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Deflection of beams
by Russ Elliott
Acknowledgements: There are a number of standard works addressing the principles of beam deflection. A particularly good exposition, and on which the equations given here are based, is contained in Mechanics of Materials (Fourth SI edition) , by J M Gere and S P Timoshenko, Stanley Thornes, ISBN 0 7487 3998 X. Reference should be made to this work for the derivation of the equations. Contents Introduction Application to model locomotive hornblocks Choosing a deflection value Moment of inertia, I Key to deflection diagrams and symbols Deflection equations and diagrams Values of Young's Modulus Notes on units and dimensions
Introduction
The deflection of a spring beam depends on its length, its cross-sectional shape, the material, where the deflecting force is applied, and how the beam is supported. The equations given here are for homogenous, linearly elastic materials, and where the rotations of a beam are small. In the following examples, only loads applying at a single point or single points are considered the application point of force F in the diagrams is intended to denote a model locomotive hornblock (or vehicle axlebox) able to move vertically in a hornguide, and acting against the force of the spring beam fixed to or carried by the locomotive or vehicle mainframes. The proportion of the total weight acting on each axle of a loco or vehicle will depend on the position of its centre of gravity in relation to the axle (or the chassis fixing points of equalising beams where these are used).
Deflection of beams
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Moment of inertia, I
All the equations given below contain I, the moment of inertia of a beam, which is a constant determined by the beam's crosssectional shape and thickness. The moment of inertia is not related to the length or the beam material. Only rectangular and round solid sections are considered here. Moment of inertia for rectangular section I = bh 12 where h is the dimension in the plane of bending, i.e. in the axis in which the bending moment is applied Moment of inertia for round section I = r 4 = d 64 where r and d are the radius and diameter respectively
4 4 3
L = length of beam a = intermediate length of beam = deflection of beam F = force (i.e. the proportion of loco weight being resisted by axlebox) E = Young's Modulus I = moment of inertia of beam
Deflection of beams
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Note on diagrams and equations. The diagrams given here have been inverted from their normal textbook presentation, to reflect their application for model locomotive and vehicle axleboxes. However, whilst the equations for deflection have been kept consistent with their textbook presentation, the normal sign convention (+ or , to indicate deflections in the vertical y axis from the beam datum line) has been ignored, as we are concerned here only with the absolute value of a beam deflection.
End load on cantilever beam with single fixed support = FL 3EI This equation should also be used for the deflection of an equalising beam rotating about a fixed axis and bearing onto two hornblocks either side of the pivoting axis.
3
Centre load on beam with two simple supports (application examples of this configuration) = FL 48EI
3
Intermediate load on beam with two simple supports (application examples of this configuration) The deflection at distance a from the left-hand support is: = Fa (L a) 3EIL
2 2
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Deflection of beams
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Twin loads on beam with two simple supports (application examples of this configuration) The application of this would be for two hornblocks pressing up against a single beam. The deflection at distance a from the adjacent support is: = Fa (3L 4a) 6EI
2
Intermediate/centre load on beam with one fixed and one simple support The deflection at length a from the fixed support is: = Fa (L a) (4L a) 12EIL
3 3 2
For a load in the centre of the beam, substituting a = L 2 in the above equation, the deflection is: = 3.5FL 384EI
3
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Deflection of beams
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Centre load on beam with two fixed supports = FL 192EI With the load at the centre, the deflection at distance a from the fixed support (where a is less than or equal to L 2) is: = Fa (3L 4a) 48EI
2 3
Intermediate load on beam with two fixed supports The deflection at distance a from the fixed support is: = 2Fa (L a) 3EI(2a + L)
2 3 2
117.2 GPa 96 to 110 GPa 132.5 GPa (127 GPa ) 131.8 GPa 111 GPa 212 GPa 210 GPa 201.4 GPa 215.2 GPa (190 GPa ) 203.2 GPa
1 1 1
(114 GPa )
It should be noted that these are theoretical values. A typical value for steel guitar string can be taken as 205 GPa.
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Deflection of beams
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There are differences for the values quoted for phosphor-bronze: it would seem that these will depend on whether the material is of the 'spring temper' or the 'extra spring temper' type of 92%Cu/8%Sn phosphor bronze commonly used in snap-over switches.
1 2
http://www.matbase.com/material/non-ferrous-metals/wrought-copper/cusn8-p-bronze /properties
= 10
-6
Nmm
-2
= 10
-6
kgms mm
-2
-2
= 1 gmm s
-1
-2
To obtain force F in the above equations, mass should be multiplied by the gravitational constant g (9.81 ms , or more conveniently for us, 9810 mms ) The dimensions of Young's Modulus E are ML T The dimensions of force F are L ML T
2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2
= MLT
4
Russ Elliott
first published 19 April 2000; slight editorial revision August 2001; equation for intermediate load on beam with two fixed supports corrected, and deflection equation for the intermediate/centre load on beam with one fixed and one simple support re-expressed, January 2005; diagram for overhanging load on beam constrained by two simple supports revised, 8 October 2009; equation for intermediate load on beam with two fixed supports corrected, 30 December 2010
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