WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

CHAPTER 3
A.

: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

REDOX REACTIONS

Learning Outcomes: You should be able to, state what oxidation is state what reduction is explain what redox reaction is state what oxidising agent is state what reducing agent is calculate the oxidation number of an element in a compound. relate the oxidation number of an element to the name of its compound using the IUPAC nomenclature. explain with examples oxidation and reduction processes in terms of electron transfer explain with examples oxidising and reducing agents in redox reactions. write oxidation and reduction half-equations and ionic equations.

Activity 1 1) The tables below describe the meaning of oxidation and reduction in terms of (a) loss or gain of oxygen (b) loss or gain of hydrogen (c) transfer of electrons (d) changes in oxidation number Study each table below carefully and fill in the blanks. (a) Loss or gain of oxygen Loss or gain of oxygen Oxidation Reduction The process of gaining oxygen The process of losing oxygen Example : Mg + PbO MgO + Pb In the above redox reaction, Mg gains oxygen to form MgO. This process is called. .. PbO loses oxygen to form Pb. This process is called ..... Mg is a reducing agent because it .. lead(II) oxide to . PbO is an oxidizing agent because it magnesium to..

(b)Loss or gain of hydrogen Loss or gain of hydrogen Oxidation Reduction The process of losing hydrogen The process of gaining hydrogen Example : H2S + Cl2 2HCl + S In the above redox reaction H2S loses hydrogen to form S. The process is called .. ... Cl2 gains hydrogen to form HCl. This process is called .. . H2S is a reducing agent because it to ... Cl2 is an oxidizing agent because it to..

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

(c) Transfer of electrons

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

Transfer of electrons

Oxidation The process of losing electrons Example : Redox reaction: 2Na + Cl2 Half-equations: Na Na+ + e

Reduction The process of gaining oxygen 2NaCl // Cl2

2e

2Cl

In the half-equations above, Na atom loses electron to form Na+. This process is called Cl2 molecule gains electrons to form 2Cl. This process is called .. Na is a reducing agent because it to .. Cl2 is an oxidizing agent because it ..to .

(d) Changes in oxidation number Changes in oxidation number Oxidation Reduction The increase in oxidation number The decrease in oxidation number Example : Chemical equation: 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl Changes in oxidation number Na : 0 +1 // Cl : 0 1 Given above are the changes in oxidation number of Na and Cl, state which element is oxidized or reduced and which element is the oxidizing or reducing agent. Na is ............................. to Na+ : Na is the.. agent Cl2 is .to Cl : Cl2 is the . agent

2) What are redox reactions? . . . Activity 2 The diagram below shows the oxidation and reduction process that occurs in a redox reaction.

Reduction
CuO + C Cu + CO2

Oxidation
By drawing arrows, show and label the oxidation and reduction processes occurring in the redox reactions below.

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

ZnO + Mg MgO + Zn

2HI + Cl2 I2 + 2HCl

Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2

2NH3 + 3Br2 N2 + 6HBr

Activity 3 (a) Fill in the blanks with suitable words. (i) The substance that causes oxidation is called the ... agent (ii) The substance that causes reduction is called the ..... agent. (b) State the oxidizing and reducing agents in each of the chemical reactions given below. (i) 2Zn + O2 2ZnO. Oxidising agent: ... Reducing agent: ... (ii) 2Mg + CO2 2MgO + C Oxidising agent: .. Reducing agent: .... Activity 4 Oxidation numbers of elements can be calculated based on the rules in assigning oxidation numbers as stated in the chemistry text book on page 107. Two examples are given below. Examples: a) Determine the oxidation number for the underlined elements (i) H3PO4 (13) + P + (-24) = 0 3 + P + (-8) = 0 P = 8 3 = +5 the oxidation number for phosphorus is +5 (ii) N2H4 2N + (14) = 0 2N + 4 = 0 N = 4/2 = 2

the oxidation number for nitrogen is 2

Answer the following questions. 1. Determine the oxidation number for the underlined elements. (a) Fe (b) MgCl2

(c) Na2O

(d) CO2

(e) SO42

(f) MnO4

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

2. Calculate the oxidation number for chlorine and nitrogen in their compounds below and write its oxidation in the spaces provided. Chlorine compound Nitrogen Compound HCl HClO HClO2 ClO2 HClO3 HClO4

NH3

N2O

NO

NO2

NO2

NO3

3 Write the oxidation number for the underlined element in the boxes provided and state whether the element undergoes oxidation or reduction process. Part (a) is shown as an example a) Mg + CuO MgO + Cu Process

Oxidation

+2

b)

2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

Process

c)

Cr2O72

Cr3+ Process

d)

4HCl + MnO2 MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O Process

e)

Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag Process

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

4 Determine the oxidation number for the underlined elements in the table below and name the compound using the IUPAC nomenclature. Formula of compound CuSO4 Cu2O CrCl3 Cr2O72 NO3 NO2 NH4+ MnO2 Activity 5 For each of the chemical reactions below, (a) write the oxidation and reduction half-equations, (b) identify the following: (i) Substance that undergoes oxidation (iii) Oxidising agent (ii) Substance that undergoes reduction (iv) Reducing agent Example: Zn + 2Ag+ Zn2+ + 2Ag Based the ionic equation given, it is known that the oxidation number of Zn increases from 0 to +2. Hence zinc undergoes oxidation to form Zn2+ Answer: Oxidation half-equation: Zn Zn2+ + 2eReduction half-equation: 2Ag+ + 2e- 2Ag Substance undergoes oxidation: Zinc (Zn) Substance undergoes reduction: Silver ion (Ag+) + Oxidising agent : Silver ion (Ag ) Reducing agent : Zinc (Zn) Based on the chemical equation given, complete the flow charts below. a) Cl2 + 2I 2Cl + I2 Oxidation number Name of compound

Oxidation half-equation:

Reduction half-equation:

Substance undergoes oxidation:

Substance undergoes reduction:

Oxidising Agent:

Reducing Agent:

b)

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2

Oxidation half-equation:

Reduction half-equation:

Substance undergoes oxidation:

Substance undergoes reduction:

Oxidising Agent:

Reducing Agent:

c) Pb + Br2 PbBr2

Oxidation half-equation:

Reduction half-equation:

Substance undergoes oxidation:

Substance undergoes reduction:

Oxidising Agent:

Reducing Agent:

d) 4Na + O2 2Na2O

Oxidation half-equation:

Reduction half-equation:

Substance undergoes oxidation:

Substance undergoes reduction:

Oxidising Agent:

Reducing Agent:

Activity 6(a) Writing ionic equation from given oxidation and reduction half-equations: Example: Given: Oxidation half-equation: Mg Mg2+ + 2e

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

+

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

Reduction half-equation: Ag + e Ag [In order to write an ionic equation from the two given half-equations, the electrons that were transferred from Mg to the Ag must be equal. Hence two Ag+ will receive two electrons from an atom of Mg.] Mg Mg2+ + 2e 2Ag+ + 2e 2Ag Mg + 2Ag+ Mg + 2Ag Answer: Ionic equation: Mg + 2Ag+ Mg + 2Ag Based on the given oxidation and reduction half-equations, write the ionic equation for the reaction (a) Oxidation half-equation: Mg Mg2+ + 2e Reduction half-equation: Cu2+ + 2e Cu Ionic equation: (b) Oxidation half-equation: Al Al3+ + 3e Reduction half-equation: Ag+ + e Ag Ionic equation: (c) Oxidation half-equation: Reduction half-equation: Fe2+ Fe3+ + e Br2 + 2e 2Br

Ionic equation: (d) Oxidation half-equation: 2I I2 + 2e Reduction half-equation: Cl2 + 2e 2Cl Ionic equation: (e) Oxidation half-equation: Cl2 + 2e 2Cl Reduction half-equation: Fe2+ Fe3+ + e Ionic equation: (f) Oxidation half-equation: Fe Fe2+ + 2e Reduction half-equation: O2 + H2O + 4e 4OH Ionic equation: Activity 6(b)
Changing Iron(II) ions, Fe2+ to Iron(III) ions, Fe3+

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

(1) 2.0 cm3 of Iron(II) sulphate solution (light green)

Procedure: 1. 2.0 cm3 of ............................................. solution is added into a test tube. 2. A few drops of ...................... mixture is heated. 3. The is recorded. 4. Observation: The colour of iron(II) sulphate solution changed from ....................... to ................... The bromine water changed from ....................... to ........................ . In order to detect presence of iron(III) ion in the solution, add .......................... ........................................ ............... in excess. .............. were added drop by drop into the test tube and

..................................(colour) precipitate of iron(III) hydroxide is formed. 5. Concept: a) Iron(II) ion is to iron(II) ion by . At the same time is reduced to . Ion. b) Oxidation and reduction half-equations: Fe2+ ............. + .............. (Oxidation) Br2 + ............ .................. (Reduction)

c) Ionic equation: .. d) Iron(II) ions .................. electrons to become iron(III) ions. Iron(II) ions are ................................... e) Bromine molecules ............. electrons to form bromide ions. Bromine molecules are ..... f) Reducing agent: ................................... Oxidising agent: ...................................

Changing Iron(III) ions, Fe3+ to Iron(II) ions, Fe2+

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

(1) 2.0 cm3 of iron(III) chloride solution (yellow)

Procedure: 1. Add 2.0 cm3 of ............................................. solution into a test tube. 2. Add ......................................... into the same test tube and heat the mixture. 3. Record the ............................................................. 4. Observation: a. The colour of iron(III) chloride solution changed from ............................ to .............................. b. In order to detect the presence of iron(II) ion in the solution, add ................. ...................... in excess. A ................ ........................... (colour) precipitate of iron(II) hydroxide is formed. 5. Concept: a). Iron(III) ion is ....................... to iron(II) ion by ................. .................. At the same time, zinc is ......................... to .............................. ion. b) Reduction and oxidation half-equations: Fe3+ + .......... .............. (Reduction) Zn ............... + ................ (Oxidation)

c) Ionic equation: d) Iron(III) ions ............. electrons to become iron(II) ions. Iron(III) ions are ....................... e) Zinc atom ................. electrons to form ................ ions. Zinc atoms are ....................... f) Reducing agent: ...................................... Oxidising agent: ........................................ Activity 7 Displacement of metal from its salt solution M(s) + AB(aq) MB(aq) + A(s) Mn+ + ne

Oxidation half-equation: M

The following statements describe the displacement of metal from its salt solution by another element. Fill in the blanks with the correct word(s). 1. A ... (more/ less) electropositive element is oxidized more . (easily / harder ) and acts as a .. (stronger / weaker) reducing agent.

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

2. An element that is located higher in the electrochemical series can displace other elements that are positioned (i).. in the electrochemical series from its salt solution. Example: Displacement copper from copper(II) sulphate solution. Ionic equation: Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Half-equation: Zn Zn2+ + 2e [ Oxidation ] Half-equation: Cu2+ + 2e Cu [ Reduction ] Zinc, Zn is (ii) . electropositive than copper, Cu. Thus Zn atom releases (iii) . electron to form ion Zn2+. The electrons are transferred from (iv) ... to (v).. The copper(II) ion, Cu2+ receives the two electrons from zinc to form copper atom, Cu. Zn atom acts as a (vi) and Cu2+ ion acts as a (vii) Cu

Activity 8 (a) Halogen in aqueous and 1,1,1-trichloroethane Complete the table below by stating the colur of halogen in aqueous solution and in 1,1,1trichloroethane Colour of halogen In aqueous solution In 1,1,1,-trichloroethane

Halogen Chlorine Bromine Iodine

Displacement of halogens from their halide solutions by other halogens.

Fill in the blanks by choosing the most appropriate word from the list displayed above. 1) Halogens are located in Group .. of the Periodic Table 2) Halogen elements tend to electrons to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement. 3) Halogens are reduced to ions 4) The electronegativity of halogens or their tendency to accept electrons .. when going down Group 17.

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Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

... decreases when going

5) Thus, the strength of halogens acting as down the group 17.

6) In displacement reaction of halogen, a .. electronegative halogen will displaces a electronegative halogen from its halide solution. Activity 9 Transfer of electrons at a distance A. The diagram shows the set up of apparatus for the redox reaction involving bromine water and potassium iodide solution.

The following statement describe the redox reaction between bromine and potassium iodide solution. Fill the blanks with the appropriate word(s).
1. Electrons flow from .. to .through the wire. 2. The colour of potassium iodide solution changes from to . 3. The colour of bromine water changes from to .... 4. Oxidation half-equation: .. Reduction half-equation: .. 5. Overall Ionic Equation : ..

6. Oxidising agent: 7. Reducing agent:

7. To confirm that the brown solution formed is iodine solution, a chemical test can be carry out. Method 1 Some ....................... ......................... is added into a test tube containing the brown solution. A dark blue colouration is obtained if iodine is present. Method 2 2 cm3 of ........................................... is added into a test tube containing the brown soltion. The

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

test tube is then stopperred and its mixture .................. If the lower layer [1,1,1-trichloroethane layer] is ............................. in colour, then it is confirmed iodine is present.

B The diagram below shows the set up of apparatus of redox reaction between acidified potassium manganate(VII) and potassium iodide soultion.

Carbon rod

Acidified Potassium Manganate (VII) solution, 1.0 mol dm-3

Potassium Iodide Solution, 1.0 mol dm-3 Dilute Sulphuric acid, 1.0 mol dm-3

Below are some of the facts about the redox reaction between acidified potassium
manganate(VII) and potassium iodide soultion. Answer the following question The half-equation for the reaction that occurs around the carbon rod on the left is as follow MnO4- + 8H + + 5e Mn 2+ + 4H2O a) State the change in oxidation number of manganese. .. b) A brown solution was observed forming around the carbon rod on the right. Name the brown solution formed. .... c) Write a half-equation for the formation of the brown solution. .... d) Write the ionic equation for the reaction between acidified potassium manganate(VII) and iodide ion. . e) On the diagram above, show the direction of the flow of electron by using arrows.

B.

RUSTING AS A REDOX REACTION

Learning Outcomes : You should be able to, state the conditions for the rusting of iron state what corrosion of metal is. describe the process of rusting in terms of oxidation and reduction. generate ideas on the use of other metals to control rusting, explain with examples on the use of a more electropositive metal to control metal corrosion,

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Activity 10 Rusting as a redox reaction 1. Fill in the blanks with suitable word.

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

a) Oxidation of metal is called (i) .. while (ii) the oxidation of iron is called Oxidation half-equation for corrosion of metal: M Mn+ + . b) The presence of (i). and (ii). will cause iron to rust, The rusting can be accelerated by adding (iii). or (iv) . c) Copper forms a green coating as a result of corrosion, it contains .. ions. d) Metals like (i). and (ii) forms a very tough oxide layer which adhere tightly to the surface of the metal and thus preventing further oxidation. This protect the metals from further corrosion. e) To prevent corrosion, metal A can be coated with a layer of metal B which is more (i) . than A. Metal B will corrode first, thus preventing metal A from corrosion. In this situation, metal B is also called the (ii). metal. f) If iron is in contact with another (i)which is less electropositive than iron, the rate of rusting for iron will be (ii). g) Zinc is used to protect iron or steel by coating a thin layer of zinc onto it, this process is called (i).. In industry, zinc is chosen to serve the purpose rather than other metals because zinc is (ii) in cost. h) Some household and bathroom equipments are coated with a layer of shiny finishes, the metals usually used for these coatings are (i). and (ii) . . 2. Mechanism of rusting of iron in the present of water and oxygen involves some chemical reactions. Figure below shows an unlabeled diagram of a water droplet on the surface of iron.

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

Write the chemical equations or half equations for the processes below. a) The formation of iron(II) ions from the metal: When iron contacts with water, the iron surface oxidizes to form iron(II) ions. Oxidation half-equation: . b) The formation of hydroxide ions: Electrons released by iron then flow to the edges of the water droplets, where there is a high concentration of dissolved oxygen. At the cathode area, water and oxygen molecules receive electrons and are reduced to form hydroxide ions. Reduction half-equation: .. c) Formation of green precipitate. Fe2+ readily combines with OH- to form insoluble solid Fe(OH)2 Chemical equation: .. d) Using chemical equations in (a), (b) and (c), the reaction between iron, water and oxygen to form iron(II) hydroxide can be summarized into a overall chemical equation. Chemicall equation: .. e) With excess oxygen, the rust is formed: The Fe2+ ions are further oxidized to form Fe 3+ ions, which reacts with OH- ions to form the hydrated iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3. xH2O, known as rust. Chemical equation: . f) Complete the diagram above by filling the blanks in the spaces provided.

Activity 11 Answer the questions below. 1. Name three main ways to prevent rusting. (i) . (ii) .

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Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

(iii) 2. Galvanising involves coating an iron or steel sheet with a thin layer of 3. Name three metals that can be used in sacrificial protection for an underground pipe. (i) ...(ii) ... (iii) 4. Name a reagent that is usually used to detect the presence of iron(II) ion in an experiment to investigate the rusting of iron. .. Activity 12 1 Diagram below shows the apparatus set-up for the experiment to study the effect of metals P and Q on the rusting of iron nail. The results are recorded after one day. Test tube Metal Experiment After 1 day Observation Some dark blue precipitate. A Iron only

Iron with metal P

Large amount of dark blue precipitate

Iron with metal Q

No dark blue precipitate. Solution turns pink.

(a) (b)

Write the half-equation for the formation of iron(II) ion from iron. ................................................................................................................................................. State the function of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution in the experiment and describe its change in colour if a positive result occurred. ...................................................................................................................................................

(c)

Which test tube shows the highest rate of rusting of iron? Explain your answer. ..................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................

(d)

Arrange the metals Fe, P and Q in decreasing order of electrochemical series.

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Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

.............................................................................................................................. (e) (i) What happens to metal Q in test tube C? ..................................................................................................................................... (ii) (f) Suggest a metal that can be used as metal Q.

.................................................................................................................................... State the ion that causes the solution in test tube C to turn pink. ...................................................................................................................................................

C.

THE REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS WITH OXYGEN AND ITS APPLICATION

Learning Outcomes : You should be able to, compare the differences in the vigour of the reactions of some metals with oxygen. deduce the reactivity series of metals. determine the position of carbon and hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals. state what the reactivity series of metals are. describe the extraction of iron and tin from their ores. explain the use of carbon as the main reducing agent in metal extraction. use the reactivity series of metals to predict possible reactions involving metals

Activity 13 1. Figure below shows the set-up of apparatus for an experiment to determine the order of metals in the reactivity series. Solid potassium manganate (VII) is heated to release oxygen gas to react with hot metal powder.

The experiment is carried out using metal powders of copper, zinc, magnesium and lead . The observation of the experiments on the metal powders of copper, zinc, magnesium and lead in the experiments are shown in table below. Type of metal Copper Zinc Magnesium Lead (a) Observation Faint glow A bright flame spreads slowly A bright white shiny flame spreads quickly Red hot and embers slowly

Based on the observations in table above, arrange copper, zinc, magnesium and lead in descending order of reactivity of metal towards oxygen.

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

Descending order of reactivity of metals with oxygen. (b) Name two other substances that can be used to produce oxygen gas in the experiment (i) (ii) (c)

Write a balance chemical equation for each of the reaction below. (i) Copper + oxygen .. (ii) Zinc + oxygen (iii) (iv) Magnesium + oxygen Lead + oxygen

2) According to the chemical equation below, carbon reacts with oxygen to produce .. gas. C ( s ) + O2 (s ) CO2 ( g ) 3) Based on the reactivity series of metals with oxygen, carbon able to displace a .. metal from its metal oxide. Thus, by heating a mixture of metal oxide and carbon , the reactivity of carbon can be determined. 0 Oxidation +4 CO2 ( g ) + 2Pb(s) 0

C ( s ) + 2PbO (s ) +2 Reduction

4) Carbon is to carbon dioxide and lead (II) oxide is reduced to lead. 5) Carbon acts as a (i).. agent which displaces a metal from its oxide while the metal oxide is the (ii) .agent. 6) Carbon is not able to displace a . metal from its metal oxide. Hence, there is no displacement reaction when a mixture of magnesium oxide and carbon is heated. 7) Carbon is positioned in between (i) and (ii) .. in the reactivity series.

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

8)

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

Oxides of metals W,X, Y, Z are heated with equal amount of carbon powder in an experiment to compare their reactivity with carbon. The changes observed are recorded in the table below. Mixture Carbon + oxide of W Carbon + oxide of X Carbon + oxide of Y Carbon + oxide of Z (a) No change Dim glow. Grey residue is formed No change Bright glow. Brown residue is formed Observation

Based on the observation , classify the metals in groups that are (i) more reactive than carbon: (ii) less reactive than carbon:

(b) Suggest a possible element for metals X and Z X : Z : .

(c) The reactivity of W and Y can be compared by heating an equal amount of W powder with oxide of Y in a crucible using the same apparatus set-up. (i) What is the expected observation if W is more reactive than Y? Explain your answer (ii) Suggest the possible elements for W and Y W : Y : ..

(iii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between W (charge of +2) and oxide of Y (charge of +3). .. .. (iv) Identify the reducing agent and oxidising agent in the reaction between W and oxide of Y. Reducing agent: .. Oxidising agent:

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

9.

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

Complete the reactivity series of metals with oxygen given below by writing the name of the missing elements in the spaces provided. Potassium Calcium Aluminium Iron Tin Mercury Gold

Reactivity decreases

10. The following shows part of the increasing order of reactivity series of metals with oxygen. K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb Cu Hg Ag Au

Insert the positions of carbon and hydrogen in the above series by using arrows to indicate its position. 11. Predict what will be observed when, (a) hydrogen gas is heated with copper (II) oxide in tube. .............. .. (b) a piece of burning magnesium ribbon is dropped into a gas jar filled with carbon dioxide. .... ... (c) carbon is heated with magnesium oxide. .................... 12. Complete the following table by giving the main mineral in ore and the metal extracted from its ore.

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Ore (a) Bauxite (b) Hematite (c) Magnetite (d) Cassiterite

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

Main mineral in ore Name Formula Metal extracted

D.

ELECTROLYTIC AND CHEMICAL CELLS

Learning Outcomes : You should be able to, explain with examples the oxidation and reduction reactions at the electrodes of various chemical cells. explain with examples the oxidation and reduction reactions at the electrodes of various electrolytic cells. state the differences between electrolytic and chemical cells in terms of basic structure, energy conversion and the transfer of electrons at the electrodes . compare and contrast electrolytic and chemical cells with reference to the oxidation and reduction process.

Activity 14 1) Below are listed the differences between electrolytic and chemical cells. Complete the statements by filling in the blanks with the correct words.

It requires a source of .

It does not require a source of The electrodes must be of two ...... metals. The chemical reactions that occur at

The electrodes may be of the material such as The electrical energy causes reactions to occur at electrodes.

20 the electrodes produce

an

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

Electrons flow from the . electrode (anode) to the . electrode (cathode) through the . (external circuit)

Electrons flow from the more . metal terminal) to the less metal (. terminal)

2) The figure above shows the electrolysis process of molten lead (II) bromide. Answer the questions below. (a) State the ions contain in the molten lead (II) bromide. . (b) Pb2+ ions move to the (i) . while Br ions move to the (ii) (c) Br ions act as the (i) . agent, losing electrons at the electrode to become (ii) molecules. Thus, Br ions undergo (iii) .. . (d) Oxidation half-equation: . (e) Pb2+ ions act as the (i) . agent, accepting electrons to become (ii) .. metal. Thus, Pb2+ ions undergo (iii) .... . (f) Reduction half-equation : ...

3) Figure below shows a chemical (voltaic) cell.

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

a) Label the negative terminal and positive terminal and show the direction of the flow of electrons by using arrows the above figure. b) Write the half-equation for the reaction at the positive terminal. ... c) Write the half-equation for the reaction at the negative terminal.

...............
d) State the substance that undergoes oxidation. ... e) State the substance that undergoes reduction. ... 4) Similarities and differences of the redox reactions in electrolytic cell and a voltaic (chemical) cell Similarities In both cells, electrons are transferred from the agent to the agent. oxidation occurs at the anode. occurs at the cathode

Electrolytic cell

Chemical cell

Differences

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010

Chapter 3 : Oxidation And Reduction

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