2013/01/23

Structural Analysis IV (SAS401T) Dr Salim Ramadhan Wanjala

24/01/2013 Structural Analysis IV 1

Presentation No. 3
TEACHING TOPIC
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF TENSION STRUCTURES (Learning Unit No. 1)

Structural Analysis IV 2 24/01/2013

2013/01/23

PRESENTATION 3 OUTLINE
1) Word of Welcome 2) Learning Unit No. 1: Teaching Outcomes 3) Core Phase of Lecture a) Introduction to Tension (Cable) Structures b) Fundamental Concept of Tension Structures c) Example No. 1 d) Example No. 2 4) Summary 5) Consolidation 6) Feedback
Structural Analysis IV
3 24/01/2013

1) Word of Welcome

Structural Analysis IV 24/01/2013

2013/01/23

I contemplate that youd like to see some pictures of what happened to Tacoma narrow suspension bridge on 7th November 1940.

Structural Analysis IV
5 24/01/2013

By Professor Filip C. Filippou Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Berkeley

Structural Analysis IV 6 24/01/2013

2013/01/23

By Professor Filip C. Filippou Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Berkeley

Structural Analysis IV
7 24/01/2013

2) Learning Unit No. 1: Teaching Outcomes

Teaching Outcomes of Learning Unit No 1
At the end of the learning unit the Learner should be able to: 1. Discuss the fundamental principles governing analysis of tension structures; 2. Discuss the scenarios where tension structures are applicable; 3. Establish the following structural characteristics of loaded simple tension structures: a) Support reaction; b) Funicular polygon and c) Maximum tensile force.

Structural Analysis IV 8 24/01/2013

2013/01/23

3) Core Phase of Lecture

a) Introduction to Tension (Cable) Structures

b) Fundamental Concept of Tension Structures c) Example No. 1 d) Example No. 2

Structural Analysis IV 9 24/01/2013

3a) Introduction
WHAT IS A Tension (Cable)

Structure?

1st Term

2nd Term

Structural Analysis IV 10 24/01/2013

2013/01/23

3a) Introduction - Continuation

I.) SUSPENSION STRUCTURE

Structural Analysis IV
11 24/01/2013

3a) Introduction - Continuation Eskom's power lines

I.) SUSPENSION STRUCTURE

(www.sabc.co.za) Structural Analysis IV 12 24/01/2013

2013/01/23

3a) Introduction - Continuation

I.) SUSPENSION STRUCTURE

Akashi-kaikyo-bridge (www.famouswonders.com)

Structural Analysis IV
13 24/01/2013

3a) Introduction - Continuation

Hyogo, Japan I.) SUSPENSION STRUCTURE 1991 m Longest suspension bridge -1998

Akashi-kaikyo-bridge (www.famouswonders.com) Structural Analysis IV 14 24/01/2013

2013/01/23

II Cable Stayed Structure

Structural Analysis IV
15 24/01/2013

a) Introduction - Continuation The Nelson Mandela Bridge, a striking Johannesburg landmark

II.) CABLE-STAYED STRUCTURE

(www.southafrica.net) Structural Analysis IV 16 24/01/2013

2013/01/23

3a) Introduction - Continuation Nelson Mandela Bridge, Johannesburg

II. CABLE-STAYED STRUCTURE

(www.isf.co.za)

Structural Analysis IV
17 24/01/2013

3a) Introduction - Continuation

Hunan, China

II. CABLE-STAYED STRUCTURE

Structural Analysis IV 18 24/01/2013

2013/01/23

3a) Introduction - Continuation Hunan, China

II. CABLE-STAYED STRUCTURE

Structural Analysis IV
19 24/01/2013

3a) Introduction - Continuation

Hunan, China

II. CABLE-STAYED STRUCTURE

Structural Analysis IV 20 24/01/2013

10

2013/01/23

3a) Introduction - Continuation Hunan, China

II. CABLE-STAYED STRUCTURE

Structural Analysis IV
21 24/01/2013

3a) Introduction - Continuation

Hunan, China

II. CABLE-STAYED STRUCTURE

Structural Analysis IV 22 24/01/2013

11

2013/01/23

3) Core Phase of Lecture b) Fundamental Concept of Suspension Structures

Structural Analysis IV
23 24/01/2013

Elements of a Suspension Structure?

Cables suspend the main element (the deck - the load-bearing portion) carry tensile forces/stresses only Towers stabilize wire cables they offer little support carry compressive forces/stresses only Anchorages key to the structure mass that keeps cables tight gives the structure the correct configuration

Structural Analysis IV 24 24/01/2013

12

2013/01/23

Elements of a Suspension Structure

Structural Analysis IV
25 24/01/2013

Adequate anchorages

Inadequate anchorages

Structural Analysis IV 26 24/01/2013

13

2013/01/23

Path of Forces on Suspension Structure

Structural Analysis IV
27 24/01/2013

Structural Analysis IV 28 24/01/2013

14

2013/01/23

(a) Frictionless guide to pulley support

Structural Analysis IV
29 24/01/2013

(b) Suspension cable attached to a saddle supported on rollers

Structural Analysis IV 30 24/01/2013

15

2013/01/23

Advantages of suspension structures over other structure types

Longer main spans are achievable than with any other type of structure; Can be made out of simple materials such as wood, wire rope, cables, chains, grids, and sheet diaphragms; Less material may be required than other structure types leading to a reduced construction cost; Except for installation of the initial temporary cables, little or no access from below is required during construction, allowing for example a waterway to remain open while the structure is built above and May be better to withstand earthquake movements than heavier and more rigid structures
Structural Analysis IV
31 24/01/2013

Disadvantages of suspension structures compared to other structures

Considerable stiffness or aerodynamic profiling may be required to prevent the structure deck vibrating under high winds;
The relatively low deck stiffness compared makes it more difficult to carry heavy rail traffic where high concentrated live loads occur and Some access below may be required during construction, to lift the initial cables or to lift deck units.

Structural Analysis IV 32 24/01/2013

16

2013/01/23

Loads acting on suspension structures

Three kinds of loads operate on any structure: Dead load - Refers to the weight of the structure itself. Live load - Refers to traffic that moves across the structure as well as normal environmental factors such as changes in temperature, precipitation and winds Dynamic load - Refers to environmental factors that go beyond normal weather conditions, factors such as sudden gusts of wind and earthquakes.

All three loads must be taken into consideration when analysing a structure.

Structural Analysis IV
33 24/01/2013

Suspension structures may be either plane/2D or spatial/space/3D. Modern plane suspension structures are used mainly in bridges, roofs, ropeways and overpasses for pipelines. Spatial/space suspension structures are generally used for large-span roofs of public and industrial buildings.
Structural Analysis IV 34 24/01/2013

17

2013/01/23

3) Core Phase of Lecture EXAMPLES

We shall examine two categories of suspension structures;
LIGHTWEIGHT CABLES CARRYING CONCENTRATED LOADS c) Example No. 1 HEAVY WEIGHT CABLES HAVING A SIGNIFICANT SELF-WEIGHT d) Example No 2

Structural Analysis IV
35 24/01/2013

3) Core Phase of Lecture Example No. 1

LIGHTWEIGHT CABLES CARRYING CONCENTRATED LOADS Use cable structure shown in Figure E1.1 to answer the following questions. i. Compute the ordinates of the cable at the load points C and D; ii. Determine the maximum tension in the cable and iii. Design the cable assuming a circular section made from a material of 600 MPa yield stress.

Figure E1. 1

Structural Analysis IV 36 24/01/2013

18

2013/01/23

SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 1.pdf

Structural Analysis IV
37 24/01/2013

Structural Analysis IV 38 24/01/2013

19

2013/01/23

Structural Analysis IV
39 24/01/2013

Structural Analysis IV 40 24/01/2013

20

2013/01/23

Structural Analysis IV
41 24/01/2013

Structural Analysis IV 42 24/01/2013

21

2013/01/23

Structural Analysis IV
43 24/01/2013

Structural Analysis IV 44 24/01/2013

22

2013/01/23

Structural Analysis IV
45 24/01/2013

Structural Analysis IV 46 24/01/2013

23

2013/01/23

3) Core Phase of Lecture Example No. 2

HEAVY WEIGHT CABLES HAVING A SIGNIFICANT SELF-WEIGHT A heavyweight unsymmetrical supported cable having a significant self-weight carries a uniform horizontally distributed dead load of intensity w kN/m as shown in Figure E1.2 below. Determine the governing equations for the: a) Slope and deflected shape of the cable; b) Horizontal component of the force in the cable, c) Maximum tension in the cable d) Maximum slope in the cable and e) Slope in the cable at A.

Figure E1. 2

Structural Analysis IV
47 24/01/2013

(a) Determination of the governing equations for the slope and deflected shape of the cable

Structural Analysis IV 48 24/01/2013

24

2013/01/23

Structural Analysis IV
49 24/01/2013

Suppose that at the point x in the cable; T is the tension V is the vertical component of the tension H is the horizontal component of the tension And while at the point x from point x in the cable; (T +T) is the tension (V +V) is the vertical component of the tension (H +H) is the horizontal component of the tension

In the absence of any externally applied horizontal loads

H = constant
Structural Analysis IV 50 24/01/2013

25

2013/01/23

And from the vertical equilibrium of the element we have:

Structural Analysis IV
51 24/01/2013

Structural Analysis IV 52 24/01/2013

26

2013/01/23

The governing equations for the slope and deflected shape of the cable
Structural Analysis IV
53 24/01/2013

The governing equations for the slope and deflected shape of the cable

Structural Analysis IV 54 24/01/2013

27

2013/01/23

Structural Analysis IV
55 24/01/2013

(b) Determination of the governing equations for the horizontal component of the force in the cable

Structural Analysis IV 56 24/01/2013

28

2013/01/23

Structural Analysis IV
57 24/01/2013

Structural Analysis IV 58 24/01/2013

29

2013/01/23

Structural Analysis IV
59 24/01/2013

Structural Analysis IV 60 24/01/2013

30

2013/01/23

Structural Analysis IV
61 24/01/2013

The governing equations for the horizontal component of the force in the cable

Structural Analysis IV 62 24/01/2013

31

2013/01/23

(c) Determination of the governing equations for the maximum tension in the cable

Structural Analysis IV
63 24/01/2013

Structural Analysis IV 64 24/01/2013

32

2013/01/23

The governing equation for the maximum tension in the cable

Structural Analysis IV
65 24/01/2013

The governing equation for the maximum tension in the cable

Structural Analysis IV 66 24/01/2013

33

2013/01/23

(d) Determination of the governing equation for the maximum slope in the cable

Structural Analysis IV
67 24/01/2013

(a)

Determination of the governing equation for the slope in the cable at A

Structural Analysis IV 68 24/01/2013

34

2013/01/23

QUESTIONS?

Structural Analysis IV
69 24/01/2013

4) Summary
Teaching Outcomes of Learning Unit No 1
At the end of the this learning unit as a Learner should now be able to: 1. Discuss the fundamental principles governing analysis of tension structures; 2. Discuss the scenarios where tension structures are applicable; 3. Establish the following structural characteristics of loaded simple tension structures: a) Support reaction; b) Funicular polygon and c) Maximum tensile force.

Structural Analysis IV 70 24/01/2013

35

2013/01/23

5) Consolidation

Structural Analysis IV
71 24/01/2013

6) Feedback
Are ready to design your own

Suspension Structure?

Structural Analysis IV 72 24/01/2013

36

2013/01/23

6) Feedback

Structural Analysis IV
73 24/01/2013

6) Feedback

Structural Analysis IV 74 24/01/2013

37

2013/01/23

THANK YOU

Structural Analysis IV
75

24/01/2013

38