Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Hour 1:
Gauss’ Law
Hour 2:
Gauss’ Law
P05 - 1
Six PRS Questions On
Pace and Preparation
P05 - 2
Last Time:
Potential and E Field
P05 - 3
E Field and Potential: Creating
G G
If you put a charged particle, q, in a field:
F = qE
To move a charged particle, q, in a field:
W = ∆U = q∆V
P05 - 5
Two PRS Questions:
Potential & E Field
P05 - 6
Gauss’s Law
P05 - 7
Gauss’s Law – The Idea
G G qin
Φ E = ∫∫ E ⋅ dA =
closed
ε0
surfaceS
P05 -10
Electric Flux ΦE
Case I: E is constant vector field
perpendicular to planar surface S of area A
G G
Φ E = ∫∫ E ⋅ dA
Φ E = + EA
Our Goal: Always reduce
problem to this
P05 -11
Electric Flux ΦE
Case II: E is constant vector field directed
at angle θ to planar surface S of area A
G G
Φ E = ∫∫ E ⋅ dA
Φ E = EA cos θ
P05 -12
PRS Question:
Flux Thru Sheet
P05 -13
Gauss’s Law
G G qin
Φ E = ∫∫ E ⋅ dA =
closed
ε0
surfaceS
P05 -14
Open and Closed Surfaces
ΦE < 0 if E points in
P05 -16
Electric Flux ΦE
Case III: E not constant, surface curved
G G
dA
E dΦE = E⋅ dA
Φ E = ∫∫ dΦ E
S
P05 -17
Example: Point Charge
Open Surface
P05 -18
Example: Point Charge
Closed Surface
P05 -19
PRS Question:
Flux Thru Sphere
P05 -20
Electric Flux: Sphere
Point charge Q at center of sphere, radius r
E field at surface:
G Q
E= rˆ
4π ε 0 r
2
4πε 0 r 2
S
4πε 0 r 2
ε0
P05 -21
Arbitrary Gaussian Surfaces
G G Q
Φ E = ∫∫ E ⋅ dA =
closed
ε0
surface S
P05 -25
PRS Question:
Should we use Gauss’ Law?
P05 -26
Gauss: Spherical Symmetry
+Q uniformly distributed throughout non-conducting
solid sphere of radius a. Find E everywhere
P05 -27
Gauss: Spherical Symmetry
Symmetry is Spherical
G
E = E rˆ
Use Gaussian Spheres
P05 -28
Gauss: Spherical Symmetry
Region 1: r > a
Draw Gaussian Sphere in Region 1 (r > a)
Note: r is arbitrary
but is the radius for
which you will
calculate the E field!
P05 -29
Gauss: Spherical Symmetry
Region 1: r > a
Total charge enclosed qin = +Q
G G
∫∫ dA = EA
∫∫ E ⋅ dA = E w
ΦE = w
( )
S S
= E 4π r 2
qin Q
Φ E = 4π r E =2
=
ε0 ε0
Q G Q
E= ⇒E= rˆ
4πε 0 r 2
4πε 0 r 2
P05 -30
Gauss: Spherical Symmetry
Region 2: r < a
Total charge enclosed:
⎛4 3⎞
⎜ πr ⎟ ⎛ r 3
⎞
qin = ⎜ 3 ⎟Q = ⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟Q OR qin = ρV
⎜ 4 πa 3 ⎟ ⎝ a ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝3 ⎠
Gauss’s law:
⎛ r ⎞Q
3
Φ E = E ( 4π r ) =
qin
2
=⎜ 3⎟
ε0 ⎝ a ⎠ ε0
Q r G Q r
E= ⇒E= rˆ
4πε 0 a 3
4πε 0 a 3
P05 -31
PRS Question:
Field Inside Spherical Shell
P05 -32
Gauss: Cylindrical Symmetry
Infinitely long rod with uniform charge density λ
Find E outside the rod.
P05 -33
Gauss: Cylindrical Symmetry
Symmetry is Cylindrical
G
E = E rˆ
Use Gaussian Cylinder
λ G λ
E= ⇒E= rˆ
2πε 0 r 2πε 0 r
P05 -35
Gauss: Planar Symmetry
Infinite slab with uniform charge density σ
Find E outside the plane
P05 -36
Gauss: Planar Symmetry
Symmetry is Planar
G
E = ± E xˆ
Use Gaussian Pillbox
x̂
Note: A is arbitrary (its
size and shape) and
Gaussian
should divide out Pillbox
P05 -37
Gauss: Planar Symmetry
Total charge enclosed: qin = σA
NOTE: No flux through side of cylinder, only endcaps
G G
∫∫ E ⋅ dA = E w
ΦE = w
S
∫∫ dA = EAEndcaps
S
+
+
x
+
qin σA +
= E ( 2 A) = = +
ε0 ε0 G +
+ G A
E E
{ }
+
σ G σ xˆ to right +
E= ⇒E= +
2ε 0 2ε 0 -xˆ to left +
σ
+
P05 -38
PRS Question:
Slab of Charge
P05 -39
Group Problem: Charge Slab
Infinite slab with uniform charge density ρ
Thickness is 2d (from x=-d to x=d).
Find E everywhere.
x̂
P05 -40
PRS Question:
Slab of Charge
P05 -41
Potential from E
P05 -42
Potential for Uniformly Charged
Non-Conducting Solid Sphere
From Gauss’s Law
⎧ Q ˆ
⎪ r, r > R
G ⎪ 4πε 0 r 2
E=⎨
⎪ Qr rˆ , r < R
⎪⎩ 4πε 0 R 3
G G B
Use VB − VA = − ∫ E ⋅ d s
A
Point Charge!
Region 1: r > a
Q 1 Q
VB − V ( ∞ ) = − ∫
r
dr =
∞ 4πε 0 r 2
4πε 0 r
=0 P05 -43
Potential for Uniformly Charged
Non-Conducting Solid Sphere
Region 2: r < a
VD − V ( ∞ ) = − ∫∞ drE ( r > R ) − ∫R drE ( r < R )
R r
=0
R Q r Qr
= − ∫ dr − ∫ dr
∞ 4πε 0 r 2 R 4πε 0 R 3
=
1 Q
−
1 Q 1 2
4πε 0 R 4πε 0 R 3 2
r − (
R 2
)
1 Q⎛ r2 ⎞
= ⎜ 3− 2 ⎟
8πε 0 R ⎝ R ⎠
P05 -44
Potential for Uniformly Charged
Non-Conducting Solid Sphere
P05 -45
Group Problem: Charge Slab
Infinite slab with uniform charge density ρ
Thickness is 2d (from x=-d to x=d).
If V=0 at x=0 (definition) then what is V(x) for x>0?
x̂
P05 -46
Group Problem: Spherical Shells
These two spherical
shells have equal
but opposite charge.
Find E everywhere
Find V everywhere
(assume V(∞) = 0)
P05 -47