World Water Week 2011 Stockholm

Wastewater Recycling in High Rise Buildings in Mumbai: A Success Story

Pradip P. Kalbar, Atit K. Tilwankar and Shyam R. Asolekar
Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

Powai, Mumbai 400 076
Phones: +9122 2576 7867 or 2576 7851 E-mail: pradipkalbar@iitb.ac.in

Status of Water Supply and Sewage Generation in Indian Cities

Parameters

Class I cities and Metros (population > 1,00,000)

498 227.6 44,769 179 35,558 156 11,553 (32.5%) 24,005 (67.5%)

Class II cities (population 50,000 to 99,000) 410 30 3,324 120 2,696 90 2,24 (8.7%) 2,472 (91.7%)

Mumbai

No. of Cities Population (million) Water Supply (MLD) Water Supply (LPCD) Wastewater Generated (MLD) Wastewater Generation (LPCD) Wastewater Treated (MLD) Wastewater Untreated (MLD)

-14 3,000 204 2,400 163 2,130 (80%) 270 (20%)

(Source: CPCB, 2009)

Environmental Plan for HRBs

Mandatory requirements for Developer as laid out by the High Rise Building (HRB) Committee

A. Total Water Requirement B. Water Budget

C. Sewage Treatment Plant

Rain Water Harvesting Storm Water Drainage

D. Solid Waste Management E. Land Environment And Ecological Aspects

F. Air Environment
G. Additional Potable Water (Tanker Supply)
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Environmental Plan for Residential Project

A.

Total Water Requirement

The developer shall be required to develop the source for drinking water (excluding ground water) or secure firm commitment from any water supply authority including the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai for meeting the daily minimum water requirement. Maximum domestic water supply of 90 LPCD of potable water is allowed. Sewage is to be treated to rather high standards and is to be reused for flushing of toilets, gardening and match the shortfall beyond 90 LPCD.. Thus, Mumbai is breaking new ground by becoming the first city in India making sewage water treatment and reuse mandatory for all the HRBs.
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B.
Municipal Water
684 CMD

Water Budget
From Tanker 34 CMD

TOTAL FRESH WATER REQUIREMENT : 684 + 34 = 718 CMD

385 CMD

Domestic Use
650 CMD Losses To STP 34 CMD

Flushing Use

419 CMD

To STP

312 CMD

To HVAC Makeup water

1069 CMD To STP 63 CMD 1058 CMD Filtration & Disinfection System Recycled Water Gardening

STP Capacity 4000 CMD

Evapotranspiration Loss

Sludge
298 CMD Excess Treated Sewage To Municipal Drain
11 CMD

EXTRA TANKER WATER IS ADDED TO MAINTAIN TDS IN THE SYSTEM

C. Sewage Treatment Plant

Desired Water Quality of Recycled Water*
Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Parameter Recommended Value* 78 <5 Nil <2 Nil USEPA* (2004) 6-9 10 No detectable fecal colli EPA, Australia* (2003) 6-9 < 10 <5 < 10 WHO* (2006) 10 10 10 -

pH BOD (mg/L) Suspended Solids (mg/L) Total Coliform (MPN/100 mL) Oil and Grease

*Toilet Flushing, landscape irrigation, fire protection systems, air conditioning

Alternatives for Wastewater Treatment of HRBs

Case Study of Wastewater Recycling in Residential Buildings Using MBR

Design Basis
Wastewater Flow : 1000 m3/day approx. 5,000 p.e.
Parameter BOD5 COD TSS TKN TP Unit mg/L
mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

Inlet 250 500 300 35 8

Outlet <5 <20 <5 <10 <2

TC

MPN/100mL

107 - 109

<2
10

Process Flow Diagram of STP based on MBR

In Summary . . . . . . .
1. Many well-proven technologies exist to minimize environmental and ecological footprint of HRBs. 2. Successful solutions will involve cooperation between the urban local body (e.g., MCGM) and knowledge experts from industry and academe. 3. Development of Institutional mechanism (e.g. High Rise Building Committee) helped achieving urban sustainability 4. The Mumbai experience shows how each individual housing society can become effective in managing its water needs and contribute actively to sustainable urban growth 12

Acknowledgments
I am grateful to Stockholm International Water Institute, Stockholm for providing me financial support, without which it would have not been possible for me to attend this event. I also take this opportunity to thank Prof. Asolekar for his continuous guidance and support. I also thank Atit for extending all help and support during the work and preparing for this event.

Thank You !

References
1. CPCB (2009) Status of Water Supply, Wastewater Generation And Treatment In Class-I Cities & Class-Ii Towns of India Control Of Urban Pollution, Series: CUPS/ 70 / 2009 10. Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, Delhi. 2. EPA, Australia (2003) Guidelines for Environmental Management Use of Reclaimed Water Environment Protection Agency, EPA Victoria, Australia ISBN 0 7306 7622 6 3. USEPA, (2004) Guidelines for Water Reuse U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Municipal Support Division Office of Wastewater Management Office of Water Washington, DC EPA/625/R-04/108 4. WHO, (2006) Overview of Greywater Management Health Considerations World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Centre For Environmental Health Activities, Amman, Jordan WHO-EM/CEH/125/E