Experiments in Fluids [Suppl.

] S194S201 Springer-Verlag 2000

Velocity measurements of liquid and gaseous phase for a system of bubbles rising in water
R. Lindken, W. Merzkirch

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Abstract An experimental procedure for performing simultaneous, phase-separated measurements in a bubbly, two-phase ow is described and demonstrated with the application to a system of bubbles rising in water. PIV measurements using a vertical laser light sheet are combined with the simultaneous recording of the bubbles' motion by means of a digital high-speed camera viewing the bubbles from above. This experimental approach is aimed at providing a means for characterizing the ``pseudo-turbulence'' induced by the bubbles in the liquid phase.

1 Introduction Bubble column reactors are designed to allow an intensive mass transfer between a gas and a liquid in which the gas rises in the form of swarms of bubbles. For the modeling and scaling of such an apparatus, detailed knowledge of the uid mechanical processes in the vicinity of the contact surfaces of the two phases is needed. Of particular interest is the turbulence eld induced by the bubbles rising in the liquid phase. In earlier attempts to model bubble column reactors, this turbulence was assumed to be isotropic, but since the results obtained when using this assumption were not satisfactory, it is evident that the turbulence characteristics are more complex. It must be expected that the ow eld considered includes turbulent processes of two different length scales. Small-scaled turbulence (small in comparison with a bubble diameter) governs the direct mass transfer between the two phases at the interfaces. Large-scale turbulence (the scale being comparable with a bubble diameter) is produced by the motion of the bubbles in the liquid, and it can inuence the motion of (other) bubbles; it is sometimes called ``pseudo-turbulence'' (Lance and Bataille 1991). As a consequence of the existence of pseudoturbulence in the liquid phase, the bubbles in a swarm rise at a speed different from that of a single bubble rising in biger ter and Ra stagnant water (for a review see, e.g., Schlu 1998). This phenomenon is attributed to the fact that a

R. Lindken (&), W. Merzkirch mungslehre, Universita t Essen, 45117 Essen r Stro Lehrstuhl fu Germany This research was supported by a grant from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG Az. Me 484/32). The authors are also grateful for the technical support by LaVision GmbH, ttingen, Germany. Go

bubble in a swarm can move in the wake of a preceding bubble, as demonstrated quantitatively for a single line of successively rising bubbles both theoretically (Harper 1997) and experimentally (Tassin and Nikitopoulos 1995). The situation in a swarm is more complex than for a single line of bubbles: bubbles can be sucked into the wake of preceding bubbles. This may cause a horizontal velocity component of the bubble which can follow a helical path (Tsuchiya et al. 1989). The velocity and turbulence elds in this two-phase ow can be surveyed using particle image velocimetry (PIV). In such studies, it is necessary to separate the information on the velocity of the two phases, gas and liquid, and to account for three-dimensional effects, particularly in view of the desired information on the pseudo-turbulence. Hassan et al. (1998) and Ortiz-Villafuerte et al. (1998) performed PIV measurements in combination with a forward-projection shadow method for determining 3D velocity values and the size of bubbles rising in water inside a vertical pipe. They also showed that, with this experimental arrangement, it is possible to determine Reynolds stresses which may serve for modeling the pseudo-turbulence of the liquid phase (Ortiz-Villafuerte et al. 1999; Tokuhiro et al. 1997, 1998). cker (1998) investigated the 3D velocity eld around Bru a system of rising bubbles by means of a PIV scanning technique. Lindken et al. (1999) have shown that the application of a digital mask technique for separating the PIV signals originating from the two phases (Gui and Merzkirch 1996a) allows for a high spatial resolution of the velocity measurements in water close to the interfaces, i.e., the bubble contours. These experiments did not provide information on the instantaneous 3D position of the bubbles, i.e., illumination in the form of a laser light sheet provided images of both the bubbles and the tracer particles with which the water was seeded. But if the aim is to analyze the pseudo-turbulence, it is desirable to know the exact position of a bubble, whose diameter is several times the thickness of the light sheet, relative (normal) to the plane of the sheet. In this paper, we describe and demonstrate an experimental set-up for performing both PIV measurements in the two phases and high-speed visualizations of the bubbles. Information on the instantaneous 3D coordinates of the rising bubbles, their 3D velocity, and the 2D velocity distribution in the liquid phase is thus provided. The results which can be obtained with the system described can be used for characterizing the turbulent ow in the liquid phase. This will be demonstrated

with the visualization and measurement of turbulent vortical structures which can also be predicted using direct numerical simulation (DNS) of this type of ow (Esmaeeli and Tryggvason 1999).

2 Experiment 2.1 Test rig The experiments are performed in a transparent cylindrical tank of 200 mm i.d. lled with deionized water. In order to minimize distortions in the optical measurements, the test tank is placed inside a water-lled rectangular tank with transparent plane walls. A bubble generator at the bottom of the tank allows the production of systems of bubbles with a high reproducibility regarding number and volume of the bubbles. Systems of multiples of seven gas bubbles (``swarms'') are produced with an apparatus consisting of seven individual bubble generators. The principle of the apparatus and the design of a single generator are shown in Fig. 1. The generators release dened portions of pressurized air by means of two magnetic valves. The two valves are arranged in series and at a short distance apart, so that a reproducible volume of air for generating a single bubble is available. A rough variation in the bubble size is achieved by changing the control of the valves up to an overlap of the opening times, and the ne control of the bubble size is accomplished by varying the upstream air pressure. To ensure a constant pressure during the experiments, the compressed air is stored in a 60 liter pressurized tank at an overpressure of 0.120.26 bar. The

separation of the air bubbles from the generators without collapsing is realized by ejecting the air through a nozzle with very small opening and high pressure drop into a capillary of larger diameter. The indicated variation in the air pressure allows bubbles to be produced with diameters in the range of 4.07.0 mm, and with a very small variation in size at a given pressure. The seven bubbles forming a swarm or system are nearly monodisperse and do not show satellite bubbles. Such a system of bubbles can be produced at any desired instant of time. S195

Fig. 1. Bubble swarm generator

2.2 PIV measurements PIV measurements serve to investigate the ow induced in the water (continuous phase) by the rising bubbles (dispersed phase). For this purpose, the water is seeded with tracer particles 12 lm in size (``Vestosint 1018'' of ls AG) that are neutrally buoyant in water. Although the Hu particle concentration with a nominal volume fraction of 10)5 is very low, the presence of the tracer particles may affect the properties of the air/water interfaces, as discussed in the literature (Clift et al. 1978; Ortiz-Villafuerte et al. 1999). Possible effects of this ``contamination'' of the water by the tracer material are: (a) hydrophobility of the tracers resulting in a tracer motion away from the bubble surface; (b) settling of the tracers on the bubble surface, thus making the bubble surface more rigid; (c) change of the bubbles' rise velocity in the contaminated water. We have investigated the inuence of this contamination on our measurement results, and in visualization studies we could not detect particles moving away from the bubbles, nor particles settling on the bubbles' surfaces. Systematic measurements of single bubbles' size and rise velocity for the two systems deionized water/clean air and deionized water seeded with tracer particles/clean air at 296 K were performed for bubble sizes in the range from 4.0 to 6.5 mm. The bubble rise velocities and the bubble sizes were obtained by means of multiple shadowgraphy measurements. The resulting distribution of the bubble rise velocities against the equivalent bubble diameter (Fig. 2) shows no dependency on whether the water was seeded or not. The rise velocities with and without added tracer material differ by no more than 1%, which is in the range of the reproducibility of the measurement. The measured rise velocities are up to 3% below the value for pure water as given by Clift et al. (1978), thus indicating that the contamination effect can be neglected for the range of bubble sizes and the tracer material used in our experiments. The light source in the PIV system (Fig. 3) is a doublepulsed frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser emitting at 532 nm. The particle image patterns are recorded with a CCD camera, either ``Flowmaster 2'' of LaVision (1000 1000 pixels at 30 Hz) or ``Flowmaster 3'' (1300 1000 pixels at 8 Hz), with both cameras in the double shutter mode. The cameras are equipped with a 532 nm optical lter with a band width of 3 nm in order to eliminate light from the light source used for the 3D scanning of the bubbles (see below). The viewing direction of the camera is normal to the plane of the light sheet. PIV

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recordings of the two-phase ow are taken with an interval of 1.5 ms between the two exposures. Depending on the instantaneous position and shape of a bubble, it is possible that the light sheet intersects with a bubble such that a considerable amount of laser light is directly reected from the bubble surface towards the camera. Then, a large portion of the eld of view can be affected by the strong laser radiation so that an evaluation of the PIV recording might become impossible. Situations where the signal quality is too low for quantitative evaluation due to unwanted laser light reection occur approximately every 20th or 30th recording of a PIV time series. Moderate disturbances due to light reection from the bubbles can be removed with the mask techniques described in Sect. 2.3.

The 3D position of the bubbles cannot be derived from the PIV measurements. In order to have this information additionally available, a second, independent illuminationand-recording system is used simultaneously. It consists of a 2.5-W cw Ar+ laser providing a light sheet orthogonal to the PIV (Nd:YAG laser) light sheet, and a digital highspeed camera (Phantom V3.0 from Vision Research with 512 512 pixels at 576 Hz) positioned above the tank. This way, a series of images of the bubbles when penetrating the Ar+ laser light sheet is captured. The recordings of the two cameras are synchronized by means of the light signal originating from the pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Both cameras are equipped with objectives providing a small depth of focus so that gas bubbles outside the eld of interest and illuminated by scattered light appear as blurred images.

Fig. 2. Comparison between measured and theoretical bubble rise velocity

2.3 PIV evaluation The digital PIV recordings are evaluated using the minimum quadratic difference (MQD) method (Gui and Merzkirch 1996b; Gui et al. 1998). Since the two phases, gas bubbles and water, move at different speeds, it is necessary to separate the signals from the two phases in the PIV recordings. The signicant difference in size of the gas bubbles and the tracer particles with which the water is seeded allows a digital mask technique to be applied (Gui and Merzkirch 1996a). The patterns of tracer particles and bubbles are recognized by image processing, and the ow velocity of the water and the rise velocity of the bubbles are determined separately and simultaneously. For distinguishing between the signals resulting from the different phases in a pair of PIV recordings, a digital mask D(i, j) is generated such that

Fig. 3. Experimental set-up for simultaneous PIV measurements (Nd:YAG laser with vertical light sheet and PIV-CCD camera) and 3D bubble visualization (argon ion laser with horizontal light sheet and digital high-speed camera)

D(i, j) 0 if pixel (i, j) belongs to phase A D(i, j) 1 if pixel (i, j) belongs to phase B. The denition of whether a pixel belongs to phase A or B is based on the size of the particle image, including the respective pixel. A size threshold is set separating A and B. The mask is combined with the MQD algorithm for determining the velocities of the two phases separately in two steps, with the step for the liquid phase requiring more intensive computation, but with the result that the water velocity can be measured accurately also in close proximity to the interfaces separating the two phases. This is in contrast to the use of uorescing tracer particles and is an alternative for separating the signals from the two phases (Gui et al. 1997).

Dt 1.5 ms; it is thus ensured that a high-speed frame showing the trace of the PIV light sheet, such as that in Fig. 4c, is always available. The images of the recorded bubbles taken with the highspeed camera are processed and binarized. From a time series of these recordings (Fig. 5) and the rise velocities as determined in the PIV measurements, a 3D picture of the system of bubbles, including an estimate of the bubbles' size and shape, can be reconstructed. The result is information on the instantaneous 3D bubble positions, threecomponent (3C) bubble motion, and the 2C velocity eld of the water ow, as presented in the following section. The experimental conditions in are summarized in Table 1.

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2.4 Reconstruction of the 3D bubble positions As mentioned in Sect. 2.2, the vertical movement of the bubbles through the horizontal Ar+ laser light sheet is observed and continuously recorded with a digital highspeed camera. In this projection, the bubbles are only visible when they are illuminated by this light sheet. This is illustrated in Fig. 4, which shows four frames selected from a time series recorded at a rate of 576 frames per second. In Fig. 4a, one bubble is just passing the horizontal light sheet, while in Fig. 4b a second bubble has entered the sheet. At the instant of time at which Fig. 4c was recorded, the vertical light sheet produced by the Nd:YAG laser was initiated for taking a PIV recording. The trace of this PIV light sheet is visible in Fig. 4c, and this allows the positions of the bubbles relative to the PIV light sheet to be accurately determined. The rst bubble has left the light sheet in Fig. 4d. One should note that the PIV single exposures are separated by a time interval

3 Results and discussion A specic, instantaneous ow situation is depicted in Fig. 6. The distribution of the water velocity is presented in the form of vectors in the vertical measurement plane, the PIV light sheet. In agreement with number values reported for comparable PIV measurements and systems, the inaccuracy of the 2D PIV velocities is estimated to be between 1 and 2%. The 3D positions of the ve bubbles in the measurement area are indicated by their projections onto the horizontal ground plane. These positions result from the bubble images visible in the PIV recording, as well as from the recordings taken with the high-speed camera in a downward (negative y) direction. Two bubbles intersect with the vertical PIV light sheet. The viewing direction of the PIV camera was in the z-direction. Therefore, the two bubbles in front of the PIV light sheet are blocking off the sight and cause the existence of the two white areas in the center of the measurement plane without information on the water velocity. Also, the bubble on the left-hand side, which intersects with the light sheet close to its edge, causes a smaller area without velocity signals. The instantaneous position, the volume and the approximate shape of the bubbles are derived both from the PIV images and from the high-speed recordings

Fig. 5. The space/time series of the bubble motion shown in Fig. 4. Each horizontal plane corresponds to a different instant of Fig. 4. Four selected frames from a time series recorded with the time of the series recorded with a frequency of 576 frames per digital high-speed camera after binarization of the bubble images. second. The y-scale indicates the respective separation in space. Illumination by horizontal light sheet. At the instant of Fig. 4c the The bubble contours are reconstructed from the 2D projections of this time series and the PIV data vertical PIV light sheet is initiated

Table 1. Experimental parameters General properties System Temperature Tank diameter Liquid height Liquid height of measurement position Average bubble diameter Distance between bubbles Local gas hold Reynolds number Weber number tvos number Eo Seeding Product Mean diameter Volume fraction PIV image recording Image size Object eld Time interval between pulses Optical lter Nd:YAG PIV laser Wavelength Power Pulse length Light sheet thickness High-speed camera Image size Object eld Frame rate Ar+ Visualization laser Wavelength Power Light sheet thickness PIV Interrogation Algorithm Phase separation Interrogation resolution (window) Interrogation increment Equivalent probe volume Deionized water/clean air 298 K 200 [mm] 750 [mm] 350 [mm] 5.5 [mm] 11.8 [diameters] 2.5 [%] 1,400 5.5 4.0 Vestosint 1018 (ltered) 12 [lm] 10)410)5 1008 984 [pixels] 30.9 30.2 [mm] 1.5 [ms] 532 1.5 [nm] 532 [nm] <50 [mJ] 8 [ns] 1 [mm] 512 512 [pixels] 63 63 [mm] 576 [Hz] 514.5 [nm] 2.5 [W] 0.3 [mm] Minimum quadratic difference Digital phase mask 29 29 [pixels2] 16 16 [pixels2] 0.9 0.9 1.0 [mm3]

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Fig. 6. Vector diagram of the 2D velocity distribution of the ow in the liquid phase as induced by the system of ve bubbles rising in water. The 3D velocity of the bubbles is indicated by an arrow in the interior of each bubble, while the 3D position of the bubbles is given by the respective projections onto the ground plate

taken during the time when a bubble moves through the horizontal light sheet in an upward direction. A bubble changes its shape during its motion due to the interaction with the pseudo-turbulent liquid phase in which it moves, and the instantaneous shape has an effect on the production of the (pseudo-)turbulence. From the two projections in horizontal and vertical directions, the volume of a bubble is determined with an accuracy of not better than 10%, because the image of the bubble contour is blurred to some extent. A value of the bubble volume is needed for calculating a Reynolds number that includes the bubble's ``eqivalent'' diameter as the characteristic length. The position of the center of gravity of a bubble can be measured at a precision better than 5% in terms of the relative error. The availability of a multiple of successive images taken with the digital high-speed camera is helpful and serves to identify the individual bubbles of the swarm visible in a PIV recording. The observable bubble

shapes were never strictly ellipsoidal or spherical as often assumed in the analysis of bubble motion. The 3D velocity of the bubbles, as indicated by an arrow at the center of each bubble, results from the PIV measurement and from the measurement made with the highspeed camera. The velocity component in the x-direction is available from both measurements, and a comparison of these two measurement results can serve as a check for the accuracy of this experimental result, which is estimated to be accurate to within 8%. The indicated velocity includes contributions from the bubble motion in the liquid phase and from surface deformations due to the change in bubble form. The vector plot for the water velocity clearly shows a wake produced by the bubble in the middle of the light sheet plane. This oblique wake structure and the measured bubble velocity suggest that the bubble is not rising vertically but follows a helical path. This supports the earlier observations that bubbles in a swarm can be entrained into the wakes of other bubbles, but it may be anticipated also that different wakes interact with each other like multiple parallel jets do. Finally, it is interesting to note that three bubbles rise at a velocity of approximately 20 cm/s, whereas the lower bubble in front of the light sheet has a rise velocity of 31 cm/s. This must be explained by this bubble moving in the wake of the bubble seen above it and slightly displaced to the right.

It can be seen in Fig. 6 that several vortices separate from the wake. In order to quantify this process of vortex formation, we have determined the distributions of the swirling strength as dened by Adrian et al. (2000) and vorticity. The areas covered in these gures comprise only the wake ow visible in Fig. 6; see also the x and y coordinate values that correspond to those given in Fig. 6. While the vorticitiy contours (Fig. 7) indicate not only vortices but also regimes with high shear, the information obtained from the swirling strength (Fig. 8) is restricted to the appearance of vortices with closed streamlines. In Fig. 8, it is evident that such vortices, marked here as I to III, separate from the wake and then move as free vortices in the liquid phase. In addition, spots showing high values of the swirling strength appear, in Fig. 8 designated as IV

to VI, without a visible vortex-like pattern of the velocity vectors. It is known (Adrian et al. 2000) that these ``hidden'' vortices become apparent by applying a Galilei transformation to the vector eld with the negative value of the velocity measured in the center of the spots of high swirling strength, i.e., by setting the velocity of this center to zero. The result of this Galilei transformation when applied to the six areas of high swirling strength, designated as I to VI, is shown in Fig. 9. In contrast to Fig. 8, the vortical structure of the areas IV to VI is now evident. Also given in Fig. 9 are the components of the convection velocities Ucon, Vcon, with which the (centers of the ) structures move in the frame of Fig. 8. A signicant difference in the V-components of the structures I to III and IV to VI is apparent. Two pairs of counterrotating vortices, I and IV, II and V, can be identied, with the two vortices forming a pair laying on different sides of the ``axis'' of the wake. It might be possible that these pairs are the cross-sectional cuts of vortex rings surrounding the wake, but for a better estimate it would be necessary to have a 3D picture. It is not likely that the structures III and VI form such a pair; III appears to be separated from the wake, and it could also be the residual of a preceding wake phenomenon.

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Fig. 7. Vorticity and velocity distribution in the wake region shown in Fig. 6

Fig. 8. Square of the swirling strength and velocity distribution in the wake region shown in Fig. 6

4 Summary and conclusion We have described an experimental set-up for the quantitative analysis of a bubbly two-phase ow. The three components of the 3D velocity eld of air bubbles can be measured simultaneously with the 2D2C velocity distribution of the liquid phase. The two velocity components in water are measured in the plane of a light sheet. The performance of the experimental set-up is demonstrated with the reported investigation of a system of bubbles rising in water. The aim of future measurements is to characterize the turbulent ow induced by the bubbles in the liquid phase, i.e., the ``pseudo-turbulence'' which is governed by length scales comparable to the bubble diameters and visible in form of the free vortices in Fig. 8. This approach needs, in principle, 3D information that is not available with our present system, which could be supplemented, however, by a stereo PIV set-up. It is intended that the experimental turbulence characteristics can be employed as input data for numerical analysis of the ow in bubble column reactors. For this purpose, two ways of using the experimental data are possible, depending on the kind of numerical approach: for developing an algebraic turbulence model statistical quantities, e.g., Reynolds stresses, are required. This will make it necessary to perform series of experiments like those for which results are shown in Fig. 6; experiments with the light sheet at various positions and also normal to the present sheet should then be performed. If the numerical approach is a direct numerical simulation, as described by Esmaeeli and Tryggvason (1999), a direct comparison of the computed and measured results, including vortical structures, would be desirable for checking the quality of the computation. The reported DNS results apply, at this time, only to moderate Reynolds numbers, which are still more than an order of

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Fig. 9. Galilei transformation applied to the areas of high swirling strength designated as I to VI in Fig. 8

magnitude below the values applying to the ow in a bubble reactor, and used in the present experiments.

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