International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 22 (2012) 657663

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijmst

Prevention and control of coaleld re technology: A case study in the Antaibao Open Pit Mine goaf burning area, China
Cao Kai a,, Zhong Xiaoxing a, Wang Deming a,b, Shi Guoqing a, Wang Yanming a, Shao Zhenlu a
a b

School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Mine Safety, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
It is very difcult to clearly detect the location of a burning area in a coal mine since it is hidden underground. So we conducted research on the distribution of the burning area before controlling it. Firstly, the original drilling technique was used to analyze and determine the loose and scope of caving of burning area through eld test, and then obtained the gases and the temperature data in this area were according to the borehole data. By analyzing these data, we found out that the location of burning area concentrated in the loose and caving area; and nally, the location and development of the burning area within the tested area were accurately determined. Based on this theory, we used the ground penetrating radar (GPR) to nd out the loose and caving scale in the burning area during the control process of the burning area, and then located the re-extinguishing boreholes within target which we used to control burning re in the section. A mobile comprehensive re prevention and extinguishing system based on the three-phase foam re prevention and control technique was then adopted and conducted in the burning area which took only 9 months to extinguish the 227,000 m2 of burning area of 9# coal. This control technology and experience will provide a very important reference to the control of other coaleld re and hillock re in the future. 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of China University of Mining & Technology.

Article history: Received 15 January 2012 Received in revised form 6 February 2012 Accepted 3 March 2012 Available online 15 September 2012 Keywords: Coaleld re Ground penetrating radar (GPR) Boreholes Three-phase foam

1. Introduction At present, as a universal disaster during the development and utilization of coaleld, the spontaneous combustion of coal is a common phenomenon in various regions and countries like China, India, the United States, Russia, Australia and Indonesia [1,2]. Very rich in coal resources, North China is Chinas major base of coal development and the comprehensive utilization, and has made great contribution to Chinas economic development and social progress. However, the coal seam tends to have spontaneous combustion and generates coaleld burning area and mine re with large scale, because most coal resource in this region is in an arid or semi-arid environment with a large thickness and is shallowly buried. The burning area has developed very fast with the rapid development of coaleld mining and consequent massive exposure of the coal seam. Approximately 20 Mt of coal reserves are directly burned annually, which corresponds to the amount of Germanys annual hard coal production. Moreover, more than 200 Mt are lost as mineable reserves due to mechanical and thermal destruction. It also directly threatens the safety production in coal mines [3]. Coaleld re has become a problem in the resource protection,

Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 15952228828.

E-mail address: caokai@cumt.edu.cn (K. Cao).

ecological environment, economic development and population, and is also a major problem affecting the continuous development of Chinas coal resources and sustainable development of the mine area. Coaleld re has become a major concern to various governments and international organizations since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (1992). The Chinese government has also put emphasis on this issue, and has listed coaleld re and corresponding environment control problem in North China into Chinas Agenda 21 (1994). Researches on Chinas coaleld re have been attached with great importance by the Chinese government and the coal industry, and they have listed researches on coaleld re as key programs for scientic and technological development of China and the coal industry. A seminar on detection, extinguishing and prevention of spontaneous combustion in coal seam under the framework of Ecological Research for Sustaining the Environment in China (ERSEC) was held in Beijing 2005, which furthermore showed the great importance the Chinese government has attached to the study as well as prevention and control of the coaleld re. In the recent 20 years, research teams consisting of personnel from Chinas coal enterprises, research institutions and universities have worked together to tackle the key problems and achieved many scientic accomplishments both on theoretical researches and practices, which has greatly promoted the control of coaleld re in China [47].

2095-2686/$ - see front matter 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of China University of Mining & Technology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2012.08.011

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So far, researches in both China and other countries have focused on detection of the locations and scope of coaleld res, while fewer researches on effective re control technologies have been taken. However, the current re prevention and extinguishing technology cannot satisfy the requirement of safety production. The current approaches to prevention and control coaleld re include: stripping of the combustion source on the shallow layer, leaking stoppage, grouting, water injection and inerting technology [811]. A comprehensive technical plan for the control of burning area must be made to make full use of these technologies, and only in this way the effective control of the burning area can be realized. Based on the optimized control plan, fast control of the burning area has been realized in Antaibao Open Pit Mine by establishing comprehensive re prevention and extinguishing system, which can provide a good reference to the control of similar coaleld re in the future. 2. Overview of the burning area

N 23# 6 m16# 6m 7# 1# 8# 2# 17# 9# 3#

28# 24# 18# 10#

29# 25# 19# 11#

30# 26# 20# 12# 4# 27# 21# 13# 5# 22# 14# 15# 6#

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the boreholes layout in the tested area.

ment of the burning area [1221], can be used to guide the control of burning area of 9# coal in Antaibao. 3.1. Test area

Jingyang Mine, in the Pingshuo mining area of China National Coal Group Corp., is located in the northeast of current mining area of Antaibao Open Pit Mine. Jingyang Mine mainly mined 9# coal seam has a mining area of about 800,000 m2 and the exploration method is a combination of inclined shaft and adit. For more than 10 years until 1996, the mining method adopted was the room and pillar method. Spontaneous combustion of coal occurred several times during its mining, which was managed in an enclosed way. A disastrous spontaneous combustion of coal occurred in 2008 when the D1300, 1315 and 1330 platforms in the north part of Antaibao Open Pit Mine entered the goaf of the original Jingyang Mine. With the progress of mining in Antaibao Open Pit Mine, the exposed area of raw coal increased, air leakage intensied, thus spontaneous combustion of coal seam became more and more severe. By the end of 2008, the D1315, 1330 and 1345 platforms were surrounded by thick smoke, and open re was everywhere (Fig. 1). The disaster of spontaneous combustion not only burnt a large amount of coal resources and constrained general progress of the mining; but also produced plenty of harmful and toxic gases which seriously threatened the health of residents. Operating personnel have ever been poisoned by the harmful and toxic gases when operating in the goaf. 3. Distribution and development of the burning area Loss of original mining data of Jingyang Mine has increased due to difculty of controlling the burning area. Therefore, several researches should be conducted before controlling the burning area, such as the distribution and development of the burning area, the relation between the high-temperature location and geologic structure of the burning area, the correlation between temperature and gaseous product concentration and the development of the burning area. Having a clear aware of the location and develop-

One area of 9# coal was selected as the test area, and 30 testing boreholes were conducted at an interval of 6 m as shown in Fig. 2. Borehole imaging was conducted to get the distribution of the loose and caving or solid coal scope in this area. The shaded portion in Fig. 2 is the loose and caving area; the rest is the solid coal. 3.2. Data collection The temperature data and gases in the test area were collected in the boreholes. The gases were analyzed by the chromatographic analyzer after being collected in the air bag, and the collection of temperature data was conducted by using the WRNK191 armored thermocouple. The thermocouple annular tube is a 9Ti material quality with a diameter of about 3 mm. The compensated wire is thermostable and screening type with the measurement error within 1 C. It is tted with a quick indicating instrument and can measure a maximum temperature of up to 1000 C. The complete set of instrument has advantages such as bendable, high pressure resistance, large measuring range, quick response, sturdiness and durability. 3.3. Data processing and analysis A data analysis software was used to generate the distribution graph of temperature and gases as Fig. 3 shows. As shown in the graph, boreholes with high-temperature were mainly distributed around the area of loose coal, whereas the solid coal region had a relatively low temperature. The temperature in the boreholes reduced with the increasing distance from the high-temperature point, and spontaneous combustion of the coal mainly occurred around the loose area.

Fig. 1. Picture of the burning area site in Antaibao Open Pit Mine.

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Fig. 3. Equipotential diagram of the temperature and gas distribution in the tested area.

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4. Control of the burning area

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4.1. Division of the control areas The 9# coal burning area covered a large area and the combustion sources were widely distributed. In order to prevent mutual spread of re during the control process and also to accelerate

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The distribution concentration of the indicator gases was not corresponding with that of the temperature, i.e., indicator gases with high concentration were also detected in some low-temperature boreholes. The reason could be that the intensity of external air leakage and the airow direction had a huge impact on the gas concentration in the loose coal, and 9# coal has a complex air leakage passage, which might cause a certain difference between the distribution of gas concentration and temperature in the loose coal. However high-temperature boreholes must be around the area with a high concentration of indicator gases, i.e., generally speaking, there was a certain consistency between the temperature of the test area and the concentration of indicator gases. Therefore, the scale of the burning area can be determined through the test and analysis of either the temperature in the boreholes or the concentration of indicator gases. The testing process of the temperature is relatively more simple and direct than that of indicator gases. Therefore, if the interval of the boreholes is about 68 m, the location and development of burning area can be derived and determined through temperature testing. Through the analysis of the eld test mentioned above, we found out that the burning area of the 9# coal in Antaibao was mainly distributed in the loose and caving area of the coal, and the scope and development of the burning area could be derived and determined through temperature test in this area. Therefore, a method that combines geological exploration and boreholes temperature measurement should be adopted, i.e., rapid detecting the distribution scale of the loose and caving coal to nd out the suspected spontaneous combustion areas, followed by analyzing the scope and development of the burning area through the temperature testing in the boreholes, and nally we can get the target to guide the re control in the burning area.

the extinguishing progress, a division method of the control areas was adopted to control the burning area (Fig. 4), i.e., we divided the control section by pushing the current place of 9# coal platform 48 m outward, and conduct an effective control in this section rst. After forming a re barrier in the burning area, re control was then conducted to the second control section 48 m away, and this was repeated until the re was completely extinguished. Division of the control areas is shown in Fig. 4. The shaded portion in Fig. 4 is the divided control section and each divided section is 48 m wide, and are dened as Control Section 1, 2, 3, . . . , there are 19 control sections in total. 4.2. Determination of the loose and caving area At present, geophysical exploration is the main way to detect the loose and caving areas in China and other countries [2226].

N Fire barrier Control section 1 Control section 2 Control section 3

Goaf

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of section division of the burning area control.

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Load original data Gain/energy decrement One-dimension band pass filtering Two-dimension filtering/ moving average

One-dimension filtering/dedirect current (dc) drift Static correction/start time of movement Two-dimension filtering/extract the average value Shift/goal enhancement

Image reality/interpretation
Fig. 5. Data processing procedure of the multilevel compound ltering-correction technique (MCFC).

The geophysical exploration includes the electric, magnetic, seismic and radioactive methods. Comparatively speaking, the electromagnetic method is the best option, however ground penetrating radar (GPR) is the widely used electromagnetic geophysical exploration method at present [2729]. Specically speaking, GPR is an engineering geophysical exploration method that can detect the underground geo-electrical interface, with a strong anti-interference capability and high-precision requirement, which makes it especially suitable for the exploration within 50 m.

Effective processing the measured data, obtaining high-quality radar images and providing further reasonable geologic interpretation were the key problems in the eld of GPR measurement of coaleld burning area. At present, the most commonly used radar data processing methods include digital ltering, inverse ltering, migration diffraction processing and enhanced processing [30 32]. The multilevel compound ltering-correction technique (MCFC) was proposed to process the original radar section data through comparisons from many experiments (Fig. 5). The MCFC technique was adopted to analyze and process the original data obtained from the GPR, and the results are shown in Fig. 6, Fig. 6a is the radar response of coal seam looseness with discontinuous phase axis in the interface of the loose and caving area, and chaotic coda wave; and Fig. 6b is the response of caving with continuous phase axis in the void interface with strong energy. At last, a at display of the analysis results was conducted, and the scale of the loose and caving area in the burning area of 9# coal was obtained, as shown in Fig. 7: The section circled with red is the void area, the section circled with blue is the collapse compaction area, and the rest is normal coal seam. 4.3. Layout of the boreholes for re-extinguishing We can nd from the above analysis that the suspected hightemperature points were mainly distributed within the scope of the loose and caving area. Therefore, we determined the locations of re-extinguishing boreholes basing on the plane interpretation graph of the goaf. The re-extinguishing boreholes should be

Fig. 6. Proles of the features of the coal seam looseness and radar response in the goaf.

A11 A23 A13 A10 A9 A22 A12 A25 A20 A24 N A18 A21 A19 A16 A14 A17 A15

A5 A8 A7A6 A4 A3 A2 A1

Fig. 7. Plane display of the GPR detection in the loose and caving area in the burning area.

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Fig. 8. Schematic diagram of the staggered arrangement of the boreholes.

implemented in accordance with the requirements of blasting boreholes in open pit mine, and after the control of the burning area, the existing re-extinguishing boreholes can be used to conduct blasting stripping. The interlaced layout was adopted when implementing the re-extinguishing boreholes as Fig. 8 shows. When the boreholes were opened before conducting re-extinguishing, temporary blockage was conducted to the boreholes to prevent forming air leakage between the ignition point and the re-extinguishing boreholes under the effect of ventilating pressure, which might intensify the development and spread of the re.

4.4. Fire-extinguishing system

Foaming agent Pump Slurry tank (mud) Pipe line Borehole Borehole Borehole Shunt Mixer

Air compressor
A mobile comprehensive re extinguishing system was established in order to meet the requirements of re control in the open pit mine as shown in Fig. 9. It mainly constituted of a pulping tank, a three-phase foam generating system, a shunt and a perfusion device for re extinguishing materials used in surface drilling (PDEM). The whole system was also equipped with water injection, pulp injection and three-phase foam injection functions with strong pulping capability, big ow and high mobility characteristics. The system can conduct comprehensive control in accordance with the burning area situation complexity. The pulp and threephase foam injection ow rates were set to 40 and 1200 m3/h, respectively The burning area control procedure was as follows: First of all, PDEMs were inserted into the boreholes to seal them before putting the re-extinguishing materials, and connected to the shunt by the re hose. In our experiment, water from the primary water pipe was used to conduct direct re extinguishing. A branch pipe was drawn from the primary water pipeline to lead the water to the pulping pool, where workers prepared pulp in advance by adding coal ash or dirt to water and stirred. The pulp was then delivered to the pulp injection pipeline. In the pulp injection pipeline, part of the pulp was delivered to the shunt by the pipeline, which was used to conduct pulp-injection re-extinguishing through PDEM; while the other entered a special pipeline of three-phase foam, where the foaming agent was added to the pulp injection pipeline through the quantitative screw pump. The pulp and foaming agent were mixed and then entered the foam generator. An air source was connected to the foam generator, producing a reaction with the coal ash pulp that contained foaming agent to produce a

Foaming generator

Three-phase foam

Fig. 9. Diagram of the infusion procedure of the re prevention and control materials.

Table 1 Borehole and injection statistics. Borehole 11# 12# 16# 21# Depth (m) 9.0 9.5 8.5 8.0 Date of formation Mar. 4, 2009 Mar. 4, 2009 Mar. 5, 2009 Mar. 5, 2009 Slurry (m3) 500 480 510 490 Mud (m3) 120 115 124 117 Foam agent (t) 0.24 0.25 0.30 0.23 Three-phase foam (m3) 1440 1450 1465 1460

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Fig. 10. Boreholes temperature curve after the control.

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three-phase foam which was injected to the boreholes through the shunt and PDEM to conduct re extinguistion.

Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the engineering technicians of Pingshuo mine area of China National Coal Group Co. for their devoted help. The research work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51134020), the State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Mine Safety Foundation (No. SKLCRSM08x06) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK2009004). We sincerely thank all of them for their support.

4.5. Analysis of the results of control The burning areas of Antaibao Open Pit Mine mainly concentrated on clasped caving area of the goaf and the old roadway of original Jingyang Mine. The temperature of this area was generally higher than 200 C with some part even higher than 500 C. The comprehensive re prevention and extinguishing system was rstly used to conduct cooling through surface water injection during the control process of burning area. Then, the pulp injection was conducted through drilling, during which a large amount of pulp rst cooled the high-temperature spots at the bottom of the boreholes; and lastly, the three-phase foam re prevention and extinguishing materials were used to control the higher sections and the hidden combustion sources which could not be reached by the pulp [33]. The three-phase foam perfusion was around 1440 m3 per borehole, whereas that of slurry was around 500 m3 as shown in Table 1. In accordance with the initial investigation on the eld, the temperatures previously higher than 500 C were rapidly reduced after the control, and the overall nal temperature was below 50 C as illustrated in Fig. 10, which is presented as decreasing trend. Finally, it only took 9 months to extinguish the 227,000 m2 burning area of 9# coal, which ensured the safety mining of Antaibao Open Pit Mine.

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5. Conclusions This paper has introduced the coaleld re control technology, and from the effective control conducted to the coaleld burning area of Antaibao Open Pit Mine through surface boreholes, we draw the following conclusions: (1) We found that the high-temperature spots in the burning area were mainly distributed in the loose and caving areas. Through analyzing the gases and temperature of the boreholes, we accurately detected the locations of the burning areas. (2) The multilevel compound ltering-correction technique (MCFC) was proposed to process the original radar section data during the control process of the burning area. The ground penetrating radar (GPR) detection technique can rapidly and accurately determine the surface subsidence scale of the burning area based on the location of the borehole where re-extinguishing was conducted. (3) By adopting the section control plan in the burning area, a mobile comprehensive re-extinguishing system was established to conduct area cooling through surface water injection, and then pulp injection was conducted through boreholes where a large amount of pulp cooled the hightemperature spots at the bottom of the boreholes. The three-phase foam re prevention and extinguishing materials were used to control the higher sections and the hidden combustion sources where the pulp could not reach. In this way, the comprehensive re extinguistion was realized. (4) The three-phase foam re prevention and control technique was successfully applied in the coaleld burning area in open pit mine for the rst time. It only took 9 months to successfully extinguish the 227,000 m2 burning area of 9# coal in Antaibao Open Pit Mine by using the mobile comprehensive re-extinguishing system.

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