Class 36: Outline

Hour 1:
Concept Review / Overview
PRS Questions – Possible Exam Questions
Hour 2:
Sample Exam

Yell if you have any questions

P36 - 1

 Before Starting…

All of your grades should now be posted (with

possible exception of last problem set). If this is
not the case contact me immediately.

P36 - 2

 Final Exam Topics

Maxwell’s Equations:
1. Gauss’s Law (and “Magnetic Gauss’s Law”)
2. Faraday’s Law
3. Ampere’s Law (with Displacement Current)
& Biot-Savart & Magnetic moments

Electric and Magnetic Fields:

1. Have associated potentials (you only know E)

2. Exert a force
3. Move as waves (that can interfere & diffract)
4. Contain and transport energy
Circuit Elements: Inductors, Capacitors, Resistors
P36 - 3

 Test Format

Six Total “Questions”

One with 10 Multiple Choice Questions
Five Analytic Questions

1/3 Questions on New Material

2/3 Questions on Old Material

P36 - 4

Maxwell’s Equations

P36 - 5
 Maxwell’s Equations
Qin
∫∫ E ⋅ dA = ε
S 0
(Gauss's Law)

dΦB
∫C E ⋅ d s = − dt (Faraday's Law)

∫∫ B ⋅ dA = 0
S
(Magnetic Gauss's Law)

dΦE
∫C B ⋅ d s = µ0 I enc + µ0ε 0 dt (Ampere-Maxwell Law)

P36 - 6
 qin
Gauss’s Law: ∫∫
S
E ⋅ dA =
ε0

Spherical
Symmetry Planar
Symmetry
Cylindrical
Symmetry P36 - 7
 Maxwell’s Equations
G G Qin
³³ E ˜ dA
wS
H0
(Gauss's Law)

G G d)B
v³ E ˜ d s
C

dt
(Faraday's Law)
G G
³³ B ˜ dA
wS
0 (Magnetic Gauss's Law)

G G d)E
v³ B ˜ d s
C
P 0 I enc  P 0H 0
dt
(Ampere-Maxwell Law)

P36 ­ 2
 Faraday’s Law of Induction

dΦB
ε=∫ E ⋅ ds = − N
dt Moving bar,

entering field
d
= −N ( BA cos θ )
dt
Ramp B Rotate area
Lenz’s Law: in field

Induced EMF is in direction that opposes the

change in flux that caused it

P36 - 9

 Maxwell’s Equations
G G Qin
³³ E ˜ dA
wS
H0
(Gauss's Law)

G G d)B
v³ E ˜ d s
C

dt
(Faraday's Law)
G G
³³ B ˜ dA
wS
0 (Magnetic Gauss's Law)

G G d)E
v³ B ˜ d s
C
P 0 I enc  P 0H 0
dt
(Ampere-Maxwell Law)

P36 ­ 3
 Ampere’s Law: ∫ B ⋅ d s = µ 0 I enc .

B
Long
Circular I
Symmetry B
(Infinite) Current Sheet

B
X
X
X X
X Solenoid X
X
X X X
X
X = X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
2 Current X
X

Sheets
X
X
X
X

Torus/Coax
P36 - 11
 Displacement Current
Q
E= ⇒ Q = ε 0 EA = ε 0 Φ E
ε0 A
dQ dΦE
= ε0 ≡ Id
dt dt
Capacitors,

∫
C
B ⋅ d s = µ 0 ( I encl + I d ) EM Waves

dΦE
= µ 0 I encl + µ 0ε 0
dt P36 - 12
 Maxwell’s Equations
G G Qin
³³ E ˜ dA
wS
H0
(Gauss's Law)

G G d)B
v³ E ˜ d s
C

dt
(Faraday's Law)
G G
³³ B ˜ dA
wS
0 (Magnetic Gauss's Law)

G G d)E
v³ B ˜ d s
C
P 0 I enc  P 0H 0
dt
(Ampere-Maxwell Law)

I am nearly certain that you will have one of each

They are very standard – know how to do them all
P36 - 4
EM Field Details…

P36 - 14
 Electric Potential

B
∆ V = − ∫ E ⋅ d s = VB −VA
A
= −Ed (if E constant – e.g. Parallel Plate C)

Common second step to Gauss’ Law

dV
E = −∇ V = e.g. − î
dx
Less Common – Give plot of V, ask for E
P36 -15

 Force

Lorentz Force: • Single Charge Motion

• Cyclotron Motion
(
F = q E + v×B ) • Cross E & B for no force

Magnetic Force:
dFB = Id s × B ⇒ FB = I L × B ( )
• Parallel Currents Attract
• Force on Moving Bar (w/ Faraday)
P36 -16

 The Biot-Savart Law

Current element of length ds carrying current I

(or equivalently charge q with velocity v)
produces a magnetic field:
µo q v x rˆ
B=
4π r 2

µ 0 I d s × r̂

dB =
4π r 2

P36 -17

Magnetic Dipole Moments

µ ≡ IAnˆ ≡ IA
Generate:

Feel:
1) Torque aligns with external field τ = µ × B
2) Forces as for bar magnets P36 - 18
 Traveling Sine Wave

i Wavelength: λ ˆ sin(kx − ω t)

i Frequency : f
E = EE0
2π
i Wave Number: k =
λ Good
i Angular Frequency: ω = 2π f chance this
1 2π will be one
i Period: T = = question!
f ω
ω
i Speed of Propagation: v = =λf
k
i Direction of Propagation: + x
P36 -19

 EM Waves

Travel (through vacuum) with

speed of light
1 8m
v=c= = 3 ×10
µ 0ε 0 s
At every point in the wave and any instant of time,
E and B are in phase with one another, with
E E0
= =c
B B0
E and B fields perpendicular to one another, and to

the direction of propagation (they are transverse):

Direction of propagation = Direction of E × B P36 -20

 Interference (& Diffraction)
∆L = mλ ⇒ Constructive Interference
∆L = ( m + 12 ) λ ⇒ Destructive Interference
Likely multiple choice problem?
m=0
a sin θ = mλ
d sin θ = mλ
m=3

m=2 m=1
P36 - 21
 Energy Storage

Energy is stored in E & B Fields

εo E 2

uE = : Electric Energy Density

2
In capacitor: UC = C V
1 2

2
In EM Wave
2

B
uB = : Magnetic Energy Density
2µo In inductor: U L = LI
1 2
2

In EM Wave P36 -22

 Energy Flow
• (Dis)charging C, L
E×B
Poynting vector: S = • Resistor (always in)
µ0 • EM Radiation

For EM Radiation
2 2
E0 B0 E cB
Intensity: I ≡ < S > = = 0
= 0

2µ0 2µ0c 2µ0

P36 - 23
 Circuits

There will be no quantitative circuit

questions on the final and no questions
regarding driven RLC Circuits

Only in the multiple choice will there be

circuit type questions

BUT….
P36 -24

 Circuit Elements

Power /
NAME Value V/ε Energy

ρ
Resistor R= IR 2
I R
A
C=
Q Q 2
Capacitor 1
CV
∆V C 2

NΦ dI
Inductor L= −L 1
2 LI 2

I dt P36 -25
 Circuits

For “what happens just after switch is thrown”:

Capacitor: Uncharged is short, charged is open
Inductor: Current doesn’t change instantly!
Initially looks like open, steady state is short

RC & RL Circuits have “charging” and “discharging”

curves that go exponentially with a time constant:

LC & RLC Circuits oscillate:

1

V , Q, I ∝ cos(ω t ) ω0 =
LC P36 -26

SAMPLE EXAM

P36 - 27
 F2002 #5, S2003 #3, SFB#1, SFC#1, SFD#1

Problem 1: Gauss’s Law

A circular capacitor of
spacing d and radius R is
in a circuit carrying the
steady current i shown.

At time t=0 it is uncharged

1. Find the electric field E(t) at P vs. time t (mag. & dir.)

2. Find the potential at P, V(t), given that the potential at

the right hand plate is fixed at 0
3. Find the magnetic field B(t) at P
4. Find the total field energy between the plates U(t) P36 -28
 Solution 1: Gauss’s Law
1.Find the electric field E(t):
Assume a charge q on the
left plate (-q on the right)

Gauss’s Law:
Qin σ A

∫∫ E ⋅ dA =

EA =

=

S
ε0 ε 0

σ q Since q(t=0) = 0, q = it

E =
=
2
ε0 π R ε0

it
E(t ) = to the right
π R ε0
2

P36 -29

 Solution 1.2: Gauss’s Law

2.Find the potential V(t):

Since the E field is uniform,

V = E * distance

it
V (t ) = E(t ) ( d − d ') = ( d − d ')
π R ε0
2

Check: This should be positive since its between a

positive plate (left) and zero potential (right) P36 -30
 Solution 1.3: Gauss’s Law
3.Find B(t):

Ampere’s Law:
dΦE
∫C B ⋅ d s = µ0 I enc + µ0ε 0 dt
r 2i
⎛ it ⎞ 2 2π rB = 0 + µ 0ε 0 2
Φ E = EA = ⎜ ⎟π r R ε0
⎝ π R ε0 ⎠
2

dΦE 2
ri µ 0ir
= 2 B(t ) = out of the page
dt R ε0 2π R 2

P36 - 31
 Solution 1.4: Gauss’s Law

4. Find Total Field Energy between the plates

2
εo E 2
εo ⎛
it ⎞
E Field Energy Density: u E = = ⎜ ⎟
2 2 ⎝ π R ε0 ⎠
2

2
B 1 ⎛ µ 0ir ⎞
2
B Field Energy Density: u B = = ⎜ 2 ⎟
2 µ o 2 µ o ⎝ 2π R ⎠
Total Energy U = ∫∫∫ ( uE + uB ) dV (Integrate over cylinder)
2 2
ε o ⎛ it ⎞ 1 ⎛ µ 0i ⎞
⎟ iπ R d + ⎜ 2π R 2 ⎟ ∫ id ⋅ 2π r dr
2 2
= ⎜ r
2 ⎝ π R ε0 ⎠
2
2µo ⎝ ⎠

( it )
2
d 1 µo d 2 ⎛ q 2
1 2 ⎞
= + i ⎜= + Li ⎟
2 ε 0π R 2 8π ⎝ 2C 2
2
⎠ P36 -32

 Problem 2: Faraday’s Law

A simple electric generator rotates with frequency f

about the y-axis in a uniform B field. The rotor
consists of n windings of area S. It powers a lightbulb
of resistance R (all other wires have no resistance).

1. What is the maximum value Imax of the induced

current? What is the orientation of the coil when this
current is achieved?
2. What power must be supplied to maintain the
rotation (ignoring friction)? P36 - 33
 Solution 2: Faraday’s Law

dΦB
Faraday's Law: ∫ E ⋅ d s = −
C
dt
ε 1 dΦB 1 d nBS
I = =−
R R dt
=−
R dt
( nBS cos (ω t ) ) =
R
ω sin (ω t )

Max when flux is

nBS nBS
I max = ω= 2π f changing the most – at
R R 90º to current picture
P36 - 34
 Solution 2.2: Faraday’s Law

2. Power delivered?
Power delivered must equal power dissipated!
2 2
⎛ nBS ⎞ ⎛ nBS ⎞
2
P= I R=⎜ 2π f sin (ω t ) ⎟ R = R ⎜ 2π f ⎟ sin 2 (ω t )
⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ R ⎠

2
R ⎛ nBS ⎞
P = ⎜ 2π f⎟
2⎝ R ⎠ P36 - 35
 ẑ Problem 3: Ampere’s Law
d J0 Consider the two long
d current sheets at left, each
d XJ
0
carrying a current density J0
(out the top, in the bottom)
L
a) Use Ampere’s law to find the magnetic field for all z.
Make sure that you show your choice of Amperian
loop for each region.
At t=0 the current starts decreasing: J(t)=J0 – at
b) Calculate the electric field (magnitude and direction)
at the bottom of the top sheet.
c) Calculate the Poynting vector at the same location
P36 -36

 ẑ Solution 3.1: Ampere’s Law

d 3 J0 By symmetry, above the
d 2 top and below the bottom
d 1 X J0 the B field must be 0.
z=0 Elsewhere B is to right
Region 1:

∫ B ⋅ ds = µ I
0 enc ⇒ B = µ0 J 0 z ⇒ B = µ0 J 0 z
Region 2:

∫ B ⋅ ds = µ I
0 enc ⇒ B = µ0 J 0 d ⇒ B = µ0 J 0 d
Region 3:
B = µ 0 ( J 0 d − J 0 ( z − 2d ) ) ⇒
B = µ 0 J 0 ( 3d − z )
P36 - 37
 ẑ Solution 3.2: Ampere’s Law
d J s Why is there an electric field?
d Changing magnetic field •
d X J Faraday’s Law!
dΦ B Use rectangle of sides d, s to

∫C E ⋅ d s = − dt find E at bottom of top plate

J is decreasing • B to right is decreasing • induced

field wants to make B to right • E out of page
d d dJ
2sE = ( Bsd ) = sd ( µ 0 dJ ) = sd µ 0
2

dt dt dt
⇒ E = 12 d 2 µ 0 a out of page
P36 -38

 ẑ Solution 3.3: Ampere’s Law

d J Recall

d E B E = 14 d 2 µ 0 a out of page
d X J
B = µ 0 Jd to the right

Calculate the Poynting vector (at bottom of top plate):

1 1
S=
µ0
E× B =
µ0
( 1
4 d µ 0 a ) ( µ 0 Jd ) ẑ
2

That is, energy is leaving the system (discharging)

If this were a solenoid I would have you integrate

over the outer edge and show that this = d/dt(1/2 LI2)

P36 -39

 Problem 4: EM Wave

The magnetic field of a plane EM wave is:

B = 10 cos π m
−9
(( -1
) y + ( 3π ×10 s ) t ) ˆi Tesla
8 -1

(a) In what direction does the wave travel?

(b) What is the wavelength, frequency & speed of the wave?

(c) Write the complete vector expression for E

(d) What is the time-average energy flux carried in the wave?
What is the direction of energy flow? (µo = 4 π x l0-7 in SI
units; retain fractions and the factor π in your answer.)

P36 -40

 Solution 4.1: EM Wave

B = 10 cos π m
−9
(( -1
) y + ( 3π ×10 s ) t ) î Tesla

8 -1

(a) Travels in the - ĵ direction (-y)

2π
(b) k =πm ⇒ λ =
-1
= 2m
k
ω 3
ω =3π ×10 s ⇒ f =
8 -1 8 -1
= ×10 s
2π 2
ω 8 m
v = = λ f = 3 ×10
k s
(c)
E = −3 ×10 cos π m
−1
(( -1
) y + ( 3π ×10 s ) t ) kˆ V/m

8 -1

P36 -41

 Solution 4.2: EM Wave

B = 10 cos π m
−9
(( -1
) y + ( 3π ×10 s ) t ) ˆi Tesla
8 -1

1 S points along
(d) S = E×B direction of travel: - ˆj
µ0
1 1
= E0 B0
2 µ0
1⎛ 1 ⎞ W
= ⎜ −7 ⎟
2 ⎝ 4π ×10 ⎠
( −1
3 ×10 10 −9
2
ms
)( )

P36 - 42
 Problem 5: Interference

In an experiment you shine red laser light (O=600 nm)

at a slide and see the following pattern on a screen
placed 1 m away:

You measure the distance between successive

fringes to be 20 mm

a) Are you looking at a single slit or at two slits?

b) What are the relevant lengths (width, separation if
2 slits)? What is the orientation of the slits?
P36 - 5

 Solution 5.1: Interference

First translate the picture to a plot:

(a) Must be two slits
Intensity

-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

a
Horizontal Location on Screen (mm) d
P36 - 6
 Solution 5.2: Interference

mλ
y = L tan θ ≈ L sin θ = L
d
Intensity

d=L
mλ
= (1m )
(1)( 600nm )
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Horizontal Location on Screen (mm)
80
y ( 20mm )
= (1m )
( 6 × 10 −7
) −5
= 3×10 m
( 2 ×10 )−2

At 60 mm…
a sin θ = (1) λ a 1
⇒ =
d sin θ = ( 3) λ d 3
a = 10−5 m P36 -45
 Why is the sky blue?

400 nm Wavelength 700 nm

Small particles preferentially scatter small wavelengths

You also might have seen a red moon last fall –

during the lunar eclipse.

When totally eclipsed by the Earth the only light

illuminating the moon is diffracted by Earth’s

atmosphere

P36 -46