In linguistics, intonation is variation of spoken pitch that is not used to distinguish words; instead it is used for a range of functions

such as indicating the attitudes and emotions of the speaker, signalling the difference between statement and question, and between different types of question, focussing attention on important elements of the spoken message and also helping to regulate conversational interaction. It contrasts with tone, in which pitch variation in some languages does distinguish words, either lexically or grammatically. (The term tone is used by some British writers in their descriptions of intonation, but this is to refer to the pitch movement found on the nucleus or tonic syllable in an intonation unit see Intonation in English: British Analyses of English Intonation, below). and tempo in parDo you ever hear people say that English has a melody? Its true. Many people think that spoken English has a musical quality. Thats probably because we use many intonation patterns when we speak. What do I mean by intonation patterns? Well, intonation refers to the pitch patterns we Americans use when we talk. There are many intonation patterns in American English. These patterns are important because they convey meaning. While some tonal languages such as Mandarin, Cantonese and Vietnamese use changes in pitch to differentiate between words, English uses pitch or intonation patterns over phrases and sentences to convey larger chunks of meaning. The two most commonly used sentence intonation patterns used in spoken English are: rising-falling intonation and rising intonation. Rising-Falling Intonation First Ill tell you about rising-falling intonation. In rising-falling intonation the speakers pitch rises and falls on the focus word in a sentence (you learned about focus words in last weeks lesson). The final falling pitch indicates that the speaker is finished talking. Rising Intonation In rising intonation the speakers pitch rises and stays HIGH at the end of a sentence. The rising pitch at the end of a sentence indicates that the speaker is waiting for a reply. ticular."

This article is about the person Andrs Bonifacio. For the Philippine Navy ship, see BRP Andres Bonifacio (PF-7). For other uses, see Bonifacio.

Andrs Bonifacio y de Castro

The single known extant photograph of Bonifacio[1]

Born

30 November 1863 Tondo, Manila, Spanish East Indies(Philippine Islands)

Died

10 May 1897 (aged 33) Maragondon, Cavite, Spanish East Indies (Philippine Islands)

Cause of death

Execution

Nationality

Filipino

Known for

Philippine Revolution

Political party

La Liga Filipina Katipunan

Religion

Roman Catholicism

Spouse(s)

Monica (c. 18801890) Gregoria de Jess (18931897)

Children

Andres De Jess Bonifacio (died in infancy)

Signature

Andrs Bonifacio y de Castro (30 November 1863 10 May 1897) was a Filipino nationalist and revolutionary. He is often called "the father of the Philippine Revolution". He was a founder and later Supremo ("supreme leader") of the Katipunan movement which sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started the Philippine Revolution. He is considered a de facto national hero of the Philippines, and is also considered by some Filipino historians to be the first President, but he is not officially recognized as such.

In letter before he died, Joe Paterno defends Penn State football

Former Penn State football coach Joe Paterno defended his program's integrity in a 7month-old letter released Wednesday, a day ahead of...
STATE COLLEGE, Pa. Former Penn State football coach Joe Paterno defended his program's integrity in a 7-month-old letter released Wednesday, a day ahead of a report that could forever mar his legacy. In the letter, written shortly before his death and confirmed as legitimate by his family, Paterno rejected the notion that his former assistant Jerry Sandusky's sexual abuse of boys amounted to a "football scandal" or tarnished the accomplishments of his players or Penn State's reputation as a whole. The results of Penn State's internal investigation into the Sandusky scandal are set to be released Thursday in a report that should answer many of the troubling questions swirling around one of the worst scandals in sports history. A team led by former federal judge and FBI ex-director Louis Freeh interviewed hundreds of people to learn how the university responded to warning signs that its once-revered former assistant football coach a man who helped Paterno win two national titles for a university that touted "success with honor" was a serial child molester. Sandusky was convicted on 45 criminal counts last month at a trial that included gut-wrenching testimony from eight young men who said he abused them as boys. By contrast, the Freeh report, to be released online at 6 a.m. PST Thursday, will focus on Penn State and what it did or didn't do to protect children. Eight months after Sandusky's arrest, it remains unclear how top university officials handled reports dating back at least 14 years that Sandusky was behaving inappropriately with boys he met through his charity, taking them on campus and forcing them into sex acts. Among those who will be scouring the Freeh report are school officials trying to repair Penn State's shattered reputation and ex-players and alumni who remain outraged over Paterno's ouster in the wake of Sandusky's arrest. The Hall of Fame coach died from lung cancer in January, two months after school trustees fired him for what they called a failure of leadership. Paterno offered a passionate defense of the university and its football program in the letter, which surfaced for the first time Wednesday.

The Paterno family said the letter was given in draft form to a few former players around December. One of the ex-players circulated it to other former players, and it was posted on the websiteFightonState.com, which covers the team. "Over and over again, I have heard Penn State officials decrying the influence of football and have heard such ignorant comments like Penn State will no longer be a 'football factory' and we are going to 'start' focusing on integrity in athletics," Paterno wrote. "These statements are simply unsupported by the five decades of evidence to the contrary and succeed only in unfairly besmirching both a great university and the players and alumni of the football program who have given of themselves to help make it great." Paterno also wrote, "This is not a football scandal and should not be treated as one." Among those receiving Paterno's 712-word missive Wednesday was former linebacker Brandon Short, now an investment banker in Dubai. He told The Associated Press that he will be looking to the Freeh report to find "some clarity, hoping that it is a fair assessment of what happened, and we would love to see answers." He added, "Let's see the report and save all judgment and innuendo until after we've read it." Penn Staters for Responsible Stewardship, an alumni watchdog group that has been highly critical of the school's board of trustees, issued a 95-point checklist of issues it said it expects to be covered in Freeh's report "in order for it to be considered a credible, valid summary of the case."