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Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Vol. 41, No. 3, CD-ROM, © 2004 Elsevier Ltd.
Abstract: Many of the important problems of rock engineering are concerned with mechanical behaviours of
rock where the internal rock structure sustains pore pressure and confining pressure from the surrounding
rocks. A basic understanding of rock mechanical properties under confining pressure and pore pressure
conditions is of great importance in rock mechanics and rock engineering. In this paper, the newly-developed
pore-pressure incorporated Rock Failure Process Analysis model (RFPA) is briefly outlined at first. Then a
series of numerical tests on rock under different constant confining pressure and pore pressure are conducted
to illustrate how the overall macroscopic responses and mechanical properties of brittle heterogeneous rocks
under different confining pressure and pore pressure were revealed by RFPA code. In addition, through the
modelling of acoustic emission sequences in rock progressive failure, the AE characteristics and the
correlation between AE events and stress-strain curves under different confining pressure and pore pressure
were also investigated. From the numerically simulated results, it can be possible to analyze large-scale
practical rock engineering problems such as mining induced seismicit ies and rock bursts.
Keywords: Numerical simulation, confining pressure, pore pressure, mechanical behaviours, acoustic
emission, RFPA.
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Paper 2A 04 — SINOROCK2004 Symposium
Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Vol. 41, No. 3, CD-ROM, © 2004 Elsevier Ltd.
2
equilibrium equations:
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Paper 2A 04 — SINOROCK2004 Symposium
Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Vol. 41, No. 3, CD-ROM, © 2004 Elsevier Ltd.
specimen are listed in the Table 1 below. An deformation up to the peak strength. At low
external displacement at a constant rate of confining pressures, the curves show defined peak
0.002mm/step in the axial direction was applied to strength and a gradual strength decrease in the post
the rock specimen and the stress acted on rock failure region until final deformation occurs at
specimen as well as induced deformation in each about constant axial stress, i.e., residual strength.
element were computed in the numerical tests. At higher confining pressures, the rock exhibits
work-hardening and the Young’s modulus of rock
Table 1. Mechanical parameters of numerical is higher than that of rock at lower pressure.
model. Meanwhile, transit ion from brittle to ductile
Mechanical parameters Value deformation in rock with an increase in confining
m 1.5 pressure was also clearly demonstrated in Fig.3.
E0 / GPa 30 70
σ0 / MPa 200
60
0
φ/ °
2
30 4
µ
50
0.25 8
16
ξ 0.2 40
1 / MPa
P/MPa 0 1 3
¦ Ò
30
σ3 / MPa 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 20
10
¦ 1Å/%
60
50
UCS/ MPa
40
specimens 20
10
Figure 2 is given the numerically simulated
0
macroscopic failure patterns of model specimens -5 0 5 10 15 20
Tension Compression
under different confining pressures and the
correspondingly numerical complete axial stress Confining pressure/ MPa
versus axial strain curves of rock at constant Figure 4. Curve between compressive strength of
confining pressure up to 16 MPa with no pore rock specimens and confining pressure
pressure are presented in Fig.3. As shown in Fig.2,
the angle between the failure plane and the Figure 4 gives the relationship curve between
maximum principal stress direction in uniaxial peak strength of rock specimens and confining
compression is about 30 degrees, and the angle pressure at failure and Figure 5 is numerically
between macroscopic failure plane and the obtained failure envelopes of rock specimens. As
maximum principal stress direction gradually can be seen from Figure 4 and 5, the ultimate
increases with the increase of confining pressure compressive failure strength, i.e., peak strength of
acted on the rock specimens, which agrees well numerical rock specimens gradually increases with
with theoretical predictions. It can be seen from the confining pressure. Even though the linear Mohr-
stress-strain curves in Fig. 3, the rock deforms Coulomb failure criterion with tension cut-off is
linearly and elastically at axial stresses below the adopted in the model, the macroscopic failure
yield strength which is dependent on the confining envelope is concave towards the σ axis. The
pressure. Further compression leads to inelastic numerical results indicate that the macroscopic
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Paper 2A 04 — SINOROCK2004 Symposium
Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Vol. 41, No. 3, CD-ROM, © 2004 Elsevier Ltd.
70 600 70 600
non-linear phenomena such as rock failure in 60
σ3 =2 MPa 500 60
σ3 =4MPa 500
AE accounts(N)
400 400
AE accounts(N)
Ò 1/MPa
1/MPa
40 40
simple linear rules at mesoscopic level. In addition, 30
300
30
300
Ò
¦
¦
200 200
it is noticing that the residual strength (or 20
10 100
20
10 100
frictional) of rock, also dependent on the confining 0 0 0 0
0 0 .0 5 0 .1 0 .1 5 0 .2 0 .2 5 0 .3 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
pressure, increases with confining pressure. For Å
¦ 1/ %
¦Å 1/%
500 500
macroscopic manifestations of the same processes: 50
3 =8MPa
50 σ3 =16MPa
AE accounts(N)
AE accounts(N)
400 400
e.g., grain crushing, crack growth, healing, and
Ò 1 /MPa
Ò 1 /MPa
40 40
300 300
30 30
plastic yielding. When viewed in this way, it is not
¦
200 200
20 20
0 0 0 0
strength and residual (or frictional) strength should 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
¦Å 1/% ¦Å 1/%
vanish with increasing confining pressure. This is
to say, the rock will ideally exhibit a state of plastic Figure 6. Complete stress-strain curves and AE
flow at extremely high confining pressure. characteristic curves of model
specimens
600 1 600 1
Mohr failure envelope 0.9 0.9
500 0.8 500 0.8
ó3=2MPa 0.7 ó3=4MPa 0.7
AE accounts(N)
400 400
Normalized AEE
AE accounts(N)
Normalized AEE
0.6 0.6
300 0.5 300 0.5
0.4 0.4
200 0.3 200 0.3
0.2 0.2
100 100
0.1 0.1
0 0 0 0
0 9 18 2 7 3 6 4 5 5 4 6 3 7 2 8 1 9 0 9 9 1 0 8 1 1 7 1 2 6 0 9 18 2 7 3 6 4 5 5 4 6 3 7 2 8 1 9 0 9 9 1 0 8 1 1 7 1 2 6
Normalized AEE
Normalized AEE
AE accounts(N)
AE accounts(N)
0.6 0.6
rock specimens
200 0.3 200 0.3
0.2 0.2
100 100
0.1 0.1
0 0 0 0
0 9 1 8 2 7 3 6 4 5 5 4 6 3 7 2 8 1 9 0 9 9 1 0 81 1 7 1 2 6 0 9 1 8 2 7 3 6 4 5 5 4 6 3 7 2 8 1 9 0 9 9 1 0 8 1 1 7 1 26
4.2 AE characteristics
As we know, the monitoring of acoustic Figure 7. AE curves and normalized AE energy
emission (AE) or seismic events has proven to be curves of model specimens under
one of the powerful tools available in analyzing different confining pressure
damage or brittle fracture during rock deformation.
There is generally a good correlation between AE Fig.6 shows the complete stress-strain curves
rate and inelastic strain rate so that the AE rate can and corresponding AE characteristic curves of
be used to quantify damage accumulation occurring model specimens at different constant confining
in the rock sample. Locker (1991), Cox and pressure. Fig.7 shows the AE and corresponding
Meredith (1993) have analyzed catalogues of AE normalized AE energy curves of model specimens
events recorded during compression tests in rock in under different confining pressure. A comparison
terms of the information they give about the among the curves in Fig.6 shows a good
accumulated state of damage in a material. And relationship between the simulated stress-strain
combine this measured damage state with a model curves and the modelled curves of event rate. It can
for the weakening behaviour of cracked solids, be seen from Fig. 6 and 7, in general, a sharp
which shows that reasonable predictions of the increase of AE event rate in AE characteristic
mechanical behaviour are possible. Based on this curves corresponds to an abrupt stress drop in
background knowledge, by recording the counts of complete stress-strain curve and the maximum rate
failed elements, the seismicities associated with the of AE events appears in the post-peak range. It
progressive failure can be simulated in RFPA that indicates that the initiation and propagation of
allows elements to fail when overstressed. In RFPA mesoscopic main-fractur ing which precedes the
code, a single AE event represents a micro-crack final stage macroscopic fracture development has
forming event to indirectly assess the damage occurred in the rock. The results show that the
evolution (Tang 1997, 1998). maximum AE event or main shock emitting from
rock can be regarded as the precursor of macro-
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Paper 2A 04 — SINOROCK2004 Symposium
Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Vol. 41, No. 3, CD-ROM, © 2004 Elsevier Ltd.
fracture of rock, which is essential for the location pore pressures. As can be seen from Fig. 9, at the
of earthquake source, the search for earthquake same constant confining pressure, the rock
precursors and earthquake prediction research. In specimens with pore pressure have lower peak
addition, the main-fracturing will occur later when strength than those with no pore pressure.
rock specimens are subjected to the same strain Generally, the pore pressure decreases the peak
value with the increase of the constant confining strength of rock at failure and increases the
pressure. The confining pressure enhances the brittleness of rock. Moreover, the nonlinear
ultimate compressive strength and defers the relationship curves between the maximum
occurrence of main-fracturing at failure, which is compressive strength and confining pressure at
termed as the typical confining pressure effect in different constant pore pressure are basically
rock failure. parallel.
5.2 AE characteristics
5. EFFECT OF PORE PRESSURE
80 450 80 450
70 400 70 400
=2MPa =4MPa
5.1 Deformation and strength
3 3
60 350 60 350
300 300
AE accounts
50 50
AE accounts
behaviors
1/MPa
1/MPa
250 250
40 40
200
¦ Ò
200
¦ Ò
30 30
150 150
20 20
100 100
10 50 10
P=2MPa P=4MPa P=8MPa P=16MPa 50
0 0 0 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
¦ 1Å/%
¦ Å1/%
80 450 80 450
70 400 70 400
3 =8MPa 3 =16MPa
350 350
60 60
300 300
AE accounts
50
AE accounts
50
1/MPa
250
¦ 1Ò/MPa
250
40 40
200
¦ Ò
200
30 30
150 150
20 100 20 100
0
50
¦ Å
1
/%
0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Normalized AEE
300 0.3 300
AE accounts
20
AE accounts
0.6
250 0.25 250
0.5
200 0.2 200
10 P=3MPa 0.4
150 0.15 150 0.3
100 0.1 100
0 0.2
50 0.05 50 0.1
0 5 10 15 20 0 0 0 0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 . 2 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0 . 4 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0 . 2 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0 . 4
3 /MPa
1(%) 1(%)
450
450 0.45
1 450 0.45
1
400
400
3 =8MPa
0.9
0.4 400 3 =16MPa 0.9
0.4
300 0.3
Normalized AEE
300
AEE
Normalized AEE
300 0.3
0.6
AE accounts
accounts
250
250 0.25 0.6
250
Normalized
0.25
Normalized
0.5 0.5
200
200 0.2
given poro pressure 0.4 200 0.2
0.4
AE
150
150 0.15
AE
1(%)
out to investigate the effect of pore effect on the 1(%)
1(%)
mechanical properties of rock. The numerically Figure 11.AE and normalized AE energy curves of
simulated macroscopic failure patterns of rock with model specimens with given pore
1MPa pore pressure at different constant confining pressure (1MPa)
pressures are presented in Figure 8. Compared with
the macroscopic failure modes of rock in Fig. 2, Fig.10 shows the complete stress-strain curves
much splitting occurred in the rocks with pore and corresponding AE characteristic curves of
pressure which exhibit remarkably brittle. Fig.9 model specimens with 1MPa pore pressure at
gives the relationship curves between peak strength different constant confining pressure and Fig.11
of rock and applied confining pressure for given gives the AE events and corresponding. As stated
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Paper 2A 04 — SINOROCK2004 Symposium
Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Vol. 41, No. 3, CD-ROM, © 2004 Elsevier Ltd.
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The present research in this paper was carried
out with the jointly financial support of the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.
50134040, 50204003 and 50174013).