BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RELAY LITERATURE, 1967-1969 IEEE Bibliography and Publicity Subcommittee of the IEEE Power System Relaying Committee

Abstract - The latest of a series of classified lists of power system relay references, begun in 1927, is presented. This Bibliography is a continuation of similar bibliographies of relay literature which have been published previously and are contained in the following volumes of this Transactions: pp. 1435-1446 1927-1939, vol. 60, 1941 pp. 705- 709 1940-1943, vol. 63, 1944 pp. 24- 27 1944-1946, vol. 67, pt. I, 1948 pp. 247- 250 1947-1949, vol. 70, pt. I, 1951 pp. 45- 48 1950-1952, vol. 74, pt. III, 1955 pp. 126- 128 1953-1954, vol. 76, pt. III, 1957 pp. 78- 81 1955-1956, vol. 78, pt. III, 1959 pp. 39- 42 1957-1958, vol. 79, pt. III, 1960 pp. 109- 111 1959-1960, vol. 81,pt. III, 1962 pp. 1044-1053 1961-1964, vol. PAS-85, No. 10 pp. 244- 250 1965-1966, vol. PAS-88, No. 3 The papers listed include references to the subjects of service restoration, testing, and methods of calculation, as well as to the field of relaying. Only the more readily available foreign publications are included. Many of the articles are available in abstract form in Science Abstracts - Section B, the Engineering Index, and other digesting or indexing periodicals, as well as in the original magazine listed. The listing of the titles is subdivided into 14 sections depending upon the general substance of each article. The entries in each section are listed in alphabetical order. The name of the first author determines the alphabetical position. Each title is listed in only one section even though some of the papers referred to may cover material in various sections. A list of the periodicals which have been cited and their place of publication is given following the bibliography. The committee is indebted to Science Abstracts and the Engineering Index for many of the synopses in this paper.

Section A. Line Protection-Distance Relaying:

Single-Pole Tripping for 500 KY Line, C. L. Ballentine and J. W. Chadwick, Power Engineering, Vol. 73, No. 9, September 1969, pp. 4446, Reliable operation of long radial line is aided by selective single-pole tripping for one-phase-to-ground faults. Static Relay Provides Required Speed at 33 Kv, Howard J. Calhoun, Electrical World, vol. 168 part 1, July 3, 1967, pp. 27-28. Limitations of electromechanical impedance relays spur development of a static time-distance relay. Determination of the Time Settings in Distance Protection Scheme Based on Statistical Methods, J. DeHaas, CIGRE, Paris, 22nd Meeting, June 10-20, 1968 - CR31-05 8p. Discusses the probability of poor selectivity and scattering in decisive factors determining time intervals. Dual Solid-State Relaying Protects 345 Kv Line, K. K. Dols, L. C. Elliott, W. L. Hinman, and V. C. Rydeen, Transmission & Distribution, Vol. 21, No. 4, April 1969, pp. 70-73. Description of protection used on the 511 mile line from Minneapolis to St. Louis. Three-Step Transistorized Distance Relay with Quadrilateral Polar Characteristics, N. M. Hnilkumar, K. Parthashrathy, K. K. Thakkar.
Paper 71 TP 196-PWR, recommended and approved by the Power System Relaying Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE Winter Power Meeting, New York, N.Y., January 31-February 5, 1971. Manuscript submitted October 1, 1970; made available for printing November 25,
1970. Members of the Subcommittee are listed on page 1 of text.

Institution of Engineers (India), - j v48 n4 pt EL2 Dec. 1967 p 189-204. Quadrilateral polar characteristics provided by this relay is ideally suited for protection of long heavily loaded transmission lines. Discriminative Performance of Distance Protection Under Fault Operating Conditions, W. D. Humpage, M. S. Kandil. IEE-Proceedings (England) vl 15 nl Jan. 1968 p. 141-52. Evaluation in detail of protection coverage afforded by earth-and phase-fault distance relays in terms of range of apparent impedances presented to them for which protection correctly operates and initiates circuit breaker tripping. Distance Protection-Optimum Dynamic Design of Static Relay Comparators, L. Jackson, J. B. Patrickson, L. M. Wedepohl. IEEProceedings (England) vl 15 n2 Feb. 1968 p 280-7. Behavior of Distance Relays Under Earth Fault Conditions on Double Circuit Lines, E. Keller and M. Quissek, Brown Boveri Review, Vol. 56, No. 10, October 1969, pp. 494-501. Affect of mutual zero sequence impedance on distance relay measurements during earth faults. Drawbacks of compensation schemes. Selective interruption obtained by suitable coupling between relays at both ends of the line. Static Sampling Distance Relays, P. G. McLareni, IEE-Proceedings (England), vl 15 n3 Mar. 1968 p 418-24. Sampling technique has been developed which allows comparison of instantaneous values derived at different instants of time, thereby dispensing with the need to phase shift or mix the signals derived from primary line quantities. Static Double-Phase Comparator for Distance Protection, K. S. Mehta, A Chrandrose-Kharan, IEE- Proceedings (England), vl 16 n6 June 1969 p 1046-7. New phase comparator, which operates on double normal angular limits and which strikes fine balance between static single-and dual-phase comparators during transient conditions. High Speed Static Relays for Distance Measurements. L. Mouton, M. Souillard. CIGRE, Paris, 22nd meeting, June 10-20, 1968-CR 31-08 lp. New principles employed for main functions of distance protection system in order to improve its speed and accuracy. Phase Selection by Static Fault Detectors in Switched Distance Relay Schemes, K. Parthasarathy, N. M. A. Kumar, S. M, Sanzgiri. Institution of Engineers (India) - J. v48 n2 pt ELI Oct. 1967 p 44-56. Development of static fault detectors which employ logic circuits to make decisions for selecting faulty phase or phases and to monitor the required actuating quantities to the impedance measuring unit. Ultra-Rapid Static Relay for Distance Protection, M. Soullard, Revue Generale De L'Electricite (Paris). v76 n3 Mar. 1967 p 419-25. Study of relays for measuring transient-state values of inductance and resistance. Three-Phase Impedance Relays Responding to Phase Sequence of Four Electrical Quantities, A. M. Valeev, Elektrichestvo, nl Jan. 1968 P 1-6. This investigates the possibility of designing single-system relays' responding without switching to two or three phase relays. Quadrilateral-Characteristic Transistor Distance Protection, A. Vitanov. CIGRE, Paris, 22nd Meeting, June 10-20, 1968 - CR3 1-03 l Op. Distance protection is described in which distance relays may have all types of characteristics consisting of segments and arcs of circles. Distance Relays with Rectangular Operating Characteristics, A. B. Vitanov, Elektrichestvo, n8 Aug. 1968 p 70-4. Impedance type semiconductor relay is discussed which makes it possible to obtain any desirable working characteristics.
Members of the Bibliography and Publicity Subcommittee of the IEEE Power System Relaying Committee are: E. J. Emmerling, Chairman; J. L. Blackburn, J. L. Chipman, A. F. Folkman, R. H. Jones, H. L. Goodridge, J. E. Stephens.

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Section B. Line Protection Pilot Wire, Carrier, and Microwave

Carrier Current Coupling From a Grounded Static Wire, T. I. Agnew, D. A. Collins, IEEE Trans., Vol. 86, No. 10, Oct. 1967, pp. 1210-1215. This paper examines overhead static wire coupling comparing with conventional capacitor coupling. Data is submitted from a 345 Kv line showing that static wire can produce an acceptable carrier channel. Effects of Noise on Transfer - Trip Carrier Relaying, B. Bozoki, IEEE Trans., Vol. 87, No. 1, Jan. 1968, pp. 173-179. A test method is described for the measurement of the probability of error due to noise in transfer-trip relaying using power line carrier. New High-Pass Coupling Network for Power Line Carrier Operation: Design Considerations, E. E. Combs, IEEE Trans., Vol. 86, No. 12, Dec. 1967, pp. 1522-1527. The parameters involved in providing carrier frequency coupling to a high-voltage power transmission lnme are examined. Power Line Carrier Coupling - A New Look at the Tuned Type, E. E. Combs, IEEE Trans., Vol. 87, Feb. 1968, pp. 407420, No. 2. Paper explains how a properly tuned coupling network may be selected, how the appropriate component values may be determined, and how the network may be accurately tuned. Guide for Measurements on Power Line Carrier Systems, Committee Report, IEEE Trans., Vol. 86, Dec. 1967, No. 12, pp. 1587-1592. Information from a survey of power line carrier measurement techniques and procedures is summarized. Protection Principles for the 345 KY Minneapolis-Iowa-St. Louis Interconnection, K. K. Dols, V. C. Rydeen, L. C. Elliott, W. L. Hinman, Proceedings of the American Power Conference, vol. XXIX, pp. 1109-1117, 1967. Dual Channel Carrier and pilot wire relaying systems are selected for a 511 mile line including a new frequency shift unblocking directional comparison system. Effect of EMF Induced in Pilot Wires by Zero Sequence Transmission Line Currents on Pilot Wire Operation, V. L. Fabrikant, L. A. Orekhove, Elektrichestvo, n4 Apr. 1967 p18-21. Analysis shows that the sensitivity of insulation control of pilot wires should be matched to the sensitivity of line protection on Power Lines. M. Zwequintzow, J. Naumendorff. Revue Generale De L'Electricite, v77 nl I Nov. 1968 p 1029-36. This recalls the advantages afforded by the use of power distribution line conductors as telecommunications current carriers. Sensitivity Coordination in Starting Systems for HF Blocking of Distance Relays, V. A. Rubinchik, Elektrichestvo, nll Nov. 1968 p 53-9. Coordination methods, circuitry, and its characteristics. Fault Simulator Tests Relays on 345 Kv and 138 Kv Lines, H. L. Garton and W. H. Wickham, Electrical World, January 27, 1969, pp. 33-34. Description of equipment to test audio tone, carter, and microwave relay systems by applying simulated fault currents and voltages simultaneously at all relay terminals. Circulating-Current Pilot Wire Differential Protection System, C. B. Gray, IEE-Proceedings (England), vI 14 n6 June 1967 p 769-74. Description of protective scheme in which compensation is provided for the phase shift of fundamental-frequency signals transmitted over pilot wire circuit, alternate relay characteristics are considered, with particular reference to desirability of maintaining simultaneous tripping of circuit breakers at both ends of the protected section under all internal fault conditions. Telecommunications for HVDC Transmission, B. Hammarlund, IEEE Trans., Vol. 87, No. 3, Mar. 1968, pp. 690-695. Channel bandwidth requirements for protection of HVDC Transmission is briefly

Static Wire Carrier APS 500 Kv Project, R. L. McAlpine, Proceedings of the American Power Conference, Vol. 31, 1969, pp. 854-858. Description of use of static wire for voice and data transmission at carrier frequency. Discussion of "Power Line Carrier on Insulated Bundle Subconductors of D.C. and A.C. Transmission Lines," M. C. Perz, H. Hakamura, IEEE Trans., Vol. 87, No. 3, Mar. 1968 p. 893. Power Line Carrier on Insulated Bundle Subconductors of D.C. and A.C. Transmission Lines, M. C. Perz, IEEE Trans., Vol. 87, No. 1, Jan. 1968, p. 162. A system of power line carrier communications utilizing and having an attenuation of about 0.1 db/mi. at 100 KHz is described. Insulated Overhead Ground Wires - Protective Carrier Relaying Investigations, J. Reichman, IEEE Trans., Vol. 87, Jan. 1968, No. 1, pp. 179-187. The results of an extensive field investigation of the use of a single insulated overhead ground wire for protective carrier relaying are summarized and discussed. Spectral Properties of Isolator Noise, B. Sakic, Brown Boveri Review, Vol. 55, No. 4/5, April/May 1968, pp. 241-249. Investigation and measurement of frequencies generated by noise on power lines. In particular, noise associated with isolator operation is measured. The Transistorized High Power Single-Sideband Carrier Set Type ETC, W. Senn, Brown Boveri Review, Vol. 55, No. 4/5, April/May 1968, pp. 233-235. A new type of carrier set to provide reliable communications over long distances is described. Some Relay Quantities for Pilot-Wire Protection, S. A. Wheeler. IEE-Proceedings (England) vi 15 n8 Aug. 1967 p 1 149-55. Reappraisal of multiterminal private pilot-wire protection. Pilot wire relay operating and bias quantities analyzed and possibilities of compensation to make relay quantities completely independent of pilot wire characteristics for multiterminal protection are examined. Line Protection Relaying Units, Type NSD, A. Zotter, Brown Boveri Review, Vol. 55, No. 4/5, April/May 1968, pp. 236-240. Description of audio frequency set based on frequency-shift principal incorporating improvements in noise immunity and command transit time. Microwave to Protect Submarine Intertie, none, Electrical World, November 17, 1969, pp. 50-53. Description of the microwave system used for protection and communication on the 12 mile, 138 Kv submarine cable joining Long Island Lighting Co. and Connecticut Light and Power Co. across Long Island Sound. Reliable Communication Vital to HVDC, none, Electrical World, December 8, 1969, pp. 52-54. Discussion of communications system between conversion equipment at both ends of the 750 Kv dc Pacific Intertie.

Section C. Line Protection-Ground Relaying:

Use of Higher Harmonics of Ground Currents for Relay Protection of 6 to 35 Kv Networks, A. D. Drozdov, V. G. Shulyak. Isvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, n6 June 1967 P 6-12. Calculations of harmonics of zero sequence currents during grounding from load current harmonics, characteristics of power transformers, ground resistance, and location of grounding electrodes. Single-Zone Ground Distance Relaying, L. Husak and G. Rockefeller, Westinghouse Engineer Vol. 29, No. 4, July 1969, pp. 117-124. Description of the application and operating characteristics of the SDGU static relay. Section D. Line Protection - General
Device Locates Point of Fault on Transmission Lines, Eckhard Born and Johann Jaeger, Electrical World, vol. 168 part 1, July 10, 1967, pp. 133-134. Fault location is made during occurrence of the fault. Relaying the Keystone 500 Kv System, Committee Report, IEEE Trans., Vol. 87, No. 5, No. 6, June 1968, pp. 1434-1439.

discussed. Computer Delineates Carrier Frequencies, R. R. Keith and W. F. Reinke, Electrical World, January 6, 1969, pp. 29-32. Guided by limits and rules, computer indicates available frequencies for use in carrier and transfer-trip circuits.

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Major Features of the Vancouver Island 260 Kv HVDC Submarine Link, H. M. Ellis, W. Chin, Proceedings of the American Power Conference, vol. 30, pp. 1017-1034, 1968. Many aspects of this installation are discussed including protective and control requirements. EHV 'Protective Relaying on SCEC System, T. C. Erwin, R. E. Linton, T. Niessink, IEEE-Trans., Vol. 86, No. 11, Nov. 1967, pp. 1384-1388. Breaker Failure Relaying, W. L. Hiniman, Proceedings of the American Power Conference, Vol. 31, 1969, pp. 1012-1020. Discussion of schemes for breaker failure protection that provide extremely fast overall clearing times in order to maintain system stability. Solid-state circuits are emphasized. Relaying the AEP 765 Kv System, S. H. Horowitz and H. T. Seeley, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 9, Sept. 1969, pp. 1382-1389. The basic relaying philosophy of the American Electric Power 765 Kv system is discussed. Included is the use of duplicate primary protection, single sideband power-line carrier and transfer tripping, effect of line oscillations and asymmetry of line impedance. Principles for Biasing Longitudinal Differential Relay Protection for Balanced Lines, Yu I. Karinski, Elektrichestvo nl 1 Nov. 1968 p59-64. Detuning of unbalance voltages and currents caused by errors in transformers and other devices of the protection system. New Approach in Line Protection, A. M. R. Kliman, CIGRE, 22nd Meeting, June 10-20, 1968 - CR31-02 10p Basic principle of operation of voltage differential relaying system is described and its basic equations are developed. Three-Phase Relay, I. Mikami, T. Hukuhara, Electrical Engineering in Japan (Denki Gakkai Zasshi), v87 nS May 1967 p 23-33. It is shown how conventional three phase transmission line protective relay systems can be obtained by installing only one relay element instead of three. Key 345 Kv Station Designed For Reliability and Economy, R. B. Miller and L. E. Ackmann, Electrical World, vol. 170 part 1, July 8, 1968, pp. 21-93. Two independent relay systems are provided for each line section. The Application of Relaying on an EHV System, H. J. Sutton, IEEE Trans., Vol. 86, No. 4, April 1967, pp. 408-415. Paper outlines EHV relaying to be used for the 500 Kv lines in the southern branch of SCEC system. Design 500 Kv Relaying For Reliability, Howard J. Sutton, Electrical World, vol. 167, April 3, 1967, pp. 66-68. Two virtually independent high-speed schemes assure reliability, permit clearing equipment for maintenance without loss of protection. Momentary Faults Spotted on HV-Line, none, Electrical World, vol. 167, January 9, 1967, pp. 67-68. Two types of fault locators are being tested on transmission lines in the State of Washington. Staged 500 Kv Fault Tests Prove Relays and Channels, none, Electrical World, vol. 170 part 1, July 29, 1968, pp. 34-35. Staged ground faults on 500 Kv line verified primary and back-up relaying and fault current calculations.

Section F. Apparatus Protection:

Generating Station Protection and Operating Practices to avoid Equipment Overexcitation, G. W. Alexander, W. J. McNutt, M. Temoshok, W. W. Walkley, Proceedings of the American Power Conference, vol. XXIX, pp. 999-1010, 1967. Operating conditions and limits of voltage and frequency as related to generation, turbines, transformers and motors are discussed. Characteristics and application of the STV relay is presented. How Non-Standard Waves Affect URD System, Part 1, J. L. Gaddy, Jr., Electric Light and Power, October 1969, pp. 78-81. Discussion of nature and effect of transient power surges and ways to improve protection against them, including lightning arrester performance. How Non-Standard Waves Affect URD Systems, Part 2, J. L. Gaddy, Jr., Electric Light and Power, November 1969, pp. 82-84. How rate of change, and total change in voltage, place stress on major and minor insulations of distribution transformers. Protective Devices Against Harmful Effects of Rapid Reclosing on HV Machines, J. Hartu. Seimens Zeitschrift, v41 n6 June 1967 p 479-81. Combination of directional and overcurrent relays to protect motors not designed to withstand stresses resulting from restoring in opposite phase when reclosed. New Principle for Using Full-Wave Rectifiers in Differential Protection of Transformers, M. Hegazy, IEE-Proceedings (England) vl 16 n3 Mar. 1969 p 425-8. New pcinciple proposed for blocking transformer differential relay during magnetizing inrush. Switching Surge Countermeasures Easier Choice with Analog Computer, L. A. Kilar, W. E. Feero, Electric Light and Power, April 1969, pp. 68-69. A passive element analog computer to select surge suppression devices is discussed. Combination Motor Starter Now Provides Complete Circuit Protection, J. M. Michaelson, Westinghouse Engineer, Vol. 29, No. 5, September 1969, pp. 135-138. A fast-acting magnetic current sensing device protects motor circuits by interrupting low-level faults. A current limiter backs up the magnetic device in applications where higher fault currents may appear. New type of Undervoltage Protection for Three Phase Motors, K. Nimes, E. Zurowski, Seimnens Revue v35 nP 1968 p 356-9. New under-voltage time relay sensitive to positive sequence voltage. New Design Overcomes Drift in Overexcitation Protection, C. R. Russell and C. H. Clarridge, Electrical World, January 6, 1969, pg. 32. Adopting an inductance rather than a capacitance for measurement of the frequency component in volts-per-hertz relays has eliminated a calibration drift experienced with earlier designs and simplified the circuitry. What Extra CT's do for Autotransformer Reliability, none, Electrical World, October 27, 1969, pp. 44-46. Discussion of improved transformer protection using high-impedance relays in a differential scheme.

Section E. Bus Protection:

Section G. Distribution and Network Protection: Coordination Between Industrial Plant Systems and Utility Service, J. Agosta, Proceedings of the American Power Conference, vol. 30, pp. 714-723, 1968. The design requirements of facilities to serve industrial plants are discussed, including the requirements and operation of the protective relay system. Take a Fresh Look at Arcing Faults, W. F. Bennett, Power, Vol. 113, No. 2, February 1969, pp. 59-61. This article outlines an appraisal of short-circuit theory which helps explain the failure of some electric protection schemes, and offers some practical modifications to improve the protection of present systems. Multiple Lightning Strokes Change Relay Schemes, J. W. Beville, Electrical World, vol. 168 part 2, December 4, 1967, pp. 29-31, 73. Induced lightning tests provide data to aid in setting of reclosing and reset times.

M. Forster, R. Berthold, Brown Boveri Review, Vol. 55, No. 4/5, April/May 1968, pp. 250-256. Report on behavior of the Brown Boveri electronic system of busbar protection under short circuit conditions. Electronic Bus Zone Protection, H. Haug, M. Forester, CIGRE, 22nd Meeting, June 10-20, 1968 CR31-11 9p. Due to rapid rise of network short circuit powers, busbar protection has become more significant so it is as equally important as line or generator protection. Protection of Busbar System, R. Schneider. Bulletin Oerlikon n366 Jan. 1966 p 30-2. Features of complex busbar system of Swanbank Power Plant, Austria. Protection system currents in case of external and busbar faults consists of current transformer, rectifier and percentage differential current relay.

Heavy-Current Tests on the Electronic Busbar Protection System,

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Distance Protection of Teed Circuits, W. D. Humpage, D. W. Lewis. IEE-Proceedings (England) vi 14 nlO Oct. 1967 p 1483-98. Explanation of factors influencing measurements of circuit impedance using local-end relaying signals at three network terminals. Spot Networks Can Improve Service Reliability to Suburban Load Centers, W. P. Matty, D. R. Smith, Westinghouse Engineer, Vol. 29, No. 3, May 1969, pp. 85-92. Description of network protector relays and application to non-dedicated feeders. Automatic Sectionalizing Package for URD, J. E. McClain, Electrical World, vol. 167, June 26, 1967, pp. 93-94. Solid-state relay devices control loadbreak oil switches on underground distribution systems. Overcurrent Solid-State Relay Controls Distribution Switching, A. F. Parks, Electrical World, vol. 168 part 1, August 7, 1967, pp. 81-82. Inverse time solid-state relay applicable for control of distribution switching equipment takes advantage of superior characteristics of semi-conductor devices.' Solid-State Module Detects Overcurrent Faster, Reduces Equipment Damage, Philip R. Thomas and James E. McClain, Electrical World, vol. 167, April 17, 1967, pp. 125-126. New semiconductor module serves as the sensing and signaling "electronic brain" in submersible load break systems. Static Sensor Makes Compact Circuit Breakers More Capable and More Flexible, R. 0. D. Whitt and T. W. Slebodnik, Westinghouse Engineer, Vol. 29, No. 3, May 1969, pp. 80-84. Description of operating characteristics of 100 to 2000 amp, 600V. maximum, circuit breakers using a solid-state current sensor instead of the usual thermal-magnetic tripping device. New Fault Indicator Speeds URD Service Restoration, none, Electrical World, November 10, 1969, pp. 69-70. Description of directional fault indicator with remote sensing and automatic reset

Section I. General and Miscellaneous Relaying:

Switching Surges on Northern States Power Company's 345 Kv Circuits, G. W. Alexander, J. E. Mielke, and H. T. Trojan, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 6, June 1969, pp. 919-93 1. A report of field tests and subsequent transient network analyzer studies to determine the maximum switching-surge transients which system parameters could, produce. Circuit breakers with resistor preinsertion are compared with those having direct closing contacts (on a single phase basis). Behavior of Current Transformers, Relays, and Protective Devices Subjected to Transients, H. Barchetti, N. Korponay, A. Mosbeck. CIGRE, 22nd Meeting, June 10-20, 1968 - CR31-06 i5p. It is shown that behavior of current transformers used to feed modern relays should be such that the relay is capable of measuring correctly from the first instant following the occurrence of the fault.
Device Applies Logic to Breaker Closure, Robert W. Beckwith, Electrical World, vol. 167, February 6, 1967, pp. 60-61. Single integrated package of solid state devices analyzes conditions on both sides of a breaker to initiate closing for a permissive condition. Phase Splitters for Relay Protection, A. S. Bochev, E. P. Figurnov, Elektrichestvo, n4, 1967 p 13-17. Calculation formulas are derived for selection of phase splitters for maximum efficiency when used in rectifying systems for various types of protective semiconductor relays on rectified current signals. Shunt Capacitor Energization with Vacuum Interrupters - A Possible Source of Overvoltage, Eugene W. Boehne and S. S. Low, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 9, September 1969, pp. 1424-1443. Analysis by field test and by a computer study of a source of overvoltage accompanied by sudden and severe voltage reversals at the terminals of a transformer which failed in service upon the energization of a large capacitor bank with vacuum interrupters. Multistep Resistor Control of Switching Surges, R. G. Colclaser, Jr., C. L. Wagner, and E. P. Donohue, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 7, July 1969, pp. 1022-1028. Results of an analog computer study of four methods of controlling switching surge overvoltages. The alternatives studied include synchronous control of breaker closing without a resistor, a gauged three-resistor breaker, a gauged two-resistor breaker, and a controlled closing two resistor breaker. Survey of Underfrequency Relay Tripping of Load Under Emergency Conditions, IEEE Committee Report, Proceedings of the American Power Conference, vol. XXIX, pp. 1023-1031, 1967. Results of a survey of operating practices of 109 companies. Survey of Underfrequency Relay Tripping of Load Under Emergency Conditions, IEEE Committee Report, IEEE Trans., Vol. 87, No. 5, May 1968, pp. 1362-1366. A survey of practices of utilities in the United States was made in 1966 to determine the application of underfrequency relays to trip load during system emergencies. Questionnaires giving the philosophy of the reporting utilities are summarized. An Underfrequency Relay with Frequency Decay Rate Compensation, C. J. Durkin, Jr., E. R. Eberle, and P. Zarakas, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 6, June 1969, pp. 812-820. Discussion of design and operation of the relay with respect to modern load reduction concepts. Field Tests and Corrective Measures for suppression of Transients on Solid-State Devices in EHV Stations, H. L. Garton and H. K. Stolt, Proceedings of the American Power Conference, Vol. 31, 1969, pp. 1029-1038. Discussion of methods of providing adequate shielding and good wiring installation practices to suppress transients before they reach the equipment. Volt per Hz Relay Protects Transformers Against Overexcitation, L. E. Goff, Electrical World, vol. 168 part 1, September 25, 1967, pp. 47-48. Static relay is developed to protect generator step-up transformers against damage from overexcitation.

capability.

Section H. Service Restoration:

Units React to Low Frequency, P. M. Hopkins, Electrical World, May 12, 1969, pg. 37. Automatic loading of synchronized but unloaded hydro units with the assistance of underfrequency relaying maintains frequency in the event of a "system" split-up. Electrical Resynchronizing of a Large Cross-Compound Turbine Generator Set: Part I - Analytical Study, R. K. Lay, E. H. Lenfest, M. Temoshok, and R. L. Winchester, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 7, July 1969, pp. 1137-1146. The paper presents an analytical study of the resynchronizing process, specifically as it was applied to Commonwealth Edison Company's Will County No. 4 set. Rated open-circuit field excitation is applied to one unit to resynchronize the units from a range of speed differences up to 0.4 per unit. Electrical Resynchronizing of a Large Cross-Compound TurbineGenerator Set: Part II - Field Tests, D. L. Levine, R. K. Lay, and M. Temoshok, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 7, July 1969, pp. 1146-1150. Presentation of test results of the resynchronizing process, as applied to Commonwealth Edison Company's Will County No. 4 set, a two-pole 332-MVA and a four-pole 308-MVA unit. Use System Constants to Plan Accurate UF Load Shedding, H. E. Lokay and V. Burtnyk, Electric Light and Power, January 1969, pp. 69-72. An optimum load shedding program can be planned by using system constants and coordinating UF relays with other protective equipment. Western Systems Nip Major Disturbance in Bud, none, Electrical World, July 28, 1969, pp. 28-31. Automatic load shedding program prevents cascading tripouts despite separation of 2900MW of resources from California. Relaying studied for System Load Relief, none, Electrical World, November 24, 1969, pp. 4447. Research by Con Edison develops underfrequency relays with rate-of-change compensation and adaptable load control to help system avoid shutdown during severe disturbance.
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Auxiliaries and Protective Equipment in the High-Power Testing Station, G. Knecht, W. Schellenberg, K. Spinnler, Brown Boveri Review, Vol. 55, No. 12, December 1968, pp. 702-713. The principal data and design features of the station auxiliaries and protective equipment are described. Control Circuit Transients, Pt. 1, W. C. Kotheimer, Power Engineering, Vol. 73, No. 1, January 1969, pp. 42-46. First of a two-part article on the cause of surges, their effect on solid state relay equipment, and how the design engineer can deal with them in EHV power circuits and control circuits. Control Circuit Transients, Pt. 2, W. C. Kotheimer, Power Engineering, Vol. 73, No. 2, February 1969, pp. 54-56. Conclusion of a discussion of voltages induced into control circuits by surges in EHV systems. Application of Underfrequency Relays for Automatic Load Shedding, H. E. Lokay, V. Burtnyk, IEEE Trans., Vol. 78, No. 3, Mar. 1968, pp. 776-782. This paper describes the factors involved in applying underfrequency relays to achieve a desired "deficient generation" protection level and a calculating method to achieve optimum relay settings. Developing Automatic Load-Shedding Programs with Underfrequency Relays, H. E. Lokay, V. Burtnyk, Westinghouse Engineer, vol. 28, number 2, pp. 52-57, March 1968. System frequency decay characteristics and factors to be considered for an effective load shedding program are discussed. Current and Voltage Measuring Units for Protective Relay Circuits, E. V. Lysenko, Elektrichestvo, n lO Oct. 1968 p 1 1-16. Description of different types of measuring circuits. Fault Protection with a Digital Computer, G. D. Rockefeller, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 4, April 1969, pp. 438464. Discussion of the use of a time-shared stored-program digital computer to perform many of the electrical power-system protective-relay functions in a substation. Logic operations are given to detect a fault, locate it, and initiate the opening of the appropriate circuit breakers. A Swing Relay for the East-West Intertie, F. R. Schleif, L. W. Lloyd, Jr., R. W. World, and W. B. Gish, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 6, June 1969, pp. 821-825. A special relay senses power, rate-of-change of power, and oscillation quantities and anticipates when the interchange is approaching difficulty. High Speed Protection of Power Systems Based on Improved Power Systems Models, G. R. Slemon, S. D. T. Robertson, M. Ramamoorty, CIGRE, 22nd Meeting, June 10-20, 1968 - CR31-09 l5p. It is shown that more sophisticated models of both synchronous machines and lines are required to predict information on transients in power systems. Back-Up Protection, H. Ungrad, Brown Boveri Review, Vol. 55, No. 6, June 1968, pp. 297-305. Discussion of a back-up system to function in the event of the failure of a circuit breaker, relay, supply transformer, or the auxiliaries. Also discussed is the time grading principle, duplicate protection, and central back-up system.

Nonsustained Breakdowns in Electrical Strength Tests, Mat Darveniza, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 1, January 1969, pp. 47-54. A study of nonsustained breakdowns during alternating voltage tests on the electrical strength of various commercial insulants in transformer oils, compressed sulphur hexafluoride, and nitrogen. Results of the effect of test circuit parameters and relay settings on the breakdown voltages are given. Processing by Logic Programming of Circuit Breaker and Protective Relaying Information, T. E. DyLiacco and T. J. Krayak, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 2, February 1969, pp. 171-175. Analysis of circuit breaker and protective relaying operations in a power system by an "Automatic System Trouble Analysis" program. Develope a Rate of Change of Frequency Test Generator, Edwin R. Eberle, Electrical World, vol. 170 part 2, December 9, 1968, pp. 91-92. Calibration set to check underfrequency and rate of frequency change relays. Computer-Controlled Digital Data Acquisition System with Fault Information Capture, Richard C. Engle, Proceedings of the American Power Conference, Vol. 31, 1969, pp. 1039-1047. Utilizing a process control computer in a system control center to analyze and display data received from remote locations in digital form. Included is provision for presenting data from transmission line faults. On-Line Monitoring Exposes Factors Affecting EHV-Line Operations, S. W. St. George, Electric Light and Power, May 1969, pp. 150-153. Continuous magnetic-tape fault recording on transmission lines, application of recording equipment and use of data. Diagrams Guide Directional Testing of Ground Overcurrent Relays, Harry A. Shinkle, Jr., Electrical World, Vol. 170 part 2, December 9, 1968, pp. 84-87. Two circle diagrams are designed to avoid confusion during directional testing of zero sequence and negative sequence polarized ground relays. A Slide Rule Simplifies Testing of Directional Current Ground Relays, J. K. Vaughn, Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 21, No. 6, June 1969, pp. 70-73. A circular slide rule permits maximum torque angle and power factor to be quickly related, giving the relay tester a prediction of contact response. Solid-State Power Line Relay Carrier Equipment is Tested in Service, J. N. Wadsworth, Transmission and Distribution, Sept. 1969, pp. 54-56. Description of a small, lightweight and portable piece of field test equipment for testing Westinghouse KR carrier equipment. Oscillograph Widely Used by AEP, none, Electrical World, December 22, 1969, pp. 4042. Discussion of oscillograph application and oscillogram analysis.

Section K. System Stability:

Dual Criteria Relay Initiates Load Shedding, R. D. Brown, Electrical World, vol. 170 part 2, November 18, 1968, p. 67. High speed digital counter evaluates frequency and its rate-of-change to mastermind tripping commands. A Study of Stability Equivalents, H. E. Brown, R. B. Shipley, D. Coleman, and R. E. Nied, Jr., IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 3, March 1969, pp. 200-207. Reduction of large power pools and interconnections to an equivalent representation for portions of the system beyond the area of immediate interest in stability studies. Stability Analysis of the Texas Interconnected System with Load Management and Transmission Relaying, E. L. Busby, J. W. Skooglund, and K. L. Williams, Proceedings of the American Power Conference, Vol. 31, 1969, pp. 865-871. Description of a large system stability study including effects of generator excitation, turbine speed governor systems, transmission line relays, and load management with underfrequency relays. Emergency Load Shedding Restores System Faster, C. W. Cogburn, Electrical World, vol. 167, February 13, 1967, pp. 30-31. Underfrequency relays trip feeders on priority basis, but only as necessary to prevent a major system interruption.

Section J. Testing and Analyzing:

Develope Power Line Carrier Installation Techniques, J. H. Addison, Electrical World, vol. 170 part 1, August 5, 1968, pp. 90-92. Wave traps are tuned using signal generator and milliammeter.

Relay Tester Gives Variable Angle and Frequency, Robert W. Beckwith, Electrical World, vol. 168 part 2, November 13, 1967, p. 124. Test instrument combines the functions of a phase meter, variable phase source and variable frequency source. A Versatile Phase-Angle Meter for Electric Power System Analysis, T. L. Bourbonnais II, L. J. Lunas, Westinghouse Engineer, vol. 27,
number 3, pp. 88-92, May 1967. The new Westinghouse meter and its applications are described.

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Dynamic Modeling of Loads in Stability Studies, M. H. Kent, W. R. Schmus, F. A. McCrakin, and L. M. Wheeler, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 5, May 1969, pp. 756-763. Emphasis of need for a correct representation of electrical loads in stability studies, with summary of test results. Improvement in Power System Stability by Changes in the Network, Edward W. Kimbark, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 5, May 1969, pp. 773-781. Discontinuous changes in the electric power network, such as connecting shunt resistor brakes, disconnecting generators or load or inserting series capacitors, each rapidly accomplished under control, can counteract other sudden, undesired changes in the network. Transient and Dynamic Stability Studies, H. E. Lokay and S. Merry, Power, Vol. 113, No. 8, August 1969, pp. 66-70. The importance of stability studies and improved methods of making them are related to growth in system loads and size of generating units. Power System Transient Control by Capacitor Switching, Otto J. M. Smith, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 1, Jan. 1969, pp. 28-35. Inserting and removing a series capacitor in a transmission line can quickly remove the oscillatory transients due to a fault.

Section L. Methods and Calculations:

Interrupting Sudden Asymmetric Short Circuit Currents Without Zero Transition, M. Canay and L, Werren, Brown Boveri Review, Vol. 56, No. 10, October 1969, pp. 484493. Calculation of the time during which the stator current of a synchronous machine does not pass through zero following a short circuit. Affect of machine size and operating condition on circuit breaker interruption performance is included. How Safe is Your Substation Under Ground Fault Conditions? Edson R. Detjen, Electric Light and Power, February 1969, pp. 77-79. Calculations of ground mat potential rise and examples of how to reduce the potential. Current Wave in Amplitude Comparison Relay, J. Ernoule, CIGRE, 22nd Meeting, June 10-20, 1968 CR 31-08 13p. Graphical method for determining the current wave taking into account the presence of nonlinear rectifiers. Mathematical Basis for Multi-Input Sine Comparators, N. M. A. Kumar, K. Parthasarathy, Institution of Engineers (India) j v48 n2 pt ELI Oct. 1967 p 9-21. Mathematical basis is developed to encompass all comparators which depend on their working on the sine of the angle between input signals. Transient Analysis of Unbalanced Short Circuit of Synchronous Machines, Hu H. Kwang, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 1, January 1969, pp. 67-72. The line-to-ground short circuit case of a synchronous machine is solved. New and complete expressions for short-circuit currents, torque, and open phase voltage are mathematically derived. Let's Review Short-Circuit Calculations, Irwin Lazar, Power, Vol. 113, No. 2, February 1969, pp. 74-75. This first article of a series reviews the determination of possible short-circuit currents in distribution systems. How Short-Circuit Currents Behave, Irwin Lazar, Power, Vol. 1 13, No. 4, April 1969, pp. 76-80. This second article in a series covers sources of short-circuit currents and circuit components which limit them, the nature and shape of short-circuit current waves, and behavior and magnitude of short-circuit currents in distribution systems. How to Apply the Per-Unit Method to Short-Circuit Current Calculations, Irwin Lazar, Power, Vol. 113, No. 8, August 1969, pp. 72-75. This third article of a series covers basis for rating ac circuit breakers and fuses, per-unit method applied to short-circuit calculations, and conversion of per-unit values to total equivalent reactance. Calculating Industrial Short-Circuit Currents, Irwin Lazar, Power, Vol. 113, No. 12, December 1969, pp. 56-59. This fourth article in a series covers the data necessary for a simplified fault-current calculation and works out an example determining the initial value of rms

Aid Distribution Feeder Fault Calculations, W. B. Profilet, Electrical World, vol. 168 part 1, September 1 1, 1967, p. 36. Drawings and transparent templates simplify calculations and reduce time required. Zero-Sequence Current Distribution Along Transmission Lines, Stephen A. Sebo, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 6, June 1969, pp. 910-919. This paper introduces the concepts used in connection with the end-effect phenomena of transmission lines and describes the necessity for solving the end-effect current distribution. A summary of field tests is included. Impedance of Nonmagnetic Overhead Power Transmission Conductors, P. Silvester, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 5, May 1969, pp. 731-737. A high-accuracy method of calculating skin-effect resistance and reactance of nonmagnetic stranded overhead conductors is discussed. A table of skin-effect resistance factors covering a wide range of standard aluminum conductors is presented. Determination of Post-Zero Current from Restored Voltage Transient, Roy E. Voshall, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 2, February 1969, pp. 108-119. Derivation and computer solution of differential equation for post-zero current. Curve Defines Station Fault Currents Quickly, F. D. White, Electric Light and Power, July 1969, pp. 142-143. By knowing the ratio of positive to zero sequence impedance, relative values of ground current for double-line-to-ground and single-line-to-ground faults can be found with the aid of a curve.

Section M. Instrument Transformers and Other Auxiliary Devices: Radio Telemeter System Senses EHV Line Current, John S. Ferguson, Electrical World, vol. 167, March 6, 1967, pp. 71-72. Current-Transender operates to frequency-modulate a VHF carrier proportional to sensed current on EHV circuits. Capacitor Voltage Transformers and Protective Relays, G. A. Gertsch, F. Gygaz, CIGRE, 22nd Meeting. June 10-20, 1968 - CR31-14 13p. Influence of transient voltage at the secondary terminals of the divider on the performance of the protective relays. Landmarks in the Further Development of Molded Resin Transformers, H. Hartman, Brown Boveri Review, Vol. 55, No. 4/5 April/May 1968, pp. 229-232. Some advantages of this kind of instrument transformer, such as ease of manufacture and installation are discussed, along with feasibility of operating voltages up to 123 Kv. The Requirements Made of Current Transformers by High-Speed Protective Relays, N. Korponay and H. Ungrad, Brown Boveri Review, Vol. 55, No. 6, June 1968, pp. 289-297. Performance of current transformers is discussed, including transient and overcurrent characteristics. Covers selection of current transformers based on the requirements of static relays. Line Discharge by Potential Transformers, Louis W. Marks, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-88, No. 4, April 1969, pp. 293-299, Electromagnetic potential transformers as a means for discharging isolated line sections to prevent overvoltage upon reclosing. A theoretical analysis of discharge phenomena is included. Contact-Free Current Transformer for EHV Power Lines Using Laser Beam (Laser CT), S. Saito, J. Tamaski, Y. Fuzii, K. Yokoyama, Y. Ohno, M. Shida. Electrical Engineering in Japan (Denki Gakkai Zasshi), v88 n8 Aug. 1968 p 69-79. Power line current is converted and transmitted through laser light. Determination of Ratio Errors of Protective Current Transformers, H. Schwarzer, Elin-Zertschritt, v20 n2 June 1968 p 66-75. Indirect testing method is proposed to replace difference method that does not result in sufficient accuracy because of thermal effects. Measurement of Composite Error of Relay-Type Current Transformers, J. M. Vanderleck, Ontario Hydro Research Quarterly, v19 n3. 1967 p 15-18. Correct performance of power systems protective schemes generally depends on proper limits on errors of current transformer applied.

symmetrical current.

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Section N. Solid-State Relays

Suppressor Protects Solid State Equipment, Robert W. Beckwith, Electrical World, vol. 168 part 1, July 24, 1967, p. 72. Battery transient Suppressor protects solid state equipment against damage or misoperation due to transient high voltages. Solid State Relay improves Control Capability and Reliability, J. P. Conners, Westinghouse Engineer, Vol. 29, No. 6, November 1969, pp. 178-181. A new control device can be used interchangeably with electromechanical industrial control relays but is faster, has longer life, no acoustical noise, and withstands unfavorable environments without protection. Development of a Rate of Change of Frequency Relay, C. J. Durkin and E. R. Eberle, Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 21, No. 12, December 1969, pp. 66-69. Description of the operating characteristics of the Con Edison rate of change of frequency relay and its use to improve system stability. Solid-State Reclosing Systems, W. A. Elmore, Westinghouse Engineer, Vol. 28, number 6, pp. 168-174, Nov. 1968. The features, logic circuitry, and application of a new family of solid state reclosing relays is discussed. Relay Protection of Multi-Ended Lines Using Semi-Conductor Equipment, V. Fabrikante, I. Guelfande, L. Orekhov, V. Skitaltsev, T. Smernova, L. Zismane, CIGRE, 22nd Meeting, June 10-20, 1968 - CR31-12 6p. Design principle and block diagrams of carrier current and pilot wire protection of 110 to 330 Kv multi-ended lines. Application of Transistor Techniques to Relays and Protection for Power Systems, F. L. Hamilton, M. Legg, J. B. Patrickson, lEEProceedings (England). vl 14 n2 Feb. 1967 p 213-27. Survey of broad approach to development of static protection, basis of design, selection of components and assessment of environmental conditions. Experience with Transistorized Protection in Britain, F. L. Hamilton, J. B. Patrickson, F. H. Birch, G. H. Burrows, H. J. Turner, CIGRE, 22nd Meeting, June 10-20, 1968 - CR31-04 15p. Solid-State Reclosers, Have Built-In Logic, Ben A. Harris and Kenneth C. Dols, Electrical World, vol. 168, part 2, October 2, 1967, pp. 54-55. Electronic package replaces early electromechanical equipment; brings flexibility and reduces maintenances. Solid-State, High Speed Phase-Comparison Relay Based on Zero Crossing: II - Design, W. N. Meikle, S. D. T. Robertson, IEEE Trans., Vol. 87, No. 3, Mar. 1968, pp. 770-775. A relay scheme has been developed based on the instantaneous phase current zero crossings.

Protection of "Half-Period" Distance with New Polar Characteristics Using Static Logic Techniques, M. Souillard, Revue Generale De L'Electricite (Paris), v77 n7-8 July, Aug. 1968 p 702-8. Description of system for selective protection of high voltage line against all ground or interphase faults. Line Protection Relaying Units Type NSD, A. Zotter. Brown Boveri Revue, v55 n4-5 Apr., May 1968 p 23640. Constructional and design features of transistorized relay system for high signal-to-noise ratio and minimum transit time.
IEEE Transactions Allis Chalmers Electrical Review Brown Boveri Review Bulletin, Oerlikon CIGRE (Conference Internationale des Grands Reseaux Electriques) Distribution (General Electric Co.) Electric Light and Power Electrical Engineering in Japan (Denki Gakkai Zasshi) Electric World Elektrichestvo Elin-Zeitschritt Institution of Electrical Engineers Institution of Engineers

Solid-State, High-Speed Phase-Comparison Relay Based on Zero Crossings: I - Theory, S. D. T. Robertson, W. N. Meikle, IEEE Trans., Vol. 87, No. 3, Mar. 1968, pp. 764-770. Discusses the design of a comparison type relay system for three-phase transmission lines based on the instantaneous position of zero crossing of the current waveform.

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