In partial fulfilment of the requirements for Science VII Investigatory Project Permanent Marker Remover

Submitted by: League of Science (L.O.S) Baltazar, Miguel Angelo Caguioa, James Lowell Gealan, Jhon Edner Cruz, Antoine Miguel Veloso, Bill Carlos Prats, Luis Ignacio VII St. Augustine

Submitted to: Sir Jazzer Emmanuel A. Eusebio (Science VII Teacher)

Introduction
People are having troubles in removing the ink of a permanent marker on an object. Permanent Marker is a type of marker pen was invented by Sidney Rosenthal in 1952. It is used to create a permanent writing on an object. The ink is composed of a pigment or dye and a carrier. Unlike the whiteboard marker that we use in a whiteboard, the permanent marker is very hard to remove by using an eraser. It must be removed by other solutions that will remove the ink. This study is conduct to make an alternative permanent marker remover. Rubbing alcohol (isopropanol or CHOH), nail polish (Acetone), water, hair sprays and bleach are some solutions or substances that can remove the ink of a permanent marker on an object. The tomato extract have been noted to have the potential to remove the ink of a permanent marker.

Problem
This study is made to answer the following questions: 1. Can the tomato extract be used as a permanent marker remover? 2. What is the potential of the tomato extract to remove ink of a permanent marker?

Hypotheses
Null Hypothesis (Ho) There is no possibility that the tomato extract Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) We predict that the solutions

Review of Related Literature

A permanent marker or indelible marker is a type of marker pen that is used to create permanent writing on an object. In general, the ink comprises a main carrier solvent, a glyceride, a pyrrolidone, a resin and a colorant,[1] making it waterproof. It is capable of writing on a variety of surfaces from paper to metal to stone. They come in a variety of tip sizes (ultra fine to wide), shapes (chisel point, bullet tip, and wide bristle), and colors (metallic, or ultraviolet reactive). Like spray paint, these markers contain volatile organic compounds which evaporate to dry the ink. Permanent marker is another name for "waterproof" marker. The permanent marker was invented in 1952 by Sidney Rosenthal.

The ink is a fluid or viscous material used for writing, printing, and drawing to record information or transmits thoughts in a semi permanent form. As early as 2500 B.C, the Egyptians had found a suitable material to mark papyrus. This ink was composed of powdered animal or vegetable charcoal with the crude material. Modern inks have little in common with the crude material of early times except for one outstanding similarity. All inks are intimate mixture of a vehicle and coloring material with other substances frequently added to impart special properties. The vehicle may consist of a solvent and a soluble resin or other compound to form a varnish of treated or untreated oils. The coloring matter is a mixture of pigments and dyes. Writing inks usually consists of a dye dispersed in water plus chemical required to assure even dispersion and stabilization.

These markers are generally used on hard, non-porous surfaces, because instead of staining they form a surface layer that can be removed by high pressure cleaning or paint thinners andorganic solvents such as acetone (which is in nail polish remover), xylene, or toluene. Isopropyl alcohol and ethyl acetate are preferred cleaners when used indoors, as their fumes are much less hazardous than toluene and xylene, the main components of paint thinner, or longer-chain hydrocarbons found in mineral spirits. Other common non-polar solvents

include benzene,turpentine and other terpenes (which constitute essential oils of many plants with strong scents), most ethers, chloroform and dichloromethane, hydrocarbon fuels, and diacetone alcohol, among many others. Note that most of these solvents are very flammable, and/or their concentrated vapors are harmful to health. Most brands of "permanent" marker wipe off easily with acetone free nail polish remover, the kind containing ethyl acetate, a relatively non-toxic organic solvent. Some markers are designed to be long lasting, for instance by having two inks, one specialized to resist solvents, and one specialized not to fade. These can be available in refillable form. A permanent marker can also be removed by drawing over it with a dry erase marker on nonporous surfaces such as a whiteboard as dry erase markers also contain a non-polar solvent. Most dry-erase board cleaner solutions also contain effective organic solvents like 2 butoxyethanol which will do the job.

Bibliography

Collier, C. (1971). Colliers Encyclopedia. Canada: Crowell Collier Educational Corporation Compton, F.E. (1997). Comptons Encyclopedia. Chicago: Comptons Learning Company

Grolier, J. (1990). Grolier Academic Encyclopedia. U.S.A: Grolier International Company US Patent 7084191 Description (2004 2012). Ink composition resistant to solvent evaporation Retrieved November, 29, 2012, from http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/7084191/ description.html

Britannica Online Encyclopedia (2012). Ink(writing medium) Retrieved November 30, 2012, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/288371/ink