Embedded Systems P1

Embedded Systems
Lecturer: Dr. Phạm Ngọc Nam

© DHBK 2008
About your lecturer

• Bộ môn kỹ thuật điện tử tin học, ĐHBK Hà nội
Office: C9-401
Email: pnnam-fet@mail.hut.edu.vn
• Research:
FPGA, PSoC, embedded systems
Trí tuệ nhân tạo
• Education:
K37 điện tử-ĐHBK Hà nội (1997)
Master về trí tuệ nhân tạo 1999, Đại học K.U. Leuven,
vương quốc Bỉ
Đề tài: Nhận dạng chữ viết tay
Tiến sỹ kỹ thuật chuyên ngành điện tử-tin học, 9/ 2004, Đại
học K.U. Leuven, Vương Quốc Bỉ
Đề tài: quản lý chất lượng dịch vụ trong các ứng dụng đa
phương tiện tiên tiến
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Outline
1. Embedded system introduction

2. Design with FPGA
3. VHDL
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• Introduction
Definition
Categories of embedded systems
Characteristics of embedded systems
Constraints of embedded systems
Trends
• Embedded hardware
• Embedded software
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Definition
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Definition
• BMW > 100 processors

• Trung bình 1 công dân Mỹ ~ 75 processors
*Intelligent Transportation *Cabin Air

System (ITS)
Quality
*Lighting
*Safety Systems
*Engine
Performance and
Emission Control
(Traction Control)
*Suspension *Digital Car

*Steering Controls*Entertainment
and
Braking Control
*Gear Box Radio
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Definition
Type Giá (USD) Example application

Disposable system 1 Greeting cards
Embedded system 10 Watches, cars,
appliances
Game computer 100 Home video games
Personal computer 1K Desktop computer
Server 10K Network server
Collection of 100K Departmental
workstations supercomputer
Mainframe 1M Batch processing in
bank
Supercomputer 10M Weather forecasting
98% processors are used in embedded systems

2% are used in PC
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Definition
• So what is an embedded system?

Anything that uses a microprocessor but isn't a general-
purpose computer
The first Embedded System: Apollo Guidance Computer
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Categories of Embedded systems

• Signal processing systems
Real-time video, set-top boxes, DVD players, medical
equipment, residential gateways
• Distributed control
Network routers, switches, firewalls, mass transit
systems, elevators
• “Small” systems
Mobile phones, pagers, home appliances, toys,
smartcards, MP3 players, PDAs, digital cameras, sensors,
smart badges
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Characteristics of Embedded
systems
• Part of a larger system
Limited peripherals
• Application-specific
Both hardware and software is tailored to applications,
which are well defined
However, re-programmability is a requirement
• Interaction with the physical world
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Constraints of Embedded systems

• Hardware
CPU, Memory
Power consumption
Limited peripherals and slower buses
Size, weight, environmental reliability
• Software
Latency
‘Hard’ or ‘Soft’ Real-time requirements
Limited HW resources
Reliability
Not very easy to debug
Device heterogeneity
Interoperability becomes an issue!
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Constraints of Embedded systems

• Small Size, Low Weight
– Handheld electronics
– Transportation applications weight costs money
• Low Power
– Battery power for 8+ hours (laptops often last only 2 hours)
– Limited cooling may limit power even if AC power available
• Harsh environment
– Heat, vibration, shock
– Power fluctuations, RF interference, lightning
– Water, corrosion, physical abuse
• Safety critical operation
– Must function correctly
– Must not function incorrectly
• Extreme cost sensitivity
– $.05 adds up over 1,000,000 units
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Trends
Number of transistors
1M
100K
10K
55%/year
1K
100
10
1 Time
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Exponential growth for 3 decades!

This is called ‘Moore’s law’: number of transistors
doubles every 18 months
(Gordon Moore, founder Intel Corp.)
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Trends: Post-PC era
1000 10 1
Mainframe PC Smart Things

0.01 1 >100 # / human
Compute + DSP
Power
+ Communications
+ Ambient
Intelligence
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
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Trends: smart things
Cochlear actuator(Cochlear Edegem) NeuroSensor (KNS) Bloodgas sensor (IMEC)
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Trends: ambient intelligence
Now + 5 Years
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Trends: ambient intelligence
17 © Emile Aarts, HomeLab, Philips

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• Introduction
Overview
Microcontroller
DSP
PSoC
RSoC
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• Introduction
Overview
Microcontroller
DSP
PSoC
RSoC
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Overview of embedded hardware

• Commercial off-the-shelf components (COTS)
e.g. wireless radios, sensors, I/O devices
Cheap
• Application-Specific ICs (ASICs)
ICs tailored to meet application needs
Good performance for their intended tasks
Original Es were ASICs only
• Domain-specific processors
DSPs
Microcontrollers
Microprocessors
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• New trend:
System-On-Chip (SOC)
Usual (or desired) specs:
32-bit RISC CPU
Built-in interfaces to RAM and ROM
Built-in DMA, interrupt and timing controllers
Built-in interfaces to disk or flash memory
Built-in Ethernet/802.11 interfaces
Built-in LCD/CRT interfaces
New SOCs appearing almost every week!
Examples
Intel StrongARM SA-1110
Motorola PowerPC MPC823e
NEC VR4181
Many, many more
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• New trend:
Reconfigurable System-On-Chip (RSOC)
Processor core + (re)Programable logic
E.g. FPGAs
Changing the system behavior at the hardware level
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0.1µm , 200M+ Transistors, 1M$ mask set

www
RF / Analog
gps 20 Mbyte Embedded
200
32 Bit Cores Distributed Software
Memory
Voice
Pen
200MHz
Vision
Bio Reconfigurable interconnect Display
Motion < Watt Sound
Security 1 M gate 1 M gate Data
. <1 Volt reconfigurable hardwired
Sensors Bio
computing logic Actuators
50 GIPS-500GOPS
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• Mainly digital www
0.1µm , 200M+ Transistors, 1M$ mask set
gps RF / Analog
• Lots of memory 200

32 Bit Cores
20 Mbyte
Distributed
Memory
Embedded
Software
• Flexibility Voice
Pen
Vision
Bio
200MHz
< Watt
Reconfigurable interconnect Display
Motion Sound
Programmable multi-processor network Security

.
Sensors
1 M gate
<1 Volt reconfigurable
computing
1 M gate
hardwired
logic
Data
Bio
Actuato
rs
Re-configurable hardware 50 GIPS-500GOPS
Small part of hardwired dedicated functionality

• Relatively low clock speed (200 MHz)
Compare to Pentium IV clock speeds of 3 GHz
• Energy efficiency (1 Watt)
Compare to Pentium IV 50 Watt
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• Introduction
Overview
Microcontroller
DSP
PSoC
RSoC
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Microcontrollers
• Vi điều khiển = CPU + Bộ nhớ + các khối ghép nối ngoại vi +
các khối chức năng
EEPROM
RAM
ADC/DAC
Timer
Bộ tạo xung nhịp
PWM
UART
USB
...
• Word length
4 bit: 2%
8 bit: 36%
16 bit: 25%
32 bit: 34%
64 bit: 3%
• Not pushing the limits of performance for cost reasons
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Microcontroller facts
• Shipments- > 8 Billion in 2000, 8 bit > 1/2 market
• Major Players: Microchip 16Fxx, Intel 8051, Motorola
MC68HC05, National COP800, SGS/Thomson ST62, Zilog
Z86Cxx
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PIC16C5x
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PIC16C5x
• High-Performance RISC CPU:
Only 33 single word instructions to learn
All instructions are single cycle (200 ns) except for
program branches which are two-cycle
Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input
DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
12-bit wide instructions
8-bit wide data path
Seven or eight special function hardware registers
Two-level deep hardware stack
Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes for
data and instructions
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PIC16C5x
• Peripheral Features:
8-bit real time clock/counter (TMR0) with 8-bit
programmable prescaler
Power-On Reset (POR)
Device Reset Timer (DRT)
Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip
RC oscillator for reliable operation
Programmable code-protection
Power saving SLEEP mode
• Applications:
high-speed automotive and appliance motor control
low-power remote ransmitters/receivers
pointing devices and telecom processors.
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Motorola MC68331
32 bit 16
2 Timers
integer CPU data
1 Serial asynch. FT unit: watchdog 24
Buffered I/O clock&bus monitor address
12
Programmable
chip selects
7
Interrupt logic
• Clock frequency: > 16 MHz

• MC683xx: modular microcontroller unit: MC68000 core plus
customized peripherals
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Motorola MC68332
32 bit 16
Timer PU
integer CPU data
Buffered I/O clock&bus monitor address
12
Programmable
2 Kbyte RAM
chip selects
7
Interrupt logic
≤ 48
Parallel I/O

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Motorola MC68340
32 bit 16
2 Timers
integer CPU data
I/O clock&bus monitor address
4
Programmable 2 channel
chip selects DMA controller
7
Interrupt logic
≤ 16
Parallel I/O

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Motorola MC68HC05
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Motorola MC68HC05
Hardware features
• Fully static design featuring the industry standard M68HC05
family CPU core
• On chip crystal oscillator with divide by 2 or a software
selectable divide by 32 option (SLOW
mode)
• 2.1 MHz internal operating frequency at 5V; 1.0 MHz at 3V
• High speed version available
• 176 bytes of RAM
• 5936 bytes of user ROM plus 14 bytes of user vectors
• 256 bytes of byte erasable EEPROM with internal charge pump
and security bit
• Write/erase protect bit for 224 of the 256 bytes EEPROM
• Self test/bootstrap mode
• Power saving STOP, WAIT and SLOW modes
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Motorola MC68HC05
• Three 8-bit parallel I/O ports and one 8-bit input-only port
• Software option available to output the internal E-clock to port pin
PC2
• 16-bit timer with 2 input captures and 2 output compares
• Computer operating properly (COP) watchdog timer
• Serial communications interface system (SCI) with independent
transmitter/receiver baud rate
selection; receiver wake-up function for use in multi-receiver systems
• 8 channel A/D converter
• 2 pulse length modulation systems which can be used as D/A
converters
• One interrupt request input plus 4 on-board hardware interrupt
sources
• Available in 52-pin plastic leaded chip carrier (PLCC), 64-pin quad flat
pack (QFP) and 56-pin
shrink dual in line (SDIP) packages
• Complete development system support available using the MMDS05
development station with
the M68HC05B32EM emulation module
•37 Extended operating temperature range of -40 to +125 °C
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Họ vi điều khiển 8051
• Hiện nay có hơn 40 công ty sản xuất các loại vi

điều khiển khác nhau của họ 8051.
• Một số công ty có trên 40 version 8051.
• Các CORE 8051 có thể được tổ hợp trong các
FPGA hay ASIC.
• Trên 100 triệu vi điều khiển 8051 được bán ra mỗi
năm.
• Họ 8051 gặt hái được rất nhiều thành công và nó
cũng trực tiếp ảnh hưởng đến cấu trúc của các họ
vi điều khiển hiện nay.
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MCS-51
• 8051 thuộc họ vi điều khiển MCS-51.
• MCS-51 được phát triển bởi Intel và các nhà sản
xuất khác (như Siemens, Philips) là các nhà cung
cấp đứng thứ hai của họ này.
• Tóm tắt một số đặc điểm chính của họ 8051:
4K bytes ROM trong
128 bytes RAM trong
4 cổng I/O 8-bit
2 bộ định thời 16 bit
Giao diện nối tiếp
Quản lý được 64K bộ nhớ code bên ngoài
Quản lý được 64K bộ nhớ dữ liệu bên ngoài
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Họ vi điều khiển 8051
Çc ng¾t ngoµi Çc sù kiÖn cÇn ®Õm
Ram trong
Thanh ghi 128 byte FF
chøc n¨ng ram
®Æc biÖt
80
§iÒu khiÓn Nguån
128 byte 7F
Ng¾t
ng¾t
Trong RAM
00
CPU
Bé Qu¶n Port Port Port Port Cæng

dao ®éng lý Bus 0 1 2 3 nèi
tiÕp
XTAL 1,2 PSEN ALE §Þa chØ §Þa Më réng

thÊp/d÷ liÖu chØ cao trong 8032
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Họ vi điều khiển AVR

Bus d÷ liÖu 8 bÝt
Bé nhí flash Bé ®Õm Tr¹ng th¸i vµ Thanh ghi
1k x 16 cho ch−¬ng tr×nh kiÓm tra ®iÒu khiÓn
ch−¬ng tr×nh
Thanh ghi
§¬n vÞ ng¾t
Thanh ghi ®a n¨ng
lÖnh 32 x 8 §¬n vÞ SPI
UART nèi tiÕp

Bé gi¶i
m· lÖnh ALU
Timer/Counter
8 bÝt
Çc ®−êng ®iÒu Timer/Counter
khiÓn 128 x 8
Data 16 bit víi
SRAM Bé PWM
®Þnh thêi
watchdog
128x8 Bé so s¸nh
EEPROM analog
15 ®−êng dÉn
vµo/ra
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• Introduction
Overview
Microcontroller
DSP
PSoC
RSoC
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Texas Instruments TMS320C20x
Low end consumer Fixed Point
Dual access fixed MAC 16
data RAM 16x16+32->32 data
PROM Selection of 18
peripherals: address
serial comm.,
Loop controller timers,...
I/O
16
data
16
address
• Series continued; typical app.: Digital camera, feature-phones, disk

drives, Point-of-Sales Terminal
• 40 MHz, 3.3-5V, 3LM
• Available as core
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Low end consumer Fixed Point
Dual access fixed MAC 16
data RAM 16x16+32->32 data
PROM 8 output PWM 16

address
Loop controller 8 channel A/D
Selection of CAN bus

peripherals: controller
serial comm.,
timers,... watchdog
• Series continued; typical app.: electrical motor control

• 50 MHz, 5V
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Floating Point
32 bit 32
XRAM
floating add data
32 bit 24
YRAM
floating multiply address
PRAM ACU
I/O
32
Loop controller ACU data
Selection of 24
peripherals: address
serial comm.,
timers, DMA, ...
• Series discontinued; typical app.: speech, audio

• 60 MHz, 3.3-5V, 144 pin
• Super scalar
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Floating Point Message Passing
20 MB/s
32 bit 32
4KByte XRAM
floating add data
32 bit 32
4KByte YRAM
floating multiply address
8 PRAM ACU
32
Loop controller ACU data
12 channel 32
DMA controller Serial link, address
timers
• Series discontinued; typical app.: prototyping, radar

• 60 MHz, 5V, 325 pin
• Super scalar; message passing multiprocessor
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Texas Instruments TMS320C54xx
High end consumer Fixed Point
Dual access Fixed ALU 32
XRAM 32+32->40 data
Fixed Add 17
YRAM
32+32->40 address
Fixed multiply
PROM
17x17->34 I/O
16
Loop controller Viterbi data
6 channel 16
ACU
DMA controller address
Buffered serial
ACU
links, timers, ...
• Series continued; typical app.: GSM, set-top box, audio

• 1.8-5V, max. 160 MHz, 144 pin, .15µm (1999), 0.32mW/MIPS for the
core
• Specialized on-chip unit: will occur more often in future
• e.g. C5420: dual core + 2x100 MW on-chip SRAM
47 e.g. C5402: 5$ for 100 MIPS
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Texas Instruments TMS320C5510
High end consumer Fixed Point
Dual access Fixed ALU
XRAM (256 Kbyte) 32+32->40
YRAM Fixed Add 32
(64 Kbyte) 32+32->40 data
PROM Fixed multiply 24
32 KByte 17x17->34 address
P-cache Fixed multiply
24 KByte 17x17->34 I/O
16
Power Mgment Viterbi data
6 channel 16
ACU
DMA controller address
Buffered serial
ACU
links, timers, ...
• Series continued; typical app.: UMTS handheld

• 1.6V, 200 MHz, .15µm (2000), 400 MIPS,0.05mW/MIPS (core), power
management per unit and per cycle
•
48 Specialized on-chip unit: will occur more often in future
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Fixed Point Video
2 Kbyte RAM1 DSP processor 1
32
DSP processor 2 address
2 Kbyte RAM16
X- data
DSP processor 3
bar 64
2 Kbyte I-cache1
DSP processor 4
2 Kbyte I-cache4
General purpose
4 Kbyte D-cache
RISC processor
4 KByte I-cache Video controller
Transfer
2 KByte RAM
controller
• Series discontinued; typical app.: video phone, video conferencing,
multimedia workstations
• Introduced: 1995, 50 MHz, 305 pin
• Multiprocessor-on-a-chip; sub-word SIMD for each DSP
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High end Fixed Point
fixed MUL
16KByte D-SRAM External memory
16x16->32
fixed MUL 23
16KByte D-SRAM address
16x16->32
fixed ALU data
16KByte D-SRAM
32+32->40 32
fixed ALU
16KByte D-SRAM
32+32->40
64KByte fixed ALU/branch
P-SRAM/cache 32+32->40
JTAG / clock pump fixed ALU/branch
Host interface
4 channel DMA 32+32->40
Ext. memory integer ACU 17
address
interface 32+32
2 Serial ports integer ACU data
2 Timers 32+32 16
• Series continued; typical app.: modems, multimedia
• 1997, 0.25 µm, 5ML, 352 pin, 200 MHz, 2.5V, 1.9W, $85
• Super scalar (8 Instr./cycle), 1600 MIPS
•
50
VLIW: 256 bit instruction word
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2x16KByte D-RAM fixed MUL
(Shadow load) 16x16->32 External memory
2x16KByte D-RAM fixed MUL 23?
(Shadow load) 16x16->32 address
2x16KByte D-RAM fixed ALU data
(Shadow load) 32+32->40 32
2x16KByte D-RAM fixed ALU
(Shadow load) 32+32->40
2x128KB P-RAM fixed ALU/branch
Expansion bus
Ext. memory integer ACU 17?
address
interface 32+32
2 Timers 32+32 32
• 1999, 0.18 µm, 5ML, 352 pin, 250 MHz, 1.8V, 1.9W, $130
• Super scalar (8 Instr./cycle), 2000 MIPS, scales well till 700 MHz
(6000 MIPS)
•
51 Optimum choice when all data fits in on-chip memory
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2x64KByte D-RAM fixed MUL
(Shadow load) 16x16->32 External memory
2x64KByte D-RAM fixed MUL 23?
(Shadow load) 16x16->32 address
2x64KByte D-RAM fixed ALU data
(Shadow load) 32+32->40 32
2x64KByte D-RAM fixed ALU
256KByte P-RAM fixed ALU/branch
128KB P-cache/RAM 32+32->40
Expansion bus
Ext. memory integer ACU 17?
address
interface 32+32
2 Timers 32+32 32
• Series continued; typical app.: base stations
• 2000, 0.15 µm, 5ML, 18 mm2 package size, 300 MHz, 1.5V, 1.5W
• Super scalar (8 Instr./cycle), 2400 MIPS
• Optimum choice when all data fits in on-chip memory
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4KByte L1 Dcache fixed MUL
(2 way set assoc.) 16x16->32 External memory
4KByte L1 Pcache fixed MUL 30
(2 way set assoc.) 16x16->32 address
4x16KByte L2 fixed ALU data
cache (direct map) 32+32->40 32
fixed ALU
32+32->40
fixed ALU/branch
32+32->40
Host port
address
interface 32+32
2 Timers 32+32 16
• 1999, 0.18 µm, 5ML, 256 pin, 150 MHz, 1.8V, 1.5W, $25
• VLIW, 1.2 GIPS; cheap (25$ in ‘99, 5$ in ‘01)
• Optimum for random access to large memory space
•
53 80% of performance of C6x with infinite on-chip memory
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16 Kbyte L1P fixed MUL
direct mapped 16x16->32 External memory
16 Kbyte L1D fixed MUL 30
2way dual access 16x16->32 address
1 Mbyte RAM/L2 fixed ALU data
4way 32+32->40 64
Dual EMIF & HPI & fixed ALU
PCI & Utopia 32+32->40 30
address
64 channel DMA 32+32->40 data
3 Serial ports fixed ALU/branch 16
3 Timers 32+32->40 HPI
Viterbi decoder integer ACU ?
accelerator 32+32 address
Turbo decoder integer ACU
data
accelerator 32+32
32
• Samples June 2001, 0.12 µm, 6 LM, 532 pin, 400 MHz-600 MHz, 1.2V,
starts at 95$ in volume
• Super scalar (8 Instr./cycle), 3200-4800 MIPS
• Sub-word (8bit or 16bit) parallelism
•
54 Specialized instr.: Galois Field Mult, bit manipulation
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High end Floating Point
Fixed/Float MUL
16KByte D-SRAM External memory
32x32/64x64
Fixed/Float MUL 23
16KByte D-SRAM address
32x32/64x64
Fixed/Float ALU data
16KByte D-SRAM
32+32/64+64 32
Fixed/Float ALU
16KByte D-SRAM
32+32/64+64
64KByte Fixed ALU/Branch
P-SRAM/cache Float 1/x & √x
JTAG / clock pump Fixed ALU/Branch
Host interface
4 channel DMA Float 1/x & √x
address
interface 32+32
Serial interface integer ACU data
2 Timers 32+32 16
• Series continued; typical app.: video compression
• Introduced: 1998, 0.18 µm, 5ML, 352 pin, 167 MHz, 1.8V
• Super scalar (8 Instr./cycle); VLIW; 1 GFLOP
•55 Foreseen for ‘00: 50$ (cf. C6211) & 3 GFLOP (cf. C6202)
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High end Floating Point
4KByte L1 Dcache Fixed/Float MUL
(2 way set assoc.) 32x32/64x64 External memory
4KByte L1 Pcache Fixed/Float MUL 23
(2 way set assoc.) 32x32/64x64 address
4x16KByte L2 Fixed/Float ALU data
cache (direct map) 32+32/64+64 32
Fixed/Float ALU
32+32/64+64
Fixed ALU/Branch
Float 1/x & √x
JTAG / clock pump Fixed ALU/Branch
Host interface
4 channel DMA Float 1/x & √x
address
interface 32+32
Serial interface integer ACU data
2 Timers 32+32 16
• Series continued; typical app.: video compression
• 2000, 0.18 µm, 5ML, 256 pin, 100 MHz, 1.8V, 2W, $20
• VLIW, 600 MFlops
• Optimum for random access to large memory space
•
56 80% of performance of C6x with infinite on-chip memory
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Motorola MC56xxx
Audio Fixed Point
16 or 24 bit 24
XRAM
integer CPU data
YRAM ACU 18
address
PRAM ACU
Loop controller Selection of

peripherals:
ADC, DAC, comm.,
timers, PIO, ...
• 24 bit for audio: 16 bit data + overflow
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Philips VSP-1
Fixed Point Video
12
512x12 bit 12 bit
Memory element integer ALU
512x12 bit 12 bit
Memory element integer ALU
12 bit
10x18 cross-bar
integer ALU 12
10
• 12 bit for video: 8 bit data + overflow

• Clock Frequency: 27 MHz
• 1 instruction per sample period for HDTV,
2 instructions per sample period for TV
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Philips VSP-2
Fixed Point Video
12
512x12 bit 12 bit
Memory element1 integer ALU1
512x12 bit 12 bit
12
512x12 bit 12 bit
22x50 cross-bar
22
• 12 bit for video: 8 bit data + overflow

• Clock Frequency: 54 MHz
• 2 instructions per sample period for HDTV,
4 instructions per sample period for TV
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• Introduction
Overview
Microcontroller
DSP
PSoC
RSoC
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Giới thiệu chung về PSoC
• PSoC là gì?
Do hãng Cypress sản xuất
Một loại công nghệ IC mới phát triển trong vài năm gần đây.
Khả năng tích hợp động các loại linh kiện số và tương tự để
tạo ra các khối số hoặc tương tự với chức năng tuỳ thuộc
người dùng.
Kết hợp với một vi điều khiển trung tâm.
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Cấu trúc PSoC

• Lõi PSoC
Vi xử lý 8bit, 24MHz, 4MIPS
Flash ROM (từ 16K)
RAM (128b-2kb)
Bộ điều khiển ngắt
Bus
• Các khốI số
Flip-Flop, cổng logic
• Các khốI tương tự
Các bộ khuếch đạI thuật toán
Điện trở
Tụ điện điều khiển đóng ngắt
• Tài nguyên hệ thống
• Đặc biệt: Debugger core
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Ứng dụng
Xử lý tín hiệu Giao tiếp với cảm biến

• Phát hiện sóng Sin • Điện trở nhiệt
• Đo điện áp • Cặp nhiệt
• Đo tần số • Đo tín hiệu hồng ngoạI thụ động
• Điền chế/giảI điều chế • Thu siêu âm
• Lọc • Đo áp suất
• Nhân tương tự
• FSK
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Thiết kế hệ thống sử dụng PSoC

• Chuẩn bị
IC
Chương trình thiết kế: PSoC Designer
Chương trình nạp và mạch nạp
• Các bước thiết kế PSoC sử dụng PSoC designer
Thiết kế “cứng”
Lựa chọn “linh kiện” để đưa vào các khốI số, tương tự
Đưa các linh kiện vào các khốI và kết nốI
Thiết lập các thông số
Lập trình
Kích hoạt các linh kiện: Component_Start()
Viết các thuật toán sử dụng linh kiện
Vòng lặp vô tận
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Một số linh kiện

• ADC (6-14 bit)
• DAC (6-9 bit)
• Khuếch đạI
• DTMF
• Bộ lọc (thông thấp, thông dảI)
• Bộ đếm, bộ định thờI (8-24 bit)
• Dồn kênh: số+tương tự
• Các linh kiện số: I2C, UART, giao tiếp LCD, mã CRC,
mã giả ngẫu nhiên, giao tiếp chuẩn thu /phát hồng
ngoại
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Chọn linh kiện
Linh kiện trong hệ thống
Tài
nguyên
hệ
thống
Chọn Hướng
linh dẫn sử
kiện dụng
linh
kiện
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Thiết kế
Thông
số
chung
n IC
S
BU
Thông
Châ
số linh
Số
kiện
Tương tự
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Lập trình
Quản lý
theo dự
án
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• Introduction
Overview
Microcontroller
DSP
PSoC
RSoC
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RSoC
• Reconfigurable System-on-Chip
Processor core + (re)Programable logic
E.g. FPGAs
Changing the system behavior at the hardware level
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• Introduction
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Basic Concepts
Main Features
Timeliness
Concurrency
Embedded Software Liveness
User Input Output
Heterogeneity
Reactivity
Robustness
Low power
Scaleable
Interaction with the physical world
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Basic Concepts
Embedded Software is not software for small computers
It executes on machines that are not computers (cars, airplanes,

telephones, audio equipment, robots, security systems…)
Its principal role is not the transformation of data but rather the interaction
with the physical world
Since it interacts with the physical world must acquire some properties of
the physical world. It takes time. It consumes power. It does not terminate
until it fails
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Basic Concepts–More Challenges
The engineers that write embedded software are rarely computer scientists
The designer of the embedded software should be the person who best
understands the physical world of the application
Therefore, better abstractions are required for the domain expert in order to
do her job
On the other hand, applications become more and more dynamic and their
complexity is growing rapidly
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Embedded Software Properties
•Written in high level programming languages:

• Typically in C but increasingly in Java or C++.
•Very stringent dependability requirements:

• human safety, consumer expectations, liability and government
regulation
•BMW recalled 15,000 7-series sedans in 2002 at an estimated
cost of $50 million.
•Very difficult to debug because of:

• concurrency, interrupts, exceptions, process scheduling and
hardware-in-the-loop.
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Embedded Operating Systems

• Office-style OSes
PalmOS
WindowsCE
• RTOSes
VxWorks
QNX
• Linux
Linux is already ubiquitous
Hundreds of different devices are using it
Several variations-from ‘soft real time’ to ‘hard real time’
Numerous commercial + open source products
• Others
TinyOS
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The Embedded OS Market 2002
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Growth of Embedded Linux
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Embedded Systems P1

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Embedded Systems P1

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Embedded Systems

Lecturer: Dr. Phạm Ngọc Nam

About your lecturer

1. Embedded system introduction

1. Embedded system introduction

• BMW > 100 processors

*Intelligent Transportation *Cabin Air

*Suspension *Digital Car

Type Giá (USD) Example application

98% processors are used in embedded systems

• So what is an embedded system?

The first Embedded System: Apollo Guidance Computer

Categories of Embedded systems

Constraints of Embedded systems

Constraints of Embedded systems

Exponential growth for 3 decades!

Trends: Post-PC era

Mainframe PC Smart Things

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Trends: smart things

Cochlear actuator(Cochlear Edegem) NeuroSensor (KNS) Bloodgas sensor (IMEC)

Trends: ambient intelligence

Trends: ambient intelligence

17 © Emile Aarts, HomeLab, Philips

1. Embedded system introduction

1. Embedded system introduction

Overview of embedded hardware

Overview of embedded hardware

Overview of embedded hardware

Overview of embedded hardware

Overview of embedded hardware

0.1µm , 200M+ Transistors, 1M$ mask set

Overview of embedded hardware

• Lots of memory 200

Programmable multi-processor network Security

Re-configurable hardware 50 GIPS-500GOPS

Small part of hardwired dedicated functionality

1. Embedded system introduction

• Clock frequency: > 16 MHz

• Clock frequency: > 16 MHz

• Clock frequency: > 16 MHz

Họ vi điều khiển 8051

• Hiện nay có hơn 40 công ty sản xuất các loại vi

Họ vi điều khiển 8051

C¸c ng¾t ngoµi C¸c sù kiÖn cÇn ®Õm

Bé Qu¶n Port Port Port Port Cæng

XTAL 1,2 PSEN ALE §Þa chØ §Þa Më réng

Họ vi điều khiển AVR

UART nèi tiÕp

1. Embedded system introduction

• Series continued; typical app.: Digital camera, feature-phones, disk

PROM 8 output PWM 16

Loop controller 8 channel A/D

Selection of CAN bus

• Series continued; typical app.: electrical motor control

• Series discontinued; typical app.: speech, audio

• Series discontinued; typical app.: prototyping, radar

• Series continued; typical app.: GSM, set-top box, audio

• Series continued; typical app.: UMTS handheld

4 KByte I-cache Video controller

Loop controller Selection of

• 24 bit for audio: 16 bit data + overflow

• 12 bit for video: 8 bit data + overflow

• 12 bit for video: 8 bit data + overflow

Intelligent Transportation Cabin Air

Suspension Digital Car