19. The Sanusi of Cyrenaica. Author(s): E. E. Evans-Pritchard Source: Man, Vol. 47 (Feb., 1947), p.

28 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2792224 . Accessed: 19/02/2011 23:02
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Nos. 18-21

MAN

1947 February,

font ressortir, entre autres, l'existence chez les Mo' d'un type sanguin special que caracterise sa faible teneur en groupe 0. Ulterieurement, et pendant l'occupation japonaise, l'Institut anthropologique de la Faculte de Medecine d'Hanoi a ete le centre de recherches nombreuses dont la plupart ont ete rassemblees dans trois volumes qui constituent respectivement les tomes 7, 8 et 9 des Travaux de cet Institut (1943 et 1944). Il serait trop long d'en enumerer le contenu. Je mentionnerai encore qu'a cote de l'anthropologie

physique, 1'ethnographie et la prehistoire n'ont pas ete negligees en France durant la guerre. Pour la premiere de ces sciences, de nornbreux travaux ont ete publies, en particulier ceux de M. Griaule et de ses eleves sur les Noirs du Soudan; pour la seconde, M. Vaufrey a fait et fait faire en France une serie d'enquetes, tandis qu'au Portugal, puis en Afrique du Sud, M. I'Abbe Breuil a effectue, de 1942 a 1945, des recherches sur le terrain qui ont apporte sur I'antiquite de 1'Homme dans ces regions des resultats de tout premier ordre.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL

The Sanusi of Cyrenaica. of a communication 1946, to a Special Joint Meeting of the Royal Anthropological Institute with the International African Institute The history of the Sanusiya order was traced from its beginnings in Arabia and its settlement a century ago among the Bedouin of Cyrenaica, through its spread in North Africa and the Sudan, to its clash with European colonial imperialism, French, Italian, and British. The Italian conquest and colonization of Cyrenaica was described from the Italo-Turkish war of 1911-1912 to the third British occupation in 1942. The paper was discussed by Mr. Paxton, Dr. Hillelson, Dr. Fortes, Mr. Braunholtz, Mr. Swanzy, and Dr. Tracy Dr. Evans-Pritchard Philipps. replied.

INSTITUTE

I9 by Dr. E. E. Evans-Pritchard, 15 June,

Summary

Devastation.

2^ O .B.E., F.B.A.,

A communication

by Sir

John

Myres'

to the Royal Anthropological Insti-

tute.: 24 September, 1946 This address was a counterpart to the author's on 'Nomadism' essays (J.R.A.I., lxxi, 1941) and 'Mediterranean Culture ' (Frazer Lecture, 1943). It examined all modes of life which result from the exploitation, and consequent exhaustion, of natural resources, including extinction of plants and animals, peoples, and cultures. Is there a criterion of value and rightnes8 in these matters ? Does the end justify the means ? And is 'Man's Place in Nature' the proper concern of anthropology ? The address is printed in full in Volume LXXIII of the Journal and is also obtainable separately from the Royal Anthropological Institute, price 2s. 6d. Australian
2 I

Native

Policy

in New

Guinea.

Summary

of a communication by Dr. Lucy P. Mair to the

Royal Anthropological In8titute, 1 October, 1946 Australia's Pacific Territories comprise the eastern half of the island of New Guinea with the Bismarck Archipelago, the two northernmost of the Solomon Islands, and a great number of small islands. Papua was declared a British Protectorate in 1884, and Australia assumed full responsibility for its administration in 1906. The Mandated Territory (formerly German New Guinea) was occupied by Australia in 1914 and became an Australian mandate in 1921. The enumerated native population is about a million, of whom about two-thirds are in the mandated area. Owing partly to difficulties of communication and partly to shortage of administrative staff, a large part of this area is still not effectively

controlled by the Government, and there are regions still unexplored. The economic basis of both territories is large-scale enterprise employing native labour. The mandated territory produces copra and gold; Papua produces copra, rubber, and a little gold. The greater part of the labour supply is brought from a distance and is engaged on long-term contract. In Papua the total labour force in 1940 was 12,000. The normal period of contract was 18 months, and about 30 per cent. of the labourers were engaged on a short-term basis without a contract. In the mandated territory the number in employment rose from 30,000 to 40,000 between 1933 and 1939. This rapid increase was made possible only by constantly tapping new sources. Here the contract on first engagement had to be for three years, and it could be renewed for a further three years. The proportion of adult males away in employment in 1940 was 22 per cent. In neither territory was any serious attempt made to develop any responsibility for local government among a difficult problem the natives. This is admittedly owing to the small size of the native political unit and the absence of any recognized line of succession to leadership. Native administration was based on benevolent coercion; village sanitation, the planting of coconuts, and other considered desirable were introduced by developments regulations carrying penalties for breach. Each territory had various native officials, but they were in effect merely agents of the administrative officer, responsible for reporting crimes and for seeing that his orders were A small beginning had been carried out in his absence. of native councils with made with the appointment purely deliberative functions, and Papua had attempted to train native court assessors. were rudimentary. Education in Social services Papua was in the hands of missions, which received a small grant in aid calculated in proportion to the number conducted of children passing examinations by the In the mandated territory missions were Government. without responsible, subsidy or control, for village schools, while the Government maintained a few schools teaching English, and an agricultural training school In both territories medical taking 40 students a year. services reached mainly the native labourer, though each had a system of giving natives elementary training for In Papua native medical medical work in the villages. orderlies made patrols in the course of which they gave injections for yaws and might have cases of serious illness The mandated territory system was to sent to hospital. post a native with elementary first-aid training and a

28