Topic: Historical Foundations of Pakistan Course Instructor: Hanayya Iftikhar Religion and Philosophical debate World View Concept

pt of Man, Universe & God Four stages of human being South Asia is a sub-continent. Its historical roots dates back to 30005000 BC. Reknowned Thinker and Philosopher Shah Waliullah concludes that there are four stages of human being, are called Irtifaqat 1st Irtifaq (wild life style): from Adam (PBUH) to Sheeth (PBUH) 2nd Irtifaq (One family life style ): from Sheeth (PBUH) to Nuh (PBUH) 3rd Irtifaq (Tribal & National life style) from Nuh (PBUH) to Ibrahim (PBUH) 4th Irtifaq (International life style) from Ibrahim (PBUH) to Mohammad (PBUH)

Definition of Philosophy: Philosophy is a combination of Reality and Value/Worth

Reality means to know the originality/reality of something Value means to give worth/status to something Definition of Moral Value: To know what is right and what is wrong by human perception Sources of human perception are: 1. Intellect 2. Revelation 3. Experiences by five senses Three Principles to judge what is right and what is wrong: 1. Social Benefits 2. Progressive Approach 3. To give & Take Four Universal Moral Values: 1. Outer & Inner Purification 2. Subjugation in front of Ultimate Reality 3. Every beneficial relation among human being 4. Justice Definition of Religion: There are two approaches to define Religion

 Western approach: Religion is a relationship between God & Human being Islamic approach: Religion is a complete code of life Complete code of life contains five systems: 1. Ideological System (Beliefs, Thoughts, Imaniat, Laws ) 2. Political System (Planning/Management/Implementation of Ideology) 3. Economic System (Division of resources to achieve the basic goals of Ideology ) 4. Social System (To form/mold Ideology in a concrete manner on the basis of available resources/best customs) 5. Moral System (To develop consciousness about selfaccountability through avoiding bad one and establishing good one) Objectives of Religion (Deen): 1. Preservation of & Protection of Faith 2. Preservation of & Protection of Life 3. Preservation of & Protection of Progeny/Upcoming Generation 4. Preservation of & Protection of Intellect 5. Preservation of & Protection of wealth/all sorts of your belongings

 Priorities within the objectives: 1. The stronger interest shall prevail 2. The public interest is prior to the private/individual 3. The definitive interest prevails over the probable Three barriers against human progress: 1. Human laziness 2. Wrong direction/practice 3. Misunderstanding of the true ideas Pre Islamic Subcontinent Sources of Ancient Indian History: No Aryan or Hindu tradition of chronological writings. Al Beruni, famous historian gave account on these sources of history which included: 1. Inscription 2. Coins 3. Monuments or archaeological evidence 4. Literary traditions 5. Contemporary chronicles 6. Foreign accounts

1. Inscriptions:

 Mostly engraved on stones and copper plates in Sanskrit, Pali, Tamil, Telegu Languages Indigenous & Foreign Inscriptions Asoka is known due to inscriptions Allahabad inscriptions revealed complete Samudra Guptas conquests account of

2. Coins: Give the names of kings, the dates of their accession to the throne, extent of their dominions Illustrate religious faiths of kings & degree of foreign influence (Greek influence over Kushans)

3. Monuments/Archaeological Evidences Hrappan/Indus Valley archaeological findings Civilization revealed through

Like Toys, / remains of buildings etc

4. Literary Traditions: Vedas, religious books of Hinduism

 Vedas, a source of information about the political, religious & social systems of early Aryans Ramayana & Mahabharata give the history of Epic period Puranas give info regarding Budhism/Jainism

5. Contemporary Chronicles: Dynastic chronicles Harshacharita of Bana Bhatt covers of Harshavadhna

6. Foreign Accounts: Greek historians Herodotus, Celsius & Megasthenes Megasthenes sent by Seleuhos to court of Chandragupta Mauria Chinese traveler Fa-hein during reign of Chandragupta II Hiuen - Tsang gave reliable info on Harchavardhna

Pre Historic Age

1. Pre-historic rulers: Non-Aryans Uncivilized people

 Did not know the use of metal

2. Paleolithic or Old Stone Age: Stone worshipers Obscured idea of Religion No Idea of Agriculture

3. Neolithic or New Stone Age: Ignorance of use of metals except gold Knew how to make fire/ to cook Buried dead

4. The Age of Metals: No uniformity regarding use of metals in Northern & Southern India Northern first used copper and then Iron While in Sothern India Iron age immediately succeeded the stone age

5. The Dravidians:

 The ancient name of the Tamil country (in Madras presidency) is Dravida Tamil, Talegu, Kanarese speaking people in South India are descendents of the ancient Dravidians Dravidians knew agriculture, use of gold, silver & copper Constructed buildings, forts, boats & small ships & temples Later on they accepted the culture of Aryans Some historians argue that Dravidians were creators of Indus Valley Civilization.

Indus Valley Civilization 1. History: Harappa was discovered by R. B. Dayaram Sahri in 1921 near Sahival Mohenjodaro by R. D. Banerjee in 1922, Larkana Mature form of civilization five thousands years age Most important building of Mohenjodaro is the Great Bath which covers an area of 11,446 sq ft Excellent system of water supply The system of drainage The sanitation works

2. Economic Conditions: Agriculture (wheat, barley, palm-date), fruits, milk, meat, fish Domesticated animals (Bull, cow, buffalo, sheep, camel, pig, dog, goat) Possibility of trade with Mesopotamia

3. Social Life Dress, Ornaments made of gold, silver, iron, copper Discovery of Toys of animal models IVC people were not interested in hunting & chariot-racing Enjoyed dancing & singing