëƒÚ¡ú
®¡àÒü "šå¹ A¡àìá ƒåK¢à Ç¡>ìt¡ šàÚ, >ãì¹ì>¹ ÎìU
[¤ìÚ¹ šøÑzà줹 A¡=à¡ú ëÎγÚÒü "¤‹à[¹t¡®¡àì¤ W¡ìº "àìÎ
빺Kà[Øl¡¹ A¡=à -ÿ-ÿ- ™à ƒåK¢à¹ "¤ìW¡t¡> ³ì>* ëA¡à>* ‹à¹oà
[Ạ>à¡ú ëÎ &t¡Î³Ú 뮡ì¤ìá, ¹àoå[ƒ[ƒ¹ [¤ìÚ¹ A¡=à,
k¡àA塹 ÎåƒÅ¢ì>¹ A¡àìá ³à>ìt¡¹ A¡=à, [š[ι ëÅJàì>à áØl¡à
áàØl¡à* "ì>A¡ [A¡áå¡ú &Τ ®¡à¤>๠³ì‹¸Òü ³àìÚ¹ Òàìt¡
³à¹ ëJìt¡ ÒÚ ƒåK¢àìA¡¡ú [¤}Å š[¹ìZáìƒ "à³¹à ëƒ[J "šå-
ƒåK¢à¹ šø=³ ¤>쮡à\ì>¹ "àìÚà\>¡ú &Òü ¤>쮡à\ì>¹
γìÚÒü ƒåK¢à¹ ³ì> &A¡ Åèo¸®¡à줹 šøA¡àÅ šàÚ¡ú ëÎ ®¡àì¤
">¸à>¸ìƒ¹ ³t¡ ™[ƒ [¤ìÚ¹ š¹ "๠ëA¡à>[ƒ> ¤àìš¹ [®¡ìi¡Ú
"àÎìt¡ >à šà칡ú ëÎ ÒÚìt¡à šøAõ¡[t¡¹ ³ì‹¸ [¤ºã> ÒìÚ
™àì¤, t¡àÒü – ‘‘ƒåK¢à "à\A¡àº ë™> &Òü Kàášàºà, š=Qài¡
&Òü "[t¡ š[¹[W¡t¡ Nøàì³¹ šø[t¡ "[Þê¡Î[Þê¡ìA¡ "t¡¸”z ë¤[Å
A¡[¹Úà "òàA¡Øl¡àÒüÚà ‹[¹ìt¡ìá¡ú’’ +š>¸à[ÎA¡ ƒåK¢àìA¡ ‹ãì¹
‹ãì¹ ³õt塸¹ [ƒìA¡ &[KìÚ [>ìÚ ™à>¡ú "šå¹ "ÎåìJ¹ γÚ
ë³ìÚìA¡ KÞê¡ì®¡ƒà[º¹ šàt¡à Jåòì\ "à>ìt¡ šàk¡àìº ƒåK¢à
ëÎJàì> šàt¡à Jåòì\ Jåòì\ Kà> KàÚ – ‘‘Òºåƒ ¤ì> ¤ì> /
>àA¡áà[¤[i¡ Òà[¹ìÚ ëKìá ÎåJ / ë>ÒüìA¡à ³ì>¡ú’’ ‘Һ僒
Ŧ[i¡¹ ³ì‹¸ ë™> ƒåKࢠ¹ [¤¤o¢ ÒìÚ "àÎà [>ìÑz\ ³à>[ÎA¡t¡à¹
š[¹W¡Ú óå¡ìi¡ *ìk¡¡ú &¹š¹Òü Τ¢\Ú๠³åJ ë=ìA¡ "à³¹à
\à>ìt¡ šà[¹ – ‘‘A¡[ƒ> ë=ìA¡ ët¡à a¹ Ò[ZẠ- ÒìZá
"à¤à¹ ™àìZá - ³¸àìº[¹Ú๠a¹, A¡àº Îì–ƒ ë=ìA¡ a¹ ¤m¡
ë¤[Å¡ú’’ "ì>A¡ ëW¡Ê¡à A¡ì¹* ƒåK¢àìA¡ ³¸àìº[¹Ú๠a¹ ë=ìA¡
¤òàW¡àì>à ™àÚ[>¡ú 빺Kà[Øl¡ ëƒJà ƒåK¢à¹ Ѭ욗¹ ³ì‹¸Òü ë=ìA¡
™àÚ, ¤àÑzì¤ "๠ëA¡à>[ƒ> 䱤 ÒìÚ *ìk¡[>¡ú &Òü ³¸àìº[¹Úà
a¹ Òº l¡üš[>ì¤[ÅA¡ Å[v¡û¡¹ ƒà>¡ú &Jàì> γàìºàW¡A¡
Ζƒãš ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àìÚ¹ &A¡[i¡ ³”z¤¸ l¡üìÀJ>ãÚ¡ – ‘‘빺š=
[¤Ñzàì¹¹ ó¡ìº >ƒã-¤¸¤Ñ‚àÚ ë™³> Û¡[t¡ ÒÚ, Jà>à-Jì–ƒ
\³à \ìº ³¸àìº[¹Úà¤àÒã ³Å๠\>>ìÛ¡y ÒìÚ l¡üìk¡¡ú
³¸àìº[¹Úà "๠*ºà*k¡à l¡ü[>Å Åt¡ìA¡ [¤ø[i¡Å ÅàÎ> ¤¸¤Ñ‚à¹Òü
ƒà> ³ì> A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú’’ Òü[–ƒ¹ k¡àA塹ç¡ìo¹ ³õt塸ìt¡ &A¡[i¡ ™åìK¹
γà[œ "๠ƒåK¢à¹ ³õt塸 ®¡Ú}A¡¹ &A¡ [ÅA¡Øl¡ [áÄ A¡¹à¹
šøÚàΡú ƒåKࢠ¹ ³õt¡å ¸ &A¡ t¡=àA¡[=t¡ l¡üÄ[t¡¹ ³õt¡å ¸ – &Òü ‘l¡üÄ[t¡’
Î}ÑHàì¹¹ ë¤Øl¡à\ຠë=ìA¡ ³åv¡û¡ ÒìÚ "à‹å[>A¡t¡à¹ [ƒìA¡
&[KìÚ ™à*Úà¡ú
ƒåK¢à¹ ³õt塸¹ J¤¹ [št¡à Ò[¹Ò¹ \àì>> >à, ƒãQ¢[ƒ>
[¤[®¡Ä Ñ‚ à > °³o A¡ì¹ "àÎà¹ Î³Ú ë³ìÚ¹ \ì>¸
/ 56
>à>à‹¹ìo¹ [\[>Κy [>ìÚ "àìÎ>¡ú ¤à[Øl¡ìt¡ &ìΠΤ
ë\ì>Åå ì > ëÅÈ š™¢ ” z "šå ì A¡ >tå ¡ > A¡àšØ l ¡ š[¹ìÚ
KàUå[º¤à[Øl¡¹ l¡ü;Îì¤ ™à*Úà¹ Î³Ú "šåìA¡ [št¡à Ò[¹Ò¹
¤ìº> – ‘‘&[KìÚ W¡ìºà, "ì>A¡ 뤺à ÒìÚ [KìÚìW¡ ¤à¤à’’
&Òü ‘&[KìÚ W¡ìºà’Òü ÒìZá "t¡ãt¡ìA¡ ëšáì> ëó¡ìº
Îà³ì>¹ [ƒìA¡ "=¢à; "à‹å[>A¡ \ã¤> š[¹Îì¹¹ [ƒìA¡
™à*Úà¹Òü "àÔà>¡ú ƒåK¢à¹ ³õt塸¹ š¹ Τ¢\Úà [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹
Nøà³ ë=ìA¡ ">¸y ™à*Ú๠\>¸ Ѭà³ã¹ A¡àìá ¤à¹¤à¹ "à¦à¹
\à>àÚ¡ú ëÅÈš™¢”z ΤàÒü ÅÒ¹ A¡ºA¡àt¡àÚ [KìÚ ¤Î¤àÎ
Ç¡¹ç¡ A¡ì¹¡ú ÅÒì¹ [KìÚ "šå >à>à‹¹ì>¹ J¤ì¹¹ A¡àK\,
¤Òü šØl¡ìt¡ Ç¡¹ç¡ A¡ì¹¡ú [A¡”ñ t¡à¹ ³> ëÎÒü [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹
Nøàì³¹ šøAõ¡[t¡¹ \Kìt¡ lå¡ì¤ =àìA¡¡ú ëºJA¡ [¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èo
"šå δšìA¢¡ \à[>ìÚìá> – ‘‘ëÎÒü ëáìºì¤ºàÚ šø=³
Aå¡k¡ã¹ ³àìk¡ "àÎ๠[ƒ>[i¡ ÒÒüìt¡ &Òü ³àk¡-¤>->ƒã¹ [A¡
ë³àÒ ë™ t¡àÒàìA¡ šàÒüÚà ¤[ÎÚàìá¡ú’’ &Òü ‘Aå¡k¡ã¹ ³àìk¡¹’
Òü[t¡Òàìι ÎìU "šå¹ ³ì>¹ A¡t¡ Qi¡>à \[Øl¡t¡¡ú >ãºA¡¹
ÎàìÒ줹 ®¡àR¡à Aå¡[k¡, ³àìk¡¹ ëcò¡àš, l¡üºåJØl¡, ¤>A¡º³ã
[A¡}¤à ¤ÒüìÚ¹ šàt¡àÚ "òàA¡à J¹ìKàìŹ á[¤ \㤔z ÒìÚ
ºàó¡àÚ - t¡à "šå¹ A¡àìá &A¡ "àÆW¡™¢\>A¡ Qi¡>à¡ú
"šåìA¡ ÑHæìº šØl¡àì>๠³t¡ Û¡³t¡à >à =àA¡ìº* [št¡à
Ò[¹Ò¹ t¡àìA¡ &A¡[i¡ ¤à}ºà A¡àK\ ‘¤U¤àÎã’ šØl¡ìt¡ ëƒ>¡ú
š[yA¡à[i¡ šìØl¡ "šå¹ A¡¿>àÅ[v¡û¡¹ ¤õ[‡ý¡ Qi¡ìº* "à‹å[>A¡
\ã¤> š[¹Î¹ ë=ìA¡ ƒèì¹ =àìA¡¡ú ëáìºìA¡ "à‹å[>A¡ \ã¤>
®¡à¤>àÚ l¡üv¡¹ìo¹ "ƒ³¸ [ššàÎà ëƒJà ™àÚ¡ Ò[¹Òì¹¹ ³ì‹¸¡ú
[A¡”ñ šøà[”zA¡à[Út¡ Îà³”zt¡à[”|A¡ ³à>[ÎA¡t¡àÚ [¤Å«àÎã Τ¢\Úà
ëÎÒü [ššàÎà ë=ìA¡ "ì>A¡ ƒè칡ú t¡àÒü ëÎ ëáìºìA¡
¤øàÕ¡o¸¤õ[v¡ ëÅJàìt¡ l¡ü;ÎåA¡¡ú Τ¢\Úà "šå¹ [¤ìÚ, [®¡ìi¡ìt¡
šàA¡à¤à[Øl¡, ët¡àºà, íšìt¡ ëƒ*Úà -ÿ-ÿ- &Τ [A¡áå [>ìÚÒü
Î¤Î³Ú [W¡”zà-®¡à¤>à A¡ì¹>¡ú [A¡”ñ šè줢Òü "à³à¹à ëƒJìt¡
ëšìÚ[á, "šå K[r¡¤‡ý¡ γà\ ë=ìA¡ t¡à¹ [W¡”zà‹à¹àìA¡ ³åv¡û¡
A¡ì¹ [>ìÚìá¡ú t¡àÒü ëÎ ®¡àì¤ – ‘‘ëÎ *Òü Τ \àÚKàÚ
™àÒüì¤, *Òü Τ ëƒ[Jì¤, [¤ºàt¡ ™àÒüì¤, \àšà> ™àÒüì¤,
¤à[o\¸™àyà A¡[¹ì¤, ¤Øl¡ Î*ƒàK¹ ÒÒüì¤, ">¤¹t¡ ëƒÅ-
[¤ìƒÅ γåì‰ Qå[¹ì¤, ... ëÎΤ ëƒìÅ ëA¡à=àÚ A¡àÒà¹à
ë™> t¡àÒ๠\>¸ "ìšÛ¡à A¡[¹Úà "àìá¡ú ëÎJàì> ÒÒüìt¡
t¡àÒà¹* l¡àA¡ "à[Îì¤ &A¡[ƒ> - ëÎ-* ™àÒü줡ú’’ "šå
K[r¡¤‡ý¡ \ã¤> ë=ìA¡ ¤õÒ; \ã¤ì>¹ [ƒìA¡ ™ày๠\>¸
ít¡[¹¡ú [A¡”ñ šè줢 &Òü "šå ¤øàÕ¡o¸¤àƒã [W¡”zà‹à¹àÚ [>³[ðt¡
=àA¡à¹ ó¡ìº Åøà‡ý¡ ë=ìA¡ ³àìÚ¹ \>¸ áòàƒà [>ìÚ "àìÎ
&¤} ³à Τ¢\Úà* &ìt¡ Jå[Å Ò>¡ú t¡ì¤ A¡à캹 [¤¤t¢¡ì>
³èº¸ì¤à싹 A¡àk¡àì³à* t¡àØl¡àt¡à[Øl¡ ¤ƒìº ™àìZá – t¡à¹ šø³ào
¹ìÚìá Îå>ã캹 ³à¹ A¡=à¤àt¢¡à¹ ³ì‹¸¡ú Îå>ã캹 ³à *
57 /
Τ¢\Úà ƒå-\>Òü šøà[”zA¡à[Út¡ ëÅøoã®å¡v¡û¡ Ò’ìº* šø=³\>
ëA¡ï³Î³à\ ë=ìA¡ [¤[ZáÄ¡ú "šå &t¡[ƒ> &Òü š[¹¤t¢¡>Åãº
γàì\¹ ¤àÒüì¹ ¤Î¤àÎ A¡¹ìº* γÚìA¡ l¡üìšÛ¡à A¡ì¹
¤àÒüì¹ =àA¡à t¡à¹ ‡à¹à 䱤 ÒÚ[>¡ú [>Ú[t¡¹ i¡àì>Òü ëÒàA¡
"๠A¡àºìÑ÷àìt¡¹ i¡àì>Òü ëÒàA¡ "à‹å[>A¡t¡à¹ šãk¡Ñ‚à>
ÅÒì¹¹ ³ì‹¸Òü ëÎ ™à줡ú +š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ Å[v¡û¡ Nøà³-¤à}ºà¹
"à[=¢A¡ Îà³à[\A¡ A¡àk¡àì³àìA¡ 뮡ìR¡ iå¡A¡ì¹à iå¡A¡ì¹à A¡ì¹
[ƒìÚìá [>\ Ѭà=¢[Î[‡ý¡¹ l¡üì„쟡ú t¡àÒü "šå샹 ¤òàW¡àìt¡
Òìº ÅÒ¹Òü &A¡³ày [>®¢¡¹ì™àK¸ Ñ‚à>¡ú Nø೸ γàì\ [¤ø[i¡Å
Å[v¡û¡¹ "ìC¡àšàìι \ຠ[¤Ñzàì¹¹ šè줢 – ‘‘........Nøàì³
[Ạ™àyàšàºà-šòàW¡à[º, A¡=A¡t¡à-Kà> "๠>àìW¡¹ l¡ü;Τ¡ú
³‹¸ &¤} [>³—¤ìK¢¹ ³à>åÈ* Nøàì³ ³[–ƒ¹ Ñ‚àš> A¡¹ìt¡>,
¤øàÕ¡o A¡=A¡k¡àA塹ìA¡ ël¡ìA¡ šàìk¡¹ "àι ¤Îàìt¡>¡ú Qì¹
Qì¹ l¡üƒô™à[št¡ Òìt¡à ë³ìÚ샹 ¤øt¡šà¤¢o¡ú’’ [A¡”ñ [¤ø[i¡Å
Å[v¡û¡ ™J>Òü Nøà³ ë=ìA¡ Nøà³à”zì¹ šøì¤Å A¡ì¹ t¡J>Òü
"à‹å[>A¡ Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ W¡àìš Nøà³ão Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹ [¤ìºàš Qi¡ìt¡
Ç¡¹ç¡ ÒÚ¡ú
[>\ "[Ñzâ«ìA¡ Î\㤠¹àJ๠\ì>¸Òü "šå ƒãQ¢[ƒì>¹
ºà[ºt¡ Ѷõ[t¡Nø[=t¡ "ì”z¤àÎã \ã¤ì>¹ l¡üšA衺ìA¡ &A¡šàìÅ
ëó¡ìº ë¹ìJ, ³à-¤à¤à¹ ÎìU Ѭ욗¹ 빺Kà[Øl¡ìt¡ W¡ìØl¡ ¤ìΡú
&t¡[ƒì>¹ Ѭš—³àJà [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹ Nøàì³¹ >à>à Qi¡>à t¡=à [ƒ[ƒ
ƒåK¢à¹ Ѭš—³àJà A¡àº * š[¹Î¹ ë=ìA¡ "àºàƒà Ò*Ú๠K®¡ã¹
ƒå@J "šåìA¡ "àšÃåt¡ A¡ì¹¡ú t¡J> – ‘‘Òk¡à; "šå¹ ³> &A¡
[¤[W¡y ">å®è¡[t¡ìt¡ ®¡[¹Úà ëKº¡ú ....A¡t¡ [A¡ ³ì> "à[κ
"¿ ³åÒèìt¢¡¹ ³ì‹¸....[ƒ[ƒ¹ A¡t¡ >à-ë³i¡à Îà‹.....¡ú’’
l¡üš>¸àìι &Òü šøàì”z &ìÎ +š>¸à[ÎA¡ [¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èo šè줢¹
‹à¹à¤à[ÒA¡t¡à ë=ìA¡ Îì¹ [KìÚ "à‹å[>A¡ šì=¹ ™àyã "šå¹
A¡=à ¤ºìº* ëÎ t¡à¹ "t¡ãt¡ [ƒì>¹ A¡=à [A¡}¤à [ƒ[ƒ ƒåK¢àìA¡
®å¡ºìt¡ šàì¹[>¡ú ëºJìA¡¹ ®¡àÈàÚ ¤ºà ™àÚ – ‘‘....."à[³
W¡àÒü[> [ƒ[ƒ, "à[³ ët¡àìA¡ ®å¡[º[>, ÒüìZá A¡’ì¹ ëó¡ìº*
"à[Î[> -ÿ-ÿ- *¹à "à³àÚ [>ìÚ ™àìZá¡ú’’ [ƒ[ƒ¹ A¡=à
[>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹ Nøàì³¹ A¡=à ®å¡ºìt¡ >à šà¹ìº* Î³Ú * š[¹Î¹
t¡àìA¡ 빺Kà[Øl¡ A¡ì¹ Îà³ì>¹ [ƒìA¡ [>ìÚ ™àÚ¡ú &Jàì>
γàìºàW¡A¡ ¹ç¡= ë¹àì>ì>¹ &A¡[i¡ ³”z¤¸ l¡üìÀJ>ãÚ –
‘‘Tense differentiation is not employed to mark vary-
ing distances between the line of narration and the
time of the narrated but to indicate the degree of
actualization of the told events. ......the time line of
a story is not just the organization of events in a
specific order, but also the foreground of the story.’’
A¡àÅãìt¡ l¡üš[Ñ‚t¡ ÒìÚ "šå >tå¡> &A¡ šõ[=¤ã¹ ÎìU
š[¹[W¡t¡ ÒÚ¡ú ÎUãÎà=ã샹ìA¡ [štõ¡šå¹ç¡ìȹ "[Ñzâ«Òã>
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
\[³ƒà¹ã¹ K¿ Ç¡>àÚ¡ú "šå¹ ³> A¡àÅã¹ >tå¡> Qì¹ ¤ìÎ
>à, [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšåì¹¹ ³åv¡û¡ Òà*ÚàÚ ºà[ºt¡-šà[ºt¡ t¡à¹ ³>
Î¤Î³Ú l¡üØl¡æ l¡üØl¡æ =àìA¡¡ú ëÎ "à¤à¹ šàk¡ÅàºàÚ ®¡[t¢¡ ÒÚ¡ú
A¡àÅãìt¡ l¡üš[Ñ‚t¡ Ò*Ú๠[t¡> ¤áì¹¹ ³ì‹¸ "šå¹ ¤àº¸\ã¤ì>
Qìi¡ >à>à [¤Èàƒ³Ú Qi¡>à¡ú &Τ Qi¡>๠³ì‹¸ ¹ìÚìÎ [št¡à
Ò[¹Òì¹¹ aì¹ ³õt塸, Î}Îàì¹ W¡¹³ ƒà[¹‰¸, ³à Τ¢\Úà¹
¹òà‹å>ã A¡à\ ë>*Úà, [¤>àìƒàìÈ ¤à¤å샹 ¤à[Øl¡ìt¡ ³à¹ Jà*Úà¡ú
A¡àÅã¹ \ã¤>™àyà "šåìA¡ [¤[W¡y ¹ê¡š-¹ìÎ \à[¹t¡ A¡ì¹
tå¡ìº¡ú [št¡à¹ "ÎåJ * ³õt塸 ¤àºA¡ "šåìA¡ Î}Î๠δ¬ìÞê¡
"à¹* "[®¡`¡ A¡ì¹ tå¡ìº¡ú \ã¤ì>¹ W¡ºà¹ š= >à>à ¤òàA¡
[>ìº* ëÅÈ ÒìÚ ™àÚ[>¡ú šøAõ¡[t¡ [¤W塸t¡ "šå A¡àÅãìt¡ &A¡[i¡
=àA¡à¹ Q¹ ëšìÚ* ³àtõ¡Òã> ®¡àì¤Òü t¡àìA¡ Qì¹ =àA¡ìt¡ Òt¡¡ú
‹ãì¹ ‹ãì¹ t¡à¹ ³> K[r¡¤‡ý¡ Òìt¡ =àìA¡¡ú [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšåì¹¹
šøAõ¡[t¡[>®¢¡¹ \Kìt¡ [Ạ"Î}J¸ ¤Þêå¡-¤àÞꡤ, ëJºà¹ ÎUã
"๠¹àoå[ƒ¹ ³t¡ ëÑ•Òšø¤o \ì>¹à¡ú &Jàì> ‘¤à¤å샹 ëá캒¹
ÎìU ëJºà‹å º à A¡¹ìº* ³ì>¹ [³º Jå ò ì \ šàÚ>à¡ú
ëÎ\ì¤ï¹à[> * ºãºà¹ ÎìU "šå¹ [>[¤Øl¡ ³à>[¤A¡ δšA¢¡
KìØl¡ *k¡à Îìâ«* Τå\Òã> Òüi¡-¤àºå-[Îì³ìsi¡¹ ít¡[¹ šàA¡à
ëA¡àk¡à¹ š[¹ì¤Å t¡àìA¡ ³èìº [ó¡ì¹ ™à¤à¹ l¡àA¡ ëƒÚ¡ú
[¤[®¡Ä ºàf¡>à-Kg>àÚ "šå¹ ³ì> ë\ìK *ìk¡
[>[ÆW¡[–ƒšåì¹¹ šè¤¢Ñ¶õ[t¡¡ú ëÎ t¡à¹ šøàìo¹ "à¹à³ t¡=à ³åv¡û¡
š[¹ì¤Å * "àu๠"à>–ƒ Jåòì\ šàÚ &Òü [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšåì¹¹
š=-Qài¡->ƒã-³àìk¡¹ ®¡à¤>àÚ¡ú ¤Øl¡¤à¤å¹ Òàìt¡ ë¤yàQàt¡
Jà*Ú๠[ƒ> [¤ìA¡ºì¤ºàÚ "šå Qåì³¹ ³ì‹¸ Ѭš— ëƒìJ –
‘‘[>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå ì ¹¹ š= ë™> óå ¡ ¹àÒü ì t¡ìá >à.... ëÎ
W¡[ºÚàìá.....W¡[ºÚàìá.....W¡[ºÚàìá....* A¡àìÑz Òàìt¡
A¡àA¡à, Ç¡>ìW¡à, [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšåì¹¹ š=i¡à &j¡æ ¤’ìº ƒ¸à* >à
"à³à샹¡? ™ÅØl¡à [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹, ë¤y¤t¡ã¹ *šà칡?’’ "šå
Ѭ욗¹ ëQàì¹ ë¤[ÅÎ³Ú =àìA¡[>¡ú ³àìÚ¹ l¡àìA¡ ë\ìK *ìk¡,
¤àÑz¤ ëW¡t¡>àÚ l¡üš[Ñ‚t¡ ÒÚ¡ú ëÎ ÑšÊ ëƒJìt¡ šàÚ – ‘‘*Òü
"àÑzà¤ìº¹ ³à=àÚ ë™ "àA¡àÅi¡à, *¹Òü *šàì¹ šè¤¢[ƒìA¡
ÎÒàÚA¡ Nø”‚ :
1¡ú šà=¢[\; KàìUàšà‹¸àÚ - šøÎU @ šì=¹ šòàW¡àºã¡ú
2¡ú t¡¹ç¡o ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ (δšà@) - Åt¡¤ìÈ¢¹ "àìºàA¡ [¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èo¡ú
3¡ú ¤ø\ƒåºàº ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ (">å¤àƒA¡) - Ѭà‹ã>t¡à Î}Nøೡú
4¡ú ƒåK¢àƒàÎ ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ - šì=¹ šòàW¡àºã ™åOµ γãÛ¡à¡ú¡
5¡ú šà=¢šø[t¡³ ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ - l¡üš>¸àÎ ¹à\î>[t¡A¡¡ú
6¡ú Ѭš>¤Îå * Òü–ƒø[\; ëW¡ï‹å¹ã (δšà[ƒt¡) - l¡ü[>Å Åt¡ìA¡¹ ¤àR¡à[º \ã¤> * Î}ÑHõ[t¡¡ú
³èºNøÑ‚ :
1¡ú [¤®è¡[t¡®è¡Èo ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ - ‘[¤®è¡[t¡ ¹W¡>ऺ㒠\–µÅt¡¤à[È¢A¡ã Î}ÑH¹o (1³ Jr¡)úú
(ëºJA¡ &.[l¡.[š A¡ìº\, >Kà*ò¹ ¤à}ºà ®¡àÈà * Îà[Òìt¡¸¹ šø®¡àÈA¡)
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
¤×ƒèì¹ t¡àÒà샹 [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹¡ú’’ [t¡>¤á¹ šè줢 ëó¡ìº "àÎà
[>[ÆW¡[–ƒšåì¹¹ š[¹ì¤Å, [šøÚ íÅŤ, [>ÎìK¢¹ "³[º>
šøàWå¡™¢ "šåìA¡ l¡àìA¡¡ú ÅÒì¹¹ +š[>ì¤[ÅA¡ š[¹ì¤Å ë=ìA¡
³å[v¡û¡ šà*Ú๠\>¸ [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšåì¹¹ šøAõ¡[t¡¹ l¡àA¡ ëÎ Ç¡>ìt¡
šàÚ – ‘‘..... [>[ÆW¡[–ƒšå¹ t¡àÒàìA¡ [ƒì>-¹àìt¡ ΤγÚ
l¡àìA¡, ÅòàJà¹ã šåA塹 l¡àA¡ ëƒÚ, ..... 냤ã [¤ÅàºàÛ¡ã
l¡àA¡ ëƒ>¡ú’’ t¡à¹ ³ì> šìØl¡ [št¡à Ò[¹Òì¹¹ [®¡i¡à,
Ç¡Øl¡A¡º³ã¹ ¤>, ³àìÚ¹ Òàìt¡¹ ºàKàì>à 뺤åKàìá¹ W¡à¹à
&Τ ëƒJ๠\>¸ "šå [¤ÈÄ ³ì> Îà³ì>¹ [ƒìA¡ &[KìÚ
™àÚ¡ú ëÎ* \àì>- ‘‘\>Òã> [®¡i¡à¹ *k¡à>-®¡¹à A¡àºì³ìQ¹
\Uìº {c¡ {c¡ ëšàA¡à l¡à[A¡ì¤, ......Òºìƒ l¡à>à ët¡ìØl¡à
šàJãi¡à Aò¡à[ƒÚà Aò¡à[ƒÚà [ó¡[¹ì¤¡ú’’ t¡à Ѭìâ«* šì=¹ 냤t¡à¹
"àÔà> Ç¡ì> "šå – ‘‘³èJ¢ ¤àºA¡, š= ët¡à "à³à¹ ëÅÈ
ÒÚ[> ët¡à³à샹 Nøàì³¹ ¤òàìŹ ¤ì>, ..... W¡º &[KìÚ
™àÒü¡ú’’ &[KìÚ ™à*Úài¡àÒü ÒìZá "à‹å[>A¡t¡àÚ l¡üv¡¹o -ÿ-ÿ-
™à¹ š[¹Ñ£è¡¹o Qìi¡ š¹¤t¢¡ã l¡üš>¸àÎ ‘"š¹à[\t¡’ &¹
³ì‹¸¡ú &Jàì> γàìºàW¡A¡ ¤ãì¹–ƒø A塳๠®¡j¡àW¡à왢¹ &A¡[i¡
³”z ¤ ¸ l¡ü ì ÀJ>ãÚ – ‘‘Ò[¹Òì¹¹ ƒà[¹‰¸, 빺š=,
Îà´÷ à \¸¤àƒã ÅàÎ>, >ãºW¡àÈ, \[³¹ ÎìU šø à t¡¸[ÒA¡
δšA¢ ¡ Òã> ">à¤àÎã ¤à¹àoÎã¹ ®è ¡ -Ѭ à ³ã δ߃àìÚ¹
\ã¤>™àyà – &Τ [A¡áåÒü [W¡[>ìÚ ëƒÚ ®¡à¹t¡¤ìÈ¢¹ šøàW¡ã>
Aõ¡[È[®¡[v¡A¡ Nøೠή¡¸t¡à¹ š[¹¤t¢¡>, ™[ƒ* ëÎ š[¹¤t¢¡>
¤¸àšA¡ >Ú¡ú .... W¡[¹yP¡[º¹ šà¹Ñš[¹A¡ δšA¢¡ *
[>ÎìK¢¹ ÎìU ¤¸[v¡û¡³ì>¹ "[®¡Qàt¡, ƒà[¹‰¸ * ¤e¡>à –
& ΤÒü ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ Nøà³\ã¤ì>¹ &A¡à”z "àš> ƒõŸ¡ú &Òü
l¡üš>¸àìÎ ‹¹à šìØl¡ìá ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ Îà[Òìt¡¸¹ &A¡ "à‹å[>A¡
l¡üv¡¹ìo¹ á[¤*¡ú’’ ó¡ºt¡ &Òü l¡üš>¸àìÎ &A¡[ƒìA¡ óå¡ìi¡
l¡üìk¡ìá Nøà³ ¤à}ºà¹ \ã¤> &¤} t¡à¹ ®¡àR¡ì>¹ šø[t¡Zá[¤¡ú
">¸[ƒìA¡ +š>¸à[ÅA¡ >K¹\ã¤ì> "à‹å[>A¡ \ã¤>™àšì>¹
Òàt¡áà[>¡ú ëÅÈš™¢”z ¤¸àšA¡ >à Òìº* "à‹å[>A¡ ëW¡t¡>àÚ
l¡üv¡¹ìo¹ ši¡®è¡[³¡ú
/ 58
 l¡0 ™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡à¹ ³à}κ A¡ìk¡à¹ Òàt¡Jà>à¹
뮡t¡ì¹ nå¡ìA¡ "à³à¹ >¹³, ë¹àKà Òàt¡Jà>à ³W¡ìA¡ ™à¤à¹
l¡üšyû¡³ Òìºà¡ú t¡ò๠Òàt¡Jà>à ë™> ƒ³¤Þê¡ A¡ì¹ ëƒì¤
&³> &A¡Jà>à JòàW¡à¡ú ëÎÒü JòàW¡àìt¡ ¤–ƒã ÒìÚ "ÎÒàÚ
šà[J &A¡i¡à¹ ³ìt¡à "à³à¹ Òàt¡Jà>à ái¡ó¡i¡àìt¡ Ç¡¹ç¡
A¡¹ìºà¡ú A¡¹³ƒ¢> A¡ì¹Òü [t¡[> "à³à¹ Òàt¡àJà>à ëáìØl¡
ëƒ> [>¡ú ">K¢º A¡=à ¤ìº ëKìá> -ÿ-
‘‘ÒàÒü "[®¡ºàÈà, ëÒàÚàÒü "๠Úå¸ ëÎà ëºi¡ ?
Úå¸ ºåA¡ 뮡[¹ >àÒüÎ &¸àr¡ Ѷài¢¡ Òü> [ƒÎ ël¡öÎ !’’
ël¡öìι "\åÒàìt¡ A¡à³>à ºåºåš ƒõ[Êìt¡ [t¡[> "à³à¹
"à>J[Ź ëƒìJ [>ìº>¡ú
‘‘l¡üÒüº Úå¸ Ò¸à®¡ &¸à [l¡ö}Î, "[®¡ºàÈà ?’’
‘‘ë>à, ë=}G θ¹, "àÒü \àÐ ëÒl¡ &¸à A¡àš
"¤ [i¡¡ú’’
™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡à¹ [>샢ìÅ *ìÚi¡à¹ &A¡i¡à ¹[R¡>
NÃàìÎ ®¡¹à ëi¡ö [>ìÚ &[KìÚ &ìºà¡ú ™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡à
[>ì\¹ Òàìt¡ ¹[R¡> NÃàÎ &A¡Jà>à "à³à¹ [ƒìA¡ &[KìÚ
[ƒìº>¡ú "ºÎ Òàt¡Jà>à &[KìÚ [>ìÚ "à[³
ëA¡àì>àyû¡ì³ NÃàÎi¡à tå¡ìº [>ìÚ ¤ººà³ -ÿ-
‘‘ë=}G &¸à ºi¡ θ¹¡ú’’
ëºàìA¡¹ ®¡ãìØl¡ "à³à¹ ëW¡àJ ƒå’ìi¡à ÎÒA¡³¢ã
[šøÚà}A¡à, ˜¡tå¡, ¹ê¡š³ìƒ¹ ëJòà\ìt¡ Ç¡¹ç¡ A¡¹ìºà¡ú
Òi¡à;Òü "à³à¹ ³ì> Òìºà -ÿ- ëºàA¡P¡ìºà ë™>
59 /
"à³àìA¡Òü ºÛ¡¸ A¡¹ìá¡ú ë¤à‹ÒÚ l¡0 ™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡à "à³à¹
[ƒìA¡ &[KìÚ &ìÎ "à³àìA¡ ¹[R¡> NÃàÎ &[KìÚ [ƒìÚìá>
ëƒìJÒü¡ú l¡0 ™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡à¹ \ì>¸Òü "à³à샹 [¹[ºó¡ &¸àr¡
[¹ìÒ[¤[ºìi¡Å¸> [l¡šài¢¡ì³si¡ &Òü šà[i¢¡¹ "àìÚà\> A¡ì¹ìá¡ú
tò¡àìA¡ δ¶à> "๠䬋¢oà \à>à¤à¹ \ì>¸¡ú [t¡[> "à³à샹
¹àì\¸¹ "[t¡[=¡ú ëÊi¡ ëKÊ¡ú ëÎÒü ³à>åÈ[i¡ "à³à¹ ³ìt¡à &A¡
Îà³à>¸ [š & "=¢à; šàì΢à>ຠ&¸à[ÎìÊsi¡ìA¡ NÃàÎ &[KìÚ
[ƒìÚìá> -ÿ- "¤Å¸Òü ëƒJ¤à¹ ³ìt¡à ƒõŸ¡ú
‘‘ëƒ> A¡à³ "> "[®¡ºàÈà¡ú ëºi¡Îô [Îi¡ &¸àr¡ i¡Aô¡
A¡³ó¡ìi¢¡¤[º¡ú’’ ™t¡ã> ë³ìÒt¡à ¤ºìº>¡ú
&Òüì¹ ! ™t¡ã> ë³ìÒt¡à "à³à¹ ÎìU "à¤à¹ A¡ã A¡=à
¤ºì¤ ? [t¡[> ë™ "ì>A¡ ¤Øl¡ ³à>åÈ ! "[>Záà Îìâ«* "à[³
tò¡à¹ ëšá> &ºà³¡ú [t¡[> "à³àA¡ [¤[®¡Ä A¡=à [\ì`¡Î
A¡¹ìº>¡ú tò¡à¹ ë¤[Ź ®¡àK A¡=๠\¤àì¤ "à³àìA¡ Ç¡‹å ÒüìÚÎ
θ¹- ë>à θ¹ ¤ìº ë™ìt¡ Òìºà¡ú Òk¡à;Òü ™t¡ã> ë³ìÒt¡à
[\ì`¡Î A¡¹ìº> -ÿ-
‘‘"à¹si¡ Úå¸ Ò¸à[š [ÒÚ๠"[®¡ºàÈà ?’’
‘‘"ó¡ìA¡à΢, "ó¡ìA¡à΢ "àÒü &³ θ¹ !’’
"à[³ [A¡áåi¡à l¡üòWå¡ Ñ¬ì¹ ¤ìº l¡ük¡ºà³¡ú
‘‘ëƒ> ëÒàÚài¡Î ƒ¸ ë³i¡à¹ l¡üÒü= Úå¸ "[®¡ºàÈà? Úå¸
ºåA¡Îô 뮡[¹ [l¡ìšøÎl¡¡ú’’
‘‘>à[=} θ¹¡ú’’
‘‘"๠Úå¸ ëi¡[¹¤[º i¡àÚàl¢¡ ?’’
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
 ‘‘ë>à θ¹, ë>à¡ú "àÒü &¸à³ "º ¹àÒüi¡ θ¹¡ú’’
‘‘"[®¡ºàÈà, Òüó¡ Úå¸ ël¡àsi¡ ³àÒü“¡ Úå¸ ëA¡> ëi¡A¡ ë¹Ê
[ÒÚ๠iå¡>àÒüi¡¡ú "àÒü [³> Òü> ³àÒü ¹ç¡³¡ú’’
"à³à¹ A¡à> ƒå’ìi¡à K¹³ ÒìÚ &ìºà¡ú ë¹Ê ëÒÚà¹
iå¡>àÒüi¡! & [A¡ìι šøÑzठ[ƒìZá ë³Òt¡à "à³àA¡¡ú "à[³ šøàÚ
ëWò¡[W¡ìÚ l¡ük¡ìt¡ ™à[Záºà³¡ú
‘‘ë>à θ¹ -ÿ- Òüi¡Îô Òü´š[Τº !’’
šà[¹[>¡ú [t¡[> "à³àìA¡ "®¡Ú [ƒìÚ ë¤àc¡à¤à¹ Îåì¹
¤ºìº> -ÿ-
‘‘Сš *[¹}¡ú ëƒÚ๠Òü\ >à[=} iå¡ [ó¡Ú๡ú l¡si¡ *[¹
&¤àl¡üi¡ ÒüìÚ๠Сàó¡, ÒüìÚ๠l¡àÒüì¹C¡¹¡ú’’
‘‘Î[¹ θ¹ ... ³àÒü [W¡ºìl¡ö> l¡üÒüº *ìÚi¡ ó¡¹ [³¡ú’’
‘‘ëÒàÚàÒü ël¡àsi¡ Úå¸ A¡à³ iå¡ ³àÒü ¹ç¡³ ó¡¹ ë¤øA¡ó¡àÐ
iå¡ì³àì¹à?’’
‘‘Î[¹ θ¹ -ÿ- "àÒü &¸à³ ëi¡[¹¤[º Î[¹.....¡ú’’
™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡à "๠ë¤[Å Î³Ú "à³à¹ A¡àìá ¤ìÎ
¹Òüìº> >à¡ú [t¡[> ëÒìÎ ëÒìÎ ¤ìº ëó¡ºìº> ‘‘Òül¡ü "à¹
ëi¡ài¡à[º [ZW¡º !’’ "à³à¹ A¡àìá¹ ë=ìA¡ ™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡à l¡üìk¡
™à¤à¹ ÎìU ÎìU šà[i¡¢ìt¡ "àÎà ">¸ "[ó¡Îàì¹¹à tò¡à¹ A¡àá
W¡àšìº>¡ú &A¡¤àì¹¹ \ì>¸* ëkò¡àìi¡¹ A¡àìá [>Òü[> ë™ ¹[R¡>
šà>ãìÚ¹ NÃàÎ[i¡ ëÎ[i¡ l¡üì‡ìK¹ ÎìU ëi¡[¤ìº šìØl¡ ¹Òüº¡ú
"[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã [A¡ \àì>> &Òü šà[i¡¢ìt¡ A¡àìA¡ A¡àìA¡ "à³”|o
\à>àì>à Òìºà? [>³”|ìo¹ [W¡[k¡i¡à "à[³Òü [l¡\àÒü> A¡ì¹ 뤹
A¡ì¹[áºà³¡ú [šøsi¡ A¡ì¹[áºà³, Jàì³¹ l¡üš¹ ™â— A¡ì¹ ëKài¡à
ëKài¡à "Û¡ì¹ "à³[”|t¡ l¡üWò ¡å šìƒ¹ "à[‹A¡à[¹A¡ìƒ¹ >à³ [k¡A¡à>à
[ºìJ[áºà³¡ú "๠&Òü [l¡>๠šà[i¢¡¹ "àìÚà\ì>¹ ó¡àÒüºi¡à¡ú
С๠ëÒàìi¡º "¹ç¡ìo šà[i¢¡ "àìÚà\> A¡¹à¹ ë=ìA¡ Ç¡¹ç¡ A¡ì¹
ΤÒü "à[³ A¡¹ºà³¡ú >ã¹ì¤¡ú "à[³ Ç¡‹å "à³à¹ l¡àÒüì¹C¹
"[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ãìA¡ &A¡¤à¹ A¡ì¹ l¡öàó¡i¡ ëºi¡à¹P¡ìºà
ëƒ[JìÚ[áºà³ "๠ëó¡Ú๠A¡[šP¡ìºàìt¡ ÎÒü A¡¹¤à¹ \ì>¸
&[KìÚ [ƒìÚ[áºà³¡ú
"[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹ ëW¡´¬à¹ ¤ìÎ l¡0 ™[t¡> ë³Òt¡à t¡J>
"à³àìA¡ tò¡à¹ ƒå’ìW¡àìJ [Kº[áìº>¡ú [t¡[> "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ãìA¡
¤àì¹ ¤àì¹ ¤º[áìº> -ÿ- ‘‘[Î Òü\ 뮡[¹ Ѷài¢¡¡ú [Î ëi¡A¡Îô
"º ë¹Îš[X[¤[º[i¡\ô¡ú’’ -ÿ- γ=¢> A¡ì¹ "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã*
¤º[áìº>, ‘‘ÒüìÚÎ ÒüìÚΡú’’
[ƒì>¹ 뤺๠ëÎÒü ë¹Îš[X¤º ë³ìÚ[i¡ Òi¡à;Òü ‘[ZW¡º’
ÒìÚ šØl¡ºà³ -ÿ- "à³à¹ Òà[Î šàì¤ >à ¤å[c¡ ?
"à[³ "¹ç¡oàW¡º šøìƒÅ ιA¡àì¹¹ [¹[ºó¡ &¸àr¡
[¹ìÒ[¤[ºìi¡Å¸> [¤®¡àìK¹ l¡àÒüì¹C¡¹ "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹ [š
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
& "=¢à; šàì΢à>ຠ&¸à[ÎìСsi¡¡ú "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã &Òü
[l¡šài¢¡ì³ìsi¡ ¤ƒ[º ÒìÚ "àÎ๠³ày ¤á¹ Jà[>A¡Òü ÒìÚìá¡ú
šø=³ [ƒ>[i¡ìt¡ ë¤\¤¹ç¡Úà θ칹 ÎìU W¡à\¢ ëÒ[r¡}-ëi¡[A¡}
™J> Òà[Záº, "à³àìA¡ ¤à¹ ¤à¹ tò¡à¹ ëA¡àk¡àìt¡ ë™ìt¡ "àÎìt¡
ÒìÚ[ạú [t¡[> "[ó¡ìÎ šø=³ šà ¹àJ¤à¹ [ƒì>Òü "à[³Òü
šø=³ [KìÚ "à³à¹ l¡à> Òàt¡Jà>à tò¡à¹ [ƒìA¡ &[KìÚ
[ƒìÚ[áºà³¡ú
‘‘P¡l¡ ³[>} θ¹, "à[³ "àš>๠[š & "[®¡ºàÈà
ëW¡ï‹å¹ã¡ú’’
Îà¹à[ƒì> A¡t¡ ë™ [l¡ìC¡Å¸> A¡[š, ë>ài¡ ¤åA¡, ó¡àÒüº
tå¡ìº \[Øl¡ìÚ ‹ì¹ "à³àìA¡ tò¡à¹ Qì¹ [KìÚ nå¡A¡ìt¡ ÒÚ t¡à¹
ëA¡àì>à [ÒìΤ =àìA¡ >à¡ú &ìA¡¹ šì¹ &A¡ [l¡ìCŸ> [>Òü¡ú
&A¡i¡à ë>àìi¡¹ i¡àÒü[š} "à‹àìt¡Òü ë¹ìJ ëƒïìØl¡ ë™ìt¡ ÒìÚ
"àì¹à &A¡i¡à [l¡ìCŸì>¹ \ì>¸¡ú ë¤Å A¡’ šõË¡à \åìØl¡ i¡àÒüš
A¡ì¹ 냤๠šì¹* šøàÚ Î´šèo¢ šàìÂi¡ ëó¡ìºìá>¡ú A¡Jì>à¤à
"[ó¡ìι ®¡àÈàìt¡ ‘®¡ãÈo Òüì´šàìi¢¡si¡’ l¡öàóô¡i¡ &A¡i¡à i¡àÒüš
A¡ì¹ 냤๠šì¹* [ƒì>¹ š¹ [ƒ> ëi¡[¤ìº šìØl¡Òü ë=ìA¡ìá¡ú
[l¡ìCŸ> ë>¤à¹ \ì>¸ ël¡ìA¡ A¡Jì>à¤à "à³àìA¡ Qsi¡àJà[>A¡
&³[> ¤[ÎìÚ ¹àìJ>¡ú ëÎ [¤¹[t¡ ¤Øl¡ [¤¹[v¡û¡A¡¹ ÒìÚ l¡üìk¡¡ú
[¤¹[v¡û¡ ƒè¹ A¡¹ìt¡ "à[³ ¤ìÎ ¤ìÎÒü \à>àºà¹ Aò¡àW¡ [ƒìÚ
¤àÒüì¹¹ [ƒìA¡ t¡à[A¡ìÚ =à[A¡¡ú ¤àÒüì¹ ÒàºA¡à ¤àt¡àÎ >¹³
ëKຠë¹à„å¹ìA¡ [>ìÚ ëJºà A¡ì¹¡ú \à>àºà¹ šƒ¢à[i¡ ¤àt¡àìÎ
ë>ìW¡ ë¤Øl¡àÚ¡ú Aò¡àìš [A¡ Aò¡àìš>à A¡¹ìt¡ A¡¹ìt¡ "à³à¹
W塺P¡ìºà* ¤àt¡àìÎ Aò¡àìš¡ú l¡àÒüì¹C¡¹ "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹
ëA¡àk¡à ë=ìA¡ ¤àÒüì¹i¡à ¤Øl¡ Îå–ƒ¹ ëƒJàÚ¡ú šàÒà[Øl¡ \àÚKà¡ú
&³[>ìt¡Òü Îå–ƒ¹¡ú &Òü ë™> JìÎ šØl¡ì¤ ¤ìº ³ì> ÒÚ &³>
ëÒºàì>à šàÒàìØl¡¹ ¤åA¡ ®¡ì¹ [A¡áå ">à³à ó塺 ëó¡àìi¡¡ú šàÒà[Øl¡
ë³ìÚ¹à c塳 ë¤òì‹ ³à=àÚ "ài¡A¡àì>à [šìk¡ W¡àšàì>à c¡å[Øl¡ [>ìÚ
šàÒàØl¡ ë=ìA¡ ë>ì³ "àìΡú ëJàºà \àÚKà[i¡ìt¡ ëáài¡ ëáài¡
ëáìºì³ìÚ¹à Îà¹à줺à ëJºà A¡ì¹¡ú šàÒàìØl¡¹ [>W¡i¡àìt¡
Îå[¤ì‹\>A¡ \àÚKà ëƒìJ ¤ìÎ ƒå’&A¡ ë\àØl¡à ëšø[³A¡-ëšø[³A¡à
[>[¤Øl¡ A¡’ìÚA¡i¡à ³åÒèìt¢¡ [>ì\샹 ®¡[¹ìÚ ët¡à캡ú ë¹àƒÒü
ëÒàA¡ "๠¤È¢à, "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¡¢ã¹ Qì¹ì¹ ë=ìA¡ ¤àÒüì¹i¡à
ƒà¹ç¡o ëƒJàÚ¡ú ëÎï–ƒ™¢ ëƒJ๠ƒõ[Ê =àA¡ìº* "à³à¹ Q¹i¡à¹
[A¡”ñ ëA¡àì>à \à>àºà ë>Òü¡ú "à³à¹ Q¹ "๠A¡ã, "[¹–ƒ³
W¡yû¡¤t¡¢ã¹ [¤ÅຠQì¹¹ W¡à¹ ®¡àìK¹ &A¡ ®¡àK¡ú t¡à* šà[i¢¡Å¸>
[ƒìÚ ƒå’®¡àK A¡¹à ÒìÚìá¡ú Q¹[i¡ìt¡ [A¡áå ë³[Åì>¹ ³àc¡Jàì>
"à[³ ¤ìÎ =à[A¡¡ú ó¡¸àG, ë\¹G, A¡´šå¸i¡à¹, ë¤Å A¡’[i¡
ëi¡[ºìó¡à>, Òüsi¡à¹A¡³ Òüt¡¸à[ƒ "ì>A¡ [A¡áå¡ú ë³[Å>P¡ìºà¹
³àìc¡ [>ì\ìA¡* "à³à¹ A¡Jì>à ë³[Å> ¤ìºÒü ³ì> ÒÚ¡ú
/ 60
"à³à¹ [>샢ìŠ뙳> &Òü ë³[Å>P¡ìºà W¡ºìt¡ =àìA¡
"à³àìA¡* "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹ [>샢ìÅ >¸àÚ ">¸àÚ [¤W¡à¹ >à
A¡ì¹ ÎW¡º =àA¡ìt¡ ÒÚ¡ú šà=¢A¡¸ Ç¡‹å &Òüiå¡Aå¡Òü -ÿ- ë³[Å>
A¡’[i¡¹ šø[t¡ "à³à¹ ™â— "àìá, "àìá ÎÒà>å®è¡[t¡¡ú "à[³
"àºìt¡à A¡ì¹ ë¤àt¡à³ [i¡[š¡ú Î³Ú ¤åìc¡ [>ìÚ &샹 [¤Åøà³
[>ìt¡ [ƒÒü¡ú [>ì\¹ Òàìt¡ ë³àìá ëi¡àìá ¹à[J¡ú [A¡”ñ "[¹–ƒ³
W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã ™J> "à³àìA¡ W¡àºà> "à[³ šøàÚÒü A¡Ê šàÒü¡ú ÒꡃìÚ¡ú
"[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû ¡ ¤t¢ ¡ ã iå ¡ ¸¹ ë™ìt¡ Òìº tò ¡ ๠iå ¡ ¸¹
&¸àìšøà쮡ìºì¹ ó¡àÒüºìi¡à [>ìÚ "à³à¹ A¡à\ ë¤ìØl¡ ™àÚ¡ú A¡ã
A¡ã A¡àì\ ™àì¤> t¡à¹ &A¡ ƒãQ¢ t¡à[ºA¡à ít¡[¹ A¡¹ìt¡ ÒÚ¡ú
[t¡[> ™J> =àA¡ì¤> >à ëÎÒü γÚiå¡Aå¡ìt¡ ƒà[Úâ« ë>ì¤> ¤ìº
\ìÚ–i¡ l¡àÒüì¹C¡ì¹¹ \ì>¸ &A¡i¡à "l¢¡à¹ ít¡[¹ A¡¹ìt¡ ÒÚ¡ú
Î³Ú ë¤òì‹ ëƒÚà t¡=à >[= šyP¡ìºà íÎ A¡[¹ìÚ ë>Úà Òüt¡¸à[ƒ
"ì>A¡ A¡à\¡ú ó¡àÒüºP¡ìºà¹ l¡üšì¹ ‘ë³àÐ Òüì´šàìi¢¡–i¡’
A¡àl¢¡ ºà[KìÚ "à³àìA¡ ®¡ãÈo ëƒïØl¡àìƒï[Øl¡¹ ³ì‹¸ ¤¸Ñz =àA¡ìt¡
ÒÚ¡ú "=W¡ "à[³ \à[>, "[ó¡[ÎìÚº A¡àì\¹ ¤àÒà>à ëƒ[JìÚ
[t¡[> šøàÚÒü δšèo¢ ¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ A¡àì\Òü ™à>¡ú [t¡[> [ó¡ì¹ "àÎà¹
š¹ i¡ö¸à쮡[º} &¸àºàl¡üìXÎ [¤º ¤à °³o ®¡àt¡à ít¡[¹ A¡¹à
Òüt¡¸à[ƒ "àì¹à "ì>A¡ A¡à\ "à³à¹ ë¤ìØl¡ ™àÚ¡ú [t¡[> ëA¡³>
¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ A¡àì\ ™à> t¡à* "à[³ \à[>¡ú "à³à¹ ë=ìA¡ ºåìA¡àì>à
™àÚ >à -ÿ- tò¡à¹ >à>à ¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ >[= šv¡ì¹¹ i¡àÒü[š}, ó¡¸àG
Òüt¡¸à[ƒ A¡¹ìt¡ [KìÚÒü "à³à¹ Τ \à>à ÒìÚ ™àÚ¡ú
"à³à¹ &³> ºàìK ë™> -ÿ- \ã¤ì>¹ &Òü A¡³¢k¡
γÚP¡ìºà "à[³ [A¡áå ®å¡Úà A¡à\ A¡ì¹ šà¹ A¡ì¹ [ƒ[Zá¡ú
"[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹ [>샢Š³à>¤à¹ \ì>¸ ιA¡à¹ "à³àìA¡
A¡à\ [ƒìÚ ë¹ìJìá¡ú t¡¤å &Òü ë³[Åì> ®¡¹à Q¹[i¡ìt¡ ¤ìÎ
A¡´šå¸i¡àì¹¹ A¡ã-ë¤àl¡¢ "àR塺 ó塹àìt¡ [KìÚ "à[³ A¡Jì>à
Ѷõ[t¡ ÒìÚ ™à*Úà [ƒ>P¡ìºàìt¡ [ó¡ì¹ [ó¡ì¹ ™àÒü¡ú "à³à¹
A¡ìº\ -ÿ- "à³à¹ ¤Þêå¡ -ÿ- "à³à¹ [šøÚ [¤ÈÚ -ÿ- [ó¡ìºàÎ[ó¡¡ú
&J> ëA¡à=àÚ [ó¡ìºàÎ[ó¡ "๠ëA¡à=àÚ "à³à¹ ëÊ¡ì>àNøà[ó¡ !
A¡’[ƒ> ‹ì¹ "à[³ ºÛ¡¸ A¡¹[á -ÿ- &A¡\> l¡üZW¡ šƒÑ‚
"à[‹A¡à[¹A¡ "๠[š &-¹ ³àc¡Jàì> ë™iå¡Aå¡ ¤¸¤‹à> =àA¡à
l¡ü[W¡t¡ [t¡[> t¡à ¹àJìt¡ W¡à> >à¡ú Òà[Î k¡àj¡à A¡¹ìt¡ W¡à>¡ú
ó¡àÒüº &A¡i¡à, ëºi¡à¹ &A¡i¡à "à³à¹ Òàìt¡ tå¡ìº 냤๠뤺à,
"à³à¹ Òàìt¡¹ ë=ìA¡ ëi¡[ºìó¡àì>¹ [¹[ή¡à¹i¡à, A¡º³i¡à ë>¤à¹
뤺à tò¡à¹ "àUåº A¡’[i¡ šøàÚÒü "à³à¹ Òàt¡ њŢ A¡ì¹¡ú
ë¤\¤¹ç¡Úà θ칹 ÎìU [t¡>i¡à ¤á¹ "à[³ A¡à\ A¡ì¹[á¡ú
[>®¢¡ìÚ, [>@Î}ìA¡àìW¡ A¡Jì>à¤à "[ó¡Î áå[i¡¹ šì¹* "ì>A¡
ëƒ[¹ "[¦¡ú [štõ¡Î庮¡ "à[¤®¡à¤ìA¡¹ ³ìt¡à [t¡[> "à³à¹
®å¡ºP¡ìºà ‹[¹ìÚ [ƒìt¡>¡ú [>ì\ìA¡ "à³à¹ t¡J> ιA¡àì¹¹
61 /
&A¡ ƒà[Úâ«Å㺠A¡³¢ã ¤ìº ³ì> Òìt¡à¡ú A¡Jì>à¤à Òk¡à; "à³à¹
Qì¹ W¡ìº "àÎìt¡ Òìº, "à³àìA¡ [A¡áå ë¤àc¡àìt¡ Òìº -ÿ-
"à[³ W¡³ìA¡ l¡ü[k¡ -ÿ- &ìt¡ài¡à A¡àìá A¡Jì>àÒü ëQòÎìt¡> >à¡ú
[A¡áå[ƒ> ‹ì¹ "à[³ ºÛ¡¸ A¡ì¹[á -ÿ- [t¡[> šøàÚ ºàÊ "à*Úàì¹
"à³àA¡ ó¡àÒüº &A¡i¡à &[KìÚ [ƒìÚ ¤ìº> -ÿ- ‘‘"[®¡ºàÈà,
A¡àº t¡àØl¡àt¡à[Øl¡ &ìÎ &Òü ó¡àÒüºi¡à¹ A¡à\ šåì¹à A¡¹ì¤¡ú’’
"[ó¡Î Òü³àì\¢[Xi¡à "à[³ ¤å[c¡¡ú ƒå왢àìK¹ Î³Ú ¤ìÞ꡹
[ƒì>, "[ó¡Î áå[i¡¹ š¹ "à³¹à "ì>A¡ ¹àt¡ "[¦ A¡à\ A¡[¹¡ú
šàÒà[Øl¡ ¹à\¸[i¡ìt¡ šø[t¡ ¤á¹Òü ¤È¢àÚ ®è¡[³Ïº>, ¤>¸à Òüt¡¸à[ƒ
"๠Åãìt¡ J¹à, "[N—A¡àr¡ Òüt¡¸à[ƒ ÒÚ¡ú šø[t¡ ¤á¹ Åt¡ Åt¡
³à>åÈ Û¡[t¡NøÑz ÒÚ¡ú [A¡”ñ [t¡[> ë™Î¤ ó¡àÒüº "à³àìA¡ ëƒ>
ëÎP¡ìºà "àìƒï \¹ç¡[¹ >Ú¡ú "à³à¹ ó¡àÊ¢ "à*Úà¹, ºàÊ
"à*Úà¹P¡ìºà yû¡ì³Òü ƒãQ¢ Òìt¡ Ç¡¹ç¡ A¡¹º¡ú [¤Åຠ[¤Åàº
[l¡ìC¡Å¸>P¡ìºà šøàÚÒü ºàÊ "à*Úàì¹ ÒÚ¡ú &A¡¤à¹ l¡öàóô¡i¡
i¡àÒüš A¡ì¹ [‡t¡ãڤ๠ëó¡Ú๠A¡[š A¡ì¹ ëi¡[¤ìº [ƒìÚ l¡ük¡ìt¡
l¡ük¡ìt¡ ÎìÞ꡸ ÒìÚ ™àÚ¡ú šøàAõ¡[t¡A¡ ƒå왢àìK Û¡[t¡NøÑz "e¡ìº¹
\ì>¸ ºàJ ºàJ i¡àA¡à ">åƒà> 냤๠ó¡àÒüìº "à³àìA¡ A¡à\
A¡¹ìt¡ ÒÚ¡ú šø[t¡[i¡ ¤á¹ l¡üÄÚì>¹ >àì³ ºàJ ºàJ i¡A¡à ¤¸Ú
A¡¹à "e¡ºP¡ºÒü "à¤à¹ Û¡[t¡NøÑz ÒÚ¡ú "à[³ ®¡àìºà A¡ì¹
\à[> "à³à¹ ÎåƒãQ¢ ºàÊ "à*Úà¹P¡ìºà "๠"[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹
ëºàºåš ƒõ[Ê¡¹ [¤[>³ìÚ Û¡[t¡NøÑz ëºàA¡P¡ìºà A¡t¡i¡à ºà®¡¤à>
Ò줡ú t¡¤å* &Òü ºàÊ "à*Úà¹P¡ìºà "à[³ &[Øl¡ìÚ ë™ìt¡
šà[¹ >à¡ú ëA¡ïÅìº ³¸àì>\ A¡¹ìt¡ ÒÚ¡ú šøàÚÒü "à³à¹ ÎÒA¡³¢ã
t¡=à šø[t¡ì¤Åã [¹[>Úà >àì³¹ "àšàt¡à[> ë³ìÚ[i¡ìA¡ "à³à¹
ÎìU ¤ìÎ =àA¡¤à¹ \ì>¸ ">åì¹à‹ A¡¹ìt¡ ÒÚ¡ú ΤγÚ
ëÎi¡à 䱤 ÒìÚ l¡üìk¡ >à¡ú šøàAõ¡[t¡A¡ ƒå왢àìK Û¡[t¡NøÑz ³à>åìȹ
&ìt¡à ƒãQ¢ &A¡ &A¡i¡à t¡à[ºA¡à "àìÎ ë™ Îì–ƒÒ ÒÚ -ÿ- ÒàºA¡à
\>¤Î[t¡¹ ¹à\¸ &Òü "¹ç¡oàW¡ìº¹ &A¡i¡à ë\ºàìt¡ &ìt¡à
\>¤Î[t¡ "àìƒï "àìá [A¡ ë>Òü¡ú ët¡³[> "àìÎ Åθ >Ê
Ҥ๠[¤Åຠ[¤Åຠt¡à[ºA¡à¡ú l¡àÒüì¹C¡¹ "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã
™à> Ñši¡ 뮡[¹[ó¡ìA¡Å¸ì>¡ú &ìt¡àÎ줹 šì¹* [A¡áå [>¹Û¡¹
\>\à[t¡ ëºàA¡ "àÎìt¡Òü =àìA¡¡ú "[®¡ì™àK A¡ì¹ -ÿ- [¹[ºìó¡¹
>àì³ t¡à¹à &ìA¡¤àì¹ [A¡áåÒü šàÚ [>¡ú
&³[> &A¡ ºàÊ "à*Úàì¹ "à[³ &A¡[ƒ> "[¹–ƒ³
ëi¡[¤ìº [l¡ìC¡Å¸> [>ìt¡ ëKºà³¡ú tò¡à¹ [l¡ìC¡Å¸ì>¹ ÎìU
ÎìU "à³à¹ A¡àk¡ìš[Xº ë>ài¡¤åìA¡ ëÊ¡öàA¡ &òìA¡ ëKº¡ú
³àc¡Jàì> [t¡[> ƒòàØl¡àìº>¡ú "à³à¹ A¡àk¡ìš[Xº* ë=ì³
¹Òüìºà¡ú ëÎÒü óò¡àìA¡ "à[³ ëºJàP¡ìºà &A¡¤à¹ šìØl¡
ë󡺺ೡú ">å³à> A¡¹ºà³ [¤¹[t¡i¡à [A¡áå ƒãQ¢ Ò줡ú Òk¡à;Òü
tò¡à¹ [ƒA¡ "à³à¹ ëW¡àJ šØl¡ìt¡Òü "à[³ [Ål¡üì¹ l¡ük¡ºà³¡ú tò¡à¹
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
ëW¡àJ ó¡àÒüìº [Ạ>à¡ú šºA¡ >à ëó¡ìº [t¡[> "à³à¹ [ƒìA¡
t¡à[A¡ìÚ [áìº>¡ú "à[³ ën¡àA¡ [Kìº ëA¡àì>àyû¡ì³ [\ì`¡Î
A¡¹ºà³ -ÿ-
‘‘θ¹, "à[³ t¡àÒìº šì¹ "àΤ ?’’
[t¡[> [A¡áåÛ¡o [A¡áåÒü ¤ºìº> >à¡ú "à[³ ³àì=à >åÒüìÚ
¤ìÎ ¹Òüºà³¡ú [t¡[> ¤ºìº> -ÿ-
‘‘ëA¡>, ¤ìÎàt¡à ëƒ[J "[®¡ºàÈà¡ú &A¡W塸Úà[º &Òü
ëA¡Îi¡à ¤Øl¡ A¡³[šÃìA¡ìi¡l¡¡ú ó¡àÒüºìi¡à ®¡àìºà A¡ì¹ Êà[l¡ A¡¹ìt¡
Ò줡ú Î³Ú ºàK줡ú’’ ëÎ[ƒ>Òü [t¡[> "à³àìA¡ ¤ºìº> -ÿ-
‘‘ët¡à³à¹ ëA¡àì>à γθà Òìº "à³àìA¡ ¤ºì¤
"[®¡ºàÈà¡ú ™t¡i¡à šà[¹ ëƒìJ ëƒì¤à¡ú ëáài¡ ëáài¡ Δzà> ƒåìi¡à
[>ìÚ &A¡à &A¡à ët¡à³à¹ [>ÆW¡Ú A¡Ê ÒÚ¡ú’’
"à[³ [A¡áå ¤[º[>¡ú [t¡[>Òü ¤ºìº> -ÿ- ‘‘& ³àìÎ
ët¡à³à¹ *®¡à¹ i¡àÒü³ &A¡i¡à šåi¡ A¡¹ì¤¡ú "à[³ &¸àìšø஡ A¡ì¹
ëƒì¤à¡ú’’ [t¡[> Òüsi¡à¹A¡ì³ ëó¡à> A¡ì¹ ƒå’A¡àš W¡à "à>àìº>¡ú
¤ºìº> -ÿ- ‘‘W¡à >à*, "[®¡ºàÈà¡ú "à\ "๠A¡à\ A¡¹¤à¹
ÒüìZá ë>Òü¡ú "à\ W¡ìºà, "à³¹à ¤¹} A¡=àÒü ¤[º, ët¡à³à¹
ë™> &J> ëA¡à=àÚ =àìA¡ "[®¡ºàÈà ? [¤¤àÒ [¤ìZრÎ[t¡¸
¤Øl¡ ®¡Úà>A¡¡ú’’
[t¡[> ¤×¤à¹ ¤ºà¹ šì¹* "à[³ *®¡à¹ i¡àÒü³ ëAá³
A¡[¹[>¡ú [t¡[> ¤×¤à¹ ¤ºà¹ šì¹* ëA¡àì>à "Îå[¤ì‹¹ A¡=à
¤[º[>¡ú ÎàÒà™¸* W¡àÒü[>¡ú &ìt¡ [t¡[> ë¤Å >à¹à\ ÒìÚ[áìº>¡ú
"à³à¹ šø[®¡ìl¡r¡ ó¡àr¡ &l¡®¡àìX¹ ó¡àÒüºi¡à, ë³[l¡A¡¸àº [¹-
Òü´à¬ ¹Îì³–i¡, [W¡ºìl¡ö> &¸àlå¡ìA¡Å¸> &¸àºàl¡üìXÎ Òüt¡¸à[ƒ ë™
A¡’i¡à ó¡àÒüºÒü &Î[áº, "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¡¢ã¹ γìÚ¹ "®¡àì¤
>ã¹ì¤ tò¡à¹ ëi¡[¤ìº Qå[³ìÚ šìØl¡[ạú
Τà¹Òü ιA¡à[¹ ¤àή¡¤> ë³¹à³t¡ A¡¹àì>à Òìºà¡ú
Îå–ƒ¹ ¹} ëƒÚà Òìºà¡ú Ç¡‹å "à³à¹Òü ¤àή¡¤>Jà>à ¹ìR¡¹
"®¡àì¤ [´÷Ú³ào ÒìÚ šìØl¡ ¹Òüº¡ú ¤àή¡¤> ë³¹à³t¡ A¡¹à¹
"à>ì–ƒ, ">¸ Τ Сàìó¡¹à [³ìº šàìi¢¡ A¡¹º¡ú ëÎ[ƒ> "à³à¹
š= ëW¡ìÚ =àìA¡ ë™ "àƒì¹¹ Q¹Jà>à t¡à¹ ëKìi¡¹ Îà³ì>
"à[³ [A¡áåÛ¡o =³ìA¡ ƒòàØl¡àºà³¡ú "à³à¹ ëáàj ë³ìÚ ƒå[i¡ìA¡
Îà¹à[ƒ> ¤åìA¡¹ 뮡t¡ì¹ ‹ì¹ ¹àìJ ë™ Q¹ -ÿ- t¡à¹ l¡üšì¹¹
[i¡ì> A¡àìÚA¡[i¡ óå¡ìi¡à ë¤[¹ìÚ ëKìá¡ú \à>àºà¹ A¡òàW¡P¡ìºà
ë™ A¡t¡ \àÚKàìt¡ ®¡àR¡à¡ú JÎJìÎ ë³ìc¡i¡à* "ì>A¡ \àÚKàìt¡
ëó¡ìi¡ ëKìá -ÿ- [k¡A¡ "à³à¹ &Òü A¡ºì\i¡à¹ ³ìt¡à¡ú "à³¹à
ƒå’\ì> &A¡Òü ¹A¡³¡ú "à[³* šìØl¡ ™àÒü[>¡ú ¤àZW¡à ƒåìi¡àìA¡
¤åìA¡ \[Øl¡ìÚ "à[³* [Ñ‚¹ JàØl¡à "à[á¡ú
"à[³ ó¡àÊ¢ "à*™à¹, ºàÊ "à*Úà¹P¡ìºà "๠³¸àì>\
A¡ì¹ l¡ük¡ìt¡ šà¹[áºà³ >à¡ú *®¡à¹ i¡àÒü³ ëAá³ A¡¹¤à¹ ³ìt¡à
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
A¡à\ "à³à¹ ë¤ìØl¡ ™à[Zạú ®¡à¹t¡ ιA¡àì¹¹ l¡üZW¡ šƒÑ‚
"[‹A¡à[¹A¡ [¹ìÒ[¤[ºìi¡Å¸ì>¹ l¡àÒüì¹C¹ l¡0 ™[t¡> ë³Òt¡à¹
[®¡[\i¡ δš[A¢¡t¡ A¡àì\ "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹ ÎìU "à[³* ¤¸Ñz
ÒìÚ šØl¡ºà³¡ú ³åJ¸³”|ã, ³åJ¸ Î[W¡¤ t¡=à ¹à\¸šà캹 ÎìU
ë¤Å A¡’[i¡ [³[i¡ìR¡ [t¡[> "}Å ë>ì¤>¡ú ΤP¡ìºà ¹à[\¸A¡
š™¢àìÚ¹ [³[i¡}¡ú
l¡0 ™[t¡> ë³Òt¡à ë™ A¡’[ƒ> [áìº> Τ A¡’i¡à [ƒ>
"à³à¹ ÎìU tò¡à¹ ëƒJà ÒìÚìá¡ú ¤×¤à¹ ëi¡[ºìó¡à> tò¡à¹
ÎìU A¡=à ¤ºìt¡ ÒìÚìá¡ú ó¡àÒüº tå¡ìº [>ìÚ &A¡¤à¹ ™t¡ã>
ë³Òt¡à¹ "à¤àÎ Îà[A¢¡i¡ Òàl¡üìι Q¹ìi¡àìt¡ ët¡à "àì¹A¡¤à¹
"[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹ ëi¡[¤ìº ëƒïìØl¡àìt¡ ÒìÚìá¡ú ƒå’\ì>¹Òü
"àìºàW¡>๠³ì‹¸ ë=ìA¡ ë>ài¡ ít¡[¹ A¡ì¹[á¡ú [l¡ìCŸ>
[>ìÚ[á¡ú ™[t¡> ë³Òt¡à "à³àìA¡ "[®¡ºàÈà "[®¡ºàÈà ¤ìº
ël¡ìA¡ìá>¡ú "à³à¹ A¡àì\¹ l¡üƒ¸³ ëƒìJ ¤à¹ ¤à¹ A¡ì¹
¤ìºìá> -ÿ-
‘‘P¡l¡¡ú ÒüìÚ๠*ÚàA¢¡ Òü\ ëšøÒü\*ìÚà[ƒ¢¡ú’’
ëÎÒü ëšøÒü\"ìÚà[ƒ¢ "[®¡ºàÈà A¡à\ ëÅÈ Ò¤à¹ ÎìU
ÎìU ‘[ZW¡ºô’ ÒìÚ šØl¡ºà³¡ú t¡à¹ \ì>¸ "à³à¹ ëA¡àì>à "àìÛ¡š
ë>Òü¡ú ¤àØl¡[t¡ A¡à\ A¡¹¤à¹ \ì>¸ "à³à¹ *®¡à¹ i¡àÒü³iå¡Aå¡
ëšìºÒü A¡à\ W¡ìº ™à줡ú "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã &³[>ìt¡*
"à³àìA¡ *®¡à¹ i¡àÒü³ &A¡i¡à 냤๠šøÑzठ[ƒìÚ[áìº>¡ú &J>
™J> "à[³ A¡à\ A¡ì¹[á, >à 냤๠ëA¡àì>à šøÅ—Òü l¡üìk¡ >à¡ú
[šøÚàS¡à, ˜¡tå¡ìƒ¹ ³ìt¡à Ѷài¢¡ Òìº "¤ìŸ A¡à\ "ì>A¡ A¡ì³
™àÚ¡ú ë>ài¡ &A¡i¡à, l¡öàóô¡i¡ &A¡i¡à [ºJìt¡ >à šà¹ìº* ˜¡tå¡,
[šøÚàS¡à¹à [A¡”ñ *®¡à¹ i¡àÒü³ &ºàl¡üìXÎ [k¡A¡Òü ëšìÚ ™àìZá¡ú
& ‹¹ìo¹ šà[i¡¢ "à³à샹 [¤®¡àìK ¤áì¹ ƒå’[t¡>i¡à ÒÚ¡ú ΤàÒü
\àì> šà[i¢¡P¡ìºàìt¡ ˜¡tå¡ [šøÚàS¡à샹 l¡üš[Ñ‚[t¡ [>[ÆW¡t¡¡ú
l¡àÒüì¹C¡¹ "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹ ë=ìA¡ ëÎà\àÎå[\ ë³ï[JA¡
">åì¹à‹ &º -ÿ-ÿ-
‘‘"[®¡ºàÈà, ™[t¡> ë³Òt¡à ët¡à³à¹ A¡à\ Jå¤ šá–ƒ
A¡ì¹ìá¡ú ët¡à³àìA¡ [A¡”ñ [l¡>๠šà[i¢¡ìt¡ =àA¡ìt¡Òü Ғ줡ú
"๠ëƒJì¤ ë™> ™[t¡> ë³Òt¡à [A¡áåìt¡Òü "ΔñÊ¡ >à Ò>¡ú’’
®¡à¤ºà³, ¹Û¡à A¡¹¤à¹ ³ìt¡à ">åì¹à‹ ™J> ¹àJàÒü
®¡àìºà¡ú t¡à¹ l¡üš¹ ÎÒA¡³¢ã¹à* ">åì¹à‹ A¡ì¹ìá¡ú "[¹–ƒ³
W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹ l¡àìA¡ W¡³ìA¡ l¡ük¡ºà³¡ú
‘‘"[®¡ºàÈà..."[®¡ºàÈà...’’
"à[³ l¡üìk¡ tò¡à¹ [ƒìA¡ ëKºà³¡ú [t¡[> ¤ºìº>-ÿ-’’
"[®¡ºàÈà, "à[³ "¿ "àÎ[á¡ú tå¡[³ "[t¡[=샹 [ƒìA¡ &A¡iå¡
>\¹ ë¹ìJà¡ú’’
ëº[l¡\ &¸àr¡ ë\ìsi¡º³¸à>샹 A¡àìá Û¡³à ëW¡ìÚ [>ìÚ
/ 62
l¡0 ë³Òt¡à* ë¤[¹ìÚ ëKìº>¡ú Òk¡à;Òü \¹ç¡[¹ A¡à\ &ìÎ
šìØl¡ìá¡ú "à[³ "[t¡[=샹 [ƒìA¡ t¡à[A¡ìÚ &³[> &³[> &A¡iå¡
Òàκೡú šøàÚ Î¤ÿ¤àÒüìA¡Òü [A¡áå "Îå[¤ì‹ Òìº ¤ºìt¡ ">åì¹à‹
A¡¹ºà³¡ú ™à샹 Òàìt¡ ¹[R¡> NÃàÎ ë>Òü t¡à샹 [>ìt¡ ">åì¹à‹
A¡¹ºà³¡ú >tå¡> A¡ì¹ "àÎà "[t¡[=샹 ѬàKt¡ \à[>ìÚ ƒå@J
šøA¡àÅ A¡ì¹ ¤ºìt¡ Òìºà -ÿ- Òk¡à; &A¡ \¹ç¡[¹ A¡à\ &ìÎ
šØl¡àìt¡ l¡0 ë³Òt¡à "๠"[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã [A¡áå γìÚ¹ \ì>¸
ë¤[¹ìÚ ëKìá>¡ú "à[³ &[ƒA¡ t¡à[A¡ìÚ ëƒ[J [šøÚàS¡à "à¹
˜¡tå¡* ë>Òü¡ú ÒÚìt¡à \¹ç¡[¹ A¡à\¡ú Jà[>A¡ šì¹ "[¹–ƒ³
W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã [ó¡ì¹ &ìÎ "๠ëA¡l¡ü ë™> >à ëÅàì> ëή¡àì¤
"à³àìA¡ ¤ºìº> -ÿ-
‘‘& "à[³ A¡ã Ç¡>[á "[®¡ºàÈà ? l¡0 ë³Òt¡à ët¡à³à¹
l¡üš¹ ëÛ¡ìš "àìá>¡ú tå¡[³ [A¡ \àì>à &Òü [®¡ "àÒü [š-¹
Û¡³t¡à ? ®¡à¹t¡ ιA¡àì¹¹ Jå¤ l¡üòWå¡ Ñzì¹¹ ³à>åÈ [t¡[>¡ú tò¡à¹
l¡üš¹ "à³à샹 A¡t¡ [A¡ [>®¢¡¹ A¡ì¹ t¡à [A¡ tå¡[³ \àì>à ?
"àì¹ Òü[> ët¡à³à¹ [ó¡l¡üW¡à¹ ¤à[>ìÚ ëáìØl¡ [ƒìt¡>¡ú [A¡”ñ..
ët¡à³¹à ë™ [A¡ ³à>åÈ >à ! ë™Jàì> "àìáà ëÎJàì>Òü šìØl¡
=àA¡ì¤ Îà¹à \ã¤>¡ú =àl¢¡ AáàÎ -ÿ- [š & !’’
&A¡ Î³Ú [šøÚàS¡à ˜¡tå¡ìƒ¹ ÎìU "à[³ [l¡>๠ëi¡[¤ìº
¤Îºà³¡ú >ã¹ì¤¡ú "à³à¹ A¡[W¡ ë³ìÚ ƒå’ìi¡à¹ ³åJ ƒå’ìi¡à ¤à¹
¤à¹ ëW¡àìJ¹ Îà³ì> 뮡ìÎ l¡ük¡º¡ú &ìt¡à ¹àt¡ "[¦ [>ÆW¡ÚÒü
*¹à ë¤ìQàì¹ Qå³åìZá¡ú *샹 ëƒJ¤à¹ \ì>¸ ë™ ë³ìÚi¡à
"àìá ëÎ t¡à샹 ®¡àt¡ A¡’i¡à Jà*Úàìt¡ šà¹º [A¡ >à !
ëÅÈ ¹àt¡ "[¦ "à³à¹ Qå³ &ìºà >à ! [¤áà>๠ë™
iå¡A¡ì¹àìt¡ "à³à¹ Ѭà³ã "àA¡àÅ Ç¡ìt¡à ëÎJàì> ëáàj ëÎà>à
"àÅ๠Òàt¡ &A¡i¡à Ç¡ìÚ "àìá¡ú ëÎ \àÚKàìt¡ "à[³ Òàt¡
¤å[ºìÚ [ƒºà³¡ú Îà³à>¸ [¤áà>๠k¡àÒü >Ú, ë™ šåì¹à
"àA¡àÅJà>àÒü ! Åèo¸t¡à "à³à¹ ¤åA¡Jà>à Jà³ìW¡ ‹¹º¡ú
"àA¡àìŹ ÎìU ë™ A¡’[ƒ> Q¹ A¡ì¹[á šø[t¡ šƒìÛ¡ìš "à³à¹
"àu³™¢àƒàÚ "àQàt¡ ëºìKìá¡ú "à[³ [>™¢à[t¡t¡ ÒìÚ[áºà³,
ÒìÚ[áºà³ l¡üìš[Û¡t¡¡ú "à³àìA¡ š¹à‹ã>t¡à¹ ëÅA¡º š¹àì>à
ÒìÚ[ạú "à[³ šø[t¡¤àƒ A¡ì¹[áºà³¡ú "à[³ ëW¡ìÚ[áºà³
Îδ¶àì> ë¤òìW¡ =àA¡ìt¡¡ú Åà[”zìt¡¡ú "à[³ W¡àÒü Ѭà‹ã> ÒìÚ
ë¤òìW¡ =àA¡ìt¡ Ç¡‹å &A¡ šå¹ç¡ìȹ Îì´±àìK¹ šày ÒìÚ, t¡à¹
[¤ì>àƒì>¹ [>[³v¡ ÒìÚ, Δzà> \–µ 냤๠&A¡ ë³[Å> ÒìÚ
>ã¹ì¤ Qì¹¹ ëA¡àìo šìØl¡ =àA¡ìt¡ W¡àÒü >à¡ú &A¡[ƒ> "à³à샹
δšìA¢¡¹ ¤òà‹> {áìØl¡ ëKº¡ú [A¡”ñ, Î[t¡¸ [A¡ "à\ "à[³
(K¿[i¡ "Î[³Úà Îà³[ÚA¡ã ‘šøà[”zA¡’&¹ 16 ³àW¢¡, 09 Î}J¸àìt¡ ë¤[¹ìÚìá¡ú ëº[JA¡à "¹ç¡oàW¡º šøìƒìŹ ¹à\‹à>ã Òüi¡à>Kì¹¹
¤à[Ζƒà &¤} "¹ç¡oàW¡º šøìƒÅ ιA¡àì¹¹ [Å¿ Îe¡àW¡ºìA¡¹ ¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ ÎÒà[ÚA¡à¡ú &Òü ">å¤àƒ ëº[JA¡à¹ ">åì³àƒ> * ">å³[t¡
[>ìÚ šøA¡à[Åt¡ ">å¤àƒA¡ ¤à}ºà ®¡àÈà * Îà[Òìt¡¸¹ šø®¡àÈA¡¡ú)
63 /
Ѭà‹ã>? "à³à¹ "àu³™¢àƒà¹ [A¡áå [A¡ "๠¤à[A¡ "àìá ? ë™
ëƒìŹ šøàAõ¡[t¡A¡ ƒå왢àK ®å¡v¡û¡ì®¡àKã [>¹ãÒ K¹ã¤ ³à>åÈ &A¡
³åìk¡à ®¡àìt¡¹ \ì>¸ ÒàÒàA¡à¹ A¡ì¹ "=W¡ šøàAõ¡[t¡A¡ ƒå왢àK
š[¹ƒÅ¢> A¡¹ìt¡ &ìÎ l¡üZW¡ šƒÑ‚ "à‹ãA¡à[¹A¡ Òà\๠i¡àA¡à¹
³ƒ ³à}Î JàÚ, Ñ£è¡t¢¡ã A¡ì¹ ëÎ ëƒìÅ "à³à¹ ³ìt¡à >à¹ã [A¡
"àu³™¢àƒà [>ìÚ ë¤òìW¡ =àA¡ìt¡ šàì¹? "à³àìA¡ ëƒJ[á Îà¹à
\ã¤> "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹ ³ìt¡à ³à>åìȹ Òàìt¡¹ šåt塺 ÒìÚ
=àA¡ìt¡ Ò줡ú "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹ [>샢ìÅ "à[³ [¤Åຠ®å¡ìÚà
t¡à[ºA¡à i¡àÒüš A¡ì¹ 뤹 A¡¹¤¡ú ™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡à¹ ³ìt¡à ³à>åÈ
-ÿ- [>[‡¢‹àÚ "à³àìA¡ ¤ºì¤ -ÿ- Úè¸ ëA¡> ëi¡A¡ ë¹Ê ëÒÚ๡ú
A¡¸à[ÅÚ๠¹ê¡š³ ιA¡à¹ ó¡àÊ¢ "à*Úàì¹ *®¡à¹ i¡àÒüì³¹
ó¡àÒüºìi¡à šåi¡ "àš A¡ì¹ l¡àÒüì¹C¡¹ "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹ ëi¡[¤ìº
[ƒìÚ ëKº¡ú Jà> ƒå’&A¡ ó¡àÒüº ëƒìJ "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¡¢ã ë¤[¹ìÚ
ëKìº>¡ú ™à¤à¹ 뤺à "à³àìA¡ ¤ìº ëKìº> -ÿ-
‘‘"[®¡ºàÈà, "à[³ l¡0 ™t¡ã> ë³Òt¡àìA¡ Îã "ó¡ A¡¹ìt¡
™à[Zá¡ú’’
[t¡[> ë¤[¹ìÚ ™à¤à¹ š¹ A¡¸à[ÅÚ๠¹ê¡š³ ιA¡à¹
ó¡àÒü캹 J¤¹ [>ìt¡ &ìº>¡ú [šÚ> ó¡àÒüº A¡’i¡à l¡àÒüì¹Cì¹¹
ëi¡[¤º ë=ìA¡ &ì> "à³à¹ ëi¡[¤ìº ¹àJº¡ú "à[³ ¹ç¡š³
ιA¡à¹ìA¡ ¤ººà³ -ÿ- ‘‘¹ê¡š³ƒà, *®¡à¹ i¡àÒüì³¹ [¤ºi¡à "à\Òü
ëi¡ö\à[¹ìt¡ šàk¡à¤à¹ ¤¸¤Ñ‚à A¡¹ì¤>ìt¡à¡ú "à³à¹ i¡àA¡à¹ Jå¤
ƒ¹A¡à¹¡ú "à³à¹ ëA¡àÚài¢¡à¹i¡à¹ ¹R¡ W¡R¡ ¤àì\®¡àì¤ l¡üìk¡ ëKìá¡ú
Wè¡o ët¡º ëƒ*Úठ¤ìº ®¡à¤[á¡ú’’
‘‘[A¡”ñ ët¡à³à¹ *®¡à¹ i¡àÒü³ìt¡à &¸àìšø஡ A¡ì¹> [>
"[®¡ºàÈà !’’
ó¡àÒü º i¡à Jå ì º ëƒìJ ¹ê ¡ š³ ιA¡à¹ ¤ºìº> !
A¡´šå¸i¡àì¹¹ A¡ã-ë¤àìl¢¡ ëƒïìØl¡àìt¡ ëƒïìØl¡àìt¡ "à³à¹
"àR塺P¡ìºà =³ìA¡ ƒòàlØ ¡àìºà¡ú Òk¡à;Òü "à³à¹ &Òü "àR塺P¡ìºà
"๠"à³àìA¡ ®¡ãÈo Aáà[”zìt¡ ëšìÚ ¤Îº¡ú A¡ã "\åÒàìt¡
"à³à¹ *®¡à¹ i¡àÒü³ &¸àìšø஡ Òìºà >à, ó¡àÒüìº "[¹–ƒ³
W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã A¡ã [ºJìº> t¡à \à>๠"à³à¹ ëA¡àì>à "àNøÒ
¹Òüº >à¡ú
&Òü Aáà[”z ƒè¹ A¡¹¤à¹ \ì>¸ "à³àìA¡ "[¹–ƒ³ W¡yû¡¤t¢¡ã¹Òü
Qì¹¹ \à>àºà¹ A¡àìá ë™ìt¡ Ò줡ú ƒèì¹¹ ëƒJ๠³t¡ šàÒàØl¡[i¡
-ÿ- ¤>¸ ó塺 -ÿ- [šìk¡ cå¡[Øl¡ ¤ìÚ ëó¡¹à šàÒàØl¡ã ë³ìÚ¹à -ÿ-
[A¡”ñ... [A¡”ñ ... &ìt¡à Aå¡ÚàÅà ë™ ! Aå¡ÚàÅàìt¡ ën¡ìA¡ ¹àJàÚ
ëƒJ[á [A¡áåÒü "๠š[¹ÍH๠A¡ì¹ ëƒJìt¡ šà[Zá >à !
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
 ³õt塸¹ "àK³åÒèt¢¡t¡ l¡0 ë¹m¡ãìÚ t¡àÒü¹ ³åJ¹ š¹à
7Ît¡¸ìi¡à l¡üƒôQài¡> A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú ³àì> A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¤
ºà[K¤¡ú "¯ìŸ ët¡*ò "àÅà ¹à[Jìá – ët¡*ò &Òü A¡à³
A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¤¡ú ³õt塸®¡Ú ÎA¡ìºàì¹ "àìá¡ú ³õt塸š=¹
™àyãìÚ Îà‹à¹oìt¡ ÎòW¡à A¡=à íA¡ ™à¤ [¤W¡à칡ú ÒÚìt¡à
\ã¯>¹ "[”z³ Û¡ot¡ šåo¸A¡³¢ A¡¹à¹ ÒüZáà &i¡à šø¤º
íÒ l¡üìk¡, "à¹ç¡ ÒÚìt¡à š¹\–µ "=¤à >¹A¡ ™”|oà "à[ƒ¹
‘A¡>ìW¡œ’ &i¡àÒüìÚà ëÎÒü Î[Þê¡Û¡ot¡ "”z¹t¡ yû¡ãØl¡à
A¡ì¹¡ú "àW¡º A¡=à íÒìá – šàš-šåo¸¹ ‹à¹oà &i¡à
šøàÚ šø[t¡\>¹ ëW¡t¡> "=¤à "¤ìW¡t¡> ³>t¡ ëÎà³àÒü
=àìA¡Òü¡ú [A¡áåìºàA¡ "àìá "Ò¹Ò ÒüÚ๠[W¡”zàìt¡ =à[A¡
ëA¡àì>à‹¹o¹ "[>Ê¡A¡à¹ã A¡³¢¹ š¹à [>\ìA¡ Îà³[¹-
Îåt¡[¹ =Ú¡ú "à> [A¡áå¹ &Òü ‹à¹oà =à[A¡ìº* Î[yû¡Ú
"¤Ñ‚àt¡ >à=àìA¡, ó¡ºt¡ A¡à™¢ δšàƒ> A¡¹à¹ [šát¡
ë™[t¡Úà "šA¡³¢ A¡¹à ¤å[º [>ì\ š[t¡Ú> ™àÚ ët¡[t¡Úà
ëÎÚà ‘šàš’ ¤å[º [¤ì¤W¡>à A¡[¹ ">åìÅàW¡>àt¡ ƒMý¡ ÒÚ
"à¹ç¡ šà[¹t¡šÛ¡t¡ Ît¡A¡³¢¹ \[¹Úìt¡ šøàÚ[ÆW¡v¡ A¡[¹¤îº
ëW¡Êà A¡ì¹¡ú ëÎìÚ, ëƒJà ™àÚ ¤× ƒå‹¢È¢ "ài¡}A¡¤àƒã,
ëW¡à¹-l¡A¡àÒüt¡, Òt¡¸àA¡à¹ãìÚ* ‹¹à š¹à¹ [šát¡ ¤à
"àuγš¢>¹ [šát¡ [>\¹ Aõ¡t¡A¡³¢¹ ¤àì¤ ">åìÅà[W¡t¡
íÒ ‘šåo¸’ "\¢>¹ [A¡¤à š=¹ ÎÞê¡à> A¡ì¹¡ú &ì>ì¤à¹
\ã¯>-³õt塸, šàš-šåo¸ ëA¡[–ƒøA¡ [¤W¡à¹‹à¹àÒü šàA¡Qè¹[o
JàÒü l¡0 ë¹[m¡¹ "”z¹ ët¡àºšà¹ ºKàÒü "àìá "à[\
ëA¡Òü¤à[ƒ>ì¹ š¹à¡ú ët¡*ò [>\ìA¡ [>ì\ šøÅ— >A¡¹àîA¡*
=A¡à >àÒü – ët¡*òì>à [A¡Ú &Òü ¤àì¹[¤}A¡¹à A¡=àì¤à¹
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
[W¡”zà A¡[¹ "àìá? A¡à¹o ëÎÒüÛ¡ot¡ ët¡*ò¹ ³>-³K\å "àáÄ
A¡[¹ ¹Jà t¡àÒü¹ ³åJJì> ët¡ì> ®¡à¤àìºÅ γè[º ¤Ò>
>A¡ì¹¡ú ët¡*ò¹ ®¡à[¤¤¹ Ît¡ >à™àÚ – &ì> ³à¹àuA¡
"[>Ê¡A¡à¹ã A¡à³ t¡àÒü¹ ‡à¹àÒü Î}Q[i¡t¡ Ò’¤ šàì¹ ¤å[º !
[A¡”ñ ët¡[t¡ÚàÒü ³åJ¸ šøÅ—ìi¡àì¯ ët¡*òA¡ ëÒòW¡à ³à[¹ ‹ì¹ –
ët¡ì”z ëA¡àì> A¡[¹ìº ®¡ÚS¡¹ Û¡ÚÛ¡[t¡¹ "àÅ}A¡à =A¡à ëÎÒü
A¡à³ìi¡à? "à¹ç¡ ëA¡[t¡Úà? ët¡*ò A¡³¢t¡ &A¡à”z®¡àì¤ [>³N—
íÒ =A¡à¹ ³åÒèt¢¡t¡ ë> ët¡*ò ">¸³>ÍH íÒ =A¡à¹ Îå[¤‹à íº ?
l¡0 Åøã[>¤àÎà ë¹m¡ã – &\> Τ¢\>`¡àt¡ [¤`¡à>ã¡ú
\ã¯>¹ "[‹A¡à}Å Î³Ú ët¡*ò Kì¤Èo๠A¡à³t¡
Kì¤ÈoàKà¹ìt¡ "[t¡¤à[Òt¡ A¡[¹ìá¡ú Èàk¡ãì¹à‡ý¡¢ ¹ ë¹m¡ãA¡ ëƒ[Jìº
[γà> ¤ÚÎ ëÒà¯à ë™> >àºàìK¡ú ÎåÑ‚ Τº Ź㹠"à¹ç¡ ³>¡ú
ëJà\-A¡ài¡º, A¡=à-¤àt¢¡àÒü ët¡*ò [A¡¤à [W¡”zàt¡ l塤 íK =A¡à ë™>
ºàìK¡ú Òòà[Ò³åJãÚà ë¹m¡ã¹ A¡=à¤t¡¹à¹ ³à\t¡ Òòà[Ò ëA¡ïtå¡ìA¡*
Ñ‚à> ë>àìšà¯à >ÒÚ¡ú "¯ìŸ ëÎÒü ëA¡ïtå¡A¡ Ñ‚ºé >ÒÚ, ¤å[‡ý¡ [>Ë¡
š™¢àÚ¹¡ú ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à &ì>* ÒÚ ët¡*ò A¡¹à ëA¡ïtå¡A¡ ëÅøàt¡àÒü
">å‹à¯ì>Òü A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯àì¹ ¤à A¡[¹¤îº Î³Ú ºàìK¡ú
l¡0 ë¹m¡ã¹ ¤àì¤ Kì¤ÈoàKà¹ìi¡àì¯Òü ³[–ƒ¹¡ú ÒüÚà¹
Kì¤Èo๠[¤[®¡Ä ιgà³ì¤à¹, ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ ‰¤¸ì¤à¹
š[¹šà[i¡îA¡ ™=àÑ‚à>t¡ ¹J๠ëÛ¡yt¡ ët¡*ò ™ì=Ê P¡¹ç¡â« [ƒìÚ¡ú
ët¡*ò¹ t¡â«à¯‹à>t¡ Kì¯Èoà A¡[¹ =A¡à Kì¤ÈA¡ áày-áàyã
ëA¡ÒüK¹àA¡ãìÚ P¡¹ç¡¹ &Òü Ѭ®¡à¯¹ Î’ìt¡ ®¡àºƒì¹ š[¹[W¡t¡¡ú
ët¡*òìºàìA¡* P¡¹ç¡\>à [¤tå¡Ê Ò’¤ š¹à A¡à³ `¡àt¡®¡àì¤
>A¡ì¹¡ú Kì¤ÈA¡ ÎA¡º¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ ë\¸Ë¡ Ò’º ëÅ«t¡à ³à=幡ú
ët¡*ò Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ Kì¤Èo๠A¡à³ δšèo¢ A¡[¹ [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚt¡
/ 64
Kì¤Èoà šy \³à* [ƒìá¡ú [¤ìÅÈ`¡ A¡[³[t¡¹ γåJt¡ ë³ï[JA¡
š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ "¤t¡ão¢ Ò’¤îºìÒ ¤àA¡ã "àìá¡ú [¤[®¡Ä l¡öàKá¹
*š¹t¡ A¡¹à ët¡*ò¹ Kì¤Èoà šyÒü [¤ìÅÈ`¡ ÎA¡º¹ ƒõ[Ê
"àA¡È¢o A¡¹à¹ ºKìt¡ l¡üZW¡ šøÅ}Îà* ¤åi¡[º¤îº ÎÛ¡³ íÒìá¡ú
&Òü A¡=à "¤ìŸ t¡â«à¤‹àÚA¡ Åøã[>¤àÎàÒüìÒ \àì>¡ú "t¡¸”z
볋à¤ã, >tå¡> [A¡¤à &i¡à \>à "à¹ç¡ A¡¹à¹ šø[t¡ "àNøÒã ëÅ«t¡à
³à=å¹ áàyã [ÒW¡àì¤ Åøã[>¤àÎ ë¹m¡ã¹ "t¡ã¤ [šøÚ¡ú ëÅ«t¡à¹
š[¹[Å[ºt¡ Îà\-Îðà, ³à[\¢t¡ A¡=à-¤t¡¹à¹ ³à\t¡ &i¡à
"àA¡È¢oãÚ ¤¸[v¡û¡â« [¤¹à\³à>¡ú
l¡0 ë¹m¡ã ëÅ«t¡à¹ *š¹t¡ ™ì=Ê [>®¢¡¹Å㺡ú "à[\A¡à[º
A¡[>Ë¡ Kì¤ÈA¡ÎA¡º¹ Kì¤Èo๠®¡à캳à> γθà γà‹à>¹
ƒà[Úâ« ë¹m¡ãìÚ t¡àÒü¹ *š¹ìt¡ [>[ÆW¡”z³ì> &[¹ [ƒ¤ š¹à
íÒìá¡ú ët¡*ò [>\ìA¡ ¤¸Ñz ¹àìJ "‹¸Ú> "à¹ç¡ Kì¤Èoà¹
\[¹Úìt¡ >tå¡> t¡=¸¹ "à[¤ÍHà¹t¡¡ú
ëA¡Òü[ƒ>³à>¹ š¹à Åøã[>¤àÎà ë¹m¡ã ®¡ãÈo [W¡”zàt¡
š[¹ìá¡ú íƒ>[–ƒ> \ã¯>t¡ ët¡*ò¹ ¤àì¤ "š[¹Òà™¢ "‹¸Ú>
"à¹ç¡ Kì¤Èo๠ëA¡àì>à &i¡à A¡à³ìt¡ ³ì>à[>ì¤Å A¡[¹¤ š¹à
>àÒü¡ú [W¡”z๠l¡üì‰A¡A¡à¹ã [¤ÈÚìi¡à "t¡¸”z њŢA¡àt¡¹¡ú
Kì¤ÈoàK๹ ÎA¡ìºà¤Ññ Î[k¡A¡ Ñ‚à>t¡ ¹Jàt¡ P¡¹ç¡â« [ƒÚà,
ÎA¡ìºàA¡à³ìt¡ "t¡¸”z ÎìW¡t¡> l¡0 ë¹m¡ãìÚ [>\ Òàìt¡ì¹
¹Jà ëÎÒü [>[ƒ¢Ê ó¡àÒüºìi¡à ë=à¯à k¡àÒü¹ š¹àÒü "”z‹¢à> Ò’º¡ú
&i¡à "àW¡[¹t¡ A¡=à¡ú ët¡*ò¹ \ã¯>A¡àºt¡ ë>àìÒà¯à ë>àš\à
A¡=à¡ú "š[¹Îã³ Åø³ "à¹ç¡ [>Ë¡àì¹ [>ì\ K[Øn¡ ët¡àºà
Kì¤ÈoàKà¹ìi¡à¹ š¹à ƒå[ƒ>³à> "àKîºìA¡ Îà³à>¸ ιgà³
&i¡à* ëÒì¹à¯à¹ A¡=à ët¡*ò¹ ³>t¡ >àÒü – "=W¡ "t¡¸”z
Îऋà>t¡àì¹ [>\Òàìt¡ ¹Jà ó¡àÒüºìi¡à – [™ìi¡àt¡ "t¡¸”z
P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢ [A¡áå³à> Kì¤Èo๠A¡=à [º[š¤‡ý¡ A¡¹à "à[Ạ–
Òk¡àìt¡ >àÒü[A¡Úà Ò’º ! Kì¤ÈoàKà¹ìi¡à¹ [>®õ¡t¡ ëA¡à> &i¡àt¡
=A¡à ëÎÒü [>[ƒ¢Ê "ຳà[¹ìi¡à ët¡*ò A¡àìA¡à Jå[º¤îº ">å³[t¡
[>[ƒìÚ¡ – &A¡³ày ëÅ«t¡à¹ ¤à[Ò칡ú t¡àÒüìA¡à ët¡*ò šø=³
"¯Ñ‚àt¡ ">å³[t¡ [ƒÚà >à[ạú ºàìÒ ºàìÒ [¤Å«àή¡à\> íÒ
"Ò๠[šát¡ Åøã[>¤àÎàÒü t¡àÒü¹ ºKt¡ [>®¢¡¹ ³ì>ì¹ Kì¤Èoà¹
ÎA¡ìºà ‹¹o¹ A¡=à "àìºàW¡>à A¡[¹¤îº º’ìº "à¹ç¡ l¡0
ë¹m¡ã¹ [¤>à ">å³[t¡t¡ Kì¤ÈoàK๹ ¤Ññt¡ Òàt¡ [ƒÚà¹
Ѭà‹ã>t¡à šà캡ú ëÅ«t¡àìÚà [A¡”ñ [ÅÛ¡àP¡¹ç¡ìÚ t¡àÒü¹ *š¹t¡
¹Jà ëÎÒü "àт๠Ζµà> ¤\àÒü ¹Jàt¡ A¡àš¢o¸ A¡¹à >àÒü
ëA¡àì>à[ƒì>¡ú A¡=àÒü A¡àì³ ëÎÒüÚà šø³ào A¡[¹ ëƒJå¯àÒüìá*¡ú
Åøã [>¤àÎà ë¹m¡ã "t¡¸”z Î}줃>Å㺠³à>åÒ – ëÅ«t¡àìÚà
\àì> ëÎÒü A¡=à¡ú ³à>åÒ¹ A¡=à ¤àìƒÒü šÇ¡-šÛ¡ãì¤à¹ì¹à
">àÒA¡ ³õt¡å ¸ìÚ ët¡*òA¡ [¤W¡[ºt¡ A¡ì¹¡ú ëÅ«t¡àÒü &[t¡Úà* šàÒ¹à
>àÒü l¡0 ë¹m¡ãìÚ [šg¹à¤‡ý¡ "àÒt¡ [Î}Ò &i¡à¹ "¤Ñ‚à ëƒ[J
[>®õ¡ìt¡ W¡Aå¡šà>ã ëi¡àA¡à¹ ëÎÒü ƒõŸìi¡à¡ú t¡à[º¤à>ã¹ Òàt¡¹ š¹à
65 /
"àó¡Kà[>Ñ‚à> "àì³[¹A¡à> íÎ>¸¹ ƒJºîº ë™à¯à¹ "àK³åÒtè ¡¢ t¡
t¡à[º¤à>ã Δ|àΤàƒãìÚ "àó¡Kà[>Ñ‚à>t¡ [™³à>šàì¹ ‹ÿ¤}ÎA¡à™¢
Î}Q[i¡t¡ A¡[¹[ạú [ÎÒòt¡¹ ¤¤ÿ¤¢¹t¡àÒü šÇ¡-šÛ¡ãìA¡à ë¹ÒàÒü
[ƒÚà >à[ạú A¡à¤åº¹ [W¡[¹ÚàJà>à J>¹ šå¹[o ¤à[Ζƒà [Î}Òìi¡à
&¤à¹ ƒå¤à¹ >ÒÚ [t¡[>¤à¹îA¡ [ÎÒòt¡¹ "àyû¡³o¹ ºÛ¡¸ íÒ[ạú
šø=³ ƒå¤à¹t¡ [Î}Òìi¡à¹ [¤ìÅÈ Û¡[t¡ A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯à[¹ìº ™[ƒ*
tõ¡t¡ãÚ¤à¹t¡ t¡à¹ ëÎòà W¡Aå¡ìi¡à >Ê íÒ íK[ạú ëi¡[º[®¡W¡>¹ šƒ¢àt¡
"[Ñ‚ W¡³¢Î๠[Î}Òìi¡àA¡ [W¡[¹ÚàJà>๠¹JãÚà &\ì> ‹ãì¹ ‹ãì¹
ëJà\ A¡Øn¡àÒü ">๠ƒõŸ "à[ẠÎòW¡àìÚ ³³¢”ƒèñ "à¹ç¡ ëÎÒü ƒõŸÒü
ë¹m¡ãA¡ ®¡à¹àyû¡à”z A¡[¹ tå¡[º[ạú
[¤Å« Δ|àι A¡¤ºt¡ ">àÒA¡ìt¡ ¤× ³à>åìÒ šøào
[¤Î\¢> [ƒ¤ ºKà ëÒà¯à A¡=àìi¡àì¯ Åøã[>¤àι "”z¹t¡ ¤¹îA¡
"àQàt¡ [ƒìÚ¡ú ët¡*òA¡ [¤ìÅÈ®¡àì¤ ¤¸[=t¡ A¡¹à Qi¡>àìi¡à
"à[Ạ1993 W¡>t¡ Òü¹àìA¡ Òü¹ào "àyû¡³o A¡[¹ ¹ÎàÚ[>A¡
"Ñ| šøìÚàìKì¹ Î¤¢Îà‹à¹oA¡ ‹ÿ¤}Î A¡¹à A¡à™¢¡ú [A¡ ë™ ¤¤ÿ¤¢¹!
³à>åÒ Î®¡¸ íÒìá ¤å[º ëA¡ì>îA¡ [¤Å«àÎ A¡¹à ™àÚ ? Òü¹àìA¡
šøìÚàK A¡¹à ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ "Ñ|Òü ÎÒÑ÷à[‹A¡ [>¹ãÒ ³à>åÒ¹ šøào
A¡à[Øn¡ [>[ạú ¤×[¤‹ ëKáA¡ ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ "Ñ| [ÒW¡àìš ¤¸¯Òà¹
A¡[¹¤ š¹à ™àÚ, >஢¡ ëKá, ZW¡’[A¡} ëKá, ¤Ãàl¡ ëKá "à[ƒ
ët¡ì>ƒì¹ ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡[¹¤ š¹à [A¡áå³à> ëKá¡ú &[¤‹ "[t¡
[¤Èàv¡û¡ ‰¤¸ Ò’º áàÚ>àÒül¡¡ú ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ šø[yû¡Úàì¹ áàÚ>àÒül¡¹
ƒì¹ [¤Èàv¡û¡ ‰¤¸A¡ "Ñ| [ÒW¡àìš Òü¹ào¹ [¤šìÛ¡ ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡¹à
¤å[º ëÎÒü γÚt¡ &i¡à P¡\¤ l¡ü[k¡[áº, [šát¡ "¯ìŸ &Òü
P¡\¯ Ît¡¸ ¤å[º ¤× [¤`¡à>ã t¡=à [¤ìÅÈ`¡Òü ³à[> íº[ạú
&ì> "Ñ|¹ Î}Òà¹ã ¹ê¡ìš [¤ìÅÈ®¡àì¤ Û¡[t¡NøÑz A¡ì¹ [ÅÇ¡
"à¹ç¡ ³àtõ¡ÎA¡ºA¡, ët¡*òìºàìA¡ šºàÚ> A¡[¹¤îº ¤à [>¹àšƒ
Ñ‚à>t¡ "àuìKàš> A¡[¹¤îº Îåì™àìKÒü ë>šàÚ¡ú ëA¡àì>à ëƒàÈ
>=A¡àîA¡, "à>[A¡ ëA¡àì>à A¡à¹o >\>àîA¡ìÚ &*òìºàìA¡
³õt塸A¡ "àìA¡à¯à[º º’¤ ºKà ÒÚ¡ú ó塺¹ ƒì¹ ÎåìA¡à³º [ÅÇ¡
&ìA¡ài¡àÒü ³àtõ¡¹ ëA¡àºàt¡ ¤à A¡àÈt¡ ³õt塸 ™”|oàt¡ áiô¡ó¡i¡àÒü
=A¡à ƒõŸ A¡¿>à A¡[¹ìÚÒü Åøã[>¤àÎà "[Ñ‚¹ íÒ šì¹, ëÎÒü
[ÅÇ¡ ™’ì¹ >Ò*A¡ [A¡Ú, [Î ë™ ³à>¯ [ÅÇ¡ !
Åøã[>¤àÎàÒü \àì> áàÚ>àÒül¡ (Cyanide) [A¡³à> [¤Èàv¡û¡
¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ ‰¤¸ "à¹ç¡ "à> "à> ‰¤¸¹ ºKt¡ ÒüÚ๠[³Åøo Qi¡àÒü
[A¡³à> ³à¹àuA¡ ¹ê¡š [ƒ¤ š¹à ™àÚ¡ú Δ|àΤàƒãÒòt¡ì¹à šøìW¡Êà
&i¡àìÚ – [A¡³à> A¡³ "Ñ| šøìÚàK¹ \[¹Úìt¡ "[‹A¡ Û¡Ú Û¡[t¡
A¡[¹¤ š¹à ™àÚ¡ú ëÎÒüìi¡à Ò’º [ÎÒòt¡¹ Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢t¡à¹ ³àšA¡à[k¡¡ú
"Š±té ¡ íšÅà[W¡A¡ "à>–ƒ* ºà®¡ A¡ì¹ [ÎÒòìt¡ ët¡[t¡ÚàìÒ !
Òü¹àìA¡ ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ "Ñ| ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡¹à A¡=àìi¡àì¯ Åøã
[>¤àÎA¡ "t¡¸”z ëA¡ïtè¡Òºã A¡[¹ tå¡[º[Ạ&Òü [¤ÈÚt¡
[>\तãÚàîA¡ [A¡áå [W¡”zà W¡W¢¡à t¡=à Kì¤Èoà A¡[¹¤¹ ¤à줡ú t¡ƒåš[¹
Δ|àΤàƒãÒòìt¡ ³à>åÒ ³à[¹¤îº ¤t¢¡³à> "à¹ç¡ "ƒè¹ ®¡[¤È¸ìt¡
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
¤¸¯Ò๠A¡¹à¹ δ±à¯>à =A¡à [¤ÈÚì¤àì¹ Åøã [>¤àÎàA¡ Δ|Ñz
A¡[¹ tå¡[º[ạú ët¡*ò ³ì>-šøàìo [¤W¡à[¹[Ạ&Òü ëÛ¡yt¡ [A¡¤à
&i¡à A¡[¹¤îº¡ú &Òüì¤à¹ A¡’¹¤àt¡ šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹, "à>A¡ \>àÒü
>à³ [A¡[>¤îº >ÒÚ¡ú ët¡*ò [>[ÆW¡t¡ Ò’¤ šà[¹[Ạë™, [ÎÒòt¡¹
‹ÿ¤}ÎàuA¡ šøàÚì¤à¹ A¡ºà ëA¡ïź¹ [¤ÈìÚ Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ [™ìÒtå¡
[¤Å«¹ l¡üÄt¡ "à¹ç¡ l¡üÄÚ>Å㺠ëƒÅγèÒ "¤Kt¡ íÒ Òü[t¡³ì‹¸
Ît¡A¢¡ íÒ š[¹ìá, ët¡ì>Ñ‚ºt¡ &[t¡Úà [ÎÒòìt¡ "[‹A¡ Å[v¡û¡Åàºã,
ÎÒì\ š[¹¤Òo A¡[¹¤ š¹à "à¹ç¡ ‹¹à >š¹à ‹¹o¹ "Ñ|¹ ÎÞê¡à>
A¡[¹¤¡ú ët¡*ò¹ "àÅ}A¡à "ƒè¹ ®¡[¤È¸ìt¡ &ì> δ±à¯>àÒü ¤àÑz¯
¹ê¡š šàìº, ¤à [ÎÒòìt¡ ÎÞê¡à> A¡[¹ =A¡à ‰¤¸ "àÒ¹o A¡[¹¤îº
γ=¢ Ò’ìº – ³à>¯ γà\¹ [A¡³à> ë™ ƒèK[¢ t¡ Ò’¤¡ú &Òü
"àÅ}A¡àA¡ ëA¡–ƒø A¡[¹ìÚÒü "à[\ [A¡áå [ƒ>ì¹ š¹à l¡0 ë¹m¡ã
[W¡”zà[AÃ¡Ê íÒ "à[ạú ët¡*ò¹ l¡üì„Ÿ¹ "”z¹àºt¡ Îà³à>¸t¡ì³à
Îì–ƒÒ¹ "¯A¡àÅ >àÒü¡ú &Òü [¤ÈÚìi¡àt¡ [W¡”zà W¡W¢¡à Kì¤Èoà ët¡*ò
"A¡ºÅ¹ãÚàîA¡ìÒ A¡[¹¤îº íº[Ạ– t¡àìA¡à ëKàšì>¡ú ÒüÚà¹
ºKt¡ ëƒÅ-\à[t¡¹ Îå¹Û¡à¹ A¡=à \[¹t¡ íÒ "àìá, \[¹t¡ íÒ
"àìá Τ¢Îà‹à¹o¹ \ã¯>¹ [>¹àšv¡à¹ A¡=à¡ú ët¡*ò \à[>¤
[¤W¡¹à šøÅì— ¤à¹ Ò’º &ì>‹¹o¹ – &Òü [¤Èàv¡û¡ ‰¤¸ì¤à¹ [A¡³à>
ÎèÜ ¹ê¡št¡ "à¹ç¡ ëA¡ì> "¯Ñ‚àt¡ [>¹àšìƒ š[¹¤Òo A¡[¹¤ š¹à
™àÚ¡? t¡àì¹àš[¹ ÒüÒtò ¡A¡ [A¡³à> Å[v¡û¡Åàºã ¹ê¡št¡ šøìÛ¡š A¡[¹
‹>-\>¹ Û¡[t¡¹ ³àyà ¤Øn¡à¤ šà[¹? l¡üÌ¡t¡à¹ t¡à¹t¡³¸ Qi¡àÒü
ÒüÒtò ¡¹ ‹ÿ¤}ÎàuA¡ Å[v¡û¡ ¤õ[‡ý¡ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹ ë>[A¡? Òüt¡¸à[ƒ¡ú ºKìt¡
"à> [A¡áå "à>åÈ[UA¡ šøŹ— l¡üv¡ì¹à ët¡*ò Kì¤Èo๠\[¹Úìt¡
l¡üƒQô ài¡> A¡[¹¤ [¤W¡à[¹[ạú Åøã[>¤àÎàÒü [¤W¡¹à šøÅ—ì¤à¹¹ l¡üv¡¹
™=à™=¹ê¡št¡ šà¤îº ÎÛ¡ì³à íÒ[ạú
áàÚ>àÒül¡ Ò’º &i¡à ‘Anion’, ëW¡>ã¹ ƒì¹ P¡[¹ šƒà=¢¡ú
t¡¹º šƒà=¢t¡ Òü ÎÒ\ìt¡ ‰¤ã®è¡t¡ ÒÚ¡ú ÒüÚ๠‘Molar Mass’
65.12 Nøà³ šø[t¡ [³[º[ºi¡à¹t¡ "à¹ç¡ ‘Melting Point’ 6340
ëW¡º[W¡ÚàW¡¡ú &Òü [¤Èàv¡û¡ ‰¤¸ [¤‹¹ ºKt¡ ÒàÒül¡öì\>, ši¡à[áÚà³
"à¹ç¡ á[l¡Úà³ [³Åøo A¡[¹ "¤Ñ‚๠¹ê¡šà”z¹ Qi¡àÒü ëKáãÚ ¹ê¡št¡
ÒàÒül¡öì\> áàÚ>àÒül¡ (HCN), ši¡à[áÚà³ áàÚ>àÒül¡ (KCN)
"à¹ç¡ á[l¡Úà³ áàÚ>àÒül¡ (NaCN) šà¤ šà[¹¡ú &Òü HCN
"=¢à; ÒàÒül¡öì\> áàÚ>àÒül¡A¡ ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ "Ñ| [ÒW¡àì¤ Òü¹àìA¡
Òü¹ào¹ [¤¹ç¡ì‡ý¡ šøìÚàK A¡¹à¹ A¡=à Åøã[>¤àÎàÒü \àì>, – ™à¹
‡à¹à ëÒà¯à Û¡Ú Û¡[t¡¹ š[¹³ào "à[Ạ"®¡à¯>ãÚ¡ú
Åøã [>¤àÎàA¡ ®¡¤àÒü ët¡àºà A¡=àìi¡à Ò’º – ë™ [¤`¡à>¹
>tå¡> [A¡¤à &i¡à Îõ[Ê ¤à "à[¤ÍH๹ "”z¹àºt¡ ΃àÚ ³Ò; l¡üì„Ÿ
[>[Òt¡ íÒ =àìA¡¡ú ët¡ì>ƒì¹ [¤[®¡Ä í¤`¡à[>A¡ t¡=¸ l¡üƒQô ài¡>¹
ëÛ¡yìt¡à ³à>¯ \à[t¡¹ [¤A¡àŹ A¡=àìi¡àì¯ìÒ šøà=[³A¡t¡à šàÚ¡ú
[A¡”ñ &³å[k¡ ³à>åÒ¹ [¤Aõ¡t¡ [W¡”zà‹à¹àÒü t¡=à Îà´÷à\¸¤àƒã ³ì>஡àì¯
ëÎÒüì¤à¹A¡ ‹ÿ¤}ÎàuA¡ ¹ê¡št¡ ¤¸¯Òàì¹àšì™àKãîA¡ šø[t¡A衺 ¹ê¡št¡
KØn¡ [ƒ ºÚ¡ú &ÒüìÛ¡yt¡ [¤`¡à>ãÎA¡º t¡=à í¤`¡à[>A¡ "à[¤ÍHà¹
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
[A¡³à> ƒàÚ¤‡ý¡ ëÎÚà [W¡”z>ãÚ [¤ÈÚ¡ú ët¡*ò [™³à>ƒè¹ \àì>
ÒàÒül¡öì\> áàÚ>àÒül¡ (HCN) ši¡à[áÚà³ ÒàÒül¡öGàÒül¡¹ ºKìt¡
Î}ì™àK Qi¡àÒü ši¡à[áÚà³ áàÚ>àÒül¡ (KCN) šøÑtñ ¡ A¡¹à ÒÚ
(ó¡³èº¢ àìi¡à – HCN + K (OH)2 –> KCN + H202) &ì>ƒì¹
šøÑñt¡ ‰¤¸[¤‹ ëÎào "à¹ç¡ ¹ê¡š "àÒ¹o¹ ¤àì¤ "à¹ç¡
ÒüìºA¡i¡öìšÃ[i¡R¡ (Electroplating) ¹ ¤àì¤ ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡¹à ÒÚ¡ú
"=W¡ ³à>åÒ¹ šøìÚà\>¹ t¡à[Kƒàƒ ÎõÊ &Òü Îà³NøãA¡ ³à>¯ [¤A¡àŹ
š[¹š”‚㠹ꡚt¡ šøìÚàK A¡[¹¤îº Aå¡q¡àì¤à‹ >A¡[¹ìº Aå¡[¹ Å[t¡A¡à¹
ή¡¸ γàì\¡ú &ì> ³à>¯ γà\A¡ ή¡¸ ¤å[º A¡’¤ šà[¹ì> ?
Åøã[>¤àÎàA¡ l¡ü[‡N— A¡[¹ ët¡àºà "à¹ç¡ &i¡à A¡=à Ò’º Åyç¡
`¡à> A¡[¹ "=¤à "àìšà> Ѭà=¢ [Î[‡ý¡¹ ¤àì¤ šø[t¡šÛ¡A¡ ‹¹àÅàÚã
A¡[¹¤îº í\¯ ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ t¡=à ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ "Ñ|, [¤Èàv¡û¡ ‰¤¸
¤¸¯Ò๠A¡¹àìi¡à NøÒoãÚ >Ò’ìº* ³à[> º’¤ šà[¹ &Òü "=¢t¡
ë™ [ÎÒòìt¡ "à>¹ ‹ÿ¤}ι ¤àì¤ &Òüì¤à¹ A¡[¹ìá¡ú [A¡”ñ [>\A¡
‹ÿ¤}Î A¡[¹¤îºìA¡à [ÎÒòìt¡ &ì>ì¤à¹ ³à¹àuA¡ ‰¤¸ ëA¡ì>îA¡
¤¸¯Ò๠A¡ì¹ – ëÎÒüìi¡àìÒ t¡à卿à[>¤ºKãÚà¡ú ët¡*ò \àì>
ë™ ƒå‹¢È¢ Δ|àΤàƒã &º [i¡ [i¡ Òü¹ šø[t¡\> ë™à‡ý¡àÒü áàÚ>àÒül¡¹
&ìA¡ài¡à ëA¡šW塺 [l¡[R¡t¡ *º³àÒü ¹àìJ "à¹ç¡ Åyç¡ šÛ¡¹ Òàt¡t¡
‹¹à [ƒÚ๠šøàAô¡³åÒtè ¡¢ t¡ ëÎÒüìi¡à ëί> A¡[¹ ³õt¡å ¸A¡ Îà¤[t¡ ºÚ¡ú
ëA¡ì> "àÎå[¹A¡ šøìW¡Ê¡à ! áàìÚ>àÒül¡¹ ‡à¹à "àyû¡à”z \>A¡ –
Amyl Nitrite, Sodium Nitrite "à¹ç¡ Sodium Thiosul-
phate ¹ ‡à¹à [W¡[A¡;Îà "àK¤Øn¡à¤ šà[¹ ™[ƒ* ëÎÚà δ±ì¯Òü
íÒ >åìk¡¡ú [>\¹ \ã¯>ìi¡àìA¡à ¤à¹ç¡ &ì> ™”|>àƒàÚA¡ ³õt¡å ¸¹
³åJîº [>ì\ ëk¡[º [ƒ¤ šàì¹ì> ? Åøã [>¤àÎàÒü ®¡à[¤ìº –
&ÒüÚà ëA¡¯º ³à>åÒ¹ šìÛ¡ìÒ Î´±¯š¹ – "à> Òüt¡¹ šøàoã¹
šìÛ¡ [A¡”ñ >ÒÚ¡ú Òüt¡¹ Ò’ìº* &ìA¡ šø\à[t¡¹ šøàoãA¡ [ÎÒòìt¡
">àÒA¡t¡ ëA¡[t¡Úà* ¤‹ >A¡ì¹ – [™ìi¡à ³à>åÒ¹ ¤àì¤ ët¡ì>Òü
Îà‹à¹o A¡=à¡ú "àW¡[¹t¡ &Òü \㯠ëÅøË¡ šøàoã[¤‹ ! t¡àìt¡àîA¡
"àW¡[¹t¡ [ÎÒòt¡¹ A¡³¢-A¡àr¡ – !
³ày "àk¡Nøà³ áàÚ>àÒül¡ Jå¯àÒü ¤à >î¤ÿ¤ [³[ºNøà³
áàÚ>àÒü l ¡ ‘Òü > ô i ¡ö à 쮡>àW¡ Òü > ô ì \Aô ¡ W¡>’ (Intravenous
Injection) [ÒW¡àìš šøìÚàK A¡[¹ ƒÒ [³[>i¡¹ ¤¸¯‹à>t¡ &\>
¤¸[v¡û¡¹ šøào ¤àÚå A¡à[Øn¡ [>¤ š¹à "¯Ñ‚àt¡ [W¡[A¡;Î๠¤¸¯Ñ‚à
=à[A¡ìº* γìÚ >åA塺àÚ – l¡0 ë¹m¡ãìÚ [>\ìA¡ šøÅ— A¡ì¹
t¡à¹³àì> ÒüÚ๠š¹à š[¹yào¹ ëA¡àì>à l¡üšàìÚ >àÒü ë>[A¡ ?
[>¹ãÒ \>Îà‹à¹oA¡ ">àÒA¡ ³õt塸¹ š¹à ¹Û¡à A¡¹à¹
Ѭà=¢t¡ Åøã [>¤àÎàÒü "‹¸Ú>, Kì¤Èoà t¡=à >tå¡> t¡=¸
l¡üƒôQài¡>t¡ "àu[>ìÚàK A¡[¹ìº¡ú ët¡*ò [W¡”zà A¡[¹ šàÒüìá ë™
– &[t¡ÚàîºìA¡ ëƒÅì‰àÒãÒòìt¡ [™ì¤à¹ ‹ÿ¤}ÎàuA¡ A¡ºà-
ëA¡ïź šøìÚàK A¡[¹ "à[Òìá A¡³ ë¤[á š[¹³àìo [¤Å«¹ l¡üÄt¡
"à¹ç¡ l¡üÄÚ>Å㺠šøàÚì¤à¹ ¹àÊ¡öÒü [¤ìÅÈîA¡ "àì³[¹A¡à,
®¡à¹t¡¤È¢¹ ƒì¹ ¹àÊ¡ö¹ Îå¹Û¡à ¤¸¯Ñ‚à ëÎÒü [¤ÈìÚ Ît¡A¢¡ íÒ
/ 66
š[¹ìá¡ú "ài¡A¡à‹ã> Δ|àΤàƒãìÚ Ñ¬ãA¡àì¹à A¡[¹ìá – >tå¡>
>tå¡> A¡ºà ëA¡ïź¹ "òàW¡[> šøÑñt¡ A¡¹à¹ A¡=à ºKìt¡
&[t¡Úàt¡îA¡* l¡üÄt¡ ÎèÜ t¡=à "[‹A¡ Å[v¡û¡Åàºã "Ñ|¹ ÎÞê¡à>t¡
=A¡à¹ A¡=à¡ú Îå¹Û¡à ¤¸¯Ñ‚๠W¡Aå¡t¡ ‹è[º ³à[¹ ι[A¡ ™à¤ š¹à
ëÎÒüì¤à¹ "Ñ| ëKW¡ãÚ t¡¹º ¤à ¤à[º¹ ƒì¹ Î¹ç¡ A¡[oA¡à¹
¹ê¡šìt¡à Ò’¤ šà칡ú "ài¡}A¡¤àƒã¹ &ì> Aå¡ "[®¡Î[Þê¡A¡ γåJt¡
¹à[J, [ÎÒòìt¡ ëÎÒüÚà ¤àÑz¯ ¹ê¡š [ƒÚ๠"àKìt¡Òü &ì>
δ±à¯>ãÚt¡à¹ l¡üƒôQài¡> A¡[¹ δ±¯Ñ‚ºt¡ šø[t¡Òt¡ A¡[¹¤îº
Îå¹Û¡à ¤¸¯Ñ‚àA¡ Ît¡A¢¡ A¡[¹ [ƒÚàìi¡à Åøã[>¤àÎàÒü [>\¹ ƒà[Úâ«
"à¹ç¡ A¡t¢¡¤¸ ¤å[º [¤ì¤W¡>à A¡[¹ìº¡ú ѬãA¡àì¹à >A¡[¹ ë>à¯à[¹
ë™ &Òü ëÛ¡yt¡ ët¡*ò¹ l¡üì„Ÿ "t¡¸”z Î; "à¹ç¡ Kk¡>³èºA¡¡ú
&ì>ì¤à¹ A¡à³t¡ Aè¡i¡ ëA¡ïźãì¤à¹t¡ íA¡ ƒåìJà\ "àK¤à[Øn¡
=A¡à ¤å[‡ý¡³à>¹ A¡àì³Òü >ÒÚ šøìÚà\ì>à "àìá – ">¸=à
W¡A塹 γåJìt¡ "ì>A¡ "à¤àº ¤õ‡ý¡ ¤[ot¡àÒü šøào ëҹ硯ठ–
"ÎÒ>ãÚ Òìº* ÎA¡ìºàì¯ ëÎÒü ƒå@J>\>A¡ ƒõŸ "ÎÒàÚ
®¡àì¤ šøt¡¸Û¡ A¡[¹ =A¡à¹ ¤à[Òì¹ Kt¡¸”z¹ >à=à[A¡¤¡ú Kì¤Èoà¹
\[¹Úìt¡ ºà®¡ A¡¹à >-> t¡=¸ì¤à¹ "[t¡ Ît¡A¢¡t¡àì¹ Åøã[>¤àÎàÒü
Îà}ìA¡[t¡A¡ ¹ê¡št¡ [º[š¤‡ý¡ A¡[¹ &i¡à ó¡àÒüº¹ "”z®å¢¡v¡û¡
A¡[¹ìº¡ú Kì¤Èoວ¡ ">à>¸ t¡=¸¹ ºKìt¡ &i¡à "à[Ạ"t¡ã¤
P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢ t¡=¸ ët¡*ò š¹ãÛ¡à A¡[¹ šàÒü[áº ë™ – áàÚ>àÒül¡A¡
"à> &[¤‹ ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ ‰¤¸¹ Î’ìt¡ [³Åøo Qi¡àÒü [>[ƒ¢Ê
š[¹³ào¹ l¡üÌ¡t¡àt¡ &[t¡Úàt¡îA¡* Å[v¡û¡Åàºã &[¤‹ ³à¹oàÑ|
šøÑñt¡ A¡[¹¤ š¹à ™àÚ¡ú ÒüÚ๠"¯Ñ‚à”z¹ Qi¡àÒü [>ìW¡Òü ιç¡
Î¹ç¡ ‘¤[¹’ "àAõ¡[t¡ì¹ A¡º³¹ [¹[󡺹 ³à\ìt¡à ®¡¹àÒü º’¤
š¹à ™àÚ "=¤à ët¡ì> Û塉 ‹àtå¡ [>[³¢t¡ ιgà³t¡ ëKáãÚ
¹ê¡šìt¡à Î}¹Û¡o A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¡ú "à>Òàìt¡ &Òü ƒåìÚài¡à
"¯Ñ‚àìt¡Òü &Òü [¤Èàv¡û¡ ‰¤¸ [¤‹A¡ ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ [¤[yû¡Úà Qi¡àÒü
"t¡¸”z šø®¡à¯Åàºã A¡[¹ tå¡[º¤ š¹à¹ Ñ‚º "àìá "à¹ç¡ ëÎìÚ
Îà³à>¸ &i¡à ‘¤[¹’ ¤à ëš>¹ ‘[¹[󡺒¹ ƒì¹ ιgà³t¡ =A¡à
ëKá¹ ‹ÿ¤}ι š[¹³ào =à[A¡¤ &[t¡Ú๠t塺>àt¡ ¤× ë¤[á¡ú
&ì> ¤× δ±à¯>àÒü Åøã[>¤àÎ๠W¡Aå¡t¡ ‹¹à [ƒìÚ Kì¤Èoà¹
A¡àºìáà¯àt¡¡ú ët¡*ò Kì¤Èoວ¡ ÎA¡ìºà t¡=¸ l¡üš™åv¡û¡ Ñ‚à>t¡
\>ठ"à¹ç¡ &ì>ì¤à¹ ‹ÿ¤}ÎàuA¡ A¡à™¢A¡ [A¡ l¡üšàìÚì¹
ëA¡ì>ƒì¹ šø[t¡Òt¡ A¡ì¹ t¡à¹ l¡üšàÚ l¡ü[º*Ú๠ƒà[Úâ« [>¹àšv¡à
[¤®¡àK¹¡ú Åøã[>¤àÎ๠&Òü šøÑñ[t¡¹ A¡=à [‡t¡ãÚ ëA¡àì>à &\ì>
\>๠"¤A¡àÅ >à[ạú &ì> њŢA¡àt¡¹ [¤ÈÚì¤à¹t¡
Îோà>t¡à "¯º´¬> "t¡¸”z \¹ç¡¹ã¡ú
ët¡*ò [¤Å«àÎ A¡ì¹ ë™ Òü¹àìA¡ [>³¢ào A¡[¹ l¡[ü º*¯à ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡
"Ñ|ì¤à¹ [™ì¤à¹ Òü¹ào¹ [¤¹ç¡ì‡ý¡ šøìÚàK A¡[¹[áº, ëÎÒüì¤à¹¹
®¡àìºÎ}J¸A¡ ëKàšì> Î}¹Û¡ìoà A¡[¹ ¹à[J[áº, ™à¹ ¤àì¤
"àì³[¹A¡àÒü Òü¹àA¡ "àyû¡³o A¡[¹¤îº ¤à‹¸ íÒ[ạú [A¡”ñ Òü¹àA¡
ƒJº¹ šàát¡ t¡Ät¡ÄîA¡ [¤W¡à[¹* ët¡ì> "Ñ| "àì³[¹A¡àÒü Ò*A¡
67 /
¤à ¹àÊ¡öÎ}Q¹ [¤ìÅÈ`¡ ƒìºÒü Ò*A¡ – l¡ü[ºÚà¤îº ÎÛ¡³ >Òº¡ú
"àì³[¹A¡à¹ ƒì¹ ¤× ¹àÊ¡öì¹ Îì–ƒÒ – ëÎÒü ³à¹àuA¡ "Ñ|γèÒ
Òü[t¡šè줢Òü Δ|àΤàƒãìÚ ÒÑzKt¡ A¡[¹ìº¡ú ®¡Úà¤Ò š[¹o[t¡¹
"àÅ}A¡à A¡[¹ìÚ Åøã[>¤àÎàÒü Kì¤Èoວ¡ ët¡*ò¹ ÎA¡ìºà t¡=¸
Îà}ìA¡[t¡A¡ ®¡àì¤ [º[š¤§¡ A¡[¹ Kì¤ÈoàK๹ &i¡à [>[ƒ¢Ê
"ຳà[¹t¡ ëKàšì> ¹à[J[áº, "”zt¡@ š¹¤t¡¢ã A¡à³Î³èÒ Î´šèo¢
ë>àìÒà¯à š™¢”z ëÎÒü Ñ‚àì>Òü ët¡*ò¹ ƒõ[Ê¡t¡ [>¹àšƒ "à[ạú
"=W¡ ëÎÒü ó¡àÒüºìi¡àì¯ "”z‹¢à> Ò’º! ëA¡àì> [>¤
šàì¹? Kì¤ÈoàKà¹ìi¡àt¡ ¤¸Ú¤×º Îà³Nøã "àìá ™ì=Ê¡,
³èº¸¤à> [A¡t¡àìšà "àìá – Kì¤Èoà [¤ÈÚA¡ šy* "àìá –
ÎA¡ìºàì¤à¹ ™=àÑ‚à>ìt¡ "àìá, ëKàšì> ¹Jà ó¡àÒüºìi¡àìÒ
ëҹຠ!! ®¡à¹t¡¹ ƒì¹ Δ|àΤàƒãìÚ [K\[K\àÒü =A¡à ëƒÅt¡,
[¤ìÅÈîA¡ l¡üv¡¹-šè¤à¢ e¡º¹ [¤[ZáÄt¡à¤àƒã Î}Kk¡> γèÒ¹ A¡=à
Ѷ¹o A¡[¹ ët¡*ò [ÅÚ[¹ l¡ü[k¡º¡ú [¤ìƒÅã Å[v¡û¡¹ ‡à¹à š[¹W¡à[ºt¡
ët¡ì> Î}Kk¡>¹ Òàt¡ ºKà ³àì> ëƒÅ-\à[t¡¹ ®¡ÚS¡¹ ">=¢
Îà‹>, [™ìi¡à ët¡*ò ëA¡àì>à šì‹¸ Ò¤îº [ƒ¤ ë>à¯à칡ú
"à[\ W¡tå¡=¢ [ƒ>à* ëÎÒü ó¡àÒüºìi¡à¹ [W¡”zàt¡ l¡0 ë¹m¡ã
Jà¤-Ç¡¯ š¹à >àÒü¡ú ët¡*ò A¡àA¡ Îì–ƒÒ A¡[¹¤? A¡[>Ë¡ Kì¤ÈA¡
áày-áàyãìÚ &ì> &i¡à A¡à³ A¡[¹¤îº ÎàÒÎ >A¡ì¹¡ú [ÎÒòt¡A¡
Kì¤ÈoàKà¹ìi¡àt¡ δšèo¢ Ѭà‹ã>t¡à [ƒÚà* ëÒà¯à >àÒü¡ú
Kì¤Èo๠ÎÒàÚA¡ ([¤ìÚ¹à¹) ëA¡Òü\>¹ ‡à¹à Ò’¤ šàì¹ ¤å[º
ët¡*ò š[t¡Ú> ™à¤ š¹à >àÒü¡ú ët¡ì”z? ëA¡à> Ò’¤ šàì¹?
¤àA¡ã =à[A¡º ëÅ«t¡à, ëÅ«t¡à ³à=å¹?
ëÎÒü [>³à[Èt¡ Κø[t¡®¡ ëW¡ìҹ๠[¤ƒè[Èoã? t¡àÒüì>à
[A¡ Ѭà=¢t¡ &Òü A¡à³ìi¡à A¡[¹¤? ó¡àÒüºìi¡à Wå¡[¹ A¡[¹ t¡àÒü ëÎÒüÚà
[>\¹ Kì¤Èo๠ó¡W¡º ¤å[º ëƒJå¯à¤? ë> ‹>¹ ëºà®¡t¡ ?
Îàt¡ Åt¡¹ç¡ì¯* >A¡Ú ëÅ«t¡à¹ ³à\t¡ ët¡ì> ³à>[ÎA¡t¡àÒü [¤¹à\
A¡[¹ìá ¤å[º ! t¡=à[š ....ú Åøã[>¤àÎ๠³>¹ ƒåìƒàº¸³à>
"¯Ñ‚à – [W¡”zàt¡ "à*º ºà[K íKìá ¤àì¹ ¤à칡ú ®¡à[¤¤
>åJå[\* ¤àì¹ ¤àì¹ ëÎÒü &ìA¡i¡à >àì³Òü ët¡*ò¹ Îì–ƒÒ¹
"à¤v¢¡îº "àìÒ¡ú t¡à¹ A¡à¹ìoà "àìá¡ú
Kì¤ÈoàKà¹ìi¡à¹ šø[t¡ìi¡à ¹àÎàÚ[>A¡ ‰¤¸ "à¹ç¡ ιgà³¹
Î’ìt¡ ëÅ«t¡à ³à=å¹ [™³à> Q[>Ë¡ – "à> ëA¡àì>à >ÒÚ¡ú Åøã
[>¤àÎ๠Kì¤ÈoãÚ [¤ÈÚ¤Ññ >[= šy¹ [¤ÈìÚ Î´šèo¹¢ ¡ê ìš
`¡àt¡ ëÅ«t¡à¡ú ët¡ì”z t¡àÒüA¡ Îì–ƒÒ¹ "à*t¡à¹ š¹à ë¹ÒàÒü [ƒ¤
šà[¹ì> ? šø³ào >àÒü ÎòW¡à, [A¡”ñ š[¹ì¤Å š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡ìÚ Åøã[>¤àÎàA¡
t¡àÒüîºìA¡ "àRå¡[º ëi¡à¯òà¤îº ¤à‹¸ A¡ì¹¡ú ët¡*ò ƒõnØ ¡ šø[t¡`¡,
ëA¡àì>à A¡à¹oìt¡ Τ¢Îà‹à¹o¹, ëƒÅ¹ "[>Ê Îà‹> Ò’¤ š¹à
A¡à³ Ò’¤îº [ƒ¤ ë>à¯à칡ú γθ๠l¡üŠ¯± íÒìá ët¡*ò¹ š¹àÒü,
K[t¡ìA¡ γà‹àì>à ët¡ì¯òÒü A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú t¡àìA¡ A¡[¹¤îº ™à*òìt¡
ët¡*ò "t¡¸”z Îऋà>t¡à "¤º´¬> A¡[¹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú
ët¡*ò \àì> ë™ ëÅ«t¡à "Š±té ¡ W¡[¹y¹ ëáà¯àºã¡ú š[¹[Å[ºt¡
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
\ã¯> ™àš> A¡¹à ëÅ«t¡à ³à=å¹¹ &i¡à "Š±té ¡ W¡Jô "àìá – ³àì\
γìÚ [W¡Kàì¹i¡ ëJà¯à¹¡ú t¡àìA¡à [¤ìƒÅã ë¤ør¡¹¡ú l¡0 ë¹m¡ãìÚ
t¡àÒüA¡ t¡àÒü¹ šW¡–ƒ¹ [W¡Kàì¹i¡ l¡üšÒ๠[ƒ¤ "à¹ç¡ t¡à¹ ‡à¹àÒü Ît¡¸
l¡üƒQô ài¡>¹ ëW¡Ê¡à W¡ºà¤¡ú [W¡Kàì¹i¡¹ ³à\t¡ ët¡*ò &ì>ƒì¹ [¤Èàv¡û¡
‰¤¸ Î}Ñ‚àš> A¡[¹¤ ë™ šø=³ ³åJt¡ [ƒÚ๠š¹à [A¡áåγÚîºìA¡
t¡àÒü¹ ëW¡t¡>๠[¤ºå[œ >Qìi¡¡ú Åà¹ã[¹A¡®¡àì¤ ƒè¤º¢ t¡à [A¡áå "à[Ò¤,
[A¡”ñ ³[ÑzÍH ÎåÑ‚ "à¹ç¡ Î[yû¡Ú "¯Ñ‚àt¡ =à[A¡¤¡ú ët¡ì> "¤Ñ‚à¹
Îåì™àK NøÒo A¡[¹ ët¡*ò t¡àÒüA¡ ó¡àÒüºìi¡à¹ [¤ÈìÚ Îå[‹¤ ºà[K¤¡ú
[A¡Ú "à¹ç¡ ëA¡ì>îA¡ ëÎÒü "šA¡³¢ Î}Q[i¡t¡ A¡[¹ìº, ÎÒì™àKã
ëA¡àì>à¤à "àìá ë>[A¡ ....ú "à¹ç¡ "ài¡àÒüt¡îA¡ l¡àR¡¹ šøÅì— i¡à Ò’º
&[t¡Úà &Òü³Òå vè ¡¢ t¡ ëÎÒü ó¡àÒüºìi¡à A¡’t¡ "àìá¡ú ³õt¡å ¸ "àÎÄ ¤å[º
\à[> t¡àÒü ÎA¡ìºàì¤à¹ šøŹ— Î[k¡A¡ l¡üv¡¹ [ƒ¤Òü – ëÎÒü [¤ÈìÚ
ët¡*ò [>[ÆW¡t¡¡ú Òü³à>îºìA¡ ÎåA¡ºì³ íÒ ë™à¯à¹ [šát¡ ët¡*ò
[‡t¡ãÚìi¡à šƒìÛ¡š [A¡ º’¤ ëÎÒü [¤ÈìÚ [W¡”zà A¡[¹¤¡ú
®¡¤à ³ìt¡Òü l¡0 ë¹m¡ãìÚ ÎA¡ìºà ¤¸¯Ñ‚à NøÒo A¡[¹ [>[ƒ¢Ê
Î³Ú "à¹ç¡ Îåì™àK¹ "ìšÛ¡àt¡ í¹ "àìá¡ú &ì> γÚìt¡ Òàt¡t¡
ëºó¡àó¡à &i¡à íº "à>–ƒ ³ì>ì¹ ëÅ«t¡à l¡0 ë¹m¡ãA¡ ºK A¡[¹¤îº
"à[Ò캡ú l¡ü;óå¡[Àt¡ t¡àÒü¹ ³>¡ú t¡àÒü [ÅÛ¡àP¡¹ç¡¹ W¡¹o њŢ
A¡[¹ \>àìº ë™ – t¡àÒü¹ Kì¤Èoà šyJì> ѬãAõ¡[t¡ ëšà¯àÒü
>ÒÚ [¤ìÅÈ`¡ A¡[³[t¡ìÚ l¡üZW¡ šøÅ}ÎàÎèW¡A¡ ³”z¤¸* "àK¤Øn¡àÒüìá¡ú
l¡0 ë¹m¡ã [™ìÒtå¡ &Òü [¤ÈìÚ šè줢Òü "¤Kt¡ K[t¡ìA¡ ët¡*ò
Ѭ஡à[¤A¡ Kറ㙢 ¤\àÒü ¹à[J šø[t¡[yû¡Úà šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹ìº¡ú &Òü
ëKàìi¡Òü γÚ[J[>t¡ ët¡*ò¹ ³>-³K\åìÚ &A¡ìy γãA¡¹o A¡[¹
=A¡à [¤ÈÚìi¡à Ò’º – ëÎÒü ó¡àÒüºìi¡à "à¹ç¡ ëÅ«t¡à ³à=幡ú [‡‹à
[¤®¡v¡û¡ ët¡*ò¹ ³ì> ëÅ«t¡à >à³¹ l¡üaº ®¡[¤È¸t¡¹ δ±à¯>à A¡[Øn¡ÚàÒü
ó塹à γåJt¡ [=Ú [ƒ =A¡à ëáà¯àºã\>ãA¡ δšèo¹¢ ¡ê ìš "[®¡™åv¡û¡*
A¡[¹¤ š¹à >àÒü ¤à "[®¡ì™àK ³åv¡û¡¡ú ët¡*ò ³ày "[t¡ÎèÜ®¡àì¤
t¡àÒü¹ šø[t¡ìi¡à A¡=à A¡à™¢ š™¢ì¤Û¡o A¡[¹ "àìá – ">¤‹à>¤Åt¡@
[A¡\à[>¤à ÒüÚ๠³à\ìt¡ ºåA¡àÒü =A¡à "š¹à‹ šø¤ot¡à ëA¡ì>¤àîA¡
¤à}³Ú íÒ l¡üìk¡Òü !!
Åøã[>¤àÎ๠Òàt¡t¡ [¤ìƒÅã ë¤ør¡¹ [W¡Kàì¹i¡¹ ëšìA¡i¡ìi¡à
– ëÅ«t¡à¹ "[t¡ìA¡ [šøÚ¡ú [ÅÛ¡àP¡¹ç¡ Ò’ìº* Åøã[>¤àìÎ ëÅ«t¡à¹
&Òü "®¡¸àι A¡=à \>àìÚ >ÒÚ – Kì¤Èo๠γÚìt¡à "t¡¸[‹A¡
³à>[ÎA¡ W¡àš A¡³ A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ ët¡*ò¹ γåJt¡ [W¡Kàì¹i¡ ëJà¯àìi¡à
A¡àÒà[>* ë¤Úà W¡Aå¡ì¹ ëW¡à¯à >àÒü ¤à ¤à‹à* [ƒÚà >àÒü¡ú ëÎìÚ
"à[\ [ÅÛ¡àP¡¹ç¡¹ Òàt¡t¡ ëšìA¡i¡ìi¡à ëƒ[J ëÅ«t¡àÒü ëA¡ïtè¡Òìºì¹
W¡àÒü ®¡à[¤ìá – [>ÆW¡Ú ëÎÒüìi¡à t¡àÒü¹ ¤àì¤Òü "à[>ìá – t¡àÒü¹
Aõ¡t¡A¡à™¢t¡àt¡ "à>[–ƒt¡ íÒ ! Åøã[>¤àÎ๠t¡ãÝ¡ [>¹ãÛ¡ìo ëÅ«t¡à¹
ëÎÒü ³ì>஡àì¯à ‹¹à ë>ìšìºà¯àîA¡ =A¡à >àÒü¡ú
Kì¤ÈoàKà¹ìi¡à¹ &i¡à ëA¡àot¡ ¹Jà ëÒº>ãÚà W¡A¡ãJ>t¡
(ëº[JA¡à l¡üÒüì³>Wô¡ A¡ìº\, [t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚ๠"γãÚà ®¡àÈà "à¹ç¡ Îà[Òt¡¸¹ [ÅÛ¡[Úyã¡ú)
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
[>\¹ Ź㹠δšèo¢ ¹ê¡ìš &[¹ [ƒ šøJ¸àt¡ [¤`¡à>ã Åøã [>¤àÎà
ë¹m¡ã ¤[Ò "àìá¡ú ¤à*ò Òàt¡t¡ [¤ìƒÅã ë¤ør¡¹ [W¡Kàì¹i¡¹
ëšìA¡i¡ "à¹ç¡ ëÎòà Òàt¡t¡ "àìá ëÎÒü &ìA¡ ë¤ør¡ì¹ [¤ìÅÈ
[W¡Kàì¹i¡ìi¡à – [™ìi¡àì¯ A¡[Øn¡ÚàÒü óå¡[¹ìá ³õt塸¹ "àK[º¤t¡¹à¡ú
®¡à¯t¡ ët¡*ò [¤ì®¡à¹ – ëÎÒü [W¡Kàì¹i¡ìi¡à ët¡*ò [šøÚ áày-
\>ãA¡ [ƒÚà l¡ü[W¡t¡ Ò’¤ì>? ët¡*ò¹ ³[ÑzÍH¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ [yû¡Úà
šø[t¡[yû¡ÚàÒü Wå¡>à³ã¹ Îõ[Ê A¡[¹ìá¡ú l¡üv¡¹ [¤Òã> [A¡áå³à> šøÅ—
"à¹ç¡ [¤ÈìÚ ët¡*ò¹ Ź㹹 ¹v¡û¡Îe¡º> Û¡ãšøt¡¹ A¡[¹ tå¡[ºìá,
ëÎÒüì¤à¹ Ò’º – "”z‹¢à> ëÒà¯à ó¡àÒüºìi¡à – ëƒÅ-\à[t¡¹
[>¹àšv¡à, ëÅ«t¡à ³à=å¹ "à¹ç¡ t¡àÒü l¡üaº ®¡[¤È¸t¡ – šøAõ¡t¡
"[®¡™åv¡û¡ .... Òüt¡¸à[ƒ¡ú
Òk¡àìt¡ ët¡*ò [A¡¤à &i¡à [W¡”zà A¡[¹ W¡A¡ã¹ š¹à l¡ü[k¡ ëÎòà
Òàt¡¹ ëÎÒü [¤ìÅÈ [W¡Kàì¹i¡ìi¡à ëÅ«t¡àA¡ [ƒìº¡ú šè¤¢ì¹ š¹à
"t¡¸”z "àNøìÒì¹ "àÅàšà[º í¹ =A¡à ëÅ«t¡àÒü [W¡Kàì¹i¡ìi¡à
šàÒü "à>[–ƒt¡ Ò’º¡ú š[¹o[t¡¹ A¡=à [W¡”zà A¡[¹ l¡ 0 ë¹m¡ãìÚ
Kì¯ÈoàK๠ëi¡à¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ "[Ñ‚¹ ®¡àì¯ šàÒüW¡à[¹ A¡[¹¤îº
‹[¹ìº¡ú ëÅ«t¡à¹ ëÎÒüì¤à¹îº °ê¡ìÛ¡š >àÒü¡ú t¡àÒü &[t¡Úà
"à>–ƒt¡ ³> šW¡–ƒ¹ [W¡Kàì¹i¡ aºàÒü "à¹àì³ì¹ W塳åA¡ [ƒÚà¹
‹àr¡àt¡ ³W¡P¡º – t¡àìA¡à t¡àÒü¹ A¡à³¹ ѬãAõ¡[t¡ [ÒW¡àìš Ñ¬Ú}
[ÅÛ¡àP¡¹ç¡¹ š¹à ºà®¡ A¡¹à¡ú &ì>ìt¡ l¡0 ë¹m¡ãìÚ [™ìi¡à
"ຳà¹ã¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡ ët¡*ò ó¡àÒüºìi¡à ¹à[J[Ạ¤å[º ƒõØn¡t¡àì¹
®¡à[¤ "à[áº, ëÎÒüìi¡à¹ *š¹t¡ [A¡¤à &i¡à ëƒ[J t¡;Û¡oàt¡
>³àÒü "àì> "à¹ç¡ ³åÒèt¢¡¹ ¤¸¯‹à>t¡ ët¡*ò ëÅ«t¡àÒü W塳åA¡ [ƒ¤îº
ëºà¯à¹ š¹à [W¡Kàì¹i¡ìi¡à =àš ³à[¹ "à[> ƒè¹îº ƒ[ºÚàÒü
[ƒìÚ, l¡üìv¡\>à "à¹ç¡ ®¡àK¹t¡ ët¡*ò ëó¡àó¡à¤îº ‹[¹ìº¡ú
&Òü ëKàìi¡Òü A¡àr¡-A¡à¹Jà>àì¤à¹ ëÅ«t¡à¹ "Š±ét¡ ë™>
ºà[Kº¡ú t¡àÒü ëۡ஡t¡ ³ày W¡àÒü ¹’º l¡0 ë¹m¡ãú ³åìJì¹
³àt¡ ³t¡à¹ ÎàÒÎ ëKài¡à¤ ë>à¯à[¹ìº¡ú [™ìÒtå¡ &ì>ƒì¹
l¡üìv¡[\t¡ íÒ "àW¡×¯à "àW¡¹o A¡¹à "àìK šàìá ëƒJà t¡àÒü¹
³>t¡ >šì¹¡ú l¡0 ë¹m¡ãìÚ "à>ìi¡à Òàt¡¹ [W¡Kàì¹i¡¹
ëšìA¡i¡ìi¡à ëÅ«t¡à¹ Òàt¡t¡ [ƒ #È; Òòà[Ò &i¡à [¤[¹R¡à¤îº ¤õ=à
ëW¡Êà &i¡à W¡ºà캡ú ët¡*ò t¡àÒüA¡ t¡à¹š¹à ™à¤îº A¡’캡ú
">¯‹à>t¡àì¹ "ຳà¹ã¹ *š¹t¡ [>ì\ ¹Jà
ó¡àÒüºìi¡à¹ ¤àì¤ &i¡à δ±à¤>àšèo¢ \ã¯> ">àÒA¡ìt¡ [>@ìÅÈ
íÒ K’ºìÒòìt¡> ! ™àÒ*A¡ "[”z³ Û¡ot¡ [>\ Òàìt¡ Î}Q[t¡t¡
A¡[¹¤îº *ìºà¯à [>샢àÈã \ã¯> &i¡à "àÎÄ ³õt塸¹ š¹à ¹Û¡à
š[¹º¡ú ëÎÚà ët¡*ò¹ ¤àì¤ Îà”z>à Ò’ìº* "Û¡³oãÚ
"š¹à‹ì¤àì‹ ët¡*òA¡ Jå[º Jå[º Jठ‹[¹ìº¡ú
Ѭ[Ñz¹ [>Å«àÎ &i¡à &[¹ l¡ìü v¡\>à šøų>¹ ¤àì¤ l¡0 ë¹m¡ãìÚ
"à¹à³ã W¡A¡ãJ>t¡ &[¹ [ƒÚà Źã¹ìi¡à "¯Îàìƒ "à¯[¹ ‹[¹ìº¡ú
/ 68
 Åãt¡º Òê¡ƒÚ ¹à\Ò}Î \àA¡
³èº : l¡à[¤Ãl¡ü, [¤, ëÚ;á
">å: ">å¹ê¡š ¤¹à
Káì¤àì¹ Îà[\ º’ìº Å¹t¡¹ Îå–ƒ¹t¡à
Òà[¤Ú[º š=ì¤à¹ Ç¡A¡à>
Òê¡ƒÚ \å¹àÒü =à[A¡¤à "ìC¡à¤¹ ³å[>Wå¡[>
šà>ãt¡ [¤[´¬t¡ Ò’º &J> [>k¡¹ "àA¡àÅ
ë>೺ ³àÒàt¡à W¡šW¡šãÚà šà>ãt¡ [źì¤à¹¹ ³à\t¡
A¡¹³à¹ Ñ‚ºãt¡ ƒåAå¡[¹ $î>Åi¡à ¹à\Ò}Ρú
Òüó¡àº [Îó¡àº $î>Åi¡à Źt¡ ë³à¹ *šì¹[ƒ šà¹ íÒ K’º¡ú
>àW¡>ã¹ \àA¡ [™[ƒ>à šø=³ "à[Ò ëºJ íº[áìºà [ÎÒòt¡¹
ëW¡ì>Ò¹ ³Òü>à\>ã ëº[J ëÅÈ A¡¹à¹ "àKìt¡Òü ëƒ[Jìºòà ³Òü
tå¡[³ ¤à¹ç¡ A¡’t¡ l¡ü[¹K’º Ò}ι \àA¡ Òk¡à;
íA¡ [ƒÚà ët¡à³à¹ A¡=à ÎÅ즡 ël¡l¡üA¡à ëA¡à¤àÒü
¤åA塹 ëÎl¡ü\ Kòà=à [¤[Û¡œ¡ ®¡N— ¤ºÚ¹ ³à\t¡¡ú
[³>[t¡ A¡[¹ìáà ³Òü "à[\* [¤W¡à[¹ óå¡ì¹à &Òü Îå–ƒ¹ W¡¹àÒü\àA¡
[³>[t¡ A¡[¹ìáà "à¹ç¡ &[t¡Úà ë³à¹ Òê¡ƒÚ ®¡à¹àyû¡à”z
"òàt¡[¹ >à™à¤à ÎA¡ìºà κ[> íÒ K’º¡ú
Òê¡ƒÚ \å¹àÒü =à[A¡¤à¡ú ëÎÒü ë™ ³å[>Wå¡[> ë¤[º¹ ëšàÒ¹t¡
Ç¡[>[áìºà šø=³ ¤à¹ [ÎÒòt¡¹
ël¡l¡üA¡à¹ Q–i¡à ‹ÿ¤[>
\àÒà\ Qài¡¹ *š¹t¡ ³è¹¹ *šì¹[ƒ ë³à¹ šà¹îÒ íK[áº
[ÎÒòt¡¹ ëA¡à³º šƒ‹ÿ¤[>
³èº : [i¡. Òü. [Òl¡ü³
">å: ">å¹ê¡š ¤¹à
&[t¡Úà* Aáà[”zÒã>, ëšø[³A¡-ëšø[³A¡à ™åKº
³à\ [>Å๠[>@Ŧ \àÒà\ Qài¡¹ *š¹t¡ ®ò¡à[Ò ™àÚ Î}Kƒà[Ú>ã \å[¹¹ ¤åAå¡t¡,
¹[á ¤Þê¡à *J ³àÑñºt¡ \òi¡ ºà[K >t塤à ë³Qò¹ ³à\t¡
*º[³ ¹’º ë\à>ìi¡à¡ú Îåƒè¹¹ š¹à &ì> ºà[Kº ÒꡃÚì¤à¹ [ÎÒòt¡¹ >ÒÚ ¹ê¡ìšà¯àºã ¤Úι ®¡¹t¡
ë™> &i¡à A¡o³à[>¹ 뤺å>, šàÒ[¹ =à[A¡ K’º ">å¹àK "=¤à [¤\Ú [ÎÒòt¡¹ ΃àÎÒW¡¹
[A¡”ñ ÒòàÚ ! [ÎÒòt¡ "”z[Ò¢t¡ Ò’º
ëJºà¹ [šW¡t¡¡ú
[>Íš–ƒ šà>ã¹ ¤åAå¡t¡ !
[¤Í¶ÚA¡¹, Îå–ƒ¹ !
ëA¡à> \à¹[ot¡ Îà[\¤ [ÎÒòìt¡ >ãØl¡
ëA¡à> Òùƒ¹ šà¹t¡, \å¹à¤ "à³à¹ W¡Aå¡?
[™[ƒ>à ³Òü Î๠šàÒü l¡ü[k¡³
l¡ü[¹ P¡[W¡ ™à¤ [ÎÒòt¡ ƒè¹¹ "\à> ëƒÅîº ¤å[º¡ú
ë>೺ ³àÒàt¡à : "γ "à¹Û¡ã ëί๠(&.[š.&W¡) [¤ÈÚà¡ Åøã³àÒàt¡à A¡à¤¸ \Kt¡¹ &A¡ š[¹[W¡t¡ >ೡú
">å¹ê¡š ¤¹à, šøàv¡û¡> áày¡ú

69 / /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

 [W¡[¹ìgàºàÚ[ºÚàt¡ ®å¡[Kìá
t¡³Î๠Î㹺å Òòà[Òt¡ l¡üƒ} š=à¹
®¡àºšà* ¤å[ºìº Òk¡àìt¡
A¡àìA¡àìÚÒü ®¡àº šà¤ ë>à¯à[¹
ëšø³¹ "=¢ &îA¡Å Å[t¡A¡àt¡ ¤¹ [>º¢ð
ƒå¯à¹t¡ iå¡Aå¡[¹Úàìº l¡ü³à> º’¤ šà[¹
ƒå[ƒ>ãÚà [W¡>à[A¡¹ "àì¯[KA¡ ºÒ¹
šø[t¡‹ÿ¤[>t¡ ÒÚ ƒèî¹¹ šàÒà¹t¡
ή¡¸ γà\¹ [\®¡à A¡i¡à "Ñ£å¡Ê¡ ëA¡Aò¡[>
ëšø³¹ [Åšàl¡àº ¤åAå¡ìt¡Òü ºAô¡ºA¡àÒü ¤à[Øn¡ "àìÒ
t¡³Îà ëA¡àì>àA¡àìºÒü ë\à>àA¡ Ò’¤ ë>à¯àì¹
A¡à\º¹ šào ëƒàA¡à>t¡ Î[Þê¡Úàìi¡à ëW¡à¤àìºà
Î㹺å *ìºà¯à Òòà[Òì¹ t¡³ÎàÒü
[K[º¤ šàì¹ ëΖƒå¹ãÚà ë\à>àA¡
ëi¡àš[> >à[Òº ëKàìi¡Òü ¹à[t¡
ët¡ºJàƒãÚ K®¡ã¹t¡à ëÒ> ®¡à¯¹ ¤å¹¤å¹[>t¡
\ãšàº ëÒà¯à¹ A¡=à "à[áº
Ç¡A¡à> ³à[i¡
yû¡³Å@ [W¡[¹ìgàºàÚ[ºÚàt¡ ®å¡[Kìá l¡üƒ} š=à¹
"à[\¹ [ƒ>ìi¡à "=ìº K’º
γÚì¤à¹ [¤Å«àι 뮡[i¡t¡ ¤à[Þꡤ ë>à¯à[¹ Q¹
[W¡Kàì¹i¡¹ ë‹òà¯à íÒ l¡ü[¹º
"àu๠A¡àì–ƒà>
¹à[t¡ ¹à[t¡ ¤å[\ l¡üìk¡à
ë³à¹ ƒåJt¡ [A¡Ú ëA¡àì>* ƒåJãÚà Ò’¤ ë>à¯àì¹
i¡à[>-"òà\å[¹ =à[A¡ìºÒü ƒå®¢¡KãÚ๠A¡šàºt¡
>à[W¡ >åìk¡ ®¡àºìšà¯à¹ l¡üÅàÒ
=øã-l¡àÒüì³>ôW¡ì>º Òòà[Òt¡ t¡³Î๠\àNøt¡
W¡³å-³åƒà Aå¡[º¹ \ãÚàÒü =A¡à "ƒ¸³ ëÒòšàÒ
[¤Å«àÎQài¡A¡t¡à ™[ƒ ÒÚ t¡³Î๠">¸ >à³
ÒàÒüšà¹NÃàÒüìA¡[³A¡t¡ 뮡àKà ³>ìi¡àA¡ ë³à¹
[A¡ ¤å[º ¤å\à³
Åàºã>t¡à ®¡}K¹ "š¹à‹t¡ =à>à W¡à[¹"à[º
i¡³àW¡ ëÎàìoà¯àº : ¹ÎàÚ> [¤`¡à> [¤®¡àK¹ 뺤ì¹i¡¹ã ÎÒàÚA¡ ú
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
i¡³àW¡ ëÎàìoà¯àº
ël¡Òü[º ¤\àì¹ Îºà¤ šàì¹ [>ìt¡ï
t¡à¹ [>ºà\ã ëšàW¡àA¡
ëW¡à¯àÒü> óÃå¡’ [¤Ú[šº ¤ƒ³àá W¡Ò¹t¡
³Òü Ò’ìºà ¤ƒ>à³ã A¡[¤
&[®¡ìÚ> Òü>óÃå¡ìÚgàt¡ A¡W¡àìÚ ³R¡Ò A¡àìi¡ [Ò³àºÚ¹
¤¹ó¡ ™”|oà
ÎA¡ìºà ¤Ññì¹ [>\Ѭ ƒà³ =àìA¡
[ÒÚà-[ƒÚà-[>Ú๠Òü[>}á ëA¡àì>ì>à ëJ[º¤ ë>à¯àì¹
³åJ¹ [t¡t¡àì¹ [A¡[>¤ ë>à¯à[¹ìºà
t¡³Î๠>åÇ¡ìA¡à¯à Wå¡[º¹ ®¡òà\t¡
[\º[³º ÅàA¡¹ ®¡¹ç¡o ™”|oà
³õt塸¹ ƒå¤à×t¡ [¤Èàv¡û¡ ë³à¹ ë™ï¯>
Å[ƒÚ๠t¡à´÷ó¡[ºt¡ ëJà[ƒt¡ A¡[¹ìºà ëÅÒ¹à[t¡
[W¡>à[A¡ >ബ๠&i¡à
ë™à¯à ƒå[ƒ>¹ š¹à
ë¹W¡àWô¡ ³à}[A¡¹ [¤¯v¢¡>¹ "òàt¡ ‹[¹
ëAò¡W¡àšàt¡t¡ l¡üt¡ºàÒüìáà A¡[k¡> A¡[º\à
‹å>ãÚà "}Kã-®¡}Kã [¤yû¡ã A¡¹àt¡
t¡³Îà &A¡ šøìó¡W¡ì>º >à[ÚA¡à
t¡³Îà ë³à¹ W¡A塹 št¡àt¡ =àìA¡
&Òü W¡Ò¹¹ &ìA¡àot¡ ët¡*ò¹ [>Kà\ã Q¹
ÒꡃÚt¡ ëJ[º¤ šàì¹ ¹’ƒà[º
³àìÒA¡t¡ ët¡*ò &¤à¹ l¡ü\àÒü "àìÒ
"à[ÒìÚÒü ®¡Û¡o A¡ì¹ ëKàNøàìÎ
[>ì¤àA¡ã ë\à>àA¡ ......¡ú
ëi¡àA¡à :
[W¡[¹ìgàºàÚ[ºÚà : &[¤‹ ë¹àK, ë¹àKãìÚ ëA¡àì>à‹¹o¹
ƒåJ-A¡Ê¡ "àQàt¡ ">审¯ A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯à칡ú
ÒàÒüšà¹NÃàÒüìA¡[³A¡ : ¤×³èy ë¹àKã¹ ët¡\t¡ ÅA¢¡¹à ë¤[á
íÒ "ìW¡t¡> ëÒà¯à "¯Ñ‚à¡ú
&[®¡ìÚ> Òü>óÃå¡ìÚgà : ¤àl¢¡ óÃå¡’¹ ">¸ >ೡú
/ 70
 [The present write up is the Presidential Address offered by Dr. Swarna Lata Baruah, Rtd. Prof.
and HoD, Dept. of History, Dibrugarh University at the LXVI Session of Indian History Congress held
at Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal from 28th to 30th January, 2006. We are grateful to her for
permitting us to reproduce the Address in ‘Pragyan’. We will present it serially in three consecutive
issues. – Editor]
Esteemed fellow Members of the Patriarchy and Women in Medieval Assam for my
Indian History Congress, Ladies and speech. Undoubtedly it is a theme of Women’ s
Gentlemen, Studies, which has now emerged as a serious and
I am extremely grateful to the Executive important discipline of Social Sciences and
Committee of the Indian History Congress for Humanities. Although ‘women are and have been
doing me the honour by offering me to preside central not marginal, to the making of society and
over the deliberations of the scholars in the to the building of civilization’, 1 historical
Medieval India section of the 66th session held scholarship till the recent past being confined to
at Viswa Bharati. My studies are confined to men alone, women’s role in the making of
medieval Assam and with my very limited civilizations remained by and large invisible.
knowledge of the Indian scene, I consider Considering women as actors and agents of history,
myself least worthy for the honour favoured together with men, is a new dimension to the
on me. My ill health being a continuous studies of the social development both in the past
obstacle to serious studies is something that I and the present, which widens our outlook and
have accepted but an accident three months inspires fresh interpretations and further research.
ago making me bed-ridden for two months Though women’s studies is not my field of
made it difficult for me to give enough of specialization, looking at certain problems of
necessary time for preparing this address. Assam history from this perspective enriched my
Inspite of the said limitations I own full knowledge, which I want to share with you.
responsibility for what it contains. The medieval period in the history of Assam
I may be said to have begun with the disintegration
I have selected the topic State, of the powerful and extensive kingdom of

71 / /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

Pragjyotisha Kamrupa2 in the early part of the
twelfth century. Following its disintegration, there
emerged a number of states in the eastern or upper
Brahmaputra valley formed by aboriginal
Mongoloid tribes like the Chutiyas and the
Kacharis, while in the lower or western
Brahmaputra valley, there grew up the state of
Kamrup Kamata (briefly Kamata), which
continued to exist from the middle of the thirteenth
century to the beginning of the sixteenth century.
Then came the Koches, another Mongoloid tribe
who maintained their independent political status
for a century beginning with 1515 and contributed
greatly to the cultural life of Assam in the parts on
both banks of the Brahmaputra, not covered by the
jurisdiction of those states, a class of landlords
called Bhuyans exercised their power. They used
to acknowledge the sovereignty of a powerful king,
often tending to behave independently. Their
territories therefore cannot be strictly termed as
state, although in the growth of patriarchy they
played important roles because most of them were
high caste Hindus. There was also a number of
small autonomous tribal states like those of Rani,
Luki and Dimarua. Meanwhile in 1228, the Ahoms,
a group of Tai-Shans from upper Burma under their
leader Sukapha entered Assam and laid the
foundation of their kingdom in the extreme north-
east corner of the Brahmaputra valley. Finally, the
Ahoms emerged as the single largest power of the
entire region. They could successfully resist the
repeated attacks of the Mughals and thereby check
their advance to South-East Asia. It was from them
that the name of this land as ‘Asam’ or ‘Assam’
had originated.3 They also brought with them from
their homeland the tradition of keeping records of
all kinds of political events in a type of chronicles
called Buranji. The Buranjis are so numerous and
varied that they form not only a precious part of
Assamese secular literature but also of the Indian
historiography as a whole. In fact, they are a
valuable source of information about women’s role
in the sociopolitical events of Assam during the
medieval period. The Ahoms continued to rule till
1826, when by the terms of the treaty of Yandaboo
(February 1826), that concluded the first Anglo-
Burmese war, Assam passed on to the hands of the
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
British, which marks the close of the medieval
period of Assam history.
Notwithstanding the traditional method of
periodization based on dynastic rule, the medieval
period of Assam history spanning over six hundred
years is marked by certain important changes in
the political and socio-economic life of the people.
First, political integration brought about by the
Ahom kings among different tribes and
communities including the neighbouring hill
people like the Nagas, Adis, Hill Miris, Mishimis,
Khasis, Jayantiyas and even the Bhutanese, which
they could accomplish not only by military strength
and political sagacity but also by intermarriage and
an advanced mode of production accompanied by
a new type of land relations. Second, the long
drawn Ahom-Mughal wars of the 17th century gave
scope for the first time, to women, not only of the
higher circles but also at grass root levels, to
acquire socio-political awareness. Third, the
popular rebellion, organized by a section of
Vaishnavas called Moamariyas or Mayamariyas
against the Ahom government towards the later part
of the 18th century, paved the way for its fall, in
which women played a significant role as active
agents of history.4 The last but not the least was
the Neo-Vaishnavite or Bhakti movement, which
extended the area of Sanskritization to the common
people and ingrained patriarchal values in their
hearts, unfortunately, bringing about a radical
change in the egalitarian tribal structure.
All the states in medieval Assam, whether of
the Chutiyas, Kacharis, Ahoms or the Koches were
monarchical with division of power among the
aristocracy. Kingship was hereditary in the male
line and divinity was attached to it. All ruling
families believed that kingship and for that matter
the state was a divine gift to the males; women
could get no share of it. Not to speak of patriarchal
societies, even amongst the neighbouring hill
peoples like the Garos, Khasis and the Jayantiyas
who were matrilineal, political power was not
wielded by women as they considered war and
politics to be the business of men.5 Usually the title
of a king indicated his divine origin or greatness.
For instance, the title of the Ahom king was Chao-
Pha, meaning king of heaven, its Assamese
/ 72
equivalent being Swargadev or Swargadeo.
Concept of divine origin of kingship to the
tribal societies of medieval Assam was introduced
by the Brahmin priests. For instance, they made
Gaurinarayan alias Ratnadhvaj Pal the first
powerful king of the Chutiyas, the son of the Hindu
god Kubera.6 In a like way they made Biswa Singha
the founder of the Koch kingdom son of god Siva.7
Sometimes they used to associate the origin of the
tribal kings to some epic heroes. For instance, they
created stories to make the Kacharis the
descendents of Ghatotkoch 8, son of the second
Pandava Bhima; and the Meities, son of the third
Pandava Arjuna.9 Once the tribal chief entered the
Hindu fold, he strove hard to build up his state in
the model laid down in the Hindu law books, which
prescribes seven components of a state — namely
Swamin (king), amatya (minister), janapada
(territory), durga (fort), kosa (treasury), danda
(army) and mitra (ally).10
States, since the beginning of civilization,
were organized in the form of patriarchy which
means that since its inception the state had an
essential interest in the maintenance of patriarchal
family’11. Patriarchy which in simple words means
male domination and female subordination as a
system both in the family and the society has its
beginning in history; the appropriation of women’s
sexual and reproductive capacity by men occurred
prior to the formation of private property and class
society. Women’s subordination was
institutionalized by the state through various
means: force, economic dependency on the male
head of the family, class privileges bestowed upon
conforming and dependent women of the upper
classes, and the artificially created division of
women into respectable and non respectable
women.12 Religion played an important role in the
institutionalization of patriarchy.
Women’s relation with state is greatly
determined by socioeconomic factors, which have
certain distinctive features in case of Assam.
Although the kingdom of Pragjyotisha Kamarupa,
of which the present state of Assam is only a part,
came into contact with Aryan civilization during
the later Vedic period and all its ruling families
were Hinduised non-Aryans patronising actively
73 /
the expansion of Aryan culture, the tribal elements
could not be completely rooted out from its social
fabric, which played an important role in
determining the social status of women as well as
their relation with the state.
It may be noted that Assam is basically a land
of Mongoloid tribes who are called Kiratas in
classical Indian literature. They were looked down
upon by the Aryans because their style of living,
food habits and social values were completely
different from the former. For example, the
Mahabharata speaks of them as Mlechchas13 or
uncivilized. The Padma Purana states that the
Kiratas Were accustomed to eat everything. Their
language was of pisacha character and they had
no social usages.14 The Kalika Purana composed
in Assam in about 10th century A.D. refers to the
Kiratas as yellow skinned, strong, ferocious and
addicted to meat and drink.15 Almost in the same
tune, Shihabuddin Talish, the chronicler of Mir
JumIa’s Assam campaign (1662-63) noted: ‘And
all the people of this country, not placing their
necks in the yoke of any faith, eat whatever they
get from the hand of any man, regardless of his
caste and undertake every kind of labour that
appears proper to their defective sight’.16 It is to be
noted that there was no social hierarchy, no caste
system among the Mongoloid tribes and they
followed an egalitarian life style where women
enjoyed much freedom. Their social institutions
were based on kinship relations and communal
sharing. It is because of these reasons in the main,
that the people of other parts of India considered
the inhabitants of the north-east as somewhat
distinct from those in the mainstream of Indian
culture and the latter too developed a sense of
otherness which still is not completely extinct.17
The base of the society being tribal, women
played a very important role in its economy. Tribal
societies practiced shifting or jhuming cultivation
in which men did only the preliminary works like
cutting the jungles and clearing the land, the rest
of the agricultural operations being done by
women, which is still the practice. Even in tilling
except ploughing the land, men left practically all
work to be performed by women. Besides,
horticulture, livestock rearing, pottery, basketry,
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
sericulture, spinning and weaving and many other
works were done mainly by women.
The traditional egalitarian societies of Assam
received a blow as the Ahoms launched campaigns
of territorial aggrandizement and, at the same time,
organized the people to defend their state against
the aggression of the great Mughals. The Ahoms
were advanced agriculturists having expertise in
wet rice cultivation. They took irrigation and flood
control measures as state policy for which they
were building spurs and embankments at strategic
places. The Ahom king had to speed up these works
to meet the demands for surplus production. The
works, however, could be performed only by men.
The majesty of these works overshadowed the
unorganized but strenuous labour of women
performed at the domestic sector. Women thus had
to accept men’s superior role in state economy.
Although their services were indispensable for
transplantation, reaping, harvesting and
winnowing, their works were considered as of
secondary importance. But in one sector of
domestic as well as state economy, women played
a major role by providing a basic need of life,
namely clothing, to the entire family, not only
garments but also towels, bed-sheets, blankets etc.
Although there had been professional silk-spinners
called katani and weavers called tanti, their
services were utilized mainly for the monarchy and
the nobility. Spinning and weaving were performed
by all women from queens downwards, irrespective
of caste. It is because of this factor that women in
Assam could not be exploited by men so much as
in many other parts of India nor their movements
could be so restricted. This fact attracted the notice
of Shihabuddin Talish who observed: ‘The wives
of the Rajas and peasants alike never veil their faces
before anybody and they move about in the market
places with bare-heads’. 18 In a like way, Ram
Kumar Vidyaratna, a Brahmo from Bengal in his
‘Udasin Satyasrabar Assam Bhraman’ (1881)
noted: ‘Women of this country are comparatively
more independent than their sisters in other parts
of India. They are strong and more intelligent and
courageous than men. They are industrious and also
artists’.19
Sanskritazation in this part of the country was
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
mainly the work of the Brahmanas from the
Gangetic valley. Till the close of the 12th century,
it was by and large confined to the Kapili valley or
central Assam. As such there was not much
difference between the civilization of ancient
Assam and that of the Gangetic valley. But in all
parts, its influence was by and large confined to
the ruling class only; the vast commonality
continued to follow their traditional culture till
recent past and in many cases it is still the fact.
The Ahoms were patriarchal but had respect
for learned women. They brought feudal elements
to tribal structure. They followed rigid social
distinction by ranks and anybody violating any law
relating to this was severely punished.20 After their
acceptance of Hinduism, they became supporters
of caste rules too. The basis of their government
was the paik or khel system under which every
adult male in the age group 16 to 50 was enrolled
as a paik, who was required to give his service to
the state for three to four months in a year, as soldier
in times of war and as labourer in times of peace.
In return for his services, he was allotted two purars
of best arable land. There was registration of paiks
and gradation of officers to mobilize them for state
services. Men thus got access to individual landed
property which formerly was enjoyed on a
communal basis by both men and women. Men
only thus became countable in state-power and
women were reduced to non-entity. When
population estimates were made, only fighting
strength consisting of males was counted, women
never came to the picture, in spite of the fact that
they had to bear greater brunt of the wars and were
greater victims of military exploits. Women’s
relation with the state was, therefore, only through
men as somebody’s mother, sister, wife and
daughter with a very few exceptional cases.
II
In this socio-economic set up, women could
participate. in state politics usually as passive agents
working behind the screen. Prominent among these
women was Chau-ching, the chief queen of the Ahom
Swargadeo Suklenmung Gargayan Raja (1539-1552).
It was at her instance that ramparts were built around
the capital21 for which it came to be known as
Gargaon. Again, it was at her suggestion that the office
/ 74
of the third minister in Ahom administration, namely
that of the Barpatragohain (the former two being those
of Burhagohain and Bargohain) was created22 and
Kon-Cheng, the son of a former Ahom king Supimpha
(1493-1497) who was born and brought up in a Naga
village was appointed to the post.
There are also examples of other queens or
queen-mothers exercising their influence in judicial
matters or in diplomacy. Thus, Swargadeo Pratap
Singha (1603-1641), at the suggestion of his chief
queen revised his decision to sentence to death
Pikchai Chetia, the Barphukan or governor of lower
Assam for his alleged dereliction of duty in
resisting the advance of the Mughals and instead
dismissed him from office. 23 In a like way,
Swargadeo Lakshmi Singha (17691780) condoned
Haranath Senapati Phukan, who was commanded
to lead an expedition against the Moamariya rebels
in 1769 on a similar charge24 and dismissed an
officer called Kalita Phukan, who had earlier been
his favourite, at the advice of his mother.25 In the
Koch kingdom too, general Chilarai’s wives played
a diplomatic role in getting the Ahom hostages
released sometime in 1563 and thereby forming
an Ahom-Koch alliance to fight the Mughals.26
Intelligent and cultured women like queen
Nur Jahan immensely contributed towards
increasing the grandeur and refinements of the
Mughal court. If any queen of Assam performed a
similar job is not known but there is mention of a
queen solving a very delicate problem
diplomatically to maintain the decorum of the
Ahom court. She was the chief consort of Parvatiya
Raja (1677-1679) and was the daughter of Premier
Atan Buragohain. According to the custom of the
Ahom court, a minister was required to pay his
homage to the chief queen by kneeling down before
her. When the Premier approached the queen to
perform the obeisance, she left her seat, to avoid
the situation. The king became indignant and
accused the Premier for not acting up to a time
honoured practice. The ministers were at their wit’s
end but the strategy was formed by the queen
herself. She placed the manuscript of a Vaishnava
scripture Ratnavali on a sarai (raised tray) in front
of her. The Premier knelt before it in an attitude of
reverence and devotion. 27 ‘The queen’s filial
75 /
conscience was eased by the thought that her
father’s obeisance was directed towards the script
and the king became satisfied that the Premier had
offered due salutation to the queen.’28
Sometimes patriarchs give space to women
to get themselves involved in conspiracies in the
greater interest of the state. Thus Numali, the
mother of the last Ahom King Chandrakanta
Singha (1811-1817 and again 1818-21) joined
hands with the Chief Executive, Dhani Barbarua
and the minister Nirbhaynarayan Borgohain to get
Badanchandra Barphukan killed by a Barkandaz
leader Rup Singh by name for having brought the
Burmese to Assam.29 In fact, a contemporary ballad
depicts her as the brain behind the said conspiracy.30
In a like manner, Kuranganayani, the
daughter of the Manipuri king Jay Singh and
consort of the Ahom King Rajeswar Singha
(17511769), who was later forcibly taken as wife
by the Moamariya rebel leader Raghav Barbarua
took an active part in assassinating him by giving
him the first stroke with a sword just below the
calf when Raghav at her instruction was kneeling
down to pay obeisance to a Hunchari* party, who
were men of the royalist group in disguise. 31
Immediately after this incident the royalists
recovered the throne from the hands of the rebels.
Services of these women were utilized to save the
state and the ruling families. But in return for this
they were not given any access to power politics
or rewarded in any form.
Although considered as weak and inefficient
by the patriarchs, certain women had the courage to
boldly assert against humiliating decisions of the
state. Thus, when Nangbakla Gabharu, wife of the
minister Numali Bargohain and aunt of king
Sukhampha alias Khora Raja (1553-1603) came to
know that as a result of the defeat of the Ahoms at
the hands of the Koches, the three ministers of the
state were to send one son each to the Koch court to
live as hostages, she rushed to the council and
arraigned the king and the nobles with the following
words: ‘What kind of a king you are and what kind
of nobles you are to suffer defeat at the hands of the
Koches! Give me your battledress and I shall fight
with the Koches. Then only you will know whether
I am a man or a woman’. Understanding that her
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
words had hurt the prestige of the monarch, when
the Bargohain expressed his willingness to abide by
the decision, she flared up: ‘Who can take away my
son ? If you can divert the course of the river Dikhow
upwards then only you can take away my son’. The
king yielded to her and instead sent his brother
Sundar Gohain to the Koch court.32
Instances of women sacrificing their lives for
some noble cause are found in the history of every
country. Indian history, for example, abounds in
such examples, where thousands of women
performed jauhar to escape surrender at the hands
of the enemy. In medieval Assam too, such
examples are not rare. Mula Gabharu along with
five other women died fighting against Turbak, a
general of the Sultan of Bengal, taking sword
against whom her husband Phrasengmung
Borgohain met his death.33 (1532A.D.). Sadhani,
the Chutiya queen after the defeat of her men at
the hands of the Ahom king Suhungmung alias
Dihingia Raja (1497-1539), considering death
preferable to defeat and disgrace, like queen
Durgawati of Gondwana, committed suicide by
jumping into a lake from the top of a hill.34 Princess
Jaymati, wife of Gadapani Konwar, who later
ascended the throne with the name Gadadhar
Singha (1681-1696), was tortured to death even
when she was pregnant for refusing to tell
whereabouts of her fugitive husband. 35 She
remained steadfast to her cause because politically
and socially conscious, she was of strong
conviction that her husband was the only person
who would be able to restore peace and normalcy
in the kingdom putting an end to the anarchical
condition created by the misrule of the ambitious
nobles. Jaymati’s devotion to her husband has been
so over-emphasized, making her a mahasati or a
great chaste woman, that her resoluteness and
political consciousness get undermined. During the
period of the freedom struggle she was taken up as
an idol of satyagraha and this image of her still
persists in the Assamese society.
The spirit of patriotism among women is not
less strong than that among men. Even women cut
off from the mother country as a result of marriage
betrothal, never forget their motherland and feel
obliged to serve her. Ramani Gabharu, the daughter
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
of king Jayadhvaj Singha, was sent to the Mughal
harem as per the terms of the treaty concluded
between Mir Jumla and the Ahoms in January
1663.36 When she was of proper age, she was
married to prince Azam, the third son of emperor
Aurangzeb, after converting her to Islam and
renaming her as Rahmat Banu.37 When prince
Azam was serving as the governor of Bengal,
Ramani Gabharu’s maternal uncle Laluksula
Barphukan, the Ahom Governor of Lower Assam,
conspired with the former to surrender Guwahati
to the Mughals without any bloodshed, on
condition that the Sultan assisted him to usurp the
throne of Assam.38 When Ramani Gabharu came
to know about this conspiracy, she wrote a letter
to her uncle urging upon him to desist from taking
this ignoble and unpatriotic step.39
Rangili, the Assamese consort of the Burmese
king Badawpaya (1782-1819), insisted on her
husband to help Badan Chandra, the Governor of
Lower Assam, with an army when the latter appeared
in the Burmese court seeking aid to oust the Premier
Purnananda Buragohain, who was alleged to create
anarchical situation. Badawpaya agreed, which
resulted in the first Burmese invasion of Assam.40
Women even at the grass-root level showed a
spirit of patriotism. In 1639, when the Mughals under
Syed Hakkim and Syed Aba Bakr, got defeated and
made their retreat, the common women beat them
with bamboo rods and threw fire to their bodies.41,
thus expressing their hatred to the enemy. They knew
that the main duty of a king was to provide security
to his subjects and if he fails to do this, he did not
deserve to remain on the throne any more. They,
therefore, did not hesitate to condemn a deserting
king in strong words. This happened in 1662, when
Mir Jumla occupied the Ahom capital Garhgaon and
the reigning king Jayadhvaj Singha was making his
escape to Namrup. On his way, he was interrogated
by a female trader with the following words:
‘Swargadeo, you have spent your time only in
pleasure and amusements. If during the last fifteen
years you could place fifteen clods of earth in their
proper places (meaning to take appropriate measures
for defence) you would not have faced such a
humiliating position. Now, where are you leaving,
deserting us?’42 (to be continued)
/ 76
Notes and References :
1. Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, Oxford 18. Fathiyah-i-Ibriyah, loc.cit., p. 146.
University Press, New York/ Oxford, 1987. 19. K. Chattopadhyaya (ed.), Asame Cha-Kuli
2. The kingdom of Pragjyotisha Kamarupa extended Andolon 0 Ramkumar Vidyaratna, Calcutta,
from the river Karatoya in the west to the river 1989, p. 99, cited in Prasenjit Choudhury, ,
Dikrong in the east. According to Pargitar, this Aitijya aru Asamiya Nari’, Sivanath Barman
kingdom during the period of the Epics included et.al. (ed.), Asamiya Nari : Aitijya aru Uttaran,
the greater portion of modern Assam along with Guwahati, 2002, p. 15.
Koch-Bihar, Jalpaiguri, Rangpur, Bogra, 20. For details on social distinction by rank see
Mymensing, Decca, Tippera, portions of Pabna S.L. Baruah, A Comprehensive History of As-
and probably a part of east Nepal, cited in KL. sam, New Delhi, 1985, pp. 418ff.
Barua, Early History of Kamarupa, Gauhati, 1966. 21. Asam Buranji obtained from the family of
3. It is related in the Assamese chronicles that the Sukumar Mahanta (henceforth abbreviated as
Morans and the Barahis being impressed by the ABSM), (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan, Guwahati, 1969,
friendly attitude of Sukapha and his men called p. 27.
them ‘Asama’ or peerless. This term first applied 22. ibid.
to the people later meant the country they ruled. 23. ibid, p. 59.
There are, of course, other interpretations regard- 24. Tungkhungia Buranji (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan,
ing the origin of the name, but it is a fact that the Guwahati, 1932, p. 78.
name ‘Asam’ or ‘Assam’ emerged only after the 25. ibid., pp. 79ff.
coming of the Tai Shans. 26. Satsari Asam Buranji (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan,
4. For details on the Moamariya Rebellion, see S.L. Guwahati, 1964, pp. 73f.
Baruah, Last Days of Ahom Monarchy, New Delhi, 27. ibid., p. 143.
1993. 28. S.K. Bhuyan, Studies in the History of Assam,
5. Aparna Mahanta, ‘Patriarchy and State Systems Guwahati, 1962, p. 73.
in North Eastern India : A Historical and Critical 29. Ahom Buranji (trans. & ed.), G.c. Barua, Cal-
Perspective’, From Myths to Markets, Essays on cutta, 1930, p. 382; Asam Buranji by Harakanta
Gender (ed.), Kumkum Sangari and Uma Sarma Barua Sadar-Amin (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan,
Chakravarti, Shimla/ New Delhi, 1999, p. 345. Guwahati, 1962, p. 88.
6. Deodhai Asam Buranji (ed.), S.K Bhuyan, 30. Barphukanar Geet (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan, second
Guwahati, 1962, pp. 193f. edition, Guwahati, 1950, p.80.
7. Sir Edward Gait, A History of Assam, reprint of * A group performance forming a part of the
the second edition, Guwahati, 1981, p. 48. celebrations of the new year’s Bihu held for
8. Kachari Buranji (ed.), S.K Bhuyan, Guwahati, seven days beginning with 14th April. (1st
1951, p.2; D.C. Guha, Kacharer [tibrilla, Baisakh).
Guwahati, 1971, pp. 42ff; J.B. Bhattacharyee, 31. H. Barbarua, Ahomar Din, Guwahati, 1981,
Kachari Rajyar Utthan Aru Patan, Jorhat, 1993, pp. 259f.
pp. 48f. 32. Deodhai Asam Buranji, pp. 47f.
9. Gait, op.cit., p. 270; R.M. Nath, The Background 33. ABSM, p. 18; Purani Asam Buranji (ed.), H.C.
of Assamese Culture, Shillong, 1949, p. 85. Goswami, Guwahati, 1922, pp. 59f.
10. P.C. Choudhury, The History of the Civilization 34. Deodhai Asam Buranji, p. 200.
of the People of Assam to the Twelfth Century A.D., 35. Sadar-Amin,Asam Buranji, p. 54; Asamar
Guwahati, 1966, p. 259. Padya Buranji (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan, second edi-
11. Gerda Lerner, op.cit., p. 9. tion, Guwahati, 1964, pp. 13ff; Tungkhungia
12. ibid. Buranji, p. 14.
13. Udyoga Parva, CLXVI, 5804, cited in B.K Barua, 36. Kamrupar BuranJi (ed.), S.K. Bhuyan, sec-
A Cultural History of Assam, Nowgaon, 1951, p. ond edition, Guwahati, 1958, p. 67; ABSM, p.
16. 84.
14. Chapter 57; N.N. Vasu, Social History of 37. S.K. Bhuyan, Ramani Gabharu, Guwahati,
Kamarupa, Calcutta, 1922, 1951, p. 17. 38. Tungkhungia Buranji, pp. 8ff.
15. 39/104; B.K. Barua, op.cit., p. 5. 39. Bhuyan, Ramani Gabharu, p. 35. 40.
16. Fathiyah-i-Ibriyah (trans.), Sir J.N. Sarkar, Barphukanar Geet, pp. 67ff.
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1915, 41. Satsari Asam Buranji, p. 28.
Vol. I, part II, quoted in Gait, op.cit., pp.145f. 42. ibid., p. 90.
17. Aparna Mahanta, loc.cit., p. 341.

77 / /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

 Upanishads form the later part of the
Vedic literature. They are mainly concerned
with the philosophycal quest of the world soul,
the inner essence of man and the relation
between these two factors. The Upanishads
are the concluding portion as well as the cream
of the Veda. The word Upanishad is derived
from the root ‘sad’ which means (i) to sit down
(ii) to destroy and (iii) to loosen. ‘Upa’ means
near by and ‘ni’ means devotedly. The word
Upanishad therefore means the sitting down
of the disciple near his teacher in a devoted
manner to receive instruction about the higher
reality which loosens all doubts and destroys
all ignorance of the disciple. Gradually the
word came to signify any secret teaching about
Reality and it is used by the Upanishad in this
sense.
The Upanishads form concluding
portions of the Veda, therefore Upanishads are
called the Vedanta or the end of the Veda
which contain the essence of the vedic
teaching. Apraising the Upanishads
Bloomfield in his book ‘The Religion of the
Veda’ says ‘‘There is no important form of
Hindu thought, heterodex Buddhism included
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
which is not rooted in the Upanishads.’’ Every
revival of Idealism in India has traced its ancestry
to the teaching of the Upanishads. The Upanishads
contain the earliest records of the Indian
speculations. The hymns and the liturgical books
of the Vedas are concerned more with the thought
of the Aryans. But the aim of the Upanishads is
not so much to reach philosophical truth as to bring
peace and freedom to the anxious human spirit of
course tentative solutions of the metaphysical
questions are put forth in the form of dialogues
and disputations, though the Upanishads are
essentially the poetic deliverences of
philosophically tempered minds in the face of the
facts of life.
The Upanishads express the restlessness and
striving of the human mind to grasp the true nature
of reality. The Upanishads had no set theory of
philosophy or dogmatic scheme of theology to
propound. They hint at the truth in life, but not as
yet science or philosophy. The Upanishadic
suggestions of truth are so numerous, their guesses
at god are so various that almost anybody may seek
in them what he wants and find what he seeks and
every school of dogmatics may congratulate itself,
on finding its own doctrine in the sayings of the
/ 78
Upanishads. The Muktikopanishad gives the
number of the Upanishads as 108, among them
only ten Upanishads are regarded as important and
authentic, on which Sankracharyya has commented
these ten Upanishads are Isha, Kena, Katha,
Prashna, Mundaka, Mandukya, Taittiriya, Aitareya,
Chandogya and Brhadaranyaka. The traditional
view holds that the Upanishads as revealed text
teach the same doctrine. But there has been
extremely wide difference in their interpretation.
The problems discussed in them as well as their
unique style make them liable to many
interpretations. All the Upanishadic teachings are
not equally prominent. Some are mere flashes of
thought, some are only hinted at; some are slightly
developed; some are mentioned by the way while
some are ofted, repeated, emphasized and
throughly dealt with these is an essential unity of
purpose in them. They emphasize the same
fundamental doctorine which may be called
Monistic idealism these poetic philosophic works
are full of lucid expression abounding in crystal
clarity. To the mind they bring sound philosophic
doctrines and to the heart, peace and freedom.
Passionate yearning for knowledge, restless
striving after truth and a ceaseless search for.
Reality have found a most touching expression in
the Upanishads.
The Upanishads attempt to moralise the
religion of the verbs without disturbing its form.
The advance of the Upanishads on the Vedas
consists in an increased emphasis on the monistic
suggestion of the vedic hymns, a shifting of the
centre from the outer to the inner world, a protest
against the externalism of the vedic practices and
an indifference to the sacredness of the Vedas. The
aim of the Upanishads was not science or
philosophy but right living. They wished to liberate
the spirit from the trammels of the flesh that it
might enjoy communion with God. Besides there
was a feeling of reverence for the past. The vedic
seers were the ancients of blessed memory whose
doctrines it was impious to attack. In this way the
Upanishads sought to square a growing indealistic
philosophy with the dogmas of a settled theology.
The teaching of the Upanishads is idealistic in the
79 /
sense that the single reality is conceived of as
spiritual in its nature and that everything else is
explained as existing in and through it. The sources
of man’s spiritual insight are two – fold – objective
and subjective – the wonders of the world without
and the stress of the human soul. In the Vedas the
vast order and movement of nature engages
attention. Their Gods represent cosmic forces. In
the Upanishads we return to explore the depth of
the inner world. From the outward physical facts,
attention shifts to the inner immortal self situated
at the back of the mind. In the Upanishads we find
a return to the fresh springs of spiritual life.
The central theme of Upanishads is the
problems of philosophy. The Upanishad is the
search for what is true knowledge, mind the senses
and their objects are all finite and conditioned. In
the field of morals we find that we cannot get true
happiness from the finite the pleasure of the world
are transient, being cut off by old age, and death
only the infinite gives durable happiness. In
religion we cry for eternal life. All these force upon
us the conviction of timeless being, a spiritual
reality. The object of philosophical quest, the
fulfilment of our desires and the goal of religion.
The seers of the Upanishads try to lead us to this
central reality which is infinite existence (sat),
absolute truth (cit) and pure delight (ananda). In
the Brihadaranyaka Upanishads the prayer of
human heart is expressed as the prayer of human
heart is expressed as ‘‘Lead me from the unreal to
the real, lead me from darkness to light, lead me
from death to immortality.’’
In solving the question of the nature of
ultimate reality the Upanishad thinkers seek to
supplement the objective vision of the Vedic seers
by a subjective one. The highest reality (Ekam Sat)
which realizes itself all the variety of existence.
The problem is strengthen in the Upanishads where
the problem is sometimes approached by way of a
philosophical analysis of the nature of the self
which they call the Atman. The word Atman is
originally meant life breath and then gradually
acquired the meaning of feeling, mind, soul, and
spirit. The true self has been the main topic of
investigation in the Upanishad we may select three
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
Upanishads – the Chandogya, the Mandukya and
the Kath for our present purpose. In a dialogue
between Prajapati and Indra narrated in the
Chandogya we find a development of the concept
of the self from the walking or the bodily self
through the dreaming or the empirical self and the
self in deep dreamless sleep to the absolute self.
The Gods and the demons sent Indra and Virochana
respectively to Prajapati to learn the teaching about
the self. The teacher asked them to undergo
penance for thirty two years to qualify themselves
to receive the teaching. After fulfilling the
prescribed condition both come to Prajapati who
teaches them that the self is that which is seen when
one looks into another’s eye or into water or a
mirror. Virochana was satisfied and went away. But
Indra began to think : How can it be identified with
the body itself ? Being dissatisfied Indra
approaches Prajapati again and tell him his doubts.
Prajapati tells him that he who is seen in dreams
roaming freely i.e. the dreaming subject, is the self.
Indra again doubts; though the self is not vitiated
with the defects and faults of the body, though it
cannot be said to be perishing alongwith the body,
yet it appears as if this self feels, afraid and struck,
it appears to be conscious of pain and to be
weeping. Indra again being dissatisfied returns to
Prajapati teaches him that the enjoyer of deep
dreamless sleep is the self. But Indra feels his
difficulties. He thinks that the self in deep sleep
reduces itself to a mere abstraction. There is no
object to be felt, to be known, to be enjoyed. This
self appears to be absolute unconscious – knowing
nothing, feeling nothing, willing nothing; it is a
cipher. Being dissatisfied he again approaches to
Prajapati and tells him his doubts. The teacher is
very pleased with the ability of the disciple and
then give him the real teaching of the self. In a
dialogue between the teacher Prajapati and the
pupil Indra narrated in the Chandogya Upanishad
we find a progressive development in the definition
of self through the four stages of (1) the bodily
self, (2) the empirical self, (3) the transcendental
self and the absolute self. What is the nature of the
self of man ? Prajapati open the discussion of
giving certain general characteristics which the true
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
self should possess – ‘‘The self which is free from
sin, free from old age, from death and grief, from
hunger and thirst which desires nothing but what
it ought to desires and imagines nothing, but what
it ought to imagine, that it is which we must try to
understand, ‘‘It is the subject which persists
throughout the changes, the common factor in the
states of walking, dream, sleep, death, rebirth and
final deliverance Prajapati makes it clear the self
man consists in the truly subjective, which can
never become and object and which is necessarily
presupposed by all knowledge.’’
In the Mandukya Upanishad we find a similar
analysis of consciousness. We are told that the self
in the walking state enjoys gross object, it has the
consciousness of the external world and is called
‘Vishva’. In the dreaming state it enjoys subtle
objects, it has the consciousness of the internal
world and creates its own imaginary objects and is
called ‘Taijasa’. In the state of sound sleep there is
no object, neither gross nor subtle, and hence no
subject, the subject object duality is transcended
and here the self is called ‘Prajna’. In sleep we have
absence of pain, we have neither desires nor
dreams. Ignorance and unconsciousness remain in
this state and therefore a higher positive state is
necessary. This is the fourth state of the self, a state
of pure consciousness where like the deep sleep
there is no subject-object-duality, but unlike it there
is enjoyment of positive bliss. The self shines in
its own light as the ultimate subject without
reducing itself to a mere abstraction. This is the
true self, the foundation of all existence and the
presupporion of all knowledge. It can be realized
directly and intuitively. It is called ‘Turiya’.
Aumkara with its parts A-U-M the waking,
dreaming and sleeping states is its symbol.
In the Katha Upanishad the Atman is said to
be the ultimate reality. The objects are the roads,
the body is the chariot, the senses are the horses,
the mind is the reins, the intellect is the charioteer,
the ego is the enjoyer and the Atman is the Lord
sitting in the chariot. The Katha further states that
the senses are higher than the objects, the mind is
higher than the senses, the intellect is higher than
the mind, the subtle reason (Mahat) is higher than
/ 80
the intellect, the unmanifest (avyakta) is higher than
the subtle reason and the Purusa (atman) is higher
than the unmanifest and there is nothing higher than
the Purusa which is the ultimate end, the highest
reality. Objects, senses, mind, intellect, reason, all
exist for the self and serve its purpose. It is the self
that is immanent in them and gives them life and
meaning the self is immortal, self-proved and self-
luminous and can only be directly realized by
transcending the empirical subject-object-duality.
From the objective side of the ultimate reality
is called Brahman. The word Brahman is derived
from the root ‘Brh’ which means to grow or to
evolve. Brahman is that which spontaneously
bursts forth as nature and soul. It is the ultimate
cause of the universe. In the Chandogya it is
cryptically described as Tajjalan – as the (tat) from
which the world arises (ja) into which it returns
(la) and by which it is supported and it lives (an).
In the Taittiriya Brahman is defined as that from
which all these beings are born, by which they live
and into which they are reabsorbed. The real theory
of evolution is given in the doctrine of the five
sheaths (Koshas) in the Taittiriya the lowest level
is that of matter (Annamaya). Matter is unconscious
and dead and cannot account for life. It is purely
on the physical plane. Brahman cannot rest content
with matter the purpose of matter is fulfilled when
life is evolved. The highest state of matter is
therefore life. The second stage of evolution is life
(Pranamaya). It is the biological plane. Life
pervades the universe and binds man with the rest
of creation. Therefore the third stage of evolution
is mind or perceptual consciousness (Manomaya).
It is the mental or psychological place. The state is
shared by lower animals with man. Mind or
consciousness remains in the lower animal life at
the level of instinct and reflex action. It is on the
level of infra-relational undifferentiated feeling.
The end of this instinctive consciousness will be
fulfilled only when a higher principle has been
evolved where consciousness will be fulfilled only
when a higher principle has been evolved where
consciousness becomes self-conscious or rational.
Hence the fourth state of evolution is self-conscious
∼ ∼
reason (Vijnanamaya). It is the metaphysical plane.
81 /
This state is the sole monopoly of human beings.
Reason becomes self-conscious only at this state
and this fact distinguishes human being from lower
animals. The fifth and the highest stage of evolution
is the non-dual bliss(Anandomaya). In this state
we are on the mystic plane. This Brahman
transcends all yet it underlies all us their
background. Brahman is immanent inner controller
of all and the self of all.
The different conception of Brahman
correspond to the different ideas of the Atman and
vice-versa when the Atman is identified with the
mental and vital self of man/manas (Prana)
Brahman is reduced to Hiranyagarbha or the
cosmic soul which comes between the Isvara and
the soul of man when we identify the Atman with
our body, Brahman becomes the cosmos or the
Virat. Virat is that all, the totality all all things, the
sum of all existences. Virat comes into being after
Hiranyagarbha. In the form of Virat, Hiranyagarbha
becomes visible. The Brahman of the Upanishads
is no metaphysical abstraction, no indeterminate
identity, no void of silence. It is the fullest and the
most real being. It is not an abstract monism that
the Upanishads offer us. There is difference but
also identity. Brahman is infinite not in the sense
that it is the ground of all finites. Brahman is the
spiritual being which breaks, blossoms and
differentiates itself into numberless finite centres.
The Upanishads are dicisive about the principle
that Brahman is the sole source of life in all that
lives, the single thread binding the whole plurality
into a single unity. The Upanishads nowhere say
that the infinite exclude the finites. Wherever they
assert that Brahman is the sole, reality, they are
careful enough to add that the world is rooted in
Brahman and as such has a share of reality. From
the doctrine of sole reality of what is included in
or based on it. The Upanishads gives us a hierarchy
of different grades of reality down from the all-
embracing absolute which is the primary source
of as well as the final consummation of the world
process. The different kinds of being are higher
and lower manifestations of one absolute spirit. The
Upanishad thinkers have advanced on the Vedic
conception of a single element – water. It is in the
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
Upanishads that we have for the first time the
doctrine of the five elements.
The Upanishads make out that of finite
object, the individual self has the highest reality it
comes nearest to the Absolute, though it is not the
Absolute itself. Man is the meeting points of
various stages of reality. Prana corresponds to
Vayu, the breath of the body to the wind of the
world, manas to akasa, the mind of man to the either
of the universe, the gross body to the physical
elements. The human soul has affinities with every
grade of existence from top to bottom. There is in
it the divine elements which we call the beatific
consciousness, the ananda state, by which at rare
moments it enters into immediate relations with
the absolute. The Upanishads insist on the
inwardness of morality and attach great importance
to the notice in conduct. Inner purity is more
important than outer conformity. Not only do the
Upanishads say ‘do not steal’, ‘do not murder’ but
they also declare, ‘do not covet’, ‘do not hate or
yield to anger, malice and greed’. The mind will
have to be purified, for it is not us cutting the
branches if one leaves the roots intact. Conduct is
judged by its subjective worth or the degree of
sacrifice involved the Upanishads ask us to
renounce selfish endeavours, but not all interest.
Detachment from self and attachment to God are
what the Upanishads demand. We don’t find in the
Upanishads any sweeping condemnation of
affections. We are asked to root out pride
(The author teaches Philosophy)
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
resentment, lust etc. and not the tender feelings of
love, compassion and sympathy. The Upanishads
require us to work but disinterestedly. The
righteous man is not he who leaves the world and
retires to a cloister, but he who lives in the world
and loves the objects of the world not for their own
sake, but for the sake of the infinite they contain,
the universal they conceal. The essence of ethical
life is not the sublation of the will. The ideal of
ethics is self-realization.
The Upanishads do not content themselves
with merely emphasizing the spirit of true religion.
They also give us a code of duties, without which
the moral ideal will be an uncertain guide. All form
of conduct whese passion is controlled and reason
reigns supreme, where passion is transcendence in
the sense of freedom from the narrowness of selfish
individuality where we work because we are all
co-operators in the divine scheme, are virtuous and
their opposites vicious.
The Upanishads are regarded as the fountain
head of all Indian philosophy. Prof. R.D. Ranade
says, ‘‘The Upanishads constitute the lofty
eminence of philosophy, which form its various
sides gives birth to rivulets of thought which, as
they progress onwards towards the sea of life,
gather strength by the inflow of innumerable
tributaries of speculation which intermittently join
these rivulets, so as to make a huge expanse of
waters at the place where they meet the ocean of
life.’’ (to be continued)
/ 82
 Human capital theory treats everyone’s
state of health as capital, i.e. as a stock. Part
of the quality of the initial stock is inherited
and part is acquired. The stock depreciates
over time and at an increasing rate in later
life. Gross investment in human capital
entails acquisition and maintenance costs.
These investments include child care,
nutrition, clothing, housing, medical services,
and the use of one’s own time. The flow of
services that health capital renders consists
of “healthy time” or “sickness-free time”.
These are inputs into work, consumption and
leisure activities. (Grossman, 1972 and
Williams, 1977).
A healthy manpower is a great aspect
for a developing economy as it leads to
greater output per man (productivity). Poor
health and undernourishment adversely affect
the quality of manpower. In less developing
countries (LDCs) people are underfed and
undernourished, resulting in poor quality of
manpower. Deficiency in proteins and
vitamins in people’s diet and lack of proper
medical facilities are common. But at the
same time improvements in health revealed
by the longer life span of people in many low-
income countries, have undoubtedly been the
83 /
most important advance in population quality in
these countries.
Since about 1950s, life expectancy at birth
has increased 10 percent or more in many of these
countries. People of Western Europe and North
America never attained so large an increase in life
expectancy in so short a period. In India, from 1951
to 1971, life expectancy at birth of males increased
by 43 percent and that of females by 43 percent.
The favourable economic implications of
these increases in life span are far reaching:
1. Longer life spans provide additional
incentives to acquire more education as
investments in future earnings.
2. Parents invest more in their children.
3. More on-the-job training becomes
worthwhile.
4. The additional health capital tends to
increase the productivity of the workers.
5. Longer life spans result in more years of
participation in the labour force and bring
out a reduction in “sick” time.
6. Better health and vitality of workers in turn
lead to more productivity per man hour at
work.
The best way to improve the quality of
manpower in LDCs is to provide adequate food
and better nutrition to people, better sanitary
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
facilities and the extension of medical facilities
which in turn will raise the efficiency and the
productivity of the people. Such improved facilities
raise the flow of earnings above what it would have
been in the absence of the improvement in well-
being in the following ways:
1. These return an absent worker to the active
labour force,
2. Help lengthen his working life span,
3. Make him overcome a debility that is
reducing his productive capacity,
4. Enable a child to return to school, improve
his understanding and retention power,
5. Enable an adult to absorb more effectively
in-service training.
Thus improvement in health can help to
improve or maintain the productivity level of an active
member of the labour force, or it can take the form of
an investment – for example, helping to push up the
expected lifetime earnings of a two-year-old child.
One measure of the benefits of a nutrition
programme is in the medical costs saved through
reduced demand for medical services. It is cheaper
to prevent malnutrition than to cure it. Another
potentially large nutrition benefit for developing
countries is the reduction in productivity losses
caused by the debility of a substantial portion of the
labour force. Again, improved nutrition lengthens
working years. This reduces the country’s
dependency ratio, other things being equal. Lower
dependency ratios increase per capita income.
In addition to direct productivity benefits,
health programmes promise a number of economic
benefits:
(The author teaches Economics)
1. As the incidence of communicable diseases
among the adequately nourished is lowered,
the exposure of others to these diseases will
be reduced.
2. The increased income of well-nourished
workers (or well-nourished children when
they enter the labour force) should improve
the living standards of their dependents,
thereby raising both their current
consumption and their future productivity.
3. Mothers will improve performance on such
economically important functions as the
quality of care for the young when they are
themselves in better health and
nourishment.
Recognizing the increasing importance of
skilled manpower and general labour quality for
future national growth, investments in health of large
numbers of malnourished children today can
improve the quality of a significant fraction of the
future labour force. Accordingly, health efforts
should be so designed as to expand food supplies in
order to benefit the poor, improving marketing
system and agricultural price policies, change food
preferences, improve health and environmental
conditions – water, sanitation, immunization etc. The
effects of nutrition actions and health programmes
undertaken simultaneously are greater and the very
poor, especially the rural poor should be the targets
of these programmes. Substantial efforts are called
forth on the part of governments and other
development institutions towards this end.
(Health Issues in Developing Countries to be continued
in the next issue)

India Smile
Students, who have eye-site problem and can’t continiue study for that, now can see a silver
lining in the initiatives of INDIA's SMILE, a Kolkata based NGO. Very recently, It has extended
free ophthalmic treatment to 2652 students including free Cataract Operation to 35 Student
along with that distributed free Spectacles to 405 students of different schools in association
with Calcutta National Medical College (Govt. of WB) & Rotary Club of Calcutta Suncity under
their dedicated Project Leader Dr. Soumen Karmakar with Ex Chief Functionary & Authorized
Signatory Rajib Sarkar. Now the NGO is working on a permanent “Free Vision Centre” at
“Optics Centre” in Rajbalhat (Dighir Ghat, Dist : Hooghly. Pin-712408, W.B) and looking forward to open two other Vision
Centers shortly. On that process in near future, they are aspirant to establish an “Eye Hospital” under India’s Smile.
‘India’s Smile’ has been involved to cater to the general help at large during the unforeseen natural calamity & the
copious instances of social welfare since 2004. The NGO is registered under societies act 1961, Govt. of W.B. For details
Please log on : http://ngoindiassmile.blogspot.com.

/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

/ 84
 ë™ï¤>A¡àº
¹’ƒà[º¹ [A¡¹o¹ A¡oàt¡
ÎåÅà”z ëAò¡à¯¹
ë³àA¡ ™à¤îº 냒 "[º
"γã A¡à³>à ¤àÎ>๠n¡º¡ú \Ú”z[\; ¤¹ç¡¯à
®¡¹ ºåÒüt¡¹ ëÎòàìt¡-ëÎòàìt¡
ë³àA¡ ™à¤ìº ëƒ "’"[º.....
"àA¡àìÅ-¤t¡àìÒ ë³[ƒ>ã Aò¡šàÒü ë™à¯à iå¡šå},
ë™> &[i¡ W¡e¡º ‹å³åÒà¡ú W¡š¹à-W¡šì¹ J[Òìá "’"àÒü
"àì¤K-[¤Ôº íÒ [W¡”zàt¡ [¤ì®¡à¹ l¡üÎô W¡š¹à-W¡šì¹ J[Òìá !
A¡¿>๠ÎàK¹t¡ l¡ü[i¡-®ò¡à[Ò Ç¡[Òìá, Jå[–ƒìá yû¡³à;
¤àÑz¤îº [š[k¡ [ƒÚà &[i¡ ³àì=òà š¹´š¹à¡ú [K[º [>ìá ÎA¡ìºà !
l¡üŠ±r¡à[º ³àt¡ºà[³ ë™> A¡à³¸¡ú ¤¹ "ÎÒàÚ &Òü ³à\åºã >’ "àÒü
"Š±ét¡ "ƒ³¸ l¡ü;ÎàÒ >-> "[®¡`¡t¡à¹¡ú ³àl¡ü¹à &Òü ³à\åºãìÚ šà[¹¤ \àì>à
³> šJã l¡ü¹à ³à[¹ ™àÚ ƒè¹ [ƒK”zîº, Kठ[¤Å«\Úã Kãt¡
"A¡ìoà ¤à‹à ë>àìšà¯àîA¡¡ú ¹[W¡¤ A¡àº\Úã A¡[¤t¡à
[¤ì¤A¡ ¤å[‡ý¡Òã> "àW¡à¹-"àW¡¹o, šà[¹¤ \àì>à [>®¢¡ìÚ [\[º[A¡ =à[A¡¤îº
®¡[¤È¸t¡¹ ¤àì¤ ë™> >àÒü "A¡ìoà [W¡”zà-®¡à¯>à, ‘"àÅøÚƒàt¡à’ ³Òà¤à×¹ ¤åAå¡t¡¡ú
K®¡ã¹ "Þê¡A¡à¹t¡ l¡ü[i¡-®ò¡à[Ò óå¡[¹, [ƒÅÒà¹à ëÒà¯à ë³àA¡ ³àó¡ A¡[¹[¤ "àÒü,
Î}Î๹ ³àÚà-ë³àÒt¡ "ேý¡, ³Òü "à[Òìáà....
ëÒ ³àÚà¤ã ë™ï¤> A¡àº¡ú¡ú ëÎÒüó¡àìº >à™à[¤ "’ "à[º
³à[i¡ J[Òìá
³õt塸¹ Òü[š[k¡-[Î[š[k¡ K¹àJÒ>ãÚàt¡ l塤 ™à[¤
&Òüó¡àìº >à[Ò[¤ "’"à[º
ºÛ¡¸ì\¸à[t¡ ¤¹ç¡¯à ³Òà¤à× K®¢¡¯t¡ã íÒìá, JAô¡ ¤à[Øn¡ìá
Òü[š[k¡, l¡üi塯àÒü [>¤ ët¡àA¡
A¡àt¡¹ [W¡d¡¹ t¡Òü ³Òü ¤¹ [>@[A¡> "’¡ú
&i¡à ®¡ÚàS¡¹ Ŧ '[>t¡³ >àKà[¤ "’"[º
ët¡\¹ [W¡[i¡A¡[> ³Òà¤à× "à¹ç¡ šàKºã Ò¤
³õt塸¹ ¤àt¡[¹ ët¡àîº ëºà®¡ ¤à[Øn¡¤....
JºA¡[> ³àtõ¡¹ Òê¡ƒÚ ºõKà}, '@[>t¡³ &Òüì¤à¹ &[t¡Úà
šåy¹ ÎÞê¡à> "=¢Òã>, ë¤Îå¹à !
"Åø硹 ¤õ[Ê¡.... Û¡³à A¡[¹[¤ "[º
[Î[š[k¡, &Òü³åÒèt¡¢t¡ ³èº¸Òã> "à³à¹ ®¡àºìšà¯à
[Jºô [Jºô Òòà[Ò yû¡³à; ¤à[Øn¡ìá "àÒü¹ l¡üWå¡š[>
&i¡à \º”z [W¡Kàì¹i¡ ³Òü W¡àÒü =à[A¡¤ ë>à¯àì¹à &Òü A¡ƒ™¢ ¹ê¡š
&Òàìt¡ Îå¹àšày ë³àA¡ ™à¤îº 냒 "[º....
¤t¡àÒt¡, ƒ[ºW¡àt¡ i¡A¡à
i¡A¡à, "ìºJ i¡A¡à ÎåÅà”z ëAò¡à¯¹ : Ñ•àt¡A¡ 1³ ¤È¢ (A¡ºà)¹ áày
ëÅÈt¡ ëA¡X๠ºÛ¡ì\¸à[t¡ ¤¹ç¡¯à : Ñ•àt¡A¡ 2Ú ¤È¢ ([¤`¡à>)¹ áày
šå>¹ ³õt塸....¡ \Ú”z[\; ¤¹ç¡¯à : Ñ•àt¡A¡ 3Ú ¤È¢(A¡ºà)¹ áày

85 / /Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09

 "´¬¹ ³¹ào
¡úú &A¡ úú
...."¹ç ¡ o஡¹ [™³à>ƒè ¹ ³>t¡ šì¹ t¡àA¡
šøoà[³A¡à¹ íÎìt¡ šø=ì³ [W¡>àA¡ã A¡¹àÒü [ƒ[ẠÎå[³yà,
ëÅøÚà, ÎàK[¹A¡àÒòìt¡¡ú A¡ìº\t¡ ët¡[t¡Úà ë™ï¯>¡ú "=¢à;
šè\๠[k¡A¡ "àK¹ γÚìáà¯àt¡ [™ìi¡à Òà¹t¡ º’¹à-
ëáà¯àºã¹ l¡üš[Ñ‚[t¡ ëƒJà ™àÚ ët¡ì>A塯à [ƒ>¹ &i¡à
šøàA¡-Źt¡¹ ó¡¹A¡àº ƒåš¹ãÚà¡ú ƒå[ƒ>³à> íÒìá A¡ìº\t¡
AáàW¡ì¤à¹ "[>Ú³ãÚà íÒìá¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ Òàt¡t¡ ™ì=Ê Î³Ú
šàÚú º’¹àÒü º’¹à¹ ®¡àìK, ëáà¯àºãìÚ ëáà¯àºã¹ ®¡àìK
¤à A¡’¹¤àt¡ º’¹àÒü-ëáà¯àºãìÚ &ìA¡ºìK íÒ A¡ìº\¹
ΖµåJ¹ "’t¡ t¡’t¡ ¤[Ò &ìA¡¤àì¹ [¤Ú[> 볺 šà[t¡ìá¡ú
ëA¡àì>à¤àìi¡à Nøç¡št¡ ë¤á ‘\[³ìá’¡ú ëA¡àì>à¤àìi¡àt¡
"àìA¡ï P¡šåìt¡ [A¡¤à [>[ȇý¡ "àìºàW¡>à ëÒà¯à ë™> ëƒJà
íKìá, ëA¡àì>à¤àìi¡àt¡............
‘‘"¹ç¡o஡, "¹ç¡o஡ƒà &Òüó¡àìº &Òüó¡àìº...!’’
‘‘šàìº "àšƒãÚà \àìA¡ !’’ "¹ç¡oà쮡 ³>ìt¡ íA¡
l¡ü[k¡º¡ú [Î Kì\–ƒø K³ì> Îå[³yàÒòt¡¹ ó¡àìº "àK¤à[Øn¡
K’º¡ú Îå[³yà, ëÅøÚà, ÎàK[¹A¡à, ¹[Ƶ .... "à¹ç¡ &\>ã
Îå–ƒ¹ã ëáà¯àºã, [ÎÒòt¡¹ ³à\t¡ ¤[Ò t¡à¹ ó¡àìº W¡àÒü
"àìá¡ú [Î* ³¹ÎàÒ A¡[¹ t¡àÒü¹ ó¡àìº ëA¡¹àÒãîA¡ ƒõ[Ê
[>ìÛ¡š A¡[¹ìº¡ú ‘‘[A¡ Ò’º [W¡>àA¡ã ë>[A¡ ?’’ Îå[³yàÒü
[Ѷt¡¤ƒì> t¡àîº W¡àÒü Îå[‹ìº¡ú [Î [A¡áå "šøÑñt¡ íÒ
">åZW¡ Îå¹t¡ [A¡ l¡üv¡¹ [ƒìº [Î [>ì\Òü >åÇ¡[>캡ú
ÎàK[¹A¡àÒü ³åÒèt¢¡¹ \k¡¹t¡à [>Íš[v¡ A¡[¹ìº¡ú
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09
‘‘&*òA¡ [W¡[> šàÒüáàì> šøoà[³A¡à? "¹ç¡o஡ƒà, "à[³
[šìá "¹ç¡o஡ ¤å[ºìÚÒü A¡*ò [ƒÚà (Òòà[Ò)¡ú &*ò [šìá
ºà[šºåšà ël¡A¡à º’¹à >ÒÚ ëƒÒü "àìA¡ï, K¿ "à¹ç¡ A¡[¤t¡à
[º[J Jå¤ ‘ššåºà¹’ íÒìá¡ú .... "¹ç¡o஡, &Òü šøoà[³A¡à,
[>l¡üA¡à³à¹¡ú ët¡à³àA¡ [W¡>àA¡ã A¡¹àÒü [ƒ¤îº ³à[t¡ìºàú "à³à¹
Kò௹ ëáà¯àºã....ú’’
‘‘Ò’¤ Ò’¤, ë=à¯à ët¡à³à¹ ëºAô¡W¡à¹¡ú &Òüì¤à¹ ÎA¡ìºà
[³áà, \à>à šøoà[³A¡à¡ú t¡àÒü ¤×t¡ ....’’ "¹ç¡oà쮡 A¡=àÈà¹
ëÅÈ A¡[¹¤Òü ë>à¯à[¹ìº, ÎàK[¹A¡à "à¹ç¡ Îå[³yàÒü i¡š¹àÒü
l¡üZW¡Ñ¬ì¹ Òòà[Ò íA¡ l¡ü[k¡º – ‘‘ÒüÒ ë>ìƒ[Jáà ºìK ºìKÒü >à³
‹[¹ ³à[t¡ìá¡ú "à[³ [³áàìt¡ [W¡>àA¡ã A¡¹àÒü [ƒìºà ë™>
ºà[Kìá¡ú [W¡>àA¡ã ³àì> šå¹[o...’’
‘‘>à³ ‹[¹ >à³à[t¡ìº, ³Òü t¡àÒü¹ >´¬¹, ë¹àº >´¬¹
\àì>à ë>[A¡ [A¡¤à?’’ "¹ç¡o஡¹ "àì³àƒ\>A¡ l¡üv¡¹t¡
ëKàìi¡Òü ëáà¯àºã\àA¡ Òòà[Òt¡ ó¡à[i¡ š[¹º¡ú
&Òü¤à¹ Jå¤ Ñ¶¢ài¡ Ò’¤¹ ë™> ëW¡Ê¡à A¡[¹ šøoà[³A¡àÒü
A¡’ìº, ‘‘"ò, &*ò¹ K¿ ë™à¯à¤á¹¹ A¡ìº\¹ ë³Kà[\>t¡
šØn¡à ë³à¹ ³>t¡ "àìá¡ú [A¡ "à[áº, (³>t¡ ëšìºà¯à ë™>
®¡à¯ ëƒJå¯àÒü) "ò K¿ìi¡à¹ >à³ ‘ët¡à³àA¡ [¤ƒàÚ \>àÒü’
"à[ạú ëºJA¡ "¹ç¡o஡ ¤¹k¡àA塹¡ú’’
¡úú ƒåÒü úú
&¹à, ëÎÒü [ƒ>ìi¡à t¡à¹ "à[\ Òü³à>[ƒ>¹ šàáìt¡à
ëšàÒ¹ á[¤¹ ƒì¹ њʮ¡àì¯ ³>t¡ "àìá¡ú...
&¹à, [Î &º [š, &³ [®¡, ÒàÒüѺæH , ÒàÒüÚ๠ëáìA¡ìr¡¹ã
/ 86
A¡’ìt¡àì¯Òü A¡àì¹à¤àA¡ Òü³à> P¡¹ç¡â«[ƒ ëºà¯à ³>t¡ >šì¹¡ú
ë³Kà ³àìA¢¡i¡¹ ¹R¡ão "àìºàA¡¹ ëJºà¹ ƒì¹ t¡à¹ Ѷõ[t¡¹
³[oìA¡àk¡àì¹ W¡àiô¡ W¡àiô¡îA¡ šà¹ íÒ ™àÚ \ã¯>¹ ¹R¡ão [W¡y¡ú [Î
šøƒ[Û¡o A¡ì¹ &[¹ "Òà "t¡ãt¡¹ ³‹å¹ ëÎò௹[o š=t¡, [Î
*š[R¡ óå¡ì¹ ¤t¡àÒt¡, óåå¡i¡šà=t¡...¡ú
[A¡³à>[ƒ>¹ A¡=àì>à? [Î ">å³à> A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯àì¹...
šøoà[³A¡à¹ Òàìt¡ì¹ [Î ëÒšòàÒ¹ ó塺 [áR¡à, šøoà[³A¡à¹ W¡Aå¡ì¹
[Î "àA¡àÅ ëW¡à¯à? ëÎÒü [¤Åຠ"àA¡àÅ [A¡ "à[\ Òü³à>
ëk¡A¡! šøoà[³A¡à¹ W¡Aå¡ì¹ ëW¡à¯à t¡¹à ®¡¹à "àA¡àŹ ëÎÒü
ëKàºàšã ë\à> ³[º> Ò’º [A¡Ú? ëá@ ë\à>¹ &ì>A塯à
¤¹o t¡à¹ ®¡àº >àºàìK! t¡à¹ ®¡àº >àºàìK "à[\¹ &Òü
l¡üƒàÎã šõ[=¯ã¡ú "à[\ t¡à¹ W¡Aå¡t¡ ëÎl¡ü\ãÚà Aõ¡Ì¡Wè¡Øl¡àì\àšà
Òü³à> ‹èι íÒ š[¹ìá! t¡à¹ ®¡àº >àºàìK...ú
... "¹ç¡oà쮡 óå¡i¡šàì=ì¹ ºÛ¡¸Òã>®¡àì¯ ëJà\A¡à[Øn¡
¤\๹ "[”z³ K[ºìi¡à šàÒüìÒ ³>t¡ š[¹º t¡àA¡ ë¤ïì¯ [A¡¤à
[>¤îº íA¡[Ạ¤\๹ š¹à¡ú [A¡ [>¤îº íA¡[Ạ[Î šàÒ[¹ìá¡ú
... ëá@ [Î ë™ ë¤ï¹ ºKt¡ ¤à\ã ‹[¹[Ạ[Î, šøoà[³A¡àA¡
ët¡*ò¹ Î¹ç¡ ®¡si¡ã šà[t¡¤!
[Î ¤à¹ç¡ ¤¹ ÒüÈ¢à[Þt¡ íÒ íKìá ë>[A¡? Òü [A¡, ëA¡ì>îA¡
Òòà[Òìá W¡à &Òü "Aò¡¹àìi¡àì¯ ! "¹ç¡oà®¡îº W¡àÒü ¹àÑz๠Òü³¹è ¹
š¹à &i¡à ³à>[ÎA¡ ë¹àKãìÚ t¡à¹ [W¡¹ š[¹[W¡t¡ Òòà[Òìi¡à ³à[¹ìº!
"¹ç¡o஡¹ šøW¡r¡ J} l¡ü[k¡º¡ú Òü³à> ÎÒ\ì> ¤à¹ç¡ A¡=àì¤à¹?
[Î ">审¯ A¡[¹ìº [Î [®¡t¡[¹ [®¡t¡[¹ Aò¡[š l¡ü[k¡ìá¡ú
[A¡ "à[ẠQi¡>àìi¡à ? "¹ç¡oà쮡 ³>t¡ 뚺ठë>à¯àì¹
"à¹ç¡ ³>t¡ š[¹ìº* [Î ¤¹ A¡Ê šàÚ ! ¤¹ A¡Ê !
[Î A¡à[º P¡¯àÒài¡ã¹ š¹à "à[ÒìÚÒü Q¹t¡ ëÎà³àÒü ¤Ññ-
[[ºJA¡ Ñ•àt¡A¡ 3Ú ¤È¢ (A¡ºà)¹ áày]
If you want to talk with writers and contributors please dial or mail @
Rana K. Changmai 9435134539
Surjya Chutia 9954456991
Sushanta Kar 9954226966
(email : k_sushanta@yahoo.co.in)
Uday Narayan Deka 9435548422
(email : undeka@gmail.com)
Dr. Rajib Bordoloi 9435133583
(email : rajib_assam01@yahoo.com)
Anirban Ghosh : ringmaster_ind@yahoo.co.in
Rudra Narayan Borkakoti :
rnbk_agri@yahoo.co.in
Dr. Rupali Gogoi 9435131075
Send your write-up through : pragyan.tsc50@gmail.com or at pragyan_tsc50@yahoo.co.in
87 /
¤àÒà[> í= ëšàì> ëšàì>Òü šøoà[³A¡àÒòt¡¹ Q¹îº ¤å[º ¤àát¡
l¡ü[k¡[ạú ¤àṚ¹àÒü [Î W¡A¡à³A¡àîA¡ šøoà[³A¡àA¡ >–ƒ>¹ ºKt¡
ëƒJà ë™> ºà[K[áºú šâ—ãÒà¹à >–ƒ> ƒv¡ "Òüº¹ &[¹Úà
ë³ì>\à¹, ³ƒ-"à¹ç¡ \å¯àt¡ &Òü "e¡ºt¡ "[‡t¡ãÚ¡ú &ì>
&\> ³à>åÒ¹ ºKt¡ šø=ì³ šøoà[³A¡àA¡ ¤\à¹t¡ ëƒ[J "¹ç¡o஡
"àW¡[¹t¡ íÒ[ạú "¯ìŸ [Î šøoà[³A¡àÒòt¡¹ Q¹t¡ >–ƒ>A¡
ƒå¤à¹ ºK šàÒüìá "à¹ç¡ ƒåÒ¤ü ๠[A¡”ñ t¡àA¡ šøoà[³A¡à¹ ëƒl¡üt¡àA¡¹
ºKt¡ìÒ A¡=àšt¡à ëƒ[Jìá¡ú ³à>åÒ¹ [®¡¹t¡ l¡üÅàÒ º’¤ ë>௹à
¤àáJ>¹ š¹à [Î ëÎÒü ¤\à¹J>ìt¡Òü >³à¹ A¡=à ®¡à[¯[ạú
[A¡”ñ ë™à¯à ¹à[t¡¹ ëi¡àš[> J[t¡¹ ¤àì¤ ƒõ[Ê [¤°ì³à Ò’¤ šàì¹
¤å[º ®¡à[¯ ëÎÒü ƒå@ÎàÒÎ >A¡[¹ìº¡ú
¤àá¹ š¹à >à[³ &A¡ [A¡ìºà[³i¡à¹ ³à> ë™à¯à¹ šàát¡,
[Î šøoà[³A¡àÒòt¡¹ Q¹¹ ëK’i¡J> ëJàìºàìt¡ìÒ ³>t¡ š[¹º
t¡à¹ [A¡¤à &i¡à ëÒ¹àÒüìá¡ú [A¡ ëҹຠ[Î [A¡”ñ ³>t¡ 뚺à¤
ë>à¯à[¹ìº¡ú ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à &ì>A塯à ÒìÚÒü¡ú
... šøoà[³A¡à¹ ëƒl¡üt¡àA¡ ¤à¹à–ƒàìt¡ ¤[Ò "à[ạú t¡àA¡
ëƒ[JìÚÒü ët¡*ò šøÅ— A¡[¹ìº, ‘‘[A¡ìÒ ël¡A¡à º’¹à ët¡à³à¹ ëƒìJà>
J¤ì¹Òü >àÒü¡ú "à³à¹ t¡àÒü¹ [¤ÚàJ>t¡ "àìA¡ï tå¡[³ìÒ "àK®¡àK
º¤à ¤å[º[áìºà ! ët¡à³à¹ ë¤àìº &Òü¤àì¹à W¡àA¡[¹ìi¡à >Ò’º ?’’
"¹ç¡o஡¹ ®¡[¹¹ t¡º¹ ³à[i¡[J[> >àÒü ë™> ºà[Kº¡ú
t¡à¹ ët¡ì>Ò’ìº ƒõ[Ê °³ ëÒà¯à >à[ạú &Úà, t¡à¹ Ѷõ[t¡
Å[v¡û¡* ™ì=Ê "àìá¡ú t¡à¹ &Òü¤à¹ ³>t¡ š[¹º, ¤àát¡ ëҹ硯à
¤Ññìi¡à "à[Ạšøoà[³A¡àÒü t¡àA¡ l¡üšÒ๠[ƒÚà ëÎl¡ü\ãÚà
¹ç¡³àºJ>! ëÎl¡ü\ãÚà t¡à¹ [šøÚ ¹}¡ú
... &Úà [Î ëA¡[t¡Úà ¤\à¹îº "à[Ò[Ạ? ë¤ïì¯ ¤à¹ç¡
t¡àA¡ [A¡ [>¤îº íA¡[áº... ?
Rajen Barua : barua25@hotmail.com
Dr. Debabrata Sarma 9435351255
(email : asomiajabhidhan@rediffmail.com)
Dr. Ajit Kr. Sinha 9435061520
Ajanta 9436253342
(email : ajantadotc@yahoo.in)
Ambar Moran 9707609732
Lakhyajyoti Barua 9854476784
Tomas Sonowal 9954670662
Dr. Swarnalata Baruah 9435628904
Dr. Bandana Puzari 9435335771
Anita Baruwa : nei1@rediffmail.com
Ranjita Sharma 9435036256
/Vol. VII, Issue - I, June '09