ASEN 3112 - Structures

5
Stress-Strain Material Laws

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 1

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Strains and Stresses are Connected by Material Properties of the Body (Structure)
Recall the connections displayed in previous lecture: MP internal forces stresses strains displacements size&shape changes

MP displacements strains stresses internal forces The linkage between stresses and strains is done through material properties, as shown by symbol MP over red arrow Those are mathematically expressed as constitutive equations

Historically the first C.E. was Hooke's elasticity law, stated in 1660 as "ut tensio sic vis" Since then recast in terms of stresses and strains, which are more modern concepts.

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 2

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Assumptions Used In This Course As Regards Material Properties & Constitutive Equations
Macromodel material is modeled as a continuum body; finer scale levels (crystals, molecules, atoms) are ignored stress-strain response is reversible and has a preferred natural state, which is unstressed & undeformed relationship beteen strains and stresses is linear properties of material are independent of direction deformations are so small that changes of geometry are neglected as loads (or temperature changes) are applied

Elasticity

Linearity Isotropy Small strains

For additional explanations see Lecture notes.

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 3

ASEN 3112 - Structures

The Tension Test Revisited: Response Regions for Mild Steel

Nominal stress = P/A 0
Strain hardening Yield Elastic limit Linear elastic behavior (Hooke's law is valid over this response region) Undeformed state Max nominal stress Localization Nominal failure stress

Mild Steel Tension Test

L0

gage length

Nominal strain = L /L0

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 4

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Other Tension Test Response Flavors

Brittle (glass, ceramics, concrete in tension)

Moderately ductile (Al alloy)

Nonlinear from start (rubber, polymers)

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 5

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Tension Test Responses of Different Steel Grades

Nominal stress = P/A0 Tool steel

Note similar elastic modulus

High strength steel

Mild steel (highly ductile) Conspicuous yield Nominal strain = L /L 0

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 6

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Material Properties For A Linearly Elastic Isotropic Body

E G Elastic modulus, a.k.a. Young's modulus Physical dimension: stress=force/area (e.g. ksi) Poisson's ratio Physical dimension: dimensionless (just a number) Shear modulus, a.k.a. modulus of rigidity Physical dimension: stress=force/area (e.g. MPa) Coefficient of thermal expansion Physical dimension: 1/degree (e.g., 1/ C)

E, and G are not independent. They are linked by E = 2G (1+), G = E/(2(1+)), = E /(2G)1

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 7

ASEN 3112 - Structures

State of Stress and Strain In Tension Test

(a)
P
Cross section (often circular) of area A

gaged length

xx = P/A (uniform over cross section)

(b)
P
Stress state

y z

x Cartesian axes

xx
0 0

0 0 at all points in the gaged region

0 0 0

0 0 0

Strain state

xx

0 0

yy

0 0

zz

For isotropic material, yy = zz

is called the lateral strain

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 8

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Defining Elastic Modulus and Poisson's Ratio

Isotropic material properties E and are obtained from the linear elastic response region of the uniaxial tension test (last slide). For simplicity call = xx = axial stress, = xx = axial strain, yy = zz = lateral strain

The elastic modulus E is defined as the ratio of axial stress to axial strain: E =
def

whence = E , =

Poisson's ratio is defined as the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain: =

def

lateral strain axial strain

lateral strain axial strain

The sign in the definition of is introduced so that it comes out positive. For structural materials n lies in the range [0,1/2). For most metals (and their alloys) is in the range 0.25 to 0.35. For concrete and ceramics, 0.10. For cork 0. For rubber 0.5 to 3 places. A material for which = 0.5 is called incompressible. If is very close to 0.5, it is called nearly incompressible.

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 9

ASEN 3112 - Structures

State of Stress and Strain In Torsion Test

(a) T
Circular cross section

T
gaged length For distribution of shear stresses and strains over the cross section, cf. Lecture 7 y z x Cartesian axes

(b) T
xy
0 0

0 0 0 0 at all points in the gaged region. Both the shear stress yx = xy as well as the shear strain xy = yx vary linearly as per distance from the cross section center (Lecture 7). They attain maximum values on the max specimen surface. For simplicity, call those values = max xy and = xy

Stress state

yx

0 0 0

Strain state

yx

xy

0 0 0

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 10

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Defining Shear Modulus Of An Isotropic Linearly Elastic Material

Isotropic material property G (the shear modulus, also called modulus of rigidity) is obtained from the linear elastic response region of the torsion test of a circular cross section specimen (last slide). For simplicity call
max = xy = max shear stress on specimen surface over gauged region max = xy = max shear strain on specimen surface over gauged region

The shear modulus G is defined as the ratio of the foregoing shear stress and strain: G =
def

whence = G , =

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 11

ASEN 3112 - Structures

Defining The Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Of An Isotropic Material

Take a standard uniaxial test specimen:

x
gaged length At the reference temperature T0 (usually the room temperature) the gaged length is L 0 . Heat the unloaded specimen by T while allowing it to expand freely in all directions. The gaged length changes to L = L 0 + L. The coefficient of thermal expansion is defined as =
def

L L0 T

whence L = L 0 T

T The ratio T = xx = L /L 0 = T is called the thermal strain in the axial (x) direction. For an isotropic material, the material expands equally in T T all directions: xx = T yy = zz , whereas the thermal shear strains are zero.

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 12

ASEN 3112 - Structures

1D Hooke's Law Including Thermal Effects

Stress To Strain:

+ T = M + T E

expresses that total strain = mechanical strain + thermal strain: the strain superposition principle Strain To Stress:

= E ( T )
A problem in Recitation 3 uses this form

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 13

ASEN 3112 - Structures

3D Generalized Hooke's Law (1)

Stresses To Strains (Omitting Thermal Effects)

1 E xx E yy zz E = x y 0 yz 0
zx

E 1 E E 0 0 0

E E 1 E 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 G 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 G 0

0 0 0 0 0 1 G

x x yy zz x y yz zx

For derivation using the strain superposition principle, as well as inclusion of thermal effects, see Lecture notes

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 14

ASEN 3112 - Structures

3D Generalized Hooke's Law (2)

Strains To Stresses (Omitting Thermal Effects)

x x E (1 ) yy E zz E = 0 x y 0 yz 0 zx
in which

E (1 ) E E 0 0 0 = E

E E (1 ) E 0 0 0

0 0 0 G 0 0

0 0 0 0 G 0

0 xx 0 yy 0 zz 0 x y 0 yz G zx

E (1 2 )(1 + )

This is derived by inverting the matrix of previous slide. For the inclusion of thermal effects, see Lecture notes

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 15

ASEN 3112 - Structures

2D Plane Stress Specialization

Stresses
x x yx 0 x y yy 0 0 0 0

Strains
yx 0
xx

x y
yy

0 0
zz

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 16

ASEN 3112 - Structures

2D Plane Stress Generalized Hooke's Law

Strains To Stresses (Omitting Thermal Effects)

1 E xx yy E = zz E x y 0

E 1 E E 0

x x 0 yy 0 xy 1 G 0 0 G

Stresses To Strains (Omitting Thermal Effects)

x x yy x y
in which

E E 0 = E

E E 0 E 1 2

xx

x y

yy

Used in Exercise 3.1 of Homework #3

ASEN 3112 Lecture 5 Slide 17