Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
I. Drill-In Applications Prior to entering the productive interval, the conventional drilling fluid (mud) is replaced with a secondary, Drill-In fluid. The purpose of the Drill-In fluid is to promote the drilling process, while minimizing the potential for formation damage. II. Completions The Completion Fluid is used to control wellbore pressures during operations subsequent to drilling. III. Workover (WO) Used during later remedial operations The objectives vary from pressure control to solids removal.
a) Solids Free Brines 1) Control wellbore pressures 2) Remove cuttings or other debris 3) Protect production capacity b) Polymer 1) Remove cuttings or other debris 2) Restrict fluid loss 3) Reduce friction pressures
The completion, workover fluid and salt tables are used to balance the pressures inside the wellbore with that in the reservoir.
pH = [0.0519] x D
Dry Powders: Dissolution is rapid Proper dispersion of the polymers requires shear conditions similar to that used for other polymers (eg., Drispac, Flowzan, etc) in order to avoid lumping.
Emulsion Polymers: Getting the polymer into solution requires inverting the emulsion. Under low shear conditions, this can pose problems.
HE Polymer Emulsions
These are oil-outside phase emulsions, having droplets (micells) of water and polymer dispersed through a continuous phase of oil.
Oil
Building viscosity in brine requires inverting the emulsion, putting the water into the outside phase and allowing dispersion of the polymer into solution.
HE Polymer Emulsions
Under low shear mixing conditions in light brine, incomplete inversion may occur, resulting in; a) Lower than expected fluid viscosity. b) Soft, white mass of partially hydrated polymer separating to the fluid surface.
Solution:
a) Increase the amount of shear b) Add a surfactant c) Add the polymer to fresh water, before adding the salt.
HE Polymer Emulsions
Inversion
Shear
Dry Powders:
Dispersion is rapid and easy Dissolution is slow, and may require: Advanced Formulating Heating
Emulsion Polymers: Tends to invert easier in the heavy brines than in the less dense fluids. That is, the emulsion is less stable in the more concentrated salt solutions. Shear Surfactant
Dissolution
In the process of dissolving, the smaller unit (ion or Polymer strand) is extracted from the larger crystal or granule by free water
Hydration
In dissolving, each and every ion takes on one or more layers of water. This water of hydration allows separation of the ions.
Ca++
In the more concentrated brine systems, much of the available water is used simply in this manner.
As the concentration of dissolved salts increases, progressively less water is available for hydrating the polymers.
3% KCl + HE Polymers
1 6 2
2 11 6
3 14 11
4 19 19
5 -
6 35 43
HE 100
Emulsion
PV = YP =
7 1
12 8
16 19
21 31
30 35
HE 100
Powder
PV = YP =
5 0
8 2
12 3
17 11
29 17
37 23
HE 100
Emulsion
PV = YP =
5 0
8 7
15 16
21 28
33 42
38 69
1 8 1
2 13 4
3 21 4
4 28 10
5 35 21
6 40 29
7 -
HE 100
Emulsion
PV = YP =
8 2
13 6
18 13
25 19
32 28
38 43
41 61
HE 100
Powder
PV = YP =
6 -1
9 1
12 2
16 3
20 6
25 8
40 10
HE 100
Emulsion
PV = YP =
6 0
9 2
14 6
19 13
25 21
34 34
37 36
1 9 0
2 14 2
3 20 7
4 28 11
5 39 15
6 48 24
7 54 42
HE 100
Emulsion
PV = YP =
10 -1
14 2
21 5
25 13
38 15
47 26
56 41
HE 100
Powder
PV = YP =
7 1
10 2
14 2
17 4
22 7
27 10
34 12
HE 100
Emulsion
PV = YP =
7 1
10 3
15 6
22 11
29 20
39 28
46 47
1 6 0
2 9 2
3 13 4
4 16 9
5 21 15
6 27 22
7 45 30
HE 100
Emulsion
PV = YP =
12 3
15 9
19 16
24 23
31 28
36 43
HE 100
Powder
PV = YP =
5 0
7 1
10 2
14 4
18 9
23 14
30 19
HE 100
Emulsion
PV = YP =
5 0
8 1
11 6
17 12
25 15
32 25
36 37
Plastic Viscosity
1 15 0
2 22 1
3 23 12
4 60 -3
5 141 -6
6 -
7 -
HE 100
Emulsion
PV = YP =
9 1
15 1
22 3
34 3
51 8
71 15
98 19
HE 100
Emulsion
PV = YP =
13 -1
15 0
19 1
25 2
33 4
45 8
64 10
Equivalent Fann 35 Dial Reading degress 4.7 6.3 22.9 31.7 38.4
0.4683 0.0221 69
23 15
-1
150
100 1 Hr 50 1 Hr
Temperature, F
250
300
300
85
80
-1
60
40
I Hr I Hr I Hr
20
Temperature, F
With Stabilizer
250
300
300
85
120
-1
100
80
I Hr I Hr I Hr
60
40
20
250
300
300
75
Temperature, F
With Stabilizer
100
-1
80
60
I Hr I Hr
40 I Hr 20
Temperature, F
With Stabilizer
250
300
300
75
-1
100
80 1 Hr 1 Hr 40 1 Hr
60
20
85
100
150
200
200
250
0
250
300
300
85
Temperature, F
With Stabilizer
-1
80
60 1 Hr 40 1 Hr 1 Hr 20
250
300
300
77
Temperature, F
With Stabilizer
150
100 1 Hr 50
1 Hr
1 Hr
78
105
150
200
200
250
0
250
300
300
78
Temperature, F
150
-1
100 1 Hr 1 Hr 50 1 Hr
250
300
300
78
Temperature, F
Temp = 740F RPM 3 6 101 201 301 502 pH = Viscosity cp 380 304 94 71 61 52 8
After Aging for 15 Hours at 3500F Percent Viscosity of Original cp Viscosity 299 79% 185 61% 61 64% 50 70% 47 76% 42 80% 7.7
150
300
100
200
50
100
0 0 5
10
15
14.2 ppg CaBr2 + 6 lb/BBl HE100 Emulsion + 2.5 lb/BBl Starch + 20 lb/BBl CaCO3
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15
0
20
150
100
1 Hr 50 1 Hr 1 Hr 1 Hr
80
200
200
250
250
300
0
300
350
350
80
Temperature, F
HE Polymers in Brines
Conclusions
A. The HE Polymers are effective viscosifiers for brines in Drill-in, Completions or Workover applications. B. The HE Polymers provide a number of potential benefits, including: Thermal Stability Carrying Capacity Restricted fluid invasion Friction Reduction C. The powdered forms of the HE Polymers are most applicable in the lighter brines, including KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, and NaBr. D. The HE Emulsion Polymers are applicable in all the compositions.