ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Practical training has an important role in shaping up an engineering student for practical knowledge how a keeping him update with latest technology. Success of every project largely depends on the self and encouragement and guidance of many others. First of all, I would like to thank the management of BSNL for giving me the opportunity to do my one month industrial training in their esteemed organization. Internal guide for providing me with valuable advice and endless supply of new ideas and support for this project report. I would like to thank Mr.Manoj Sharma(AGM-CM) for providing me the practical exposure for the project and his valuable guidance during the project work. Last but not the least I thank my teachers, friends and family members for their constant encouragement. With extreme regard and obligations Minali Arora

PREFACE
Practical training in an industry is an essential part of an engineering curriculum towards making a successful engineer, as in an industry only a student can realize the theory thought in classroom and it also gives an exposure to modern technology. In the field of Electrical and Electronics engineering there has been rapid development to support the ever increasing volume information, so Electronics students has an opportunity during Training period to have knowledge about the latest technologies. The training period of 28 days is not much sufficient to take complete knowledge of technology used but one is expected to identify components, the process flow in an industry for high efficiency and about the knowledge of product technology. To be a good Engineer, one must be aware of the industrial environment &must know about management, working in industry, labor problems etc. can tackle them successfully. Due to all the above reasons & to bridge the gap between theory and practical, our engineering curriculum provides a practical training course of 28 days. During this period a student in industry and gets all type of experience and knowledge about the working and maintenance of various types of machinery. The world we see today is a result of the continuous research in the field of communication, which started with the invention of telephone by GrahamBell to the current avatar as we see in the form INTERNET and mobile phones. All these technologies have come to existence because man continued its endeavor towards the objective. This project report of mine, STUDY OF TRENDS TECHNOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING has been a small effort in reviewing the trends technologies prevailing. For this purpose, no organization other than BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED could have been a better choice. I have undergone by 28 days of training (after III yr.) at BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED. This report has been prepared on the basis of the knowledge which I acquired during my 28days (13-06-2011 to 9-07-2011 has continuously tried to develop new technologies, which have helped to reach the training at Company.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO TOPIC CONTENT

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO BROADBAND MULTIMEDIA MESSAGE SERVICE STRUCTURE OF A GSM NETWORK INTRODUCTION TO 3G ADOPTION OF 3G FEATURES OF 3G APPLICATIONS OF 3G BSNL 3G SERVICES INTRODUCTION TO CDMA TYPES OF CDMA CDMA 2000 INTODUCTION TO BROADBAND BROADBAND SERVICES SWITCHING SWITCHING TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES DATA COMMUNICATION 3G VISION AND APPLICATIONS REFERENCES

ABSTRACT
Today, BSNL is the no.1 telecommunication company and the largest public sector undertaking of India and its responsibilities include improvement of the already impeccable quality of telecom services, expansion of telecom services in villages and instilling confidence among its customers. Apart from vast network expansions, special emphasis is given for introducing latest technologies like I-NET, INTERNET, GSM, CDMA, BROADBAND, 3G etc.

This purpose of this report is to study the new technologies that are set in the field of telecommunications. Although the enormous amount of work done and experience gained in one month cannot be lifted here in a few words but here is an overview of the training.

There are various departments in the organization. I worked in the MSCWLL(MAIN STATION CONTROLLER-WIRELESS LOOP) department of BSNL. My training started on 13 June 2011 and I was sent to the MSC-WLL department where I worked under the supervision and guidance of my mentor.

INTODUCTION
COMPANY PROFLIE:
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated BSNL; ) is a stateowned telecommunications company headquartered in New Delhi, India. BSNL is one of the largest Indian cellular service providers, with over 87.1 million subscribers as of April 2011, and the largest landline telephone provider in India. However, in recent years the company's revenue and market share plunged into heavy losses due to intense competition in Indian telecommunications sector. BSNL is India's oldest and largest communication service provider (CSP). It had a customer base of 90 million as of June 2008. It has footprints throughout India except for the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and New Delhi, which are managed by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL). As of June 30 2010, BSNL had a customer base of 27.45 million wireline and 72.69 million wireless subscribers

SERVICES:
BSNL provides many telecom services in India. Following are the main telecom services provided by the company:

Universal Telecom Services: Fixed wire line services & landline in Local loop (WLL) using CDMA Technology called bfone and Tarang respectively. As of June 30, 2010, BSNL has 75% market share of fixed lines. Cellular Mobile Telephone Services: BSNL is major provider of Cellular Mobile Telephone services using GSM platform under the brand name Cellone & Excel (BSNL Mobile). As of June 30, 2010 BSNL has 13.50% share of mobile telephony in the country. WLL-CDMA Telephone Services: BSNL's WLL (Wireless in Local Loop)service is a service giving both fixed line telephony & Mobile telephony. Internet: BSNL provides internet services through dial-up connection (Sancharnet) as Prepaid, (NetOne) as Postpaid and ADSL broadband (BSNL Broadband). BSNL holds 55.76% of the market share with reported subscriber base of 9.19 million Internet subscribers with 7.79% of growth at the end of Mar-10. Top 12 Dial-up Service providers, based on the subscriber base, It Also Provides Online Games Via Its Games on Demand(GOD).

Intelligent Network (IN): BSNL provides IN services offers value-added services, such as Free Phone Service (FPH), India Telephone Card (Prepaid card), Account Card Calling (ACC), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Tele-voting, Premium Rae Service (PRM), Universal Access Number (UAN) and more.

3G:BSNL offers the '3G' or the'3rd Generation' services which includes facilities like video calling, live TV, 3G Video portal, streaming services like online full length movies and video on demand etc.

IPTV: BSNL also offers the 'Internet Protocol Television' facility which enables watch television through internet. FTTH: Fiber to The Home facility that offers a higher bandwidth for data transfer. This idea was proposed on post-December 2009. Helpdesk: BSNL's Helpdesk (Helpdesk) provide help desk support to their customers for their services. VVoIP: BSNL, along with Sai Infosystem - an Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) provider - has launched Voice and Video Over Internet Protocol (VVoIP). This will allow to make audio as well as video calls to any landline, mobile, or IP phone anywhere in the world, provided that the requisite video phone equipment is available at both ends.

ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS
BSNL is divided into a number of administrative units termed as telecom circles, metro districts, project circles and specialized units, as mentioned below: Telecom Circles in India

Andaman & Nicobar Telecom Circle Dobaspet Tamil Nadu Telecom Circle Jharkhand Telecom Circle Bihar Telecom Circle Andhra Pradesh Telecom Circle Assam Telecom Circle Chhattisgarh Telecom Circle Gujarat Telecom Circle Haryana Telecom Circle Himachal Pradesh Telecom Circle Jammu & Kashmir Telecom Circle Jharkhand Telecom Circle Karnataka Telecom Circle Kerala Telecom Circle Madhya Pradesh Telecom Circle Maharashtra Telecom Circle North East-I Telecom Circle North East-II Telecom Circle Orissa Telecom Circle Punjab Telecom Circle Rajasthan Telecom Circle Uttaranchal Telecom Circle Uttar Pradesh East Telecom Circle Uttar Pradesh West Telecom Circle

Metro Districts

Kolkata Chennai

Project Circles

Eastern Telecom Project Circle Western Telecom Project Circle Northern Telecom Project Circle Southern Telecom Project Circle IT Project Circle, Pune Maintenance Region

Eastern Telecom Region Western Telecom Region Northern Telecom Region Southern Telecom Region Production Units

Telecom Factory, Mumbai Telecom Factory, Jabalpur Telecom Factory, Richhai Telecom Factory, Kolkata

PRESENT AND FUTURE

BSNL then known as Department of Telecom had been a near monopoly during the socialist period of the Indian economy. During this period, BSNL was the only telecom service provider in the country MTNL was present only in Mumbai and New Delhi). During this period BSNL operated as a typical state-run organization, inefficient, slow, bureaucratic, and heavily unionised. As a result subscribers had to wait for as long as five years to get a telephone connection. The corporation tasted competition for the first time after the liberalisation of Indian economy in 1991. Faced with stiff competition from the private telecom service providers, BSNL has subsequently tried to increase efficiencies itself. DoT veterans, however, put the onus for the sorry state of affairs on the Government policies, where in all state-owned service providers were required to function as mediums for achieving egalitarian growth across all segments of the society. The corporation (then DoT), however, failed miserably to achieve this and India languished among the most poorly connected countries in the world. BSNL was born in 2000 after the corporatisation of DoT. The efficiency of the company has since improved little a bit. However, the performance level is nowhere near the private players. .The corporation remains heavily unionised and is comparatively slow in decision making and its implementation, which largely acts at the instances of unions without bothering about outcome.

YEAR OF BROADBAND 2007

2007 has been declared as "Year of Broadband" in India and BSNL is in the process of providing 5 million Broadband connectivity by the end of 2007. BSNL has upgraded existing Dataone (Broadband) connections for a speed of up to 2 Mbit/s without any extra cost. This 2 Mbit/s broadband service is being provided by BSNL at a cost of just US$ 11.7 per month (as of 21 July 2008 and at a limit of 2.5GB monthly limit with 0200-0800 hrs as no charge period). Further, BSNL is rolling out new broadband services such as triple play. BSNL is planning to increase its customer base to 108 million customers by 2010. With the frantic activity in the communication sector in India, the target appears achievable. BSNL is a pioneer of rural telephony in India. BSNL has recently bagged 80% of US$ 580 m (INR 2,500 crores) Rural Telephony project of Government of India. On the 20th of March, 2009, BSNL advertised the launch of BlackBerry services across its Telecom circles in India. The corporation has also launched 3G services in select cities across the country. Presently, BSNL and MTNL are the only players to provide 3G services, as the Government of India has completed auction of 3G services for private players. BSNL shall get 3G bandwidth at lowest bidder prices of Rs 18,500 crore, which includes Rs 10,186 crore for 3G and Rs 8313crore for BWA.[One crore is 10 million.]BSNL management has paid this money under protest seeking refund. BSNL also launched an Entertainment Portal called BSNL Hungama which provides contents like music and music video to users for download. This functions as a fixed monthly plan.

BSNL - MTNL Merger Plans

On February 23, 2011, The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) said it wanted to revive a proposal for the merger of state-owned operators BSNL and MTNL. In its draft plan, the department while showing concern over the deteriorating performance of BSNL and MTNL said that BSNL and MTNL should be merged as they have complimentary operations and can combine their strengths for synergies. DoT said the government should set up a multi-stakeholder committee to develop a restructuring plan for both firms. The committee should have members from public enterprises, the DoT, department of IT and ministry of finance. However the BSNL's staff unions are opposing this merger tooth and nail realizing that MTNL is in dire state and need help of its big brother ,BSNL to alleviate itself from getting into red balance sheet.MTNL in spite of having its operations in two big metro cities viz. New Delhi & Mumbai is realizing cascading fall in revenue and profits for the past 10 successive years.

INTRODUCTION TO GSM
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications): originally from Group Specials Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems in the world. The GSM Association, its promoting industry trade organization of mobile phone carriers and manufacturers, estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 4.3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. GSM CARRIER FREQUENCIES GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G), with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because they were previously used for first-generation systems. Most 3G networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. Regardless of the frequency selected by an operator, it is divided into time slots for individual phones to use. This allows eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency. These eight radio timeslots (or eight burst periods) are grouped into a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network: timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 Kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms. A macro cell is a cell in a mobile phone network that provides radio coverage served by a power cellular base station (tower). The antennas for macro cells are mounted on groundbased masts, rooftops and other existing structures. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Pico cells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly indoors. The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter.

 HLR (Home location register): The HLR is a database used for storage and management of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important database, as it stores permanent data about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location information, and activity status. When an individual buys a subscription from one of the PCS operators, he or she is registered in the HLR of that operator. MSC (Mobile services switching center): The MSC performs the telephony switching functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems. It also performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel signaling, and others. VLR (Visitor location register): The VLR is a database that contains temporary information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time. AUC (Authentication center): A unit called the AUC provides authentication and encryption parameters that verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call. The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud found in today's cellular world. BSC (Base station controllers): The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. A number of BSCs are served by an MSC. BTS (Base transceiver stations): The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to service ach cell in the network. A group of BTSs are controlled by a BSC.

MULTIMEDIA MESSAGING SERVICE:

Multimedia Messaging Service, or MMS, is a standard way to send messages that include multimedia content to and from mobile phones. It extends the core SMS (Short Message Service) capability which only allowed exchange of text messages up to 160 characters in length.

MMS FLOW

A general description of MMS flow is shown above. It uses message switching circuit MMS messages are delivered in a completely different way from SMS. The message is then forwarded to the carrier's MMS store and forward server, known as the MMSC.

CALL FLOW IN GSM MOBILE GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications: originally from Group Special Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems in the world.

STRUCTURE OF GSM NETWORK

NETWORK STRUCTURE

The network is structured into a number of discrete sections:

The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network. The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections). The Operations support system (OSS) for maintenance of the network.

SMS FLOW IN GSM

SMS MO CALL FLOW:-

1. The mobile station transfers the short message to the MSC. 2. The MSC queries the VLR to verify that the message transfer does not violate the supplementary services invoked or the restrictions imposed on the subscriber. 3. The MSC sends the short message to the SMS-IWMSC (Inter-Working MSC for SMS) using the forward Short Message operation. 4. The SMS-IWMSC delivers the short message to the SMSC (Short Message Service Centre). 5. The SMSC acknowledges the successful outcome of the forward Short Message operation to the MSC. 6. The MSC returns the outcome of the short message operation to the mobile station.

SMS MT CALL FLOW:-

1. The Short Message is transferred from SMSC to SMS-GMSC. 2. SMS-GMSC queries the HLR (SRI) & receives the routing information for the mobile subscriber (SRI-ACK). 3. The SMS-GMSC sends the short message to the MSC using "Forward Short Message" (FSM) operation.

4. The MSC retrieves the subscriber information from the VLR. This operation may include the Authentication Procedure. 5. The MSC transfers short message to the Mobile Station (MS). 6. The MSC returns the outcome of the "Forward Short Message" operation to the SMS-GMSC (FSM-ACK).If requested by the SMSC, it returns a status report indicating Delivery of the Short Message.

INTRODUCTION TO 3G

International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications fulfilling specifications by the International Telecommunication Union(ITU),which includes UMTS, and CDMA2000 as well as the non-mobile wireless standards DECT and WiMAX. While the GSM EDGE standard also fulfils the IMT-2000 specification, EDGE phones are typically not branded 3G. Services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, video calls, and wireless data, all in a mobile environment. Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates (at least 200 kbit/s peak bit rate to fulfill to IMT-2000 specification). Today's 3G systems can in practice offer up to 14.0 Mbit/s (1.75 MB/s) on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s (0.725 MB/s) on the uplink.

ADOPTION OF 3G
In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154 HSDPA networks were operating in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canada and the USA, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks. Roll-out of 3G networks was delayed in some countries by the enormous costs of additional spectrum licensing fees. 3G networks do not use the same radio frequencies as 2G, so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license entirely new frequencies; an exception is the United States where carriers operate 3G service in the same frequencies as other services. The license fees in some European countries were particularlyhigh, bolstered by government auctions of a limited number of licenses and sealed bid auctions, and initial excitement over 3G's potential. Other delays were due to the expenses of upgrading equipment for the new systems.

T-Mobile, a major Telecommunication services provider has recently rolled out a list of over 120 U.S. cities which will be provided with 3G Network coverage in the year 2009. In 2008, India entered into 3G Mobile arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobile and Data services by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) in Bihar(Patna). BSNL is the first Mobile operator in India to launch 3G services. After that (MTNL) launched 3G in Mumbai & Delhi. Government owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) has already been provided with a 3G license and has been operating its services in 380 cities by the end of March 2010. Nation wide auction of 3G wireless spectrum in April 2010 was announced. The Auction was a great success for Government of India, as it collected triple the amount it was expecting. The estimation for both 3G and BWA was around Rs 35,000/- Crore ($7.6 billion). Total revenue the Government collected was nearly Rs 1,06,000 Crore ($23 billion). Private providers are expected to provide its 3G service from September 2010.

FEATURES OF 3G
DATA RATES ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate users can expect from 3G equipment or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 384 kbit/s in a moving vehicle,"[16] the ITU does not actually clearly specify minimum or average rates or what modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various rates are sold as 3G intended to meet customers expectations of broadband data.

APPLICATIONS OF 3G The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:

Mobile TV a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone where it can be watched. Video on demand a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone. Video conferencing subscribers can see as well as talk to each other. Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially isolated subscriber. Location-based services a provider sends localized weather or traffic conditions to the phone, or the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses or friends.

BSNL 3G SERVICE India leaps into 3G mobile arena with the soft launch of 3G enabled Mobile services by BSNL. BSNL is the first mobile operator in India to lau nch 3G mobile services named BSNL 3G JADOO.

3G Mobile services would enable BSNL subscribers to enjoy:

Video Telephony- Customers can watch and talk simultaneously through video call. High speed internet for smart phones and laptop from 256 Kbps to 2 Mbps. A multitude of data related VAS services like

Mobile TV. Location Surveillance. Streaming Video on Demand. Gaming etcetera. BSNL started 3G services in India under the name of BSNL 3G JADOO Services offered include video calling, Mobile TV, Mobile Broadband with high speed data connectivity up to 2 Mbps from December 11th, 2008, getting India onto the 3G map of the world. BSNL plans to offer 3G services across India by mid-2009. After that BSNL Mobile users would be able to surf the internet with speeds up to 2 Mbps on their smart phones. While it did not participate in the 3G auction, BSNL paid the Indian government Rs. 10,187 crores for 3G spectrum in all 20 circles it operates in. State-owned MTNL provides 3G services in the other 2 circles - Delhi and Mumbai.[15] Both these state-owned operators were given a head start by the government in the 3G space by allotting the required 3G spectrum, on the condition that each will have to pay an amount which will be equivalent to the highest bid in the respective service areas as and when the 3G auctions take place.

INTRODUCTION TO CDMA
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne, CDMA2000 (the 3G evolution of cdmaOne) and WCDMA (the 3G standard used by GSM carriers), which are often referred to as simply CDMA, and use CDMA as an underlying channel access method. One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). This concept is called multiple access. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signalling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated. An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to talk to each other simultaneously. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages (code division). CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but other languages are perceived as noise and rejected. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can communicate.

USES

One of the early applications for code division multiplexing is in GPS. This predates and is distinct from cdmaOne. The Qualcomm standard IS-95, marketed as cdmaOne. The Qualcomm standard IS-2000, known as CDMA2000. This standard is used by several mobile phone companies, including the Globalstar satellite phone network. CDMA has been used in the Omni TRACS satellite system for transportation logistics.

Steps in CDMA Modulation

CDMA is a spread spectrum multiple access technique. A spread spectrum technique spreads the bandwidth of the data uniformly for the same transmitted power. Spreading code is a pseudo-random code that has a narrow Ambiguity function, unlike other narrow pulse codes. In CDMA a locally generated code runs at a much higher rate than the data to be transmitted. Data for transmission is combined via bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) with the faster code. The figure shows how spread spectrum signal is generated. The data signal with pulse duration of Tb is XORed with the code signal with pulse duration of Tc. Therefore, the bandwidth of the data signal is 1 / Tb and the bandwidth of the spread spectrum signal is1 / Tc. Since Tc is much smaller than Tb, the bandwidth of the spread spectrum signal is much larger than the bandwidth of the original signal. The ratio Tb / Tc is called spreading factor or processing gain and determines to a certain extent the upper limit of the total number of users supported simultaneously by the base station.

Each user in a CDMA system uses a different code to modulate their signal. Choosing the codes used to modulate the signal is very important in the performance of CDMA systems. The best performance will occur when there is good separation between the signal of a desired user and the signals of other users. The separation of the signals is made by correlating the received signal with the locally generated code of the desired user. If the signal matches the desired user's code then the correlation function will be high and the system can extract that signal. If the desired user's code has nothing in common with the signal the correlation should be as close to zero as possible (thus eliminating the signal); this is referred to as cross correlation. If the code is correlated with the signal at any time offset other than zero, the correlation should be as close to zero as possible. This is referred to as auto-correlation and is used to reject multi-path interference. In general, CDMA belongs to two basic categories: synchronous (orthogonal codes) and asynchronous (pseudorandom codes).

Code division multiplexing (Synchronous CDMA)

It exploits mathematical properties of orthogonality between vectors representing the data strings. For example, binary string 1011 is represented by the vector (1, 0, 1, 1). Vectors can be multiplied by taking their dot product, by summing the products of their respective components (for example, if u = (a, b) and v = (c, d), then their dot product uv = ac + bd). If the dot product is zero, the two vectors are said to be orthogonal to each other. Some properties of the dot product aid understanding of how W-CDMA works. If vectors a and b are orthogonal, then a.b=0 and:

Each user in synchronous CDMA uses a code orthogonal to the others' codes to modulate their signal. An example of four mutually orthogonal digital signals is shown in the figure. Orthogonal codes have a cross-correlation equal to zero; in other words, they do not interfere with each other. In the case of IS-95 64 bit Walsh codes are used to encode the signal to separate different users. Since each of the 64 Walsh codes are orthogonal to one another, the signals are channelized into 64 orthogonal signals.

Asynchronous CDMA
The previous example of orthogonal Walsh sequences describes how 2 users can be multiplexed together in a synchronous system, a technique that is commonly referred to as code division multiplexing (CDM). The set of 4 Walsh sequences shown in the figure will afford up to 4 users, and in general, an NxN Walsh matrix can be used to multiplex N users. Multiplexing requires all of the users to be coordinated so that each transmits their assigned sequence v (or the complement, v) so that they arrive at the receiver at exactly the same time. Thus, this technique finds use in base-to-mobile links, where all of the transmissions originate from the same transmitter and can be perfectly coordinated. All forms of CDMA use spread spectrum process gain to allow receivers to partially discriminate against unwanted signals. Signals encoded with the specified PN sequence (code) are received, while signals with different codes (or the same code but a different timing offset) appear as wideband noise reduced by the process gain. Asynchronous CDMA offers a key advantage in the flexible allocation of resources. In the case of CDM (synchronous CDMA), TDMA, and FDMA the number of simultaneous orthogonal codes,

time slots and frequency slots respectively is fixed hence the capacity in terms of number of simultaneous users is limited. There are a fixed number of orthogonal codes, timeslots or frequency bands that can be allocated for CDM, TDMA and FDMA systems, which remain underutilized due to the bursty nature of telephony and packetized data transmissions. There is no strict limit to the number of users that can be supported in an asynchronous CDMA system, only a practical limit governed by the desired bit error probability, since the SIR( Signal to Interface Ratio) varies inversely with the number of users.

CDMA 2000
CDMA 2000( also known as IMT Multi- Carrier( IMT-MC) is a family of 3G mobile technology standards, which use CDMA channel access, to send voice, data, and signaling data between mobile phones and cell sites. The set of standards includes: CDMA 2000 1X, CDMA 2000 EVDO Rel.0, CDMA 2000 EV-DO Rev.A, and CDMA 2000 Rev.B. All are approved radio interfaces for the ITUs IMT-2000. CDMA-2000 has a relatively long technical history and is backward- compatible with its previous 2G iteration IS-95 (CDMA-One). In the United States, CDMA 2000 is a registered trademark of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIAUSA). CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized), often abbreviated as EV-DO or EV, is a telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically forbroadband Internet access. It uses multiplexing techniques including code division multiple access (CDMA) as well as time division multiple access (TDMA) to maximize both individual user's throughput and the overall system throughput. It is standardized by 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) as part of the CDMA2000 family of standards and has been adopted by many mobile phone service providers around the world particularly those previously employing CDMA networks.

time slots and frequency slots respectively is fixed hence the capacity in terms of number of simultaneous users is limited. There are a fixed number of orthogonal codes, timeslots or frequency bands that can be allocated for CDM, TDMA, and FDMA systems, which remain underutilized due to the bursty nature of telephony and packetized data transmissions. There is no strict limit to the number of users that can be supported in an asynchronous CDMA system, only a practical limit governed by the desired bit error probability, since the SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) varies inversely with the number of users.

CDMA 2000
CDMA2000 (also known as IMT Multi-Carrier (IMT-MC)) is a family of 3G mobile technology standards, which use CDMA channel access, to send voice, data, and signaling data between mobile phones and cell sites. The set of standards includes: CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO Rel. 0, CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. A, and CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. B.[2] All are approved radio interfaces for the ITU's IMT-2000. CDMA2000 has a relatively long technical history and is backward-compatible with its previous 2G iteration IS-95 (cdma One). In the United States, CDMA2000 is a registered trademark of the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA-USA) CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized), often abbreviated as EV-DO or EV, is a telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically forbroadband Internet access. It uses multiplexing techniques including code division multiple access (CDMA) as well as time division multiple access (TDMA) to maximize both individual user's throughput and the overall system throughput. It is standardized by 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) as part of the CDMA2000 family of standards and has been adopted by many mobile phone service providers around the world particularly those previously employing CDMA networks.

INTRODUCTION TO BROADBAND

INTRODUCTION TO BROADBAND

An always-on data connection that is able to support interactive services including Internet access Has the capability of the minimum download speed of 256 kilo bits per second (kbps) to an individual subscriber from the Point Of Presence (POP) of the service provider.

The Interactive services will exclude any services for which a separate license is specifically required, for example, real-time voice transmission except to the extent that it is presently permitted under ISP license with Internet Telephony. It provides Internet, IPTV and VoIP simultaneously along with basic telephone service.

Broadband refers to : -- Telecommunication in which a wide band of frequencies is available to transmit information. Because a wide band of frequencies is available, information can be multiplexed and sent on many different frequencies or channels within the band concurrently, allowing more information to be transmitted in a given amount of time. Broadband system can allow voice, data and video to be broadcast over the same medium at the same time.

FEATURES OF BROADBAND SERVICE High Speed data download 512kbps-4Mbps Prepaid and postpaid Internet service. Always on Internet connection. Static IP on demand. IPTV, Video services and VOD. VOIP VPN

An always-on' data connection that is able to support interactive services including Internet access. Has the capability of the minimum download speed of 256 kilo bits per second (kbps) to an individual subscriber from the Point Of Presence (POP) of the service provider. The interactive services will exclude any services for which a separate license is specifically required, for example, real-time voice transmission, except to the extent that it is presently permitted under ISP license with Internet Telephony. It provides Internet, IPTV and VoIP simultaneously along with basic telephone service. Broadband refers to :--Telecommunication in which a wide band of frequencies is available to transmit information. Because a wide band of frequencies is available, information can be multiplexed and sent on many different frequencies or channels within the band concurrently, allowing more information to be transmitted in a given amount of time. Broadband system allow voice, data & video to be broadcast over the same medium at the same time.

FEATURES OF BROADBAND SERVICE High speed data download 512kbps- 4Mbps. Prepaid & postpaid internet service. Always on internet connection. Static IP on demand. IPTV , Video services & VOD. VOIP VPN

VOIP & VIDEO PHONE SERVICES

Voip Service Service Charge

Call charges Fixed Charges For Device on Rental

Sip stands For Session Initiation Protocol Prepaid Cards

Video & Voip Calls are possible MTNL converts your phone calls into data that zips through your high speed broadband connection just like E-Mail. It comes out the other end just like a regular phone call.

VPN SERVICES

VPN is point to point or point to multipoint connection between offices using broadband network and adsl modem.

VOIP SERVICES
Voice over Internet Protocol

Has the capability of the minimum download speed of 256 kilo bits per second (kbps) to an individual subscriber from the Point Of Presence (POP) of the service provider. The interactive services will exclude any services for which a separate license is specifically required, for example, real-time voice transmission, except to the extent that it is presently permitted under ISP license with Internet Telephony. It provides Internet, IPTV and VoIP simultaneously along with basic telephone service. Broadband refers to :--Telecommunication in which a wide band of frequencies is available to transmit information. Because a wide band of frequencies is available, information can be multiplexed and sent on many different frequencies or channels within the band concurrently, allowing more information to be t

VOIP & VIDEO PHONE SERVICES

Voip Service Service Charges Call Charges Fixed Charges For Device On Rental Sip Stands For Session Initiation Protocol Prepaid Cards Video & Voip Calls Are Possible MTNL Converts Your Phone Calls Into Data That Zips Through Your High-Speed Broadband Connection Just Like Email. It Comes Out The Other End Just Like A Regular Phone Call.

VPN SERVICES VPN is point to point or point to multipoint connection between offices using b/band n/work & adsl modem.

VOIP SERVICES

Voice Over Internet Protocol

Internet Telephony Digitizing Voice Encapsulating The Digitized Voice Into Packets Transmitting Those Packets Over A Packet Switched Ip N/Work Voip Tech. Is Foundation For The Ngn Concept And Implementation

IPTV
IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) describes a system where a digital television service is delivered using the Internet Protocol(IP) over a network infrastructure, which may include delivery by a broadband connection. While IP stands for Internet Protocol, it does not actually mean the television content is streaming over the Internet. IP is simply the same method, protocol, or technology that enables you to access the Internet and IP-delivered television content is utilizing the same technology for delivery.

DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL)

DSL does not refer to a physical line but to a modem or a pair of modems. A DSL modem creates a digital subscriber line, but the network does not purchase the lines when it buys ADSL. DSL Modem transmit in duplex over copper lines up to 5KMs. DSL Modem use twisted pair bandwidth from 0 to 80khz.

ADVANTAGES OF DSL TECHNOLOGY DSL is more cost-effective because it eliminates the need for extensive and expensive infrastructure upgrades. Increased Bandwidth capacity in the existing infrastructure. The speed is much higher than a regular voice band modem. Voice and data can be transmitted at the same time. Very Secure and reliable.

DSLAM
A Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) is a network device, usually at a telephone company central office, that receives signals from multiple customer Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) connections and puts the signals on a high-speed backbone line using multiplexing techniques. Depending on the product, DSLAM multiplexers connect DSL lines with some combination of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), frame relay, or Internet Protocol networks.

ISP (INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER)

The Broadband Access Servers are connected to an Internet Service Provider or ISP. This is the place where the connection to the Internet is made. The ISP usually provides other services like mail and news servers, and may cache frequently-used pages from the Internet so that the access can be more quickly. The ISP treats ADSL connections exactly the same as connections made using ordinary Dialup modems or ISDN

SWITCHING

DEFINITION:
Control consisting of a mechanical or electrical or electronic device for making or breaking or changing the connections in a circuit. And the process is called SWITCHING.

VARIOUS ELECTRONIC SWITCHES

EWSD OCB AXE-10 5ESS

SWITCHING TECHNIQUES Circuit Switching

Packet Switching Message Switching

CIRCUIT SWITCHING
Dedicated communication path between two stations Three phases Establish Transfer Disconnect Must have switching capacity and channel capacity to establish connection Must have intelligence to work out routing..

CIRCUIT SWITCHING CONCEPTS

Digital Switch- Provide transparent signal path between devices Network Interface Control Unit i. Establish connections ii. Generally on demand iii. Handle and acknowledge requests iv. Determine if destination is free v. construct path Maintain connection Disconnect

CIRCUIT SWITCHING- APPLICATIONS

Inefficient o Channel capacity dedicated for duration of connection o If no data, capacity wasted Set up (connection) takes time Once connected, transfer is transparent Developed for voice traffic (phone)

PACKET SWITCHING PRINCIPLES

Circuit switching designed for voice Resources dedicated to a particular call Much of the time a data connection is idle Data rate.

ADVANTAGES

1. Line efficiency Single node to node link can be shared by many packets over time Packets queued and transmitted as fast as possible

2. Data rate conversion Each station connects to the local node at its own speed Nodes buffer data if required to equalize rates

3. Packets are accepted even when network is busy Delivery may slow down 4. Priorities can be used

CIRCUIT VS PACKET SWITCHING

1. Performance 2. Propagation delay 3. Transmission time 4. Node dela

DATA COMMUNICATION
Data communications is about transmitting information from one device to another. The major criteria that a Data Communication Network must meet are: Performance Consistency Reliability Recovery

3-G VISION & APPLICATION

Potential 3-g services includes:--Voice, video calls E-mail SMS FAX,IPTV Multimedia, Television Broadcast. E-commerce,video conferencing

Common Radio interface. Common Network Backbone . Technology and service Flexible. Modular Design---means 3G Implemented Stand Alone or in Many Existing Networks with Gateways and Interworking units:

a. Framework for Mobility Services from Fixed Network b. Multiple Networks in Same Area Can Be Used to Provide One Service.

REFERENCES:

The references for the report have been taken from the following:

1) www.wikipedia.com 2) www.yahooanswers.com

3) www.britannica.com 4) www.webopedia.com

5) www.encyclopedia.com 6) www.worldbook.com 7) www.encyclopedia.com