Vergara, Carmela GROUP # 1

Blabagno, Raisa
Cespedes, Donna
Delen, Jeanne
Dumapay, Aleder
Oriarte, Anne
Tesorio, Lordelyn

Experiment #3
General Structure of Plants
1. What are seed plants?

– The spermatophyte, which means "seed plants", are some of the most
important organisms on Earth. Life on land as we know it is shaped largely by
the activities of seed plants. Soils, forests, and food are three of the most
apparent products of this group.

– Seed plants are those plants which are reproduced by means of seeds.

– Seed-producing plants are probably the most familiar plant to most people,
unlike mosses, liverworts, horsetails, and most other seedless plants which
are overlooked because of their size or inconspicuous appearance. Many
seed plants are large or showy. Conifers are seed plants; they include pines,
firs, yew, redwood, and many other large trees. The other major groups of
seed-plants are the flowering plant, including plants whose flowers are showy,
but also many plants with reduced flowers, such as the oaks, grasses, and
palms.

2. Enumerate the 2 types of highly developed plant which produce seeds and briefly
give characteristics of each type.

Gymnosperms – any plant of the class gymnospermae, which includes the

coniferous trees and other plants having seeds not enclosed within an ovary.
They are plants which are reproduced by seed. They bare naked seeds which
are born in the cones. The term gymnosperm means naked seed.

Angiosperms – any plant of the class angiospermae, characterized by having

seeds enclosed in an ovary: a flowering plant. They are a group of plants that
produce flowers which develop into fruits containing the seeds.

3. Enumerate the vegetative organs of the plants.

Epidermis Xylem
Cortex Phloem
Vascular cylinder Endodermis

4. What is the function of each vegetative organ to the plants? Briefly enumerate
them.
 Epidermis is a cortical region of ground tissue, and a single solid cylinder of
vascular tissue.

Cortex is the ground parenchyma in roots is represented by only an outer layer.

Vascular cylinder is the vascular tissue is partially coalesced into a solid

Xylem is the central portion of tissue comprises.

Phloem is near the periphery (edge) of this central disc of vascular tissue.

Endodermis is between the vascular tissues and the cortex parenchyma is a

single layer of cells.

5. What are the general characteristics of monocot and dicot plants?

Monocot is the short for monocotyledon, which means that the seeds of these
plants contain only one cotyledon or seed leaf.
Characteristics:
- Monocots have one cotyledon.
- Roots generally disappear soon. Adventitious roots instead.
- Stems are vascular bundles not arranged.
- Pollen grains often have one pore or furrow.
- Flower parts are in threes of multiples of three.
- Monocots have leaves with parallel-veined, sheathed at the base, sessile,
without stipules.

Dicot is the short for dicotyledon, which means one of the two major divisions of
angiosperms, characterized by a pair of embryonic seed leaves that appear at
germination.
- Dicots have two cotyledons.
- Roots are developing from radical from which secondary roots derive.
- Stems are vascular bundles arranged in rings.
- Pollen grain often has three pores.
- Flower parts in fours or multiples of fours or fives.
- Leaves are reticulated, seldom sheathed at the base, frequently etiolated and
with stipules.

6. What is the advantage of seed production to a flowering plant?

The advantage of seed production is that the Seeds are produced when pollen
is released from the male (stamen) part of a plant. That pollen comes into contact
with the ovules of the female (pistil) parts of a plant. Some kinds of plants contain
both male and female organs on the same plant. In that case, self-fertilization
can occur when pollen from one part of the plant fertilizes ovules on another part
of the same plant and the advantages in flowering plant is
A plant that produces flowers and fruit; comprise about 90 percent of the
Kingdom Plantae. The total number of described species exceeds 230,000, and
many tropical species are as yet unnamed. During the past 130 million years,
flowering plants have colonized practically every conceivable habitat on earth,
from sun-baked deserts and windswept alpine summits to fertile grasslands,
freshwater marshes, dense forests and lush mountain meadows. Although a
number of flowering plants live in aquatic habitats and have adapted to the saline
conditions of dry lake beds and salt marshes, relatively few species live
submersed in the oceans. True marine angiosperms are found throughout the
oceans of the world, although most species are distributed in tropical regions.
They are sometimes referred to as "sea grasses" and include about 50 species in
12 genera. Virtually all flowering plants produce some type of functional floral
organ, although in some families such as the Lemnaceae, the flowers are
microscopic and are seldom seen by the casual observer. Certain grasses and
specialized cultivars apparently do not produce flowers, although they may still
have rudimentary flowers (vestigial floral parts).