Nutrition Answer

1.
(a)
Label A to F
A-mouth, B-oesophagus, C-stomach, D-pancreas, E-small intestine, F-large intestine (b) Part A mouth C stomach Enzyme Salivary amylase Digestive process Starch + water maltose
Pepsin Rennin
Protein + water polypeptides Rennin coagulates milk by converting the soluble milk protein, caseinogens, into the insoluble casein.
E Small intestine
Pancreatic juice: Pancreatic amylase Trypsin Lipase Intestinal juice: Erepsin Maltase Sucrase Lactase
Starch + water maltose Polypeptides + water peptides Lipid droplets + water glycerol +fatty acids
Peptides + water amino acids Maltose + waterglucose Sucrose + waterglucose + fructose Lactose + waterglucose + galactose
2.
Figure below shows the digestion of cellulose by a ruminant such as a cow.
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Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum Abomasum
(a)
Label the following parts Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum
(b)
Complete the table below: Part Rumen Processes involved Cellulose is broken down by the cellulose produced by bacteria. Part of the breakdown products are absorbed by the bacteria, the rest by the cow. Cellulose undergoes further hydrolysis. The cud is regurgitated into the mouth to be chewed making the cellulose softer and easier to be broken down. Food is broken down into smaller pieces by peristalsis. Water is removed from the cud. Gastric juice containing digestive enzymes completes the digestion of proteins and other food substances.
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum
3.
What is meant by assimilation? A process whereby nutrients are used to form complex compounds or structural components in the cells.
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4.
Using the above figure, describe how body cells use glucose, amino acids and lipids. Most of the glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver. When the blood sugar level falls and the body needs energy, the stored glycogen is converted back to glucose. When the glucose molecules reach the cells, they are oxidized to release energy during cellular respiration. When the glycogen stored in the liver is full, excess glucose is converted into lipids by the liver. Amino acids which enter the cells are used for the synthesis of new protoplasm and the repair of damaged tissues. They are also important building blocks in the synthesis of enzymes and hormones. Excess amino acids cannot be stored in the body and are broken down in the liver by a process called deamination. Lipids such as fats represent the major energy store of the body. Excess lipids are stored in the adipose tissue. Phospholipids and cholesterol are major components of plasma membranes.
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5.
Identifying the macronutrients, the functions and effects of deficiency.
Macronutrient Phosphorus
Functions Synthesis of nucleic acids, adenosine triphosphates (ATP) and phospholipids of plasma membranes.
Effects of deficiency Poor root growth and formation of dull, dark green leaves. Red or purple spots on old leaves.
Potassium
Protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and as a cofactor for many enzymes. Maintains turgidity in plants. A major constituent of the middle lamella of cell walls. Formation of spindle fibres during cell division.
Reduced protein synthesis, yellow-edged leaves and premature death of plants.
Calcium
Stunted growth, leaves become distorted and cupped, areas between leaf veins become yellow.
Magnesium
The main structural component of chlorophyll. Activates many plant enzymes. Involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
Yellowing in the regions between the veins of mature leaves. Red spots on leaf surfaces, leaves become cupped. General yellowing of the affected leaves or the entire plants.
Sulphur
A component of certain amino acids, a constituent of vitamin B and some coenzymes.
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6.
Complete the table below: Structure Functions/Adaptations for photosynthesis Epidermal cells are transparent. This allows light to penetrate the leaf and reach the light-trapping chloroplasts inside. Transports water absorbed by the roots to the leaf. Transports organic products of photosynthesis away from the leaf. Regulate the size of the pore. Packed tightly together in an upright arrangement near the upper surface of the leaf so they receive maximum amount of light. These cells have a high density of chloroplasts. Cells are loosely arranged and between each of them are air spaces that connect the mesophyll with the stomata. These large spaces allow easy diffusion of water and carbon dioxide through the leaf to the palisade cells. The irregular shapes of these cells increase the internal surface area for the gaseous exchange.
Epidermis
Xylem Phloem
Guard cells Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
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7.
Comparing and contrasting the light reaction and dark reaction. Light reaction Yes Differences Light energy required Dark reaction No
Grana
Site of reaction
Stroma
Water, Carbon dioxide, chlorophyll, light energy Hydrogen ions, hydroxyl ions.
Substances required for reaction Products of reaction
Hidrogen atoms
Glucose, oxygen
(a)
A balanced diet is the consumption of foods containing all the seven classes of food in appropriate proportion as required by the individual. (i) (ii) (iii) Ahmad : 60% ; Leela : 44.6% Ai Mei : 34.3% ; Leela : 30.9% Ahmad : 20% ; Ai Mei : 16.3%
(b)
(d)
A male teenager requires more energy (calory) for growth and development of body features compared to a female teenager. Leela requires greater amount of energy compared to Ai Mei for the growth and development of the foetus in her womb. The intake of carbohydrates and proteins by Ahmad and Ai Mei is in appropriate proportions. On the other hand, Leela consumes excessive proteins and this may lead to health problems. (i) A (ii) C
(e)
(a) (b)
Labels : Epithelium, Blood capillary, lacteal (i) (ii) Absorption of digested food Long and folded structure to provide a large surface area of absorption Villus wall is semipermeable to allow certain substances to diffuse into the blood capillaries or the lacteal Movement of villi back and forth to make absorption faster Organ D is a pancreas. It removal causes the enzymes lipase, 6
(d)
(i)
amylase and trypsin to be no longer produced. This disrupts the digestion of starch, peptones and peptides and also the hydrolysis of fats. (ii) Patient has to reduce the intake of foods containing starch because of the absence of pancreatic amylase which makes starch cannot be digested in the small intestine.
(e)
Cellulose in the vegetables cannot be digested in the body, hence, a vegetarian has a large portion of his food exiting the body as waste instead of being absorbed by the blood for cell metabolism. The body will suffer from malnutrition.
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(a)
Photosynthesis is the process of production of carbohydrates in plants from inorganic materials in the presence of light. To supply or increase the concentration of carbon dioxide Higher intensity of light increases the rate of photosynthesis because there is more energy for water photolysis and ATP production. 1 2. 3. Concentration of carbon dioxide and temperature are fixed during the experiment. Light is brought closes to the plant. Oxygen bubbles released is used to measure the rate of photosynthesis
(b) (d)
(e)
Rate of Photosynthesis
Concentration of carbon dioxide
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(a)
(i)
P : Kwashiorkor Q : Obesity
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(ii) (b)
Deficiency of protein in diet
Children require more proteins for growth and labours require more carbohyrates to provide sufficient energy for work. (i) (ii) Excessive consumption of foods especially fats and carbohyrates The excess food will be stored in the form of fat (adipose tissue) under the skin and around the intestine. Over the time, this will result in obesity. The problem in individual Q is caused by the habit of over-eating, whereas anorexia nervosa is rooted to a psychological problem, that is, the obsession to maintain the body shape without assuming proper diet. The problem in individual Q brings about the effect of gaining 20% more weight than the normal weight, whereas anorexia nervosa results in loss of weight and malnutrition.
(d)
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(a)
Human stomach has one compartment, while the cows stomach has 4 compartments. Cellulose digestion starts at the cows stomach, but for human, it starts in the colon. i. ii Reticulum, rumen omasum, abomasums The abomasums is the ruminants true stomach. In the abomasums, all the processes that take place in the human stomach take place here. Here also the gastric juice that contains enzymes which assist in food digestion.
(b)
In the largest compartment, the rumen, there are millions of bacteria and protozoans. These microorganisms produce cellulase enzyme that break down cellulose into starch. The microbes get food and the cows get the food digested. The stomach is a muscular bag whose principal function is acidification for the action of the pepsin and maceration of the food to the liquid state, and temporary storage until passes to the intestines. The stomach is a highly acidic environment, which is necessary for the action of enzymes. Digestive enzyme such as pepsin breaks down protein to peptides. Rennin solidifies milk protein for pepsin to act upon them. Absorb digested food
(d)
13
(a)
8
(b)
Lacteal. It absorbs fatty acids and glycerol and joins the lymphatic system. Q/lacteal consist of fat droplets, vitamin A, D, E, K Blood capillaries simple sugars, amino acids, minerals, vitamin B and C The internal surface of the ileum is covered by finger-like projection called villi, folded into micro-villi which gives the ileum a far greater internal surface area for food absorption. Inside each villus, there is a dense network of blood capillaries fo food absorption. Thin wall to help in food absorption.
(d)
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(a)
(b)
Step 1 :
Boil the leaf to kill the cells and make its cells more permeable to iodine. Boil the leaf in alcohol to remove the chlorophyll Dip the leaf into boiling water again to soften the leaf
Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : i ii
Spread the leaf on a white tile and add iodine on it and observe changes. A blue black colour indicates that starch is present Boil the leaf in alcohol by using a hot water bath to avoid the risk of fire.
(d)
-palisade cells have more chloroplasts than spongy mesophyll cells -xylem vessels are closer to palisade cells than phloem sieve tubes -the presence of stomata in the lower rather than upper epidermis
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-the presence of air spaces between the cells of the leaf (e)
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(a)
(i) (ii)
chloroplast
(b)
i.
X : The light reaction in the grana Y : The dark reaction in the stroma Photolysis of water, where water molecules are split to form oxygen and hydrogen ions The reduction of carbon dioxide by the hydrogen ion to form glucose and water
ii.
iii.
(d)
24 H2O + 6 CO2
light
chlorophyll
C6H12O6 + 18H2O +6O2
The light reaction Occurs in the membrane of grana Temperature sensitive Requires light energy
The dark reaction Occurs in the stroma Temperature insensitive Reaction catalysed by an enzyme
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Essay question
. 1.(a)(i)Nutrition of organism P
F1 : Autotrophic / by photosynthesis P1 : Synthesis its own food / glucose Nutrition of organism Q F2 : Heterotrophic / Holozoic P2 : Obtain its food source / organic substances from surrounding or producer 1.(a)(ii) One Similarity F1 : Alimentary canal of both Q and R contains bacteria / protozoa P1 : To digest cellulose into glucose F2 : Large surface area P2 : To increase the rate of diffusion / absorption F3 : Secretes extracellular enzymes P3 : To hydrolyse large food molecules 1.(a)(ii) : Four Differences Fact Explanation R : 4 stomach chambers Q : 1 stomach chamber R : Has small caecum Q : Has large caecum R : The bacteria in rumen /reticulum Q : The bacteria in caecum Part of the stomach are Used for cellulose digestion Place where the bacteria digest cellulose The bacteria secretes cellulase enzyme
Fact
Explanation
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R : The food that have been swallowed for the 1st time are returned to the mouth and then re-swallowed for 2nd time Q : The 1st faeces are reeaten for absorption
To complete the digestion / Absorption of glucose
1.(b) Cause and Suggestion : 1. Constipation : - Insufficient amount of fibrous food - Eat more vegetables / fruit 2. Night blindness : - Insufficient of vitamin A - Eat more carrots / tomatoes 3. Anemia - Insufficient iron / ferum nutrient - Eat more spinach / chicken liver (a) Photosynthesis : A process whereby a green plant 2.(a) F1 - Produces glucose/ starch from carbon dioxide and water P2 - in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight 2(b) The formation of starch in green plants P1 - Chlorophyll absorbs light energy to produce ATP/electrons P2 - Photolysis of water produce H+ ions and OH- ions P3 H+ ion combines with electron to form hydrogen atom P4 - Hydrogen and ATP will be used in the dark reaction P5 - occurs in grana P6 - The process take place in the absence of light P7 - CO2 combines with hydrogen to form glucose P8 - Glucose molecules undergo condensation / converted / store as starch P9 - Formation of glucose and starch is
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through a series of chemical reaction P10 - occurs in stroma 2(c) The importance of photosynthesis for the balance of nature : P1 - Absorbs CO2 from atmosphere P2 - Replaces oxygen in the atmosphere P3 - helps maintaining the percentage of CO2 /O2 in the atmosphere How air pollution may have an effect on photosynthesis and the balance nature P1-incomplete combustion of fossil fuels produces tiny carbon particles which form smoke,haze and smog P2-Smoke particles can also deposit on leaves and prevent gases exchange. P3-Both can lower the rate f photosynthesis 3. (a) A saprophyte is an organism that obtains its energy from the dead decaying organic matter. [1] Many bacteria and fungi are saprotrophs [1] Examples are Rhizopus, Mucor and mushroom [1] The importance lies in their role as decomposers [1] They break down complex organic substances into simple substances and help to release and recycle of certain elements such as carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus [1] Their saprophytic activities prevent accumulation of dead bodies of plants and animals [1] They are important in the decomposition of sewage [1] Yeast is important in baking and brewing [1] Some saprophytes, for example Penicillium are used in the manufacture of antibiotics [1] They are used in the producttion of yoghurt and cheese [1] As a food source, for example, edible mushrooms [1] Yeast is used in the production of vitamin B [1] (b) A parasite is an organism that obtains its food from its living host Ectoparasites live on the outer surface of a host [1] Endoparasites live within a host [1] The parasites may harm the hosts. Examples are: the tapeworm Taenia obtains its nourishment from digested food in the human (host) intestine [1] hair louse sucks blood from the animal host [1] (c) Similarities Both saprophytes and parasites are heterotrophs [1] Both absorb soluble food materials [1] Differences In parasites, the energy from food is derived from living organisms. Saprophytes obtain energy from food derived from dead, decaying organic matter. [1] 13
Parasites are more specific to their hosts. Saprophytes can grow on a variety of dead organisms. [1]
Paper3 1. 2. Objective:
To determine the vitamin C content in different fruit juice Problem statement: Do different types of fruit juices contain similar amounts of vitamin C? Hypothesis: Lime juice contains a higher concentration of vitamin C compared to pineapple juice and orange juice Variables: Manipulated variable: Types of fruit juice Responding variable: Volume of fruit juice needed to decolorize the 1 ml DCIPP solution/ % of vitamin C Fixed variable: Volume of DCIPP solution Materials: DCIPP solution, o.1 % ascorbic acid solution, freshly prepared lime juice, pineapple juice and orange juice Apparatus: Specimen tubes, a syringe ( 1 ml ), syringes ( 5 ml ) with needles, beakers ( 50 ml ), gauze cloth and a knife Technique: To record the volume of fruit juice needed to decolorize the 1 ml DCIPP using a scaled syringe
Procedure: 1. Four specimen tubes are labelled as ascorbic acid, lime juice , orange juice and pineapple juice 2. 1 ml of DCIPP solution is placed in each specimen tube 3. A syringe is filled with 5 ml of ascorbic acid solution 4. The needle of the syringe is immersed in the DCIPP solution
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5. The ascorbic solution is added drop by drop to the DCIPP solution and the tube is shaken slowly 6. The amount of ascorbic acid solution use to decolorize the DCIPP solution is recorded 7. Steps 2 to 6 are repeated using lime juice, orange juice and pineapple juice 8. The percentage and concentration of vitamin C in the fruit juices are calculated 9. The data collected is recorded in a table Results: Solution
Initial volume (ml) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
Final volume (ml) 4.0 2.5 1.4
Volume used (ml) 1.0 2.5 3.6
Ascorbic acid Lime juice Pineapple juice Orange juice
Percentage of vitamin C (%) 1/1.25 x 0.1 = 0.04 1/3.6x 0.1 = 0.03
Concentration of vitamin C (mg/ml) 0.4 0.3
Calculation: Percentage of vitamin C = Volume of 0.1 % ascorbic acid solution x 0.1 Volume of fruit juice Concentration of vitamin C = Volume of 0.1 % ascorbic acid solution Volume of fruit juice a) Percentage of vitamin C in lime juice = 1/2.5 x o.1 = 0.o4 Concentration of vitamin C in lime juice = 1/ 2.5 = 0.4 mg / ml
Conclusion: The lime juice contain more vitamin C than pineapple juice and orange juice
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Nutrition Answer

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1.

Figure below shows the digestion of cellulose by a ruminant such as a cow.

Label the following parts Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum

Identifying the macronutrients, the functions and effects of deficiency.

Reduced protein synthesis, yellow-edged leaves and premature death of plants.

A component of certain amino acids, a constituent of vitamin B and some coenzymes.

Guard cells Palisade mesophyll

Substances required for reaction Products of reaction

Concentration of carbon dioxide

Deficiency of protein in diet

Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : i ii

C6H12O6 + 18H2O +6O2

To complete the digestion / Absorption of glucose

Initial volume (ml) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

Final volume (ml) 4.0 2.5 1.4

Volume used (ml) 1.0 2.5 3.6

Ascorbic acid Lime juice Pineapple juice Orange juice

Percentage of vitamin C (%) 1/1.25 x 0.1 = 0.04 1/3.6x 0.1 = 0.03

Concentration of vitamin C (mg/ml) 0.4 0.3

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