11/22/2011

MATTER AND ENERGY RESOURCES: TYPES AND CONCEPTS

Jonathan Jaime G. Guerrero
Department of Biology Bicol University College of Science

Science and Technology

Science
Systematic Attempt to discover order in nature and then use the knowledge to make predictions about what will happen in the future

Technology
Creation of new products and processes that are supposed to improve our survival, comfort and quality of life

Scientific Laws and Theories

Laws
Statements of natural phenomenon Summarizes what happens in nature

Theories
Well-tested and widely accepted scientific hypothesis

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Scientific Method
Starts with observation State the problem Set of questions with no particular way of answering them Requires logic, imagination and intuition

Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space Can exist in various forms
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Liquid Crystal

Matter
Elements
Distinctive blocks of matter

Compounds
Combination of two or more elements held together at fixed proportions through chemical bonds

Mixtures
Combination of elements and/or compounds

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Matter
Atoms
Smallest unit of an element that can exist and still have the unique characteristics of that element Protons, neutrons, electrons, and others

Molecules
Combinations of atoms held together by chemical bonds

Ions
Electrically charged atoms

Matter Quality
Measure of how useful a matter resource is, based on
Availability Concentration

High-quality matter
Organized, concentrated, and usually found near the Earths surface

Low-quality matter
Disorganized, diluted, or dispersed and is often found deep underground or dispersed in the ocean or in the atmosphere

Entropy
Measure of disorder or randomness of a system
More order less entropy Less order more entropy

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Energy
Real currency of the world Capacity to do work by performing physical, chemical or electrical tasks or to cause heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures
Kinetic
Energy that a matter has because of its motion and mass

Potential
Stored energy of matter

Energy
Solar Energy
Basic and perpetual Without the sun, Earths temperature would be almost -240C

Heat
Total kinetic energy of all the randomly moving atoms, ions, or molecules within a given substance, excluding the overall motion of the whole object

Temperature
Measure of the average speed of motion of the atoms, ions, molecules in a sample of matter at a given moment

Electromagnetic radiation
Radio waves, TV waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, UV radiation Ionizing radiation potentially harmful forms of electromagnetic waves
Cosmic rays, gamma rays, X rays and ultraviolet radiation

Non-ionizing radiation do not have enough energy content to form ions

Waves emitted by radios, TV sets, etc

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Energy Quality
Measure of energy usefulness
High-quality energy
Organized or concentrated and has a great ability to perform useful work Low entropy Electricity , coal, gasoline, concentrated sunlight

Low-quality energy
Disorganized or dispersed and has little ability to do useful work High entropy Heat dispersed in the moving molecules of a large sample of matter such as the atmosphere

Physical and Chemical Changes

Physical Change
No change in chemical composition Change through states

Chemical Change
Change in chemical composition

Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy

Matter and energy can never be created nor destroyed. It can only be transformed into other forms of matter or energy All we can do is rearrange them into different spatial patterns or different combinations Everything we throw is still here The Earth is basically a closed system Waste is inevitable, but the amount can be controlled

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Nuclear Changes
Occurs when a nuclei of certain isotopes spontaneously change or are forced to change into one of more different isotopes
Natural radioactivity
spontaneous

Nuclear fission
Splitting the nuclei causing a chain reaction

Nuclear fusion
Allowing nucleus of two atoms to combine/collide in extremely high temperature

First Law of Thermodynamics

In physical or chemical changes, no detectable amount of energy can be created or destroyed, but in the process, energy can be changed from one form to another Energy input is always equal the energy output We cant get something for nothing in terms of energy quantity

Second Law of Thermodynamics

In any conversion of energy from one form to another, there is always a decrease in energy quality or the amount of useful energy When energy is changed from one form to anther, some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower-quality, more dispersed, lessuseful energy Usually in the form of heat we cant break even

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Life and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

All forms of life are tiny pockets of order in a sea of disorder The primary characteristic of any advanced industrial society is an ever-increasing flow of high-quality energy and matter sources to maintain the order in human bodies and the larger pockets of order we call civilization

Life and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Only about 10% of the high-quality energy available in gasoline fuel is converted to mechanical energy to propel the vehicle. The remaining 90% is degraded to low-quality heat that is released into the environment Only abut 5% of electricity is used to light an incandescent bulb, and 95% low-quality heat flows into the environment

Energy Efficiency
Increasing energy efficiency means there is less wastage of energy, less conversion to low-quality and useless energy Principle of matching energy quality to energy tasks:
Dont use high-quality energy to something that can be done with low-quality energy Cogeneration production of two useful forms of energy, such as steam and electricity, from the same fuel source