Chapter 9 Perlude to the American Regime Desire of independence led to the establishment of the Malolos Republic.

The Malolos Congress Aguinaldo called for the election of delegates for the congress Malolos congress was convened at the Barasoin Church in Malolos, Bulacan Election of officers for the drafting of the constitution was held on Sept 16, 1898 o President: Pedro Paterno (same man who negotiated the Biak-na-Bato treaty)

Ratification of Philippine Independence proclaimed in Cavite El Viejo (now Kawit Cavite) o June 12, 1898

The Congress was envisioned by Mabini as a mere advisory body o And not as a legislative body

Mabini argued that the constitution be drafted under peaceful conditions o Proposed the Constitutional Programme of the Philippine Republic It was rejected

2 Other constitutional plans considered o Paterno Plan o Based on the Spanish constitution

Calderon Plan Based on the constitutions of France, Belgium, Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Brazil. THIS WAS THE BASIS FOR THE DRAFTING Most controversial provision of the drafting was the: Union of church and State o Many delegates opposed to make Catholicism a state religion

Aguinaldo refused to sign the approved constitution. o o Due to Mabinis objections When Mabinis objections were satisfied, Aguinaldo proclaimed it as a fundamental charter of the land

The First Philippine Republic On June 23, 1899 The first Philippine Republic or Malolos Republic was inaugurated in Malolos. o Aguinaldo as the first President

Three Branches of Govt. o Executive Executive power was vested in the President o Judicial Vested in the Supreme Court of Justice Chief is selected by the Assembly of Represetatives President is assisted by the Cabinet Known as the Council of the Government

Legislative Elected the president Exercised by the unicameral Assembly of Representatives Directly elected by the people

When law making body is not in session Permanent Commission did its work o Consists of 7 assemblymen

Law-making body (legislative) was more powerful than the executive Department.

The Malolos Republic at Work Education was one of its concerns. o o Many schools closed due to the revolution Aguinaldo ordered the opening of these schools o o With a budget of P35,000

Secondary Education through the Burgos Institure in Malolos Higher Education promoted by the government Through the Literary University of the Philippines

Taxes were imposed on the citizens from age 18 to 60. Armed Forces were organized on a regional basis

Newspapers of the Revolution Malolos Republic established its own newspaper on Sept 1898 o Known as El Heraldo de la Revolucion Name changed to: o Heraldo Filipino Indice Official Gaceta Filipina

Kept the people updated to all announcements , decrees, and activities of the Republic

Privately-owned newspapers were also established o La Independencia Edited by Antonio Luna Writers and Editors were: Jose Palma Rafael Palma Fernando Ma. Guerrero Rosa Sevilla

Diplomatic Activities of the First Philippine Republic No country in the world recognized the Philippines despite the diplomatic efforts o Diplomats: Felipe Agoncillo Mariano Ponce

 Felipe Agoncillo o

Antonio Roxas Juan Luna

Given the task to persuade the US govt to recognize the Malolos Republic. Efforts were futile

Fil-Am War: Roots Of Conflict Dec 21, 1898 o President William Mckinley announced to keep the Philippines as an American colonial possession. Known as the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation

General Elwell Otis was named commander of the American ground forces in the Phil January 5, 1899 o Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation His government was ready to fight any American attempt to forcibly take over the county.

The Outbreak of the War How it Started o Private William W. Grayson with another soldier Encounters 3 armed Filipinos on a bridge in San Juan del Monte near Manila Basically the Americans first shot the Filipinos

Aguinaldo tried to stop the war, but Otis declines US received a different version: o Filipinos shot the US soldiers first Effect: US senators quickly ratified the Treaty of Paris which was still pending at that time

Filipino American War Escalates Major Jose Torres Bugallon o o One of the bravest Filipino officers Killed in the Batle of La Loma near the Chinese cemetery

General Antonio Luna o Battle of Caloocan Caloocan fell, but Luna didnt give up Luna went to Manila to try to capture it Retreated due to loss of men

Malabon o Men, women, and children were killed here by the Americans

The War in the Visayas General Miller o Captured Iloilo province General Martin Delgado was the one stationed here

Cebu surrenders to Americans Negros offered their services for the maintenance of peace in this island. o o o Constitution of Negros was established here Not approved by US President But still the basis for the admin in the islands civil affairs

Central and Southern Luzon March 30 o Aguinaldo evacuated Malolos and moved his headquarters to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija

General Gregorio Del Pilar o o Known as the boy general Defeated the American cavalry led by Major Bell In Quinqua o Now known as Plaridel Bulacan

Died in the battle of Tirad Pass

General Licerio Geronimo o Overpowered the Americans in Battle of San Mateo Led by General Lawton Lawton was KIA

Closing months of 1899 o o Philippine Army was no longer a regular fighting force Nov 12, 1899 Army was dissolved by Aguinaldo

Many Filipino Generals, and Govt Officials were deported to Guam o Mabini was one of them

Disunity Among Filipinos Rivalries between o o o Apolinario Mabini Pedro Paterno Felipe Buencamino Power struggle led to the resignation of Mabini

Antonio Luna confronts General Mascardo o o o Mascardo refuses to send troops to Luna Made Luna very angry and immediately confronted Mascardo Americans took advantage of this and attacked the weakened defenses of Luna

Antonio Luna was not liked by allies and many were hostile to him o o o Aguinaldo invites Luna to Cabanatuan Aguinaldo already left for Tarlac when Luna arrived Kawit Company assassinated Luna o This was the Elite Guards of Aguinaldo

Many soldiers were demoralized by his death

On to Mindanao and Sulu Americans resorted to the use of diplomacy with the Muslims o General John Bates to negotiate the treaty o With Sultan Jamalul Kiram II

Came to be known as the Bates Treaty Provisions: Sovereignty of US over the whole archipelago and Jolo. Rights and dignities of the Sultans and his Datus shall be respected Muslims shall be allowed to practice their religion without American interference. No one shall be persecuted on account of his beliefs Domestic Products of Jolo when carried on by the Sultan and his people within any part of the Phil. Under the American flag, shall be free, unlimited, and free of duty. Americans agreed to pay the datus monthly salaries in Mexican dollars

Capture of Aguinaldo Capture of Aguinaldo was the number 1 priority of the Americans during the time of War Aguinaldo was captured in Palanan, Isabela Province o Trick planned by Brigadier General Frederick Funston Tal Placido and Lazaro Segovia o Former Filipino army officers Surrendered to Americans

Together with 5 american troops Pretended to be captives of the 2 filipino officers

Treated more as a guest rather than a prisoner by General McArthur

His capture signaled the death of the First Republic o But the War continued

Brutalities in the War Tortures done by Americans: o o o Water cure Hanged by Thumbs Dragged by galloping horses

o o

Fires lit beneath those who were hanged Tree tying then shooting at the leg

If confessions were not obtained o Shot a day after

The Balangiga Massacre Person who initiated the Massacre o Pedro Sanchez

FOR MORE INFO JUST READ IT BECAUSE IT IS TOO EPIC AND MORBID TO BE SUMMARIZED, THANK YOU.

The Resistance Continues General Miguel Malvar took over the leadership of Aguinaldo American troops burned houses, carts, poultry, animals, etc. o Paralleled the acts in the Vietnam War

General Vicente Lukban o o Ambushed American troops in Samar Captured in Samar as well

General Malvar o Surrendered to General Franklin Bell in Lipa

Luciano San Miguel o o Revived the Katipunan in Zamables Died in a battle with the Philippine Constabulary and Philippine scouts

Faustino Guillermo o Took over leadership of the New Katipunan

Macario Sakay o Leader of a band of patriotic Filipinos o Branded as bandits

Hanged on Sept 13, 1907

General Simeon Ola o o Launched guerilla raid on US Last Filipino general to surrender

End of Fil-Am War Phil-Am War called the Philippine Insurrection o Declared over by Theodore Roosevelt

Americans were advantageous o Some disadvantages US paid a very high price 4000 american soldiers died

Spent $600 million to quell the Filipino resistance

Filipinos were in a disadvantageous position

Chapter 10 The Philippines Under American Tutelage Under Military Government Americans established a military government in the country o o From 1898-1901 Philippines was directly governed by the US president

Major General Wesley Meritt o First military governor of the country

Major General Elwell Otis o He succeeded Meritt

Major General Arthur MacArthur o Last military Governor

Accomplishments of US military govt o Establishment of a SC composed of 6 filipinos and 3 americans o o o Cayetano Arellano as first chief Justice

Organization of towns and provincials governments Holding of elections for local officials in areas under American control Introduction of the American public school system and teaching of English language

First Philippine Commission President McKinley appointed the First Philippine Commission o Known as the Schurman Commission Made the following recommendations Second Philippine Commission Taft Commission o o o Chaired by William Howard Taft Tasked to establish a civil govt in the country and train the Filipinos in self-government Legislated more than 400 laws US should remain in the Philippines since the country is not yet ready for independence Military government should be abolished and replaced by a civil govt Territorial govt had to be established in the country Autonomous govt in the provincial and municipal levels need to be organized Need to protect the civil rights of the people and promote their welfare American Public School System needs to be introduced in the country

Establishment of American Civil Govt Military Govt ceased to exist due to.. o Army Appropriations Act Implemented the Spooner Amendment

Civil Govt in the Philippines o Judge William H. Taft o First civil governor Title changed to Governor-General He was also the head of the Philippine Commission Well-loved governor Made the Policy: The Philippines for the Filipinos

Succeeding Governor-Generals: Luke E. Wright Henry Ide Cameron Forbes

Philippine Bill of 1902 Also known as the Cooper Act o o Institutionalization of civil government in the Philippines under the American rule Some of its provisions: A bill of rights for the Filipino people Appointment of 2 Filipino resident commissioners to represent the country in the US congress without voting rights Establishment of the Philippine Assembly Exercise of executive power the civil governor who would have several executive departments. Conservation of natural resources for the Filipinos

Period of Suppressed Nationalism American civil govt suppressed the spirit of Filipino nationalism o Suspended the newspaper El Nuevo Dia o Edited by Sergio Osmena

Newspapers advocating Filipino Nationalists sentiments El Renacimento El Grito del Pueblo

Nationalistic Plays Walang Sugat Malaya Tanikalang Ginto Kahapon, ngayon, at bukas

Sedation Law Passed by the Phil Commission Treasonable the advocacy of independence during the Fil-Am war

Flag Law Passed 6 years after Prohibited public display of the Filipino Flag

Emergence of Political Parties Federal Party o o o o o First political party in the Philippines Founded by a group of Pro-American Filipinos Headed by Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera To make the Phil a state of the US Changed its name to Progressive Party or the Partido Progresista

Partido Nacionalista o Formed out of the union of the Partido Independista Immediata and Union Nacionalista

Philippine Assembly The Elections for the Philippine Assembly o Set on July 30, 1907

2 major political parties: o Partido Nacionalista o Advocated immediate independence from the US

Partido Progresista Pro-American in platform

80 seats in the Phil Assembly o o o 16 seats were from the Partido Progresista 59 seats were from the Partido Nacionalista 5 were independent candidates

The assembly was held at the Grand Opera House o o Elected as speaker was Sergio Osmena Majority Floor Leader was Manuel L. Quezon

Gabaldon Act o o First Legislation enacted by this body Allocated 1M pesos for the establishment of barrio schools

Jones Law of 1916 o o Abolished the Philippine Commission Replaced by the all-Filipino Philippine Senate

Resident Commissioners Filipinos were represented in the US congress o 2 resident commissioners Pablo Ocampo Benito Legarda They could address their concerns to the US Congress and could speak against bills being debated But they had no voting rights

Filipinization of Government 4 Filipinos to have seats in the Philippine Commission o Gregorio Araneta Secretary of Finance and Justice

Local Govts o Filipinos held key positions Town residents elected town presidents, vice, and the councilor

Democrats emerged victorious in the 1912 elections in the US o o President Wilson appoints Francis Burton Harrison as governor-general of the Phil. Philippine Commission officers were appointed by Filipinos o Rafael Palma Victorino Mapa Jaime De Veyra

At the end of his term. 641 Americans in the civil service 2623 Filipinos in the civil service

As said by Agoncillo. o Filipinization involved only those who belonged to the national and local elite.

The Jones Law of 1916 Signed by President Wilson American promise to grant the country its independence as soon as a stable government is established Executive power was given to the Governor-General Judicial power given to the SC o Composed of a Filipino CJ

The Philippine Legislature Nacionalista Party vs Progresista Party o Majority of those who won came from the Nacionalista Party

New Law-Making Body of the Phil o o Manuel L. Quezon Senate President Sergio Osmena Speaker of the House of Representatives

Council of State o Established to advise the Gov-General on matters of national significance

The Wood-Forbes Mission Sent to the Philippines by President Harding o o Desire to know the true state of the Philippines After 4 months, it recommended to defer the granting of Philippine independence Reasons o poor financial state of the country Bankruptcy of the Philippine National Bank Instability of the govt

Filipinos were displease by the report

Administration of Leonard Wood Replaced Francis Harrison as Governor-General Disapproves the 16 bills the Philippine Legislature passed Council of State resigned en masse o o Also known as the Cabinet Crisis of 1923 To show the dissatisfaction of the Philippine Cabinet

Wood abolished the Board of Control in 1926 For the first time o o o Opposing Political parties stood for a common cause again Wood They pledged to work for the independence of the Philippines Led to the Establishment of Coalition known as the National Supreme Court

Wood dies on Aug 7, 1927 while in the US

Restoration of Filipino Cooperation 3 governor-generals took turns o o o Henry Stimson Dwight Davis Threodore Roosevelt Jr.

These governor-generals blended Liberalism and Conservatism

Educational Developments Act No. 74 by the Taft Commission o Provided free parliamentary education and established schools for training Filipino teachers o o o Compulsory teaching of English in school Abolished religious instruction Recruited US teachers in the US Teachers from US boarded the ship THOMAS

Act No. 1870 o Establishment of Private Higher Education Institutions Siliman university CEU PWU

Filipino Pensionados o o Promising Filipinos given the opportunity to study higher educ. In the US Scholars of the Philippine govt

Religious Developments Introduced Protestantism o Protestant sects such as: Presbyterians Baptists Disciples of Christ Methodist Episcopalians

Very few Filipinos embraced Protestantism Rise of Philippine independent Churches o Establishment of Aglipayan Church By Isabelo de los Reyes Also the founder of Union Obrera Democratica (Democratic Labor Union)

Gregorio Aglipay as the Supreme Bishop of the Philippines

Economic development This was accelerated during the American Regime Made possible by the introduction of modern machineries System of Free Trade o o Between US and the Philippines Quota limits were set on Philippine exports while US products could freely enter the Philippines in unlimited quantities. Trading relations with other nations were abandoned in favor of the US

Improvements in Transportation and Communication Modernized by the Americans o o o o o Motor vehicles were introduced by the Americans The Airplane was introduced in 1911 Commercial airport operations began in 1930s Installed a telephone system in Manila Introduction of the Radio

Promotion of Social Welfare US exerted efforts towards promoting social well-being Public Health was also promoted by the Americans

American Influences on the Filipino Culture One of the greatest legacies of the Americans o English Language English was made the medium of instruction in schools Made the language of business and communication in govt

Filipino writers gained prominence in literature o o o o o Fernando Maramag Celemencia Joven Carlos Romulo Francisco Icasiano Juan Laya

Publication of Local newspapers in English o The Independent o First Filipino weekly Founded by: Vicente Sotto

The Philippine Herald First Philippine newspaper

The Tribune Newspaper Founded by Alejandro Roces

Exported democratic ideas and institutions to the county American holidays imitated by Filipinos o o o o o Halloween Christmas 4th of July Thanksgiving day Valentines Day

Filipinos started to prefer.. o o o o American clothing American food Music Etc

Filipinos became Little Brown Americans

Negative Consequences Of American Occupation Peoples blind adoption and imitation of everything American Filipinos preferred imported products than locally made ones Became economically dependent of the Americans Loss of sense of values due to exposure in American movies Measure success in terms of material possessions Good customs and traditions were discarded o o Kissing of the hands of the elderly Praying together during the angelus

Native literature declined Zarzuela was forgotten due to Hollywood movies. These movies made them learn o o o o o Juvenile delinquency Illicit love affairs Corruption Gangsterism Betrayal