Unit 2: Organic Molecules & Enzymes

Name:________________________

Unit Vocabulary: Choose at least 5 words to add to your glossary. Words with an asterisk (*) are required.

Carbohydrates Glucose Starch Cellulose Glycogen Protein

Amino acid Hemoglobin Lipids Fatty acids & glycerol Nucleic acids Nucleotide

Enzyme Substrate Active site Denature Catalyst

Unit 2 Key Take-Aways: There are 4 main organic molecules needed by all living organisms! Each molecule is made of smaller subunits (building blocks) and has a specific function. Enzymes are proteins with a specific shape that act as catalysts to speed up reactions, again & again. Enzymes can be denatured by temperature and pH.

Mastery Quiz #1: 9/11 Mastery Quiz #2: 9/13

Unit 2 Test: 9/17

Organic Chemistry
What is a molecule?!
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass All matter is made up of one or more ELEMENTS. Elements are found in nature as solids, liquids, or gases. Scientists have organized natural Elements into a periodic table. Elements can take on different properties when they are bonded together with other elements to form a MOLECULE.

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Using the periodic table (very last page of textbook), identify how many of each element are bonded to make the below molecules: O2: __________________________________________ (oxygen you breathe in) C9H8O4: _______________________________________ (Aspirin you take for pain) C8H10N4O2: _________________________________________________ (caffeine in your soda )

For example: CO2 = 1 carbon + 2 oxygen

NaCl (table salt) = 1 Sodium + 1 Chlorine H2O2 = 2 Hydrogen + 2 Oxygen

(hydrogen peroxide fizzes when cleaning cuts)

Molecules can be considered Inorganic or

Organic.
Inorganic molecules: NO carbon bonded to hydrogen. Organic molecules: carbon bonded to hydrogen. For Example:

Are the molecules below as organic or inorganic: Methane (CH4): _________________________________ Water (H2O): ____________________________________ Salt (NaCl): _____________________________________ Vitamin B (C63H88CoN14O14P): _____________________ Carbon dioxide (CO2): ___________________________

HH HC H

O3 (ozone) = Inorganic C6H12O6 (table sugar) = Organic

SOLVENTS, SOLUTES, & SOLUTIONS:

Place these words on the lines below the diagrams

Water

Salt

Salt Water

________________________ A liquid, solid, or gas that dissolves another liquid, solid, or gas

___________________________ Substance being dissolved in a solvent

___________________________ Solvent + the Solute mixed

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pH Scale
Solutions in which water is the Solvent can either be Acidic, Basic, or neutral depending on how many hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH) are present. All organisms need to maintain homeostasis with regards to their pH in order to remain living. Procedure: 1. Make a prediction about each item: will it be acidic, basic, or neutral? 2. Measure the pH using pH paper 3. Record your findings in the table, then transfer them to the pH scale below Item Milk Laundry Detergent Vinegar Tap Water Acid Rain Diet Coke Lemon Juice Stomach Acid Prediction (acid or base!?) Measured pH

4. Draw and label a line on the pH scale below to show where each item fell on the scale!

neutral

(water)

0 1 Strong

6 Weak

8 Weak

10

11

12

13

14 Strong

Acid

Basic
Alkaline

Organic Molecules
Polymer Simple Sugars Atoms
C, H, O in a __:__:__ ratio

The Big 4

Organic Molecules: Contain ___________-_____________ bonds and make up

______________ things glucose (C6H12O6), fats, protein, DNA

Inorganic Molecules: DO NOT contain carbon-hydrogen bonds and make up

_______________________ things H2O, O2, CO2

Function

Subunits (monomer)

Test

Picture

Important

Starch

C, H, O

______________, ______________ energy, insulation 1. Build & repair __________ tissue 2. Fight diseases (______________) 3. Send messages (______________) 4. Control reactions (______________) 5. Maintain homeostasis = regulate the body 1. Control ___________ information 2. Make __________ to make traits

Lipids (fats)

______________ & Glycerol

______________ ______________ ______________ test

C, H, O, & __ (Nitrogen)

Proteins

______________ test

_________ matters!

Nucleic acids

C, H, O, N, & __ (Phosphorus)

______________ Found in ALL living things!

Found in the _________ Examples:

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Carbohydrates
Starch vs. Simple Sugar

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There are two main categories of carbohydrates: simple sugars and starches. Glucose is an example of a simple sugar. Starch is made from a chain of these glucose subunits.

Simple Sugar

Starch

Draw a simple sugar (monosaccharide)

Draw a starch (polysaccharide)

Carbohydrate vs. Lipid

Put the following words in the correct box: either Carb or Lipid! Benedicts Test Carb Monosaccharide Glycerol Quick energy Long term energy Cellulose Glucose Brown Paper Bag Test Iodine Test Polysaccharide Starch

Lipid

What should I eat?

Carbohydrates and lipids store energy for different functions. Choose between simple sugars, starch, or lipids and tell me what I should I eat if . . . 1. I want to swim 50 miles: 2. I want to run the 100 meter dash: 3. I want to prepare to live on a deserted island with little to no food:

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Nucleic Acids
Draw a nucleotide.

Nucleotides are the building blocks (monomers) for organic molecules called _____________ ____________. Label your nucleotide using the following words: phosphate group, nitrogenous base, deoxyribose.

Protein
Draw a protein.
Proteins are made up of ___________ ___________ (the subunits, building blocks) Label your protein using the following words: amino acid, peptide bond, polypeptide.

Famous examples of proteins.

Using the textbook or online research, answer the following about insulin, glucagon and hemoglobin three vitally important proteins found in the human body.

Insulin & Glucagon

Insulin will ____________ sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen or fat. Glucagon will __________ ___________ glycogen and __________________ back into the blood. What disorder is caused by problems with or a lack of insulin?

Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is a protein in ________ blood cells that carries _________________ throughout the body. Sickle Cell Disease is characterized by the ________ and _________________ shape of the red blood cells because of an error in the hemoglobin protein.

Which Organic Molecule?!

Sort the following words as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids in the chart below: Iodine Benedicts Carbohydrates Lipids No test Fatty acids Nucleotide Sugars and starch Amino acids Control genes Brown paper bag Starch Glucose Enzymes Stored energy Proteins Nucleic Acids Controls body functions Quick energy Biurets Long term energy Hormones Glycerol Nitrogen Phosphorus

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Organic Molecules Foldable

You will create a foldable with 4 doors to organize all of the information about the four organic molecules. Ms. Phillips will demonstrate how to create the foldable but you are responsible for filling it with as much information, pictures, diagrams, and magazine cutouts about each of the four organic molecules as you can. Be creative!

Your foldable will be page U2-20 in your notebook.

Organic Molecules Testing Lab

Background: The foods you eat are made of organic compounds. You can perform chemical tests
to learn what foods contain carbohydrates, lipids, and/or proteins.

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Name: ______________________________

Directions: You will move to 3 different stations during the block. You must visit all 3 stations and
complete all tests to receive the full credit. You will complete the chart on page 8 to organize your results. At each station you will test a mystery solution for the presence of proteins, starch, sugar or lipids.

Station 1:
Benedicts Solution- a test for simple sugars. Sugars will cause the Benedicts to turn anywhere from
green to orange to red. 1. Check the box that would produce a positive Benedicts test result: Simple sugar Starch Protein Lipid Nucleic acid 2. Add 2mL of your mystery solutions to 3 separate test tubes. 3. To each test tube, add 5-7 drops of Benedict's Solution. If needed, mix gently. 4. Carefully heat the test tubes by suspending in a hot water bath for 5 minutes. 5. After 5 minutes, note any color change. If sugar is present solution will turn green, yellow, orange, or brick-red, depending on sugar concentration.

Station 2:
Iodine Solution- a test for starch. Starches will cause the iodine to turn blue/black.
1. Check the box that would produce a positive Iodine test result: Simple sugar Starch Protein Lipid Nucleic acid 2. Add 2mL of your mystery solutions to 3 separate test tubes. 3. To the test tubes that contains the mystery mixture, add 5-10 drops of the iodine solution. 4. Shake the test tube very gently. 5. Note any color change. Starch will turn a dark green, purple or black color.

Station 3:
transparent. 1. 2. Observe the water and lipid stains on the brown paper bag. What is the difference between the two spots??

Brown Paper Bag Test- a test for lipids. Lipids will cause the brown paper bag to become slightly

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Station 4:
Biurets Reagent- a test for proteins. Proteins will cause the Biurets to turn pink or purple.
1. Check the box that would produce a positive Biurets test result: Simple sugar Starch Protein Lipid Nucleic acid 2. Add 2mL of your mystery solutions to 3 separate test tubes. 3. To the test tubes with the sample foods, add 5-9 drops of Biurets Reagent solution. Shake gently. 4. Note any color change. If proteins are present, the solution will turn pink or purple.

Results: Briefly describe what you see at each station:

Benedicts Solution Mystery Iodine Will turn blue/black if starch is present Brown Paper Bag Will turn slightly transparent if lipids are present Biurets Reagent Will turn pink or purple if proteins present

Solution

Will turn anywhere from green to red if sugar is present

A
simple sugar present? ___ starch present? ___ proteins present? ___

B
simple sugar present? ___ starch present? ___ proteins present? ___

C
simple sugar present? ___ starch present? ___ proteins present? ___

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Analysis Questions:

1. Which mystery solutions contain starches? How can you tell?

2. Which mystery solutions contain simple sugars? How can you tell?

3. Which mystery solutions contain proteins? How can you tell?

4. Which mystery solutions contain nucleic acids? How can you tell?

5. What 2 elements do carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids have in common? Why?!

6. If you are trying to build muscle, which of the materials tested should you eat a lot of?

7. If you are trying to lose weight, which of the materials tested should you reduce in your diet?

8. Which of the materials contain genetic information? Explain.

9. Write a brief conclusion summarizing your findings from this lab activity as well as your thought processes:

Chemical Reactions
In science we use specific vocabulary for chemical reactions:

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______________ ____________

2 Types of Chemical Reactions: Synthesis

________________________

Digestion (decomposition):
________________________

Draw an example using glucose and starch.

Draw an example using glucose and starch.

Enzymes
Enzymes help increase the ______ of reaction (the speed of the reaction)
Define Substrate: Active Site: Enzyme:

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Enzymes

Enzymes are _____________________: They are made of amino acids. Enzymes are _____________________: Shape matters!! A. Draw your enzyme.

B. Draw your substrate(s).

C. Draw your product(s).

D. Find another group. Can your groups enzyme work with the other groups substrate? Why or why not?

They work with only 1 substrate If you __________________ an enzyme by changing the _______________ or ____, you change its shape and it no longer works!

3. 4. 5.

Enzymes are ___________________: They speed up reactions. Enzymes are ___________________: They can be used again and again! Enzymes help with _________________ & _________________!!! Break down Proteins into __________________ Break down Carbohydrates into _____________ Break down Nucleic Acids into ______________ Break down Lipids into ____________________

Label the following: Enzyme Substrate Product Enzyme-substrate complex Reactants

Station 1: Enzymes and Temperature

Procedure: 1. Label three depressions A, B, C 2. Place SIX drops of iced yeast solution in depression A. 3. Place SIX drops of room temperature solution in depression B. 4. Place SIX drops of boiled yeast solution in depression C. 5. Now quickly place about 3 drops of H2O2 in each depression. 6. Carefully observe each depression. 7. Record the reaction time and bubble rating for each. 8. If the reaction lasts longer than 1 minute, write >1. Data Table 1 Depression A. iced Complete Time for reaction Bubble Rating (0-10) Data Table 2

Station 2: Enzymes and pH

Procedure: 1. Label three depressions A, B, C 2. Place FOUR drops of yeast solution in depression A, B, C. 3. Place TWO drops of vinegar (acid) in depression A. 4. Place TWO drops of water in depression B. 5. Place TWO drops of baking soda water (base) in depression C. 6. Now quickly place about 3 drops of H2O2 in each depression. 7. Carefully observe each depression. 8. Record the reaction time and bubble rating for each. 9. If the reaction lasts longer than 1 minute, write >1.

Depression A. acid

Complete Time for reaction

Bubble Rating (0-10)

B. room temp. B. neutral C. boiled C. base Bar Graph 1: Graph the Bubble Rating for each solution Bar Graph 2: Graph the Bubble Rating for each solution

10 9 8
Enzyme Activity

10 9 8
Enzyme Activity

7 6 5 4 3 2 1
iced room Temperature boiled

7 6 5 4 3 2 1
acid neutral pH base

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Station 3: Enzymes are Specific

Procedure: 1. Label two depressions A, B. 2. Place SIX drops of yeast solution in depression A. 3. Place SIX drops of Lactase solution in depression B. 4. Now quickly place 3 drops of H2O2 in each depression. 5. Record the reaction time and bubble rating for each. 6. If the reaction lasts longer than 1 minute, write >1.

Station 4: Enzymes are Reusable

Procedure: 1. Place a small piece of liver into a test tube. 2. Place EIGHT drops of H2O2 onto the liver. 3. Record reaction time and bubble rating. 4. Drain water from tube if needed. 5. Repeat steps 2-5 for Trial 2. 6. Repeat steps 2-5 for Trial 3.

Use the same piece of liver!!!

*NOTE: The liquid that drains off is H2O. The enzyme in the liver broke the H2O2 (the substrate) into H2O and oxygen (the products). Data Table 4

Data Table 3 Depression A. catalase Complete Time for reaction Bubble Rating (0-10)

Depression A. 1st trial B. 2nd trial

Complete Time for reaction

Bubble Rating (0-10)

B. lactase C. 3rd trial Bar Graph 3: Graph the Bubble Rating for each solution Bar Graph 4: Graph the Bubble Rating for each solution

10 9 8
Enzyme Activity

10 9 8
Enzyme Activity catalase lactase

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1st trial 2nd trial Trial 3rd trial

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Enzyme

Enzyme Lab Conclusion Questions H2O2 H2O + O2

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You tested the enzyme catalase. This enzyme is found in yeast cells and many other cells (including liver). The chemical reaction that it speeds up is as follows:

Directions: Write your answers IN COMPLETE SENTENCES. 1. What is the relationship between temperature and enzyme activity? Use evidence from your experiments to support your statement.

2. What happens to enzyme molecules in extreme temperatures? Use evidence from your experiment.

3. What might happen to a human being if a fever gets too high? (Hint: there are enzymes (proteins) in our bodies).

4. What is the relationship between pH and enzyme activity? Use evidence from your experiments to support your statement.

5. Stomach enzymes work best at a pH of 2. In other words, this is their optimal pH. How might a pH of 10 in the stomach affect digestion?

6. Which substance is reusable: the substrate (H2O2) or the enzyme (catalase) in the liver? Use evidence from Station 4 to support your statement.

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7. What does the phrase lock and key mean when talking about enzymes? Which station (1, 2, 3, or 4), demonstrated the lock and key characteristic of enzymes?

8. What type of organic molecule is an enzyme? What are its building blocks (subunits, monomers)?

9. What are ways an enzyme can be denatured? If an enzyme is denatured, why will it not work anymore?

10 . At station 3, which solution had a higher bubble rating (yeast or lactase)? Why didnt the enzyme lactase break down the H2O2?

11. What is the optimal (best) temperature for enzyme A? Enzyme B?

Yum! Cookie Dissection!

Materials:
Cookie Paper Towel Toothpick

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Question to investigate: What organic compounds are found in a chocolate chip cookie? Organic
compounds contain which element? _______________

Pre-Lab Questions:
1. Which organic molecules do you expect to find in your chocolate chip cookie? List them below:

2.

Complete the following table: Organic Molecule 1 Organic Molecule 2 Organic Molecule 3 Organic Molecule 4

Picture

Which molecule? Function?

Procedure:
3. Place cookie on a paper towel. 4. Remove chocolate chips from cookie with the toothpick and place to side. # of chocolate chips _______ 5. Complete the chart below about the ingredients in chocolate chips: Ingredients of chocolate chips Sugar Chocolate Cocoa Butter Milk Fat 6. Complete the chart below about the ingredients in the cookie dough: Ingredients of cookie dough Wheat Flour Eggs Sugar Corn Syrup Butter Milk Made of which organic molecule? Made of which organic molecule?

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7. Remove the cookie from the paper towel. What do you notice on the paper towel? What organic molecule left behind this residue? __________________________________ 8. Nucleic acids are found in the ______________ of cells. Cells are the smallest unit of living things. Which cookie ingredients were once living things and therefore contained nucleic acids?

Conclusion:
9. The following organic compounds are found within a cookie:

10. Look at the nutritional label: a. Fat is another name for which organic compound? b. Cholesterol is which organic compound? c. Which organic compound is most abundant in the cookie? (Look at grams)

Now enjoy your dissected cookie while you answer these review questions! REVIEW: 1. List the 8 STERNGRR characteristics of life below:

a. When you eat the cookie, your teeth break down the cookie into smaller pieces and your saliva contains _____________________ to chemically break apart starch through a degradation reaction. b. What STERNGRR characteristic describes how living things get fuel into their body?

c. Chocolate comes from the cocoa tree. Sugar comes from sugar cane plants. These trees and plants removed atmospheric CO2 gas and turned it into the chocolate and sugar of your cookie along with oxygen. What STERNGRR characteristic describes how these plants built the chocolate and sugar molecules?

d. Once your body has gathered all of the nutrients found in your cookie, it must discard of the waste that it will not use. What STERNGRR characteristic describes how you will get rid of wastes?

Unit 2 Study Guide

Enzyme Practice
Answer the following questions using the graph to the right. 1. At which pH levels, will enzyme X denature? ___________ 2. What is the optimum pH of enzyme X? ___________ 3. At which pH levels will enzyme Y denature? _____________ 4. What is the optimum pH of enzyme Y? _____________ 5. Does enzyme X work best under acidic or basic conditions? 6. Does enzyme Y work best under acidic or basic conditions?

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7. True or False: Enzymes are proteins. 8. What three letters do enzymes often end with? 9. What does is mean for enzymes to be specific? 10. What does it mean for enzymes to be reusable? 11. Explain what happens to an enzyme if its environment becomes too hot.

Enzymes
Sucrase Fructase Galactase Lactase

Sugars
Sucrose Fructose Galactose Lactose

Matching.
Pair the word with the correct definition ______ 1. Organic A. Used for stored energy and cell membranes; made of fatty acids ______ 2. Inorganic B. A type of protein that regulates the amount of sugar in the blood ______ 3. Carbohydrate C. A word meaning best or ideal ______ 4. Lipids D. The type of starch found in plants ______ 5. Protein E. Contains one or no carbon atoms; compose non-living things ______ 6. Nucleic Acids F. When an enzyme no longer works because its shape is wrong ______ 7. Amino acid G. A type of protein that transports oxygen in the blood ______ 8. Cellulose H. Contains multiple carbon molecules; compose living things ______ 10. Enzyme J. The building blocks of proteins ______ 11. Substrate K. Used for quick energy; made of sugars and starches ______ 12. Optimum L. Used for nearly all functions in the body; made of amino acids ______ 13. Insulin M. A molecule that speeds up reactions ______ 14. Hemoglobin N. A biological catalyst that is a protein; shape matters! ______ 15. Denatured O. Store genetic information; made of nucleotides ______ 16. Catalyst P. Also called a reactant; binds with an enzyme in reactions What color change would we expect with a positive result for the following tests? Benedicts: Biurets: Iodine: Brown paper bag:

The Tests: Match the tests with the organic molecules they identify! ______ Benedicts Solution A. Nucleic Acids ______ Biurets Reagent B. Proteins ______ Iodine Solution C. Sugars ______ Brown paper bag test D. Starches ______ No test- in all living organisms E. Lipids

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Enzyme Graphs

Enzyme Efficiency Temperature (a)

Temperature (b)

Acid (c)

Base

Acid (d)

Base

A) B) C) D)

Graph (a) shows that this enzyme will work best at what type of temperatures? Graph (b) shows that this enzyme will work best at what type of temperatures? Graph (c) shows that this enzyme will work best at what type of pH? Graph (d) shows that this enzyme will work best at what type of pH?

Organic Molecules

*Be able to identify pictures of all 4 organic molecules*

Label the 3 parts of the nucleotide below: 1. Nitrogenous base 2. Sugar (glucose) 3. Phosphate group

1. What is the characteristic of an organic molecule? 2. Is carbon dioxide (CO2) an organic molecule? Why or why not?
The __________ gets dissolved in the ____________ to make a _____________. Ex. Chocolate is the solute because it is dissolved in regular milk (solvent) to make a solution of chocolate milk