I. Concept 1.

Concept Composite material is synthetic material made from two or more different materials to create a new material with superior features than the original one. Composite material is composed of core components to ensure that composite obtains the required mechanical properties and base materials to ensure that components of the composite link and work in harmony with each other. 2. History and development Composite material has appeared for a long time before. Around 5000 BC, the ancient people already knew how to apply composite material in life (for example: using stone powder mixed with clay to ensure the expansion in the process of pottery burning). The Egyptians already knew to apply composite material from about 3,000 BC, typical products were boat cover made of reed soaked with pitum. Later, woven bamboo boat with sawdust or resin coated; or woven bamboo walls plastered with mud, straw and rice stubble are composite products which were widely applied in social life. The development of composite material has been confirmed and the breakthrough in 1930 when the Stayer and Thomat studied, successful applied glass fibers; Fillis and Foster used reinforce for unsaturated polyester and this solution was widely applied in aircraft and ship manufacturing industry for World war II. In 1950, there was an important breakthrough in the composite material industry which was the appearance of Epoxy resin and reinforcing fibers such as polyester, nylon et. From 1970 to date, the plastic composite materials have been widely put to use in industrial and consumer products, health care, sports, military, etc. 3. Advantages The superiority of the composite material is the capability to fabricate from this material into product structures according to different technical requirements that we want. The core components of the composite have high hardness and mechanical strength, base materials always ensure that components link harmonously to create structures that are capable of enduring heat and resistant to corrosion of materials in the harsh conditions of the environment. One of the most effective applications is polymer composite. This material has many advantages and potentially widely applicable. The outstanding nature is light, durable, environment resistant, easy to install, own durability and high elasticity, environmentally sustainable, chemical corrosion, low thermal and electrical conductivity. When manufactured in a certain temperature and pressure, easy to develope technological mechanism, facilitate the production process.

II. PHN LOI COMPOSITE Composite material is classified according to the shape and nature of the material components. 1 Phn loi theo hnh dng a. Fibrous composite: When reinforced material is fibrous, we called it fibrous composite. Fibrous filler enhances the physical properties of base polymer. b. Particulate composite: When reinforced material is particle, particulate fillers disperse into the base polymer. Particulate composite is different from fibrous one that it has no preferential size. 2 Phn loi theo bn cht, thnh phn Organic based composite (plastic, particle) with core materials has forms: organic fiber (polyamide, kevlar), mineral fiber (glass, carbon), metal fiber (boron, aluminum) Metal based composite: metal based (titanium alloy, aluminum alloy) and particulate filler (Bo), mineral fiber (Si, C) Mineral based composite: minerl based composite (ceramic) with core materials: metal fiber (Bo), metal particle (ceramic), ceramic particle (carburet, Nitron)

III. CU TO CA VT LIU COMPOSITE 1 Polymer nn Base polymer is adhesive, creating a distributed environment, transmitting stress to filler when the external force has effect on the material. It can be made up of a substance or mixture of substances which are mixed homogeneously continuum. C th to thnh t mt cht hoc hn hp nhiu cht c trn ln mt cch ng nht to th lin tc. In fact, we can use a thermosetting resin or thermoplastic resin as base polymer: Thermoplastic resin: PE, PS, ABS, PVCfiller which is mixed with resin, processed on ejecting press in the molten state.

Thermosetting resin: unsaturated PU, PP, UF, Epoxy, Polyester, processed under low pressure and high temperature. For unsatured epoxy and polyester, they can be processed under normal condition, hand lay- up method. In general, thermosetting resin has higher mechanicl properties than thermoplastic resin.

Some common thermosetting resins:

Polyester Polyester resin is widely used in composite technology. This type of Polyester is usually unsaturated. This is a thermosetting resin, capable of solidifying in liquid or solid form if conditions are appropriate. Normally, unsaturated polyester resin is called polyester resin or polyester. Polyester has many types, from the acid, glycol and different monomers, each with different properties. They can be very different in different UPE resins, depends mainly on the following factors: + Ingredients (types and rate of substance used) + Synthesis method + Molecular weight + Solidify system (monomer, catalyst, accelerator) + Filler system By varying these factors, it will create many types of UPE resin with different special properties depending on usage requirements. There are two main types of polyester commonly used in composite technology. Orthophthalic is highly economical and widely used. Isophthalic has excellent water resistance so it is an important material in the industry, especially maritime. Most polyester resin is light colored, usually diluted in styrene. Styrene can be up to 50% to reduce the viscosity of the resin, easy for machining process. In addition, duty of styrene is curing to cross-link between molecules without the formation of auxiliary products. Polyester has the ability to mold without pressure. Polyester has short storage time due to the its self-curing phenomenon after a while. Usually, people add a small amount of inhibitor in polyester synthesis process to prevent this phenomenon.

Manufacturer can provide in the form of natural resin or use some additives. Plastics can be produced so it can be used after putting in catalyst. As mentioned above, need to have time for polyester to self-cure. Polymerization rate is too slow for the purpose of use, so need to use a catalyst and accelerators to achieve the polymerization rate of resin in a certain period of time. Once hardened, the polyester is very hard and resistant to chemicals. Curing or crosslinking process is called polymerisation. This is a one-way chemical reaction. This spatial structure allows resin to bear without being brittle. Need to prepare a mixture of resin before use. Plastics and other additives must be distributed well before putting in the catalyst. Stirring well and carefully to remove air bubbles in the plastic which can affect the process. This is important because air bubbles in the plastic will affect mechanical properties, weaken the product structure. It should be noted that the use of catalysts and promoters with sufficient levels will give material the best properties. If there is too much catalyst, gelation process will happen faster. On the other hand, if less catalyst, curing process will be slowed down. Vinylester Vinylester is structured similar to polyester, but its main difference with the polyester is the reaction position, usually at the end of the molecular circuit due to vinylester only has C = C double bond at both ends of the circuit. The entire length of the molecular circuit is ready to bear load, which means vinylester is more persistent and resilient than polyester. Vinylester has fewer ester groups than polyester, ester group is susceptible to hydrolysis, i.e vinylester is better water resistant than polyester, so it is being applied to pipes and chemical tanks. When compared to polyester, the number of ester groups in vinylester is less, it means vinylester is less affected by the hydrolysis reaction. This material is usually used as the outer coating for underwater products, such as the outer shell of the ship or boat. Curing structures of vinylester tend to be more persistent than polyester. Although in order to achieve this nature, resin needs high temperature after curing. Epoxy Epoxy is representing some of the best features plastic today. In general, epoxy has better physico-mechanical function, environmental resistant than other plastics, is the most widely used in details of aircraft. With adhesive properties and its excellent water resistance, epoxy is ideal for use in shipbuilding, the primary lining or outer coating for high quality ship, or replacing polyester which is susceptible to hydrolysis by water and gel coat.

Epoxy resin is made up of long molecular circuit, has a similar structure to vinylester, epoxy group that reacts at the end of the circuit. Epoxy resin has no ester group, so that the water resistance of epoxy is very good. Also, due to two aromatic rings in the center, epoxy resin is resistant to mechanical and thermal stresses better than verticle vein. Therefore, the epoxy is hard, persistant and heat resistant. Curing agent is used to create a three-dimensional space. Amine is the preferred curing agent to use, to put in epoxy. There will be chemical reaction occurs between them. Epoxy group will often conglomerate with the amine group to create complex three-dimensional molecular structure. Amine is combined with epoxy with a certain percentage. This is an important factor because proper mixing ratio ensures complete reaction. If the mixing ratio is not correct, plastic which has not reacted or residual curing agent in the mixture will affect the product properties after curing. To ensure correct mixing ratio, manufacturers often formulate ingredients and offer a simple mixing ratio by measuring their mass or volume. The liquid epoxy resin and curing agent have low viscosity which is favorable for processing. Epoxy cures easily and quickly at room temperature from 5-150 oC, depending on the choice of curing agent. One of the advantages of epoxy is low shrinkage during curing. Force of adhesion, mechanical properties of epoxy are reinforced by insulating property and chemical resistance. Application of epoxy is very diverse, it is used as: adhesives, surface treatment mixture, pour mixture, sealant, plaster powder, paint. 2 Cht n( ct) Acts as concentrated stressed substance as filler usually has higher mechanical properties than plastic. Filler is usually assessed based on the following characteristics: Mechanical reinforcement. Resistance to chemicals, environment and temperature. Dispersion in the plastic well. Thermal transfer and good cooling. Advantages for the machining process. Low cost, lightweight.

Depending on the requirements for each type of product that we can choose the appropriate fillers. There are two types of filler: Fiber filler: fiber filler has higher physico-mechanical properties than particulate one. However, the fiber has a higher price, often used to make high-end materials such as: fiberglass, carbon fiber, boron fiber, silicon carbide fibers, amide fiber ... Particulate filler: commonly used as: silica, CaCO3, acrylic flakes, metal flakes, mineral filler, kaolin, clay, talc, graphite, carbon ... the ability to enhance the mechanical properties of pharmaceutical particulate filler is used for the following purposes: - Reduce price - Increase the volume needed for inert fillers; increase physical, chemical, thermal and electricaldurability; increase fire-retardant ability with enhanced filler. - Easy to mold, reduce the formation of air bubbles in the resin that has high viscosity. - Improve surface properties of materials, anti-shrinkage when curing, obscure fiber in enhanced fiber structure, reduce heat when curing. Reinforcing fibers can be natural fibers (jute, hemp, flax, coconut fiber, bamboo fiber, cotton, etc.), or man-made fibers (fiberglass, fabric, polyamide fibers, etc.). Depending on the requirements that fiber can be made into several types: short fiber, long fiber, tangled fiber, fiber board .... The mix of various types of reinforcing fibers in the mixture have the effect of increasing mechanical strength and chemical durability of polymer composites (PC) such as: the ability to withstand shock; good expansion; good sound insulation; friction and abrasion resistance; high compressive, flexibility and elongation; resistant in corrosive environments such as: salt, alkali, acid, etc. These capabilities have proved the superiority of the new PC material system compared to conventional polymers. And, because these superior features, PC material systems have been widely used in production as well as in life. 3 Cht pha long Properties of polyester depends not only on the content of double bonds and ether groups, aromatic circuit or straight, multi-level convergence, but also depends on the nature of the agent crosslinked monomer.

Properties of polyester depends not only on the content of double bonds and ester groups, aromatic or straight circuit, polycondensation level, but also depends on the nature of the crosslinking agent - monomer. The horizontal cross-linking monomer is used to coincide with the double bond in the UPE resin, to create horizontal crosslink, usually has a low viscosity (liquid) so it also works to reduce the viscosity of the mixture. Hence it is also known as the diluent. Monomer dilution must satisfy the following conditions: To coincide well with polyester, not coincide separately to create heterogeneous products, which affects the nature of the product, or misses out monomer that makes product flexible and less durable. Monomer creates a homogeneous mixture with polyester, the best is solvent for polyester. At that time, it dissolves completely in the middle of the polyester molecular circuit, facilitate curing reaction and favorable viscosity for process. High boiling temperature, it is difficult to evaporate during processing and storage. Polymerization reaction is low-temperature, polymerization product is less shrinkage. Less toxic For curing polyester, we use the monomers: styrene, methyl meta acrylate (MMA), vinyl, triallil xianuarat, ... in which styrene is the most used because of its nature and advantages: Low viscosity. Good compatibility with polyester, high ability to polymerize, low self-polymerization. Quick resin curing. Products is high weather resistant, high mechanical properties, good insulation. Low self-ignition.

4 Cht tch khun, cht lm kn v cc ph gia khc Mold release agent - Mold release agent have the effect of preventing resin from sticking to mold surface. - Mold release agent to apply on hands is external mold release agent to apply directly on mold. - Some mold release agents: wax, silicon, oil, lard

 Sealer: - With the mold made from porous materials such as wood, plaster, it is necessary to apply sealer before using mold release agent. - Sealers enter in foam pores, stop resin from sticking to. - Some sealers: Cellulose acetate, wax, silicon, stearic acid, furane resin, varnish, lacquer Air bubble removing agent: - Air bubbles reduce strength, weather resistance and surface aesthetics of composite products - Usage: 0.2-0.5% of resin quantity - Note: put air bubble removing agent in first before using other components. Fiber wetting agent: - Have the effect of increasing ability of fiber wetting, help to use more filler. - Usage: 0.5-1.5% compared with the fillers. Dispersion enhancer Styrene evaporation preventing agent 5 Xc tc Xc tin Catalyst Catalysts are only put into resin before processing. Its role is to create free radicals to provoke the catalyzed process of polymerization reactions. Stimulus for the formation of free radicals can be accelerators, light radiation, ultraviolet or temperature. Catalysts include Xc tc Peroxide + Peroxide: The most common is benzoyl-peroxide It is white powder, exists in three forms: dry (about 5% moisture), paste in water (about 25% water), the most common is paste in tricresyl-phosphonate or dimethyl phthalate (about 70% peroxide). It is used for curing polyester resin (at a temperature of about 80 oC) and is used at a rate of 0.5-2% plastic. In addition, the type of peroxide catalysts are:

+ Di-t-butyl peroxide (CH3)3-C-O-O-C-(CH3)3 + Di-acetyl peroxide (CH3)3-CO-O-O-OC-(CH3)3 + Hydroperoxide : + t-butyl-hydroperoxide (CH3)3-COOH + Cumen-hydroperoxide C6H5-C-(CH3)2-O-OH Two types of MEKP and HCH are used to cold curing polyester resin. MEKP is the abbreviation of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, it is actually a mixture of a peroxide compound, composition changes depending on the manufacturer. It is strong oxidant so should avoid contact with oxygen. HCH is the reaction product between the hydroperoxide and cyclohexanol peroxide and is called cyclo-hexanol peroxide. But it is a mixture of at least two of the following four substances (according to Criegree, Schorenberg and Becke) Xc tc azo v diazo + Diazo aminobenzen: C6H5-NH-N=N-C6H5 + Dinitric cu acid diizobutyric: NC(CH3)2-N=N-C(CH3)2-COO-CN + Dimetyl ester cu acid diizobutyric: C2H5-OOC-C(CH3)2-N=N-C(CH3)2-COO-C2H5 Accelerator Accelerator acts as catalyst for free radical reaction of the catalyst. Use of accelerator will reduce the temperature and curing time significantly and can be cold cured. Including: Metal accelerator Metal acceleratoris salt of transition metal: cobalt, lead, manganese, cerium and the acid as: Naphthenic, linoleic octonic etc which has good solubility in the polymer. These catalysts are usually used in conjunction with the catalyst as hydroperoxit (MEKP, HCH). Naphthenic-cobalt is the most common type used. In addition to metal accelerators in the form of salt, people still use complex forms, for example: ferrocene, dicyclopentadienyl complex form of iron are used to promote rapid curing cumen peroxide as needed at a temperature of about 80oC. Tertiary amine This type of accelerator is often used with peroxide catalyst, common in this category

+ Dimetyl-aniline ( DMA ) : C6H5N(CH3)2 + Dietyl-aniline ( DEA ) : C6H5N(C2H5)2 + Dimetyl-p-toluidin (DMPT) : CH3C6H5N(CH3)2 Application - The world With its rich history, composite materials have been known by many scientists on the world. The research and application of this material has been adapted by many countries around the world. In Second World War, many countries have produced aircraft, warships and weapons for this war. So far, the polymer composite material has been used to produce many parts, automobile components based on the special advantages such as weight reduction, fuel efficiency, increase corrosion resistance, reduce vibration, noise and fuel for machinery. Aerospace industry uses this material in rolling the wings, the nose of the aircraft and a number of components, machineries from manufacturers such as Boeing 757, Boeing 676, Airbus 310 ... The electronics industry uses to produce details, circuit boards and other components. Ship-, boat-, canoe-building industry; civil sectors such as health (prosthetic, dentures, skull), sports industry, sports gear as clubs, tennis racket ... and other civil sectors, the country and the people. - Vietnam Composite materials applied to most industries, the fields of the national economy. Alone plastic composite material used to cut consumption in Vietnam is about 5,000 tons per year; Hanoi has 8 research on the municipal level are employed full composite, in which the composite material is used many in social life. At the central hospital dental Army 108 Composite material used in in toothed transplantation, the education industry equipment, tables and chairs, the median strips of roads, boat rail system, gutter system slide, trough inspired and seats, roof of the stadium, the stadium and the center of Vietnamese culture ... and are composite applications in the fields of electric, electric meter box, pole insulators, especially porcelain insulators.

Vt liu composite c p dng hu ht cc ngnh, cc lnh vc ca nn kinh t quc dn. Tnh ring nha dng sn xt vt liu composite c tiu th Vit Nam khong 5.000 tn mi nm; ti H Ni c 8 ti nghin cu v composite cp thnh ph c tuyn trn, theo vt liu composite c s dng nhiu trong i sng x hi. Ti khoa rng ca bnh vin trung ng Qun i 108 s dng vt liu Composite vo trong vic ghp rng tha, cc

ngnh thit b gio dc, bn gh, cc gii phn cch ng giao thng, h thng tu xung, h thng mng trt, mng hng v gh ngi, mi che ca cc nh thi u, cc sn vn ng v cc trung tm vn hoVit Nam v ang ng dng vt liu Composite vo cc lnh vc in dn dng, hp cng t in, so cch in, c bit l s cch in. Tm quan trng ca composite 1. Giao thng vn ti: Thay th cc loi st, g, vn... VD: cng, thng trn ca cc loi xe oto, mt s chi tit ca xe mt. 2. Hng hi: Lm ghe, thuyn, thng, tu... 3. Hng khng: Thay th vt liu st, nhm... trong my bay dn dng, qun s 4. Quc phng: Nhng phng tin chin u: tu, cano, my bay, phi thuyn... Thit b: Dng c, phng tin phc v cho vic sn xut nghin cu trong qun i nh: bn cha nc hoc ha cht, khay trng rau, bia tp bn.... 5. Cng nghip ha cht: Bn cha dung dch acid (thay gelcoat bng epoxy hoc nha vinyleste); Bn cha dung dch kim ( thay gelcoat bng epoxy) 6. Dn dng: Sn phm trong sn mi: bnh, t, chn, a... Sn phm trang tr ni tht: khung hnh, ph iu, np hnh, vch ngn... 7. Bn gh, t gi , khay, thng, bn