Math 341

Homework #4

(1.5) #5. Write the solution set of the following system of equations in parametric vector form: x1 3x2 2x3 = 0 x2 x3 = 0 2x1 + 3x2 + 7x3 = 0 Solution: As always, we row reduce the associated matrix. Since this is a homogeneous system, we can reduce the coecient matrix. 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 0 5 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 3 7 0 3 3 0 0 0 This corresponds to the system x1 5x3 = 0 x2 x3 = 0 This is x1 = 5x3 x2 = x3 So the solution vector to Ax = 0 has the form 5x3 5 x1 x = x2 = x3 = x3 1 1 x3 x3

(1.5) #12. Suppose that the solution set of a certain system of equations can be described as x1 = 7 + x4 , x2 = 5 2x4 , x3 = 1 3x4 , with x4 free. Use vectors to describe this set as a line in R4 . Solution: Any point in the solution set has the form x1 7 + x4 7 1 x 5 2x4 5 2 x= 2= + x4 = x3 3 1 3x4 1 x4 1 x4 0 So the solution set is the line p + tv , where 7 1 5 2 p= and v = . 1 3 0 1

(1.5) #21. Mark each statement as True or False. Justify each answer. a. A homogeneous equation is always consistent. b. The equation Ax = 0 gives an explicit description of its solution set. c. The homogeneous equation Ax = 0 has the trivial solution if and only if the equation has at least one free variable. d. The equation x = p + tv describes a line through v parallel to p. e. The solution set of Ax = b is the set of all vectors of the form w = p + vh , where vh is any solution to the equation Ax = 0, and Ap = b. Solution: a. True. A homogeneous equation always has the trivial solution, so its always consistent. b. False. The equation gives an implicit description of its solution set. That is, it gives a way to check if a vector is a solution, but does not provide a list of solution vectors. c. False. A homogeneous equation always has the trivial solution, whether it has a free variable or not. d. False. This is the line through p parallel to v . See pages 5152. e. True. This is the statement of Theorem 6, page 52.

In Exercises 2932, (a) does the equation Ax = 0 have a nontrivial solution and (b) does the equation Ax = b have at least one solution for every possible b?

(1.5) #29. A is a 3 3 matrix with three pivot positions. Solution: (a) The homogeneous equation has a nontrivial solution if and only if it has a free variablein other word, if and only if A has a non-pivot column (fewer pivots than columns). If A has three pivots, then every column has a pivot, and hence, Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution. (b) By Theorem 4, Ax = b is consistent for every b if and only if A has a pivot in every row. Since A has three pivots for its three rows, Ax = b is consistent for every b.

(1.5) #30. A is a 3 3 matrix with two pivot positions. Solution: (a) Since only two of the three columns have pivots, A has a free variable. Hence, Ax = 0 has nontrivial solutions. (b) Since only two of the three rows of A have pivots, there are bs for which Ax = b is inconsistent.

(1.5) #31. A is a 3 2 matrix with two pivot positions. Solution: (a) Since A has two pivots in its two columns, it has no free variable. Hence, Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution. (b) Since A has only two pivots for its three rows, there are bs for which Ax = b is inconsistent. (1.5) #32. A is a 2 4 matrix with two pivot positions. Solution: (a) Since A has only two pivots for its four columns, it has two free variables. Hence, Ax = 0 has nontrivial solutions. (b) Since A has two pivots for its two rows, Ax = b is consistent for every b.

(1.5) #39. Consider the chemical reaction PbN6 + CrMn2 O8 Pb3 O4 + Cr2 O3 + MnO2 + NO For each of the two reactants on the left and the four products on the right, construct a vector in R5 that lists the number of atoms per molecule of lead (Pb), nitrogen (N), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and oxygen (O). For example,the vector for chromium permanganate (CrMn2 O8 ) is (0, 0, 1, 2, 8). a. Let x1 , . . . , x6 denote the number of molecules of each type that are needed to balance the equation above, and write a vector equation that these variables must satisfy. b. [M] Moving all the unknown to the left, rewrite the vector equation from (a) in the form Ax = 0 and solve it. There are innitely many mathematical solutions. Find the one that makes the most sense chemically. Solution: The vectors are PbN6 : (1, 6, 0, 0, 0) CrMn2 O8 : (0, 0, 1, 2, 8) Pb3 O4 : (3, 0, 0, 0, 4) Cr2 O3 : (0, 0, 2, 0, 3) MnO2 : (0, 0, 0, 1, 2) NO : (0, 1, 0, 0, 1) a. The x1 , . . . , x6 satisfy 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 x1 0 + x2 1 = x3 0 + x4 2 + x5 0 + 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 8 4 3 2 Moving the variables to the left, we obtain the equation Ax = 0, where

 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 A = 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 8 4 3 2 1 We use a calculator 1 0 0 0 1 0 A 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 to row reduce: 0 0 0 1 0 0 1/6 0 22/45 0 1/18 0 11/45 1 44/45

This corresponds to the system x1 (1/6)x6 = 0 x2 (22/45)x6 = 0 x3 (1/18)x6 = 0 x4 (11/45)x6 = 0 x5 (44/45)x6 = 0 The solution set is the set of multiples of (1/6, 22/45, 1/18, 11/45, 44/45, 1). Since we believe molecules occur in whole numbers, we should scale this to be the integer vector (15, 44, 5, 22, 88, 90). The smallest numbers that make sense chemically give the equation 15PbN6 + 44CrMn2 O8 5Pb3 O4 + 22Cr2 O3 + 88MnO2 + 90NO

(1.6) #1. Decide if the vectors are linearly independent 6 3 3 0, 2 , 4 0 3 0 Solution: They are independent, since the matrix 1 1 2 3 3 6 0 2 4 0 1 2 0 3 0 0 0 6 has a pivot in every column.

(1.6) #3. Decide if the vectors are linearly independent 1 , 5 2 10 1 2 = 5 10

Solution: They are dependent since (2)

(1.6) #13. (a) for what values of h is v3 in Span{v1 , v2 } and (b) for what values of h is {v1 , v2 , v3 } linearly dependent? 1 2 1 v1 = 3 , v2 = 6 , v3 = 2 2 4 h Solution: (a) The vector v3 is in Span{v1 , v2 } if the equation 1 2 1 3 6 x1 = 2 x2 2 4 h is consistent. We row reduce the augmented matrix: 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 6 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 4 h 0 0 h 2 0 0 0 1 0

Since this has a pivot in the last column no matter what h is, the corresponding system is inconsistent. That is, v3 is not in Span{v1 , v2 } for any value of h. (b) The vectors are linearly dependent if the matrix 1 2 1 3 6 2 2 4 h has a free variable. We row 1 1 2 1 3 6 2 0 0 2 4 h reduce: 2 1 0 1 0 h+2

We already see that there is a free variable, so the set {v1 , v2 , v3 } is linearly dependent for all values of h. Upon closer examination, it is clear that v2 = 2v1 , so of course the set is dependent.

(1.6) #21. Determine by inspection whether the vectors are linearly independent. 2 6 0 5 , 5 , 0 1 3 0 Solution: Linearly dependent, since one of the vectors is the zero vector.

(1.6) #23. Determine by inspection whether the vectors are linearly independent. 6 3 2 , 1 8 2 Solution: Linearly independent, since neither vector is a scalar multiple of the other. [2(2) = 4 = 8].

(1.6) #24. Determine by inspection whether the vectors are linearly independent. 3 , 1 9 , 1 6 , 7 3 4

Solution: Linearly dependent, since there are more vectors than entries in them, Theorem 8.

(1.6) #25. Construct 3 2 matrices A and B such that Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution and Bx = 0 has a nontrivial solution. Solution: For Ax = 0 to have only the trivial solution, A must have a pivot in every column. A simple way to accomplish that is 1 0 A = 0 1 0 0 For Bx = 0 to have a nontrivial solution, B must have a free variable (non-pivot column). A matrix with that feature is 1 0 B = 0 0 0 0

True/False (1.6) #31. If v1 , . . . , v4 are in R4 and v3 = 2v1 + v2 , then {v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 } is linearly dependent. Solution: True. One (nontrivial) dependence relation is 2 v1 + 1 v2 + (1) v3 + 0 v4 = 0. (1.6) #32. If v1 , . . . , v4 are in R4 and v3 = 0, then {v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 } is linearly dependent. Solution: True. This is Theorem 9.