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net Module one World Issues

Vocabulary
A enforce B govern C guilty D innocent E jury F legal G principle h- property

Unit one the law

SB.

Match the following words (a I) with their meanings (1 9).

1- Not responsible for a crime.

2- Something valuable which belongs to someone. 3- A group of people in court who decide whether someone is guilty. 4- Rule / belief. 5- To control. 6- responsible for a crime. 7- To show that something is true. 8- Relating to the law. 9- To put on practice / carry out.
WB

I prove

1- confidential 2- fake 3- fraud 4- identity theft 5- solve a crime 6- transfer 7- virus

a- the crime of stealing someones personal details. b- To discover who commits a crime. c- Secret / private. D- To move form one place to another. e- Not real. F The crime of lying or cheating to get money.

g- A bad program which damages computer.

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Words with more than one meaning
- Match each of the words with TWO of the meaning: WB Case: \ noun: the subject of a police investigation. a container for carrying luggage or papers. Court: \ noun: the place where a trial is held. a place where people play tennis or squash. Fine: \ noun: money paid as a punishment high quality, good e.g. weather mean: \ adjective: unkind\ not generous verb: to signify row: \ noun: a line of seats, e.g. in a cinema or classroom. noun: an argument - Use the words above to fill the blanks in these sentences: The judge in charge of the .................. carried all his documents in a black leather ................... The ............. heard that the crime had taken place on a tennis ................. The ..................... weather made me feel happy, but my mood changed when the police officer gave me a ..................... for driving too fast. What does this word ..................? .......................... is the opposite of generous. Find the correct definition, from the list below for the words in each pair a-f: \ a- Society: 1-When I was a student, I was a member of the Law Society. 2-A strong legal system is important in a modern society. b- property: \ 1- Taking another persons property is a theft. 2- The price of property in the city has increased dramatically this year.

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c- court: \ 1- In the final of the championship, the players were on court for two hours. 2- Three men will appear in court tomorrow accused of dangerous driving. d- fine: \ 1- Lets hope the weathers fine when we go on holiday. 2- He had to pay a fine because he was driving without insurance. e- type: \ 1- Secretaries used to spend most of their time typing letters and reports. 2- What type of music do you like best? f- ruler: \ 1- Tutankhamen was a very famous Egyptian ruler. 2- Im doing my maths homework, can I borrow your ruler, please? Definitions: - Area where people play games like tennis and squash. - Land and buildings. - Club or organization for people with the same interest. - Write using a machine. - Very good - Place where trials take place - Someone in charge of a country - Something that belongs to someone - Straight piece of wood or plastic to help you draw straight lines - All the people living in a country - Kind/ sort - Money people pay as a punishment for doing something illegal : Spring and note

www.awa2el.net New Crimes

An area of the law which is changing very quickly in the modern world is the law related to computer crime increasingly, criminals are using computers to help them \ commit new crimes like identity theft, and to make it easier to commit old crimes like theft or fraud. Technological criminals may get into computer systems to find

out confidential information and use this to make money. Unfortunately, computer crimes are often more difficult to solve than traditional crimes because the criminals are invisible and their actions may be impossible to prove. It can also be difficult to prosecute a computer criminal successfully because usually nothing is actually | stolen or physically damaged. Hopefully, in future, computer experts will discover more effective ways of detecting such crimes. A particular factor in the growth of computer crime has been the increase number of ordinary people who use Internet websites to buy things, to book holidays or to access their bank accounts in order to transfer money or pay bills. This new type of business has attracted techno-criminals who may order goods and services without paying, or break into the computer systems of businesses or financial organizations and either move money to their own account or send viruses which can seriously damage computers and the information they contain. These viruses can affect millions of people worldwide.

Computers with Internet connections can also be used more safely by criminals than face-to-face meetings or telephone conversations to pass on confidential information or to plan crimes. In addition to this, computers allow criminals to access to millions of people worldwide whom they may persuade to pay for something worthless or to

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support a fake charity organisation. Read New Crimes and answer these questions. 1- what examples of old crimes does the writer give? 2- How do criminals use the Internet to communicate with each other? 3- What do the words in italics refer to? 4- Mention a new method that criminals used to commit their crimes. 5- Give examples of crimes committed by using computer. 6- Why may technological criminals get into computer systems? 7- Why are computer crimes more difficult to solve than traditional crimes? 8- Why is it difficult to prosecute a computer criminal successfully? 9- What is the important fact behind the growth of computer crime? 10- According to the article how can viruses damage peoples computers? 11- Find a word in the text which means .. ? ( ) 12- What do you think motivates Internet criminals? 13- How do you think Internet criminals should be punished? : - Copy and complete these sentences with adjective related to the nouns in brackets. You may need to use a dictionary: a- many people believe that the worst crimes are murder and other .. acts. (violence) b- there would be a situation in society if there were no systems. (chaos/ law) c- He left court a free man because he had proved that he was . The jury said he was not . (innocence/ guilt) *********************************************
S.B W.B.1

He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.

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Grammar File
Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous Present perfect Form: Subject + have/ has + v3 : has have I, we, you, they Have he, she, it Has . - Every country has developed its own code of law over hundreds or thousands of years. - They have broken the law, they should be punished. - Anyone who has committed murder or theft are sent to prison. Use: already, just completed action

I have just written a letter. George has already eaten his dinner. yet Father hasnt come in yet. Have you written your homework yet? already/ just : . have . yet this year this X so far . ..... this week The police sergeant has interviewed two people so far today. Ali has studied law and history this year. Nada has written two essays this morning. ( ever & never) ( ever) Have you ever eaten Chinese food? Has Ahmad ever been to Syria? . ( never) I have never eaten Chinese food.

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: . Present perfect continuous Form: Have/ has + been + ving ) have/ has ( been .ing Have I, we, you, they Has he, she, it ).(ing ) (been Use: . . uncompleted action : Since, for, all time, how long. Ive been reading a book about the history of law making. Those who have been driving dangerously usually have to pay a fine. ) ( . Ali has been studying law and history for four years. Nada has been writing an essay all morning. The detectives have been interviewing people all week . He is so sleepy. He has been doing his science project all night. He is exhausted. He has been running for an hour. since for since

2000, last week, January, Sunday, The Second World War. for

- What is the difference in meaning between the underlined verbs in these pairs of ?sentences 7

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- Ali has studied law and history this year. Ali has been studying law and history for four years. - Nada has written two essays this morning. Nada has been writing an essay all morning. - The police sergeant ha interviewed two people so far today. The detectives have been interviewing people all week. - Now write two different answers to each of these questions: What have you done so far this week? a- Ive played tennis three times. Ive Ive b- What are some of the things youve been doing for a length of time? Ive been playing the piano. Ive been Ive been c- How long have you been doing these things? Ive been playing the piano since I was 13/ for 3 years. Ive been Ive been d- What have your friends or members of your family been doing recently? Eman has been revising for her science exams. Ive been Ive been Choose the best verb form complete these conversations: What have you done/ been doing since I last saw you? Ive passed/ Ive been passing my driving test and Ive had/ been having interviews for a university place. Have you ever learnt to play/ been learning to play a musical instrument? Yes, Ive started/ been starting learning the mizmar, but Ive only played/ been playing for a few weeks. Have you had/ been having a holiday yet this year? Yes, weve just come back/ been coming back from Aqaba.

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: 1- I havent . My friend since the last meeting. 3- You look a bit tired. What have you . Doing? (be, do) .( state verb) ( for) ( since) : . Know, realise, suppose, understand, agree, believe, expect, suspect, think, fear, hate, like, love. ********************************************** (see) (be) 2- How long have you been Hotel Management. (learn) 4- Bayan looks sleepy now. She has .. her science project all night.

Vocabulary
a- success

Unit 2. Migration

b- development

( 1-6 ) ( a- f ) : S.B 1- Economic activity concerned with raw materials and manufacture goods. 2- A serious shortage of food leading to great hunger on

c- deteriorate D- emigrate e- famine F- industry

a large scale. 3- A period of great wealth.

4- The process of modernization.

5- To leave your country to live in a new country. 6- To get worse.

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W.B

1- temperate 2- raise 3- creature 4- extensive 5- original

A- first. b- Advance steadily. C-Very long d- Occuring often or repeatedly . e- Having mild temperature. f- Bring up children.

6- recurrent 7- forge

g- A living thing / animal.

Read the article and match these headings with the correct parts A, B and C - Economic success - Economic necessity - Natural disaster

Why do people leave their home countries?

This article looks at three reasons why people emigrate and gives historical examples. A) . In the early 19th century, the most important industry in Ireland was agriculture. But the farmers were poor and they used old-fashioned methods. Because they heard that they could earn four times as much in America, some farmers emigrated. But between 1820 and 1840, the economic situation in Ireland deteriorated and in 1845 the potato famine began. Disease destroyed 75% of the years potatoes, the main food for the most of the population. During the next two years, 350,000 people died of starvation and there was a huge increase in emigration 10

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to America. By the end of 1845, a quarter of the population of Ireland had left for
the United States. B) ..

Tristan da Cunha is a small island in the South Atlantic Ocean. In August 1961, earth tremors started and gradually became more frequent. At the beginning of October, the government decided that the island was no longer safe and the whole population of 268 people was evacuated to a nearby island. A ship picked them up and took them to South Africa. As they passed Tristan da Cunha they saw the volcano erupt. Later the people were taken to England, where they stayed for the next two years. In 1963, the volcanic activity on the island stopped and most of the people voted to go back. However, not everyone returned, 14 people adapted to life in England and decided to stay there , and five elderly people had died. There were other changes too: ten couples from the island had married, and eight babies had been born. C) The economic success of the 1960s&70s saw the Arabian Gulf countries transformed into modern and wealthy states, founded by oil and other precious natural resources such as natural gas. The needs of the oil and construction industries led to huge demand for skilled workers. Many thousands of people moved to the region to help build high tech cities all over the Gulf. These workers, from many regions of the World, were able to find a better life and help with the development of the region.

Read the article again and decide whether these statements are true or false. a- In the early 19th century, Irish and American farm workers earned about the same wages. b- The people of Tristan da Cunha were taken straight from their island to England.

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c- The people of Tristan da Cunha went home even though there was still volcanic activity d- The Arabian Gulf countries experienced an economic success requiring large numbers of workers. Match adjective a-e from the article with their meanings. a- early 1- tiny b- elderly c- frequent d- huge e- old-fashioned 2- modern 3- late 4- young 5- rare

********************************************* Which is the best definition of the verb migrate? Move somewhere to find work Sleep during the winter Travel to live in a warm place
W.B

When we talk about animal migration we mean the movement of an animal from the place where it has been living to a different place and the return journey to that animals original home. Most animal migrations are recurrent events which happen at certain times of the year. Animals usually migrate to find food or to raise their young. | Incredibly, most migrating animals follow the same route every year and from generation to generation. Land animals may cross mountains or forge rivers, while birds and insects travel extensive distances, sometimes across continents and oceans. Fish and other sea creatures may migrate halfway round the world. For example, the grey whale can travel as much as 20,000 kilometers. Many animals migrate to northern regions during the northern summer because the

Animal Migration

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long summer days mean that there is always plenty of food. In the autumn, when the weather gets colder, many animals migrate south to find food and for warm

weather(the southern summer). Some animals migrate every year, doing the two journeys in one year, but others migrate only if they need to find food or for temperate weather. Read the article and answer these questions 1- Why do animals migrate? Why do others not migrate? 2- Why do some animals migrate northwards in summer an southward s in winter? 3- Do all animals make the same number of migrations every year? 4- What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of migration? Read the article again and decide whether these statements are true or false. a-Animal migration always involves returning the same season b- Most animals migrate to escape from their enemies . c- Many animals migrate at the same time every year . d- Animals make the same journeys as their mothers and fathers did . e- Many animals migrate south in the summer f- Finding food is rarely the main reason for a migration Now rewrite the underlined phrases in these sentences as numbers: Example: My brother was born in two thousand and four. 2004 There were two world wars in the twentieth century. . The population of Egypt is about seventy-five million. .. There are a hundred centimes in one Algerian dinar. .. Answer these interview questions in words, using the information in brackets. Example: How many students are there in your class? (25) There are twenty-five students in my class. a- When was your school opened? (1975) .............. 13

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b- Whats the address of the school? (17, 10th Avanue) .............. c- How many students go to your school? (about 1,750) .............. Choose the correct words to complete these sentences. Some human activities are destroying/ destruction the natural world. Unemployment is falling as more people find permanent/ permanently work. Average earn/ earnings are expected to double in the next years. It has been a disaster/ disastrous year for the tea industry. Storms caused the destroyed/ destruction of most of crops. Complete these sentences with words derived from the words in brackets. a- My weekly ..s are twice as much as they were last year. (earn) b- A huge earthquake caused the . of San Francisco in 1906. (destroy) c- Two . potato crops led to mass starvation in Ireland. (disaster) d- The .. of the worlds migrants move to find a better life. (major) e- The people of Tristan da Cunha left because of volcanic .. . (act) f- The .. success of the 1960s and 1970s was funded by oil. (economy) g- These worker were able to find a better life and help with the of the region. (develop) *********************************************

Grammar File

Talking about past events:

Past simple Form: Subject + V2 . Use: . : Ago, yesterday, last year, last month.

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I sent a letter to my friend last night. Tom lost his son in the war. They finished the building a year ago. Last year I didnt travel to London. Did you have a dinner yesterday? Past perfect Form: Subject + had + V3 had Use: ) ( . : . Before, after, because, so, when.

- When they had sold their products, they bought other food. - They found the house strange because they had always lived in a tent. - They were hungry because they hadnt eaten for several days. - I had met Ahmad before we met shopping. - Choose the correct form of the verbs in the sentences below, then find the verbs in the article on page 21 and check your answers a- By the end of 1854, about a quarter of population of Ireland left/ had left for the United States. b- Not everyone returned/ had returned. 14 people adapted/ had adapted to life in England and decided to stay there. c- After two years five elderly people died/ had died. d- After two years eight babies were born/ had been born.

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Match a sentence from list A with another from list B, then complete the sentences with two verbs one in the past and the other in the past perfect. List A - I went (go) to the doctors this morning. I had felt ill during the night. (list B 5) - I (dream) of visiting China for many years. - My sister and her husband . (move) into a new flat at the weekend. .... - My father . (retire) last year. - I wasnt surprised that he . (fall) asleep at the wheel of his car. - He . (look for) work for only two weeks.

List B 1- Before that they . (live) with her husbands parents. 2- He .. (drive) nearly 1000 kilometres without a break. 3- He ..(work) for the same company all his life. 4- Then yesterday he . (be offered) two jobs. 5- I .. (feel) ill during the night. 6- Last year I .. (spend) two months there. Discuss the difference in meaning between these pairs of sentences: a- 1- In 1854 a quarter of the population of Ireland emigrated to America. 2- By 1845 a quarter of the population of Ireland had emigrated to America. b- 1- Irish people emigrated because so many were dying of starvation. 2- Irish people emigrated because so many had died of starvation. c- 1- When they sailed past Tristan Da Cunha, the volcano erupted. 16

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2- When they sailed past Tristan Da Cunha, the volcano had erupted. Think of an explanation for these situations. Your explanation should include the word in brackets an a verb in the past perfect: a- James was very nervous when he arrived at the airport. (never fly before) Hed never flown before. b- Eman didnt feel very confident about taking her driving test. ( fail twice) c- Sultan didnt recognize his friend Jaber. (not see him ten years) d- Faisal fond it difficult to get up this morning. (work late the night before) e- When Laila read the letter she couldnt stop smiling. ( pass exams) f- Zeid couldnt contact his brother Rakan. (switch phone off)

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Unit 3 Precious resources

S.B

Read the text below and answer the questions that follow: Jordan is a regional leader in green issues, hosting Middle Eastern conferences dedicated to the protection of the environment, water conservation and recycling. Major recycling plants have been built in the last few years in order to dispose safely of substances such as plastic and batteries. There is a greatly increased awareness of the fragile local environment and the need to take care of Jordans precious resources. a- what are the most precious resources in Jordan? b- How seriously do people take the problem of waste and recycling in Jordan? c- Can you think of ways of improving the recycling process in Jordan?

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Vocabulary:
1- cloth 2- fiber 3- rot
a- a very small piece of paper, wood, cloth., .etc.

b- Wood after it has been crushed. c- A practice or product that can be used or re-used without cost to the environment d- decay e- Materials or fabric used to make clothes.
W.B

4- sustainable 5- wood pulp

Paper: new from old

The first paper was made from cloth nearly two thousand years ago in China. Although paper can be made from all kinds materials, such as cotton fibers, grass or sugar cane, these days wood pulp is the material most commonly used to make new paper- that is paper which contains no old or recycled paper. The modern world uses so much paper that environmentalists have persuaded us that we should recycle old paper as well as making new paper. There is an increasing awareness in Jordan of the need to recycle both paper and other materials. Paper recycling containers can now be found in some parts of the country and some government agencies have begun paper-recycling programmes. Also, there is greater education in schools about the need to take care of our environment. Although we use wood pulp from trees to make new paper, it is not true that recycling paper saves trees. Trees are commercially grown long-term crop, so that when they are cut down, new ones are planted. Also, papermakers use the parts of

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trees that cannot be used in other industries such as building and furniture making. Nearly all new paper is made from wood grown in sustainable forests. Here are some facts related to producing recycled paper: A large proportion of household waste is paper or cardboard. About half of this is newspapers and magazines. For every tonne of paper used for recycling, we save 30,000 liters of water, 3000-4000 kwh of electricity, and reduce air pollution. Recycling paper is less harmful to the environment than burying it in landfill sites. This is because paper that is buried in the ground rots and produces methane, which is a powerful greenhouse gas. Despite our increasing dependence on information stored on computers, there will always be a demand for paper. In the interests of our environment, we have to make sure that we continue to recycle as much as of it as possible.

-Read the article to find out whether these statements True or False. Correct the false statements: All paper is made from wood Paper can be recycled more then 10 times. Recycling paper saves trees. Most household waste is paper or cardboard.

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: Read the article again and complete these sentences with words or phrases from this list. There are more terms than you need. Air pollution materials paper. b- Trees used for making paper are grown in ., where new trees are planted to replace ones which are cut down. c- About 50 % of the paper and cardboard in is made up of newspapers and magazines. d- Burying paper in landfill sites does more damage to the than recycling it. Vocabulary Colour idioms: Replace each of the underlined phrases in these statements with one of the colour idioms in the list: Out of the blue: , to be in black and white: , red tape: , to see red: , environment sustainable forests greenhouse gas household waste

a- Grass and sugar cane are two of the that can be used to make

to give green light: \ to put someone on the blacklist: a- When he accused me of being wasteful, I got very angry. b- Weve got to stop companies from polluting the environment. We should tell the public they have done something wrong. c- Theyve said yes to the building of new incinerator. d- The rules clearly say that we must not leave rubbish outside our homes. Look, its printed here. e- Its almost impossible to get a passport quickly. There is so much paperwork and administration. f- I heard this morning, unexpectedly, thats Id won a writing competition.

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Complete these conversations with one of these colour adjectives. There are some words which you do not need, and others that you need to use twice: black B blue brown green red white yellow a- A Is that a letter youre reading? Yes, its from an old friend. It came this morning completely out of the .......................... b- A Have you heard? The government has given the............................. light to the building of a new airport. B I think its just a rumour. A No, its in the newspaper. Look - its here in ........................... and .............................. . cA Calm down. B Sorry someone accused me of being lazy and I just saw....................... Find three-part phrasal verbs in these sentences, and match each verb with one of the meanings below: a- Things are moving so fast its impossible to keep up with the changes. b- Supermarkets should cut down on packaging. c- Weve come up against serious problems in our plans to recycle rubbish. d- Im looking forward to the day when 100 % of our rubbish recycled. e- Scientists have just come up with a new way of reprocessing plastic. f- People living near the bus station put up with a lot of noise. Meanings: 1- accept/ stand/ tolerate (something unpleasant) 2- invent/ discover/ find 3- know the latest information about 4- meet/ face 5- reduce 6- wait with pleasure for something to happen

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Rewrite these sentences in your notebook using the three part phrasal verbs in brackets. . a- I cant wait for the summer holidays in Jordan. (look forward to) b- Environmentalists are working hard to find new ways of saving energy. (come up with) \ c- If you want to improve your health, you should reduce the amount of sugar and fat you eat. (cut down on) d- My journey to work gets worse everyday. I dont think I can stand it for much longer. (put up with): \

Grammar File:
Talking about wishes
( regret) ( wish + past simple) - .(impossible conditions) - I wish I had my glasses with me= (I dont have my glasses with me) - I wish I was ten years younger = (This is impossibility) ( wish + could + infinitive) - .( regret about inability to change situations) - I wish I could go to your party. (but I cant) - I wish I could read more quickly. (I read slowly and would like to read more quickly) ( criticism) ( wish + would + infinitive) - . ( annoyance) - I wish you wouldnt do that. (The speaker is telling someone to stop doing something) - I wish I get up earlier. (The speaker is unhappy about his own behaviour). Subject + wish + subject + past simple : a- I wish people would take the problem more seriously. b- I wish we could recycle plastic more easily. c- I wish every country had a system like that. d- I wish I were in charge of our company. e- I wish they wouldnt do that. 22

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1- Read sentences a-e and answer the questions: In which sentences do the speakers express regret? In which sentences do the speakers express criticism or annoyance? 2- Which group of sentences use wish + would? Which group use wish + past simple? : .(annoyance) ( criticism) ( wish + would) .(regret) ( wish + past simple) ( inability) ( wish + could + infinitive) . Write wish sentences which could follow these beginnings: a- Im really tired, but I cant sleep at night. I wish I could sleep at night. b- The weathers too hot at the moment. c- People drive too fast in the city centre. d- The streets are very dirty. Rewrite these sentences using the verb wish and the words in brackets. You can use wish.. would or wish . Past simple. - You waste too much paper. (stop wasting paper) I wish youd stop wasting paper. - My brother spends many hours talking on the phone. (not spend many hours) - Im very shy about talking in public. (not so shy) - Newspapers and magazines contain too many adverts. ( not so many) - You eat too quickly. (not eat so quickly) - Im a very slow reader. ( not such a slow reader ) - We dont spend much time together. (spend more time) - The city centre is really busy this morning. (not so busy) ................ - Hes lost his keys. (find his keys)

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Write sentences to follow these beginnings using the verb wish: - Im not old enough to go to university. I wish I were older. - Im not very good at maths. - Hani speaks really quickly. - I cant speak French. - Youre always losing things. - We have to start work very early tomorrow morning. - Going to the theatre is expensive. Write wish sentences in response to these statements: a- Shops use too much packaging I wish shops would use less packaging. b- There are too many adverts on television. c- Our city doesnt collect rubbish often enough. d- I dont see my family in Jordan very much. e- Im not good at maths. f- I cant read very quickly. Write sentences starting with (I wish) response to these statements: - I cant sing very well. - Im really tired this morning. - My friend wont give me my CD back - Its too hot to go out today. - I cant remember where I left the newspaper. - Her music is too loud for me.

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. ( wish) . ********************************************* progress test module one 1- Complete the article below with words from this list. Use each word only once. after are can do in like of than their to used where which with Who are the economic migrants? In 2003, 410, 000 non-British citizens came (1) . live in the UK and 100,000 British people returned to their home country from Spain, Australia and other countries where they had gone to live or work. (2) the same period, 170,000 non-British citizens left the UK to live in other countries. Stay 19,000 British people also left. This means a total increase (3) 150,000 in the British population, but (4) .. did all these immigrants come from and go to? Many new arrivals (5) . economic migrants people who come because they can earn more money in Britain (6) ... in their own country. Traditionally, many of these migrants (7) . to come from countries in Africa or Asia, but now, growing numbers are from poorer countries in Eastern Europe such as Poland, Hungary or Russia. Many new migrants take low-paid jobs (8) .. British people do not want to (9) .., like cleaning, picking fruit and vegetables, looking (10) old people or doing repetitive factory work. A minority come to work in well-paid jobs, for example as dentists or doctors. Many of these migrants dont intend to stay in Britain, and send some of (11) .. earnings home to their own families. But even though they earn higher wages than they would in their own countries, most economic migrants (12) . only afford to live a simple life. Some share accommodation (13) .. another migrant family. British citizens who leave the UK to live abroad go mainly to countries with warmer climates and cheaper houses, countries (14) . Spain, Greece, France or Turkey. 2- Read the article again. Choose the correct words or phrases in these sentences. a- In 2003, more/ fewer people in total came to live in Britain than left Britain to live in other countries. b- More/ fewer British people arrived in Britain than left Britain. c- Economic migrants earn more/ less money in their home countries than in Britain d- More and more migrants are arriving from Eastern Europe/ Africa and Asia. e- Most migrants who come to Britain do high-paid/ low/paid work. f- In your opinion, how can migrants benefit the society in which they live?

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Grammar and Vocabulary: Complete these conversations using the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Choose the present perfect or present perfect continuous. (sometimes both forms may be possible) a- A You look very pale. Are you feeling all right? B Im really tired. I . (not sleep) very well recently. A Do you mean you (wake up) very early? B No, I .. (not sleep) at all for three nights. b- A . (you speak) to Ibrahim recently? B No, I .... (not see) him for over a week. A Perhaps he (spend) all his time with his family. C- A I .. (think) about taking up tennis. B So have I. .. (you play) it before? A No, but I . (watch) a lot of tennis on TV this summer. - Complete this story with verbs from the list below. Use one of these tenses: past simple, past continuous, present perfect or past perfect. Notice that some verbs are negative. be bump(x2) do not look say not see take think walk wonder

I (1) through town the other day, when suddenly (2) . About my friend Tareq. I (3) .. him for several weeks and I (4) what he (5) I (6) out my mobile phone, when somebody (7) .. into me. sorry, I (8) .. . The person who (9) .. into me (10) . My friend Tareq! Choose the correct colour words in this text The authorities have just given the (1) blue/green light to the building of a new airport. The news has come out of the (2) black/ blue, and shocked many villagers. The thought of a new airport near their homes has made many of them see (3) black/ red. Unfortunately, the plans have already been prepared Ive seen them in (4) black/ white and black/ white. There is a word missing in each of these sentences. Rewrite the sentences, including the missing words. a- Im so busy I find it very hard to keep up the news. .... b- Theres nowhere to park in the city centre. The car parks usually run out spaces by 8 oclock in the morning. ....

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c- They have been working very hard recently, so theyre really looking forward their holidays. .... d- They live very close to the airport, and theyre finding it very difficult to put up the noise. .... e- Everything was going very well until they came up an unexpected problem. ....

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Vocabulary:

Unit 4 The Earth at risk

These words are from the article. Match each word with its correct meaning. a- climate b- cultivate c- dust D- erode e- graze f- soil g- survive
1- Dry powder made of very small pieces of earth. 2- To stay a live.

3- To destroy slowly.
4- Weather conditions in an area over a period of time. 5- What plants need to grow in. 6- Fire that spreads very quickly. 7- To put animals in a field so that they can eat the

grass. h- wild fire 1- consumption 2- devastating

8- To use land for growing crops.

a- affecting the whole world. b- The eating or drinking of something.

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3- export 4- global 5- illegal 6- tool

c- a piece of equipment for doing a particular job. d- Very destructive.

e- against the law. f- To send something for sale in another country.

Now read the article. What are the causes of the problem described in the article?

The spread of the desert

Desertification, which is the process in which productive land changes into desert, is an increasingly serious problem in over a hundred countries of the world. One billion people, out of a total world population of six billion, suffer from its effect.

Desertification usually occurs in dry areas where there is no rain and where the climate is harsh. In these places, the top layer of soil is destroyed so that the land can no longer be used for growing crops or grazing animals. This means that people who depend on the land for food have to move to greener areas in order to survive.

A proportion of the population may survive by moving, but others may die because of shortage of food and water.

Although natural changes in the climate often start the process, the activities of

human beings are often the real cause of desertification. Because there are growing

numbers of people to feed, farmers tend to overcultivate their land, with the result

that the soil becomes poor and unproductive. Other farmers overgraze their land,

and this permanently kills off grass and other plants. In addition to the effects of

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farming, deforestation the cutting down of trees also erodes the soil. Trees are

usually cut down to make more agricultural land, but once there are no longer trees and plants on an area of land, there is nothing to stop the wind and rain from blowing or washing away the top layer of soil. The dust which this produces can travel long distances and affect the health of people living in cities thousands of kilometers away. But this is not the end of the story: desertification can create conditions which produce strong winds and this leads to even greater pressure on the earths most precious resource, water. -Read the article again, and match each sentence beginning a-d with the correct ending 1-4 Beginnings a- A sixth of the worlds population b- Severe climate conditions c- If the top layer of soil is destroyed d- People who cannot escape from desert areas Endings 1- can destroy the top layer of soil. 2- is affected by the problem of desertification. 3- are in danger of dying from starvation. 4- the land cannot be used for farming. -Complete this text with appropriate words from the list below. average cloudy cold crops season dry hot lightning rain stormy sunny weather How is climate different from weather? Weather is what happens to the air and the atmosphere outside. It may be cold or (1) .., wet or (2) .. . It can be calm or (3) .., clear or(4) .. . The atmosphere changes depending on whether its rainy or (5) . Thunder and (6) ..are also parts of weather. Climate, on the other hand, is the (7) .. weather in a particular place over a long period of time. A place where it doesnt (8) .. over many years has a dry climate. A place with low temperatures for most of the year has a (9) .. climate. Here in Jordan we celebrate wet weather because we need the rain. Information about climate is useful for (10) .. forecasting. It also helps farmers to know when it is the best time to plant their (11) ..

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-Choose the best word to complete these sentences. a- A country where the sun always shines has a dry climate/ weather. b- You feel cold when the temperature is high/ low. c- When there is no wind, we say the weather is calm/ stormy. d- Farmers listen to the climate/ weather forecast to decide when to harvest their crops. Prefixes: mis-, re. :Prefix misunderstand mis understand . Misunderstand = fail to understand something correctly. (mis wrongly) Match the two prefixes a-b below with these meanings: again wrongly or badly a- re1- I split tea on my homework, so I had to rewrite it. 2- During the storm, three houses were destroyed and had to be rebuilt. b- mis1- I misheard you. I thought you said wed meet at 9 oclock. 2- The children were very good. None of them misbehaved in any way. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the list. Mishear reorganise misuse redo a- Im sorry, I you. I thought you said youd prefer tea. b- I did my homework too quickly, so the teacher asked me to .. it c- As we have some new employees, we will have to .. our office. d- If you the equipment, it will not work properly. *********************************************

He is rich that has few wants.

Feeding chickens is destroying the climate

The rainforest of the Amazon region of Brazil in South America covers five percent of the worlds land surface and is home to at least 30 percent of the worlds animals and plants. The area is also home of 220,000 people from about 180 different tribes

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who live deep in the forest. The rainforest itself is an important environment but because of its size and location, it also plays a vital part in controlling the worlds climate. It does this by taking carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. Recently, however, large areas of the Amazon rainforest have been cut down to make more land for farmers. In the last three years, for example, 70,000 square

kilometres have been destroyed this is the same as six football pitches every minute. Much of this destruction, which leaves the land dry and dusty, is illegal. Farmers use most of the new land to grow soya beans, which they export to other parts of the world to be used as animal food. Millions of chickens in western European countries are fed on South American soya beans. Increasingly, some soya beans are also being turned into food for human consumption, many vegetarian foods are based on soya beans.

Other areas of the rainforest are cleared by ranchers who use the land for their

cattle, by loggers who sell the valuable tropical hardwood from the trees they cut down, or by oil companies who are trying to find more oil. These activities help to

improve the economy of the region, but at the expense of the future of the global environment.

In addition to destroying ancient forests and changing the worlds climate, deforestation is having a devastating effect on native populations who are dependant on the rainforest for everything they need, from food and tools to medicines and shelter. Read the article and answer these questions: a- How many different groups of people live in the South American rainforests? b- What are most soya beans used for? c- Why are the rainforests being destroyed? (Four reasons are given) 31

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Read the article again, and match each sentence beginning a-d with the correct ending1- 5 a- Nearly a third of the worlds animals and plants b- The rainforest has an important influence on c- Extra farming land is created when d- Vegetarians, as well as animals, 1- areas of the rainforest are cut down 2- are found in the Amazon rainforest. 3- consume soya beans. 4- use the land for their cattle. 5- the Earths climate. Answer these questions with information from the article. a- Who lives deep in the forest? ......................................................................................... b- What is illegal? ............................................................................................................... c- What is used as animal food? ... d- Who grows soya beans? ................................................................................................. e- Who uses cleared land for cattle? .

Grammar File:
Explanations and results:
: In order to, because, to, so that,to be the cause of, with the result that, this leads to. :(explanations) :In order to . In order to pass, you should study hard. Some people move to greener areas in order to survive. . )( :to Trees are cut down to make more agricultural land. . :Because . We need to produce more food because there are more people to feed. Because there are more people to feed, we need to produce more oil.

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:(causes and effects)
:so that . The soil is destroyed so that the land cannot be used for growing crops. . :to be the cause of The activities of human beings are often the real cause of desertification. . :to lead to Wildfires can lead to greater pressure on earths most precious resources, water. . :with the result that Farmers tend to overcultivate their land, with the result that the soil becomes unproductive. Complete these sentences using one of the words or phrases from the list. More than one answer may be possible: Because, in order to, so that, to, with the result that The Amazon rainforest has an important effect on the climate of the world ............... It covers such a large area. Large areas of forests have been cut down The soil is now dry and dusty. The rainforest has been cut down make more farmland. Farmers need more land .. they can grow more soya beans. Loggers cut down trees sell the wood. Answer these questions using the words in brackets and one of these words or phrases: because in order to so that to a- why didnt Fatima go to school yesterday? (feel ill) .... b- why did you go to the post office? (buy stamps) .... c- Why did Sultan go to the airport? (meet his brother, Khaled) .... d- Why do people write things in their diaries? (not forget important things) .... e- Why was Omars letter so difficult to read? (write very quickly) Complete sentences a-g with one of these words: because, in order to, so that, in order not to

a- In the future, sea levels will rise .. the polar ice is melting. b- People are cutting down forests . Have more land for growing food. c- Many people recycle their rubbish .use up the worlds resources.

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d- Scientists are trying to produce new fuels .. people can continue to use their cars without damaging the environment. e- Some people are moving out of their homes on the coast escape future flood. f- We should stop burning coal and oil cause more global warming. g- Scientists are worried about climate change . It is a threat to life on Earth.

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Vocabulary:
A- display

Unit 5 A world of plants

1- World, earth.

b- environmentalist 2- Not too hot or too cold. c- exotic d- globe e- protect f- structure g- temperate h- water fall 3- To stop harm or damage.

4- Someone who tries to protect the environment. 5- Show, exhibition. 6- A flow of water from a river or stream falling from a height. 7- Unusual, foreign. 8- Building.

a- seed b- thorn c- trunk

1- a sharp pointed part that grows on a plant, e.g., a rose. 2- The main part or large stem of a tree. 3- A small hard part of a plant from which a new plant can grow.

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Things that grow: Aubergine: peanuts: banana: carrot: corn: fig: pineapple: potato: rice: tomato:
W.B

Choose the correct phrases to complete these sentences: a- Aubergines grow on plants/ under the ground. b- Tea grows on trees/ on bushes. c- Dates grow on the ground/ on trees. d- Potatoes grow on the ground/ under the ground. Read the article on the Eden Project below:

A whole planet under glass

The Eden Project, which opened in the year 2000, is a living plant museum in the countryside in the south-west of England. It is a very popular attraction and

millions of visitors come every year to see plants from all over the world growing in this special environment.

Some plants grow outside, but many are in specially-built domes, called biomes,

where the temperature and humidity are carefully controlled. The biomes are like giant greenhouses and one, the Humid Tropics biome, is the largest greenhouse in the world. It is over 55m long and contains many thousands of exotic plants not found in England.

One of the purposes of the project is to show how dependent human beings are on plants and to educate people on the importance of preserving our natural
\ \

environment. Aside from plant life, the Eden Project has fascinating interactive exhibits for people of all ages. Many of the visitors are groups of school children and the Eden Project combines educational value with scientific interest and a huge variety of spectacular plant life.

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abcdeWhat is special about the Eden Project? How do you evaluate the purpose of the project? Who visits the Eden Project? Why? Would you like to visit the Eden Project? Why? What educational uses could the Eden Project serve?

A world of plants

It may seem very strange, but plants are always in danger from animals which want

to feed on them. If this happens, the plants can be damaged or even killed. So,

because their roots, trunks, leaves, flowers, and seeds are under constant attack

from mammals, insects or birds, plants have developed ways of protecting themselves from these enemies. Here are some of the ways plants stop animals from attacking and eating them.

Sharp thorns and stings Some plants which grow in dry climates, for example cactuses, store large quantities of water in their stems. To protect themselves, they have sharp thorns. Animals will harm themselves if they try to get to the water from these plants. Other plants, like stinging nettles, can inject painful or irritating substances into their enemies by means of the sharp hairs on their leaves.

Poison

There are many plants which protect themselves by poisoning their enemies. In

some cases the poison they contain is so powerful that it can kill any living thing

which touches or eat them. The poison can be in the leaves, the seeds or berries, or

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in other parts of the plants.

Insects

Some acacia trees in hot African countries are protected by ants which live permanently on their branches. If an animal starts to eat the trees leaves, the ants attack it.

Sticky gum

Some plants, such as horse chestnut trees, are covered with sticky substance, like wet paint, which can prevent insects from eating them. Sometimes this substance is so strong that insects feet or wings get stuck and they cannot escape. Read the article and answer these questions: a- Why do plants need to protect themselves? b- Which part of a nettle can be found in plants? c- Where can the poison be found in plants? d- Why do plants need to protect themselves against insects? e- Which plant is protected by a kind of insect? f- In what other ways do you think that plants and animals protect themselves against attack? g- Why do you think some plants attract insects or other animals? h- Choose the best title for the article: 1- How plants kill their enemies. 2- How plants protect themselves from their enemies. 3- How plants attack insects. Answer these questions about two of the adjectives from the article: a- Which of these is not sharp? A cactus thorn a banana a kitchen knife a broken glass a cats tooth b- a- Which of these is not sticky? Chewing gum sugary food water wet paint glue Adjectives + prepositions Complete these sentences with the correct prepositions from the list. You will need to use some prepositions more than once: for from in of on with a- Human beings are dependent . plants. b- While she was at the Eden Project, one girl became very interested biology. c- Ive never been keen museums d- The Eden Project is quite different . a normal museum. 37

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efghOn wet days the biomes are full visitors sheltering from the rain. Visiting the Eden Project makes you aware the importance of plants. The Eden Project is particularly famous .. its huge biomes. Its expensive to get into the Eden project, but we were very satisfied . our visit.

Complete these sentences with the correct preposition: a- Cactuses depend their thorns to protect them. b- The acacia tree is famous .. being protected by ants. This makes it different most ordinary plants. c- Ive always been interested plants and trees, but Im not keen insects. d- My encyclopedia of nature is full interesting facts about plants.

Grammar File:
Explaining possibilities
:( modals) Might, cant and must. . : Modal + infinitive : Modal + have + V3 a- It might have been the crowds that spoiled it for me. b- Some of the visitors seemed quite comfortable in the Tropical biome. They must have come from somewhere hot like Africa or the Middle East. c- It cant be easy designing and building the biomes. Theyre such huge structures. .( might) When we are unsure whether something is true or not. - She might be French, she has a strange accent. - Hes not usually this late, he might have stuck in heavy traffic. .( must) When we talk about things which we are almost sure are true. - He must earn quite a lot of money to be able to afford that car. - They must have come from somewhere hot like Africa. .( cant) When we talk about things which we are almost sure are not true. - It cant be easy designing and building bridges, theyre complicated structures. - They cant have finished their lunch already, they only started eating five minutes 38

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ago. : .must :Sure .cant :Sure + not .might :Possible/ probable/ not sure What are the differences in meaning between these pairs of sentences? Match the sentences in each pair with one of the meanings given. a- * It cant be an interesting place to work. *It must be an interesting place to work. 1- You feel sure it is. 2- You feel sure it isnt. b- *The crowds might have spoiled it for me. * The crowds might spoil it for me 1- You think it is possible in the future. 2- You think it was possible in the past. c- * Some people might have come from Africa. * Some people must have come from Africa. 1- You think it was possible. 2- You feel sure it was possible. Write sentences to explain these situations using the words in brackets in your answers. a- The phone is ringing - its probably your brother. He usually rings at this time. (It might) b- Someones ringing your doorbell. Youre sure its the postman he always comes at this time. (It must) c-Theres an important football match in your town tonight. You think the roads will probably be very busy. (The roads might) . d- Your friend said she would phone you, but she hasnt. You are sure she has not forgotten. (She cant .) e- Someone waves to you from a car. It looks like your friends fathers car. (It might) f- Your sister has worked very hard. You feel sure that she has got good grades in her exams. (She must )

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g- You hear a car approaching, but you know it isnt your uncles car because it doesnt sound the same. (It cant) .. h- A new building is going up in your neighbourhood. You think it is probably a school. (They might ...) Write sentences which explain the following situations. Include the words given and a modal verb in your explanations: Faisals car lights were on all night. (Faisal, forget, switch off) Sultans looking at the engine of his car. (break down) Rabab has a very good English accent. (live/ English family) Tareq wants to be a teacher when he leaves university. (very interested in/ education) Ali has just drunk two liters of water. (thirsty) *********************************************

Vocabulary:
a- congregate b- extinction c- evade d- predator e- shallow

Unit 6: under threat

1- The death of a type of an animal.

2- without depth. / 3- Come together, often in a large group. 4- An animal that kills and eats other animals. 5- Escape or avoid.

1- adapt 2- hemisphere 3- environment

a- one half of the earth southern or northern. b- The place or conditions where animals live. c- far from civilization or populated areas.

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4- ice berg 5- plain 6- pouch 7- remote 8- terrain d- Bag or pocket of skin. e- Type of landscape. c- Change to be better suited to a situation. g- Large area of flat land, usually without trees. h- Large block of ice that floats in the sea.

The Sand Gazelle

A The sand gazelle, or goitered gazelle, is a horned animal that lives across the

Arabian Gulf and North Africa. Originally found in all Middle Eastern countries, it is now extinct in Iraq, Kuwait, Syria and Yemen, and endangered everywhere else, including in Jordan.

B In the summer months, sand gazelles live in small family groups of around ten individuals. During the winter, they congregate in larger herds. They are ideally

suited to the desert environment, with white heads and sand-coloured bodies.

This allows them to blend into the desert, camouflaging them from predators. C Sand gazelles are small mammals, weighing only 20 kg. However, they are very quickly and have been known to reach speeds of almost 100 km per hour. They

are excellent jumpers and used their speed and agility to evade the attention of predators.

D Sand gazelles eat around 6 kg of plants per day consuming the shoots, roots,

leaves and stems of desert plants around a third of their overall bodyweight.

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They drink 3 liters of water per day and in the hottest season dig shallow pits and

lie on the cooler soil. E The sand gazelle is in danger of extinction, mainly due to habitat loss and hunting. However there have been some efforts to save them, with Jordan breeding them for release into the wild since 1979. there have been some successes but the battle

to save them and other native species continues. The programme that began in

1979 continues to this day, and there is an increasing awareness of the benefits of wild animals to the Jordanian tourist industry. Read the article and match these headings with the correct paragraphs A-E of the article, there is one heading you do not need to use. Saving the sand gazelle Special abilities Location Typical lifestyle Diet Related species Discuss the following questions: a- How do sand gazelles change their habits in different seasons? b- How does the body of sand gazelle protect it from harm in the desert? c- Is anything being done to save the sand gazelles? Explain. dComplete these sentences with the information from the article. abcdeThe colouring of sand gazelle makes it ideally suited to The sand gazelle dig shallow pits in the ground and The sand gazelle lives in larger groups during Jordan has run a

Animals and their habitats

Animals live everywhere on Earth, in every terrain and in all climates. The place where an animal lives is called its habitat and most animals can only survive in one or two different habitats. For example, whales are sea creatures and cannot live in

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fresh water; lizards live in hot climates and would die if they were moved to the

Arctic. In this article, you will find out about two animals which can live in different habitats, and one which has adapted to a particular environment. Penguins

There are seventeen different species of penguins, including the famous Emperor

penguins and the common Chinstrap penguins. All of these live in southern hemisphere many in Antarctica around the South Pole. But some live in warmer places, for example on the coasts of South America, Africa, Australia, and Galapagos Islands. Many of the 13 million Chinstrap penguins live on large iceberg

in the open ocean.

Camels

There are two different species of camel the one humped Arabian camel, and two- humped Bactrian camel. They live in deserts throughout the world, including in Jordan, and have been even introduced in Australia! Camels are specially adapted to the desert environment and have wide feet to help them walk in the sand. They can remain for days without water, even in the hottest weather, and can drink 130

litres of water at a time. Kangaroos

Kangaroos and their close relatives, wallabies, are only found naturally in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Like wombats and koala bears, kangaroos are marsupials, which means that when young are born they are carried by their mothers in pouch.

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There are forty-five species of kangaroos and wallabies and they live in every kind

of habitat, from open plains to forests and rocky deserts. Tree kangaroos live in remote and mountainous forest regions and have adapted to life in trees. Unlike

other kangaroos, they cannot move very fast on the ground. Read the article and find the answers to these questions. a- Which of three types of animals described in the article has the most different species? b- What is special about kangaroos and similar animals? c- Think of another animal that is special in some way. what makes it special? d- How are penguins and kangaroos different from many other animals? e- What do all penguins have in common? f- In what ways have camels adapted to their environment? g- What kind of climate do camels live in? h- Define a marsupial. Answer the questions a-e with words from this list. You will need to use some of the words more than once. birds mammals reptiles a- Which groups of animals feed their young with milk? ........................................ b- Which two groups of animals lay eggs? ................................................................ c- Which group of animals have dry skin and cold blood? ..................................... d- Which group of animals can fly? ... e- Which two groups of animals have warm blood? What do these groups of animals have in common? Start your answers like this: They can all They are all They all have a- bat eagle owl .............. b- snake parrot turtle .. c- mouse bat camel . d- lizard turtle snake ... e- vulture rabbit eagle . :

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- ( ) . - ) ( - ( ) is, am, are) ( verb to be) .( was, were)( .( V.to be) - - - .( ) . ( verb to be) - . ( be) (have)( been) (be)( being) . - . Note the passive verbs in these sentences. a- Sand gazelles are protected from predators by camouflage. b- They are excellent jumpers and their speed and agility are used to evade the attention of predators. c- If sand gazelles are being threatened, they can run away. d- This project was started in 1979 and there had been some successes. What tenses are the passive verbs in a-d? Rewrite sentences a-d using active verbs. You will have to think of a subject for some of the active verbs. Complete these sentences with the present passive of the verbs in brackets: a- Birds nests (often built) at the top of trees where eggs will be safe b- Many nests ................ (make) from grass, twigs or feathers. c- In some countries, the nests of birds .. (protect) by law. d- If the nests of rare birds . (damage), or their eggs .. (steal), the people who do the damage have to pay a large fine. Rewrite these sentences, changing the verbs in italics from the active to the passive or from the passive to the active: a- Throughout history people have hunted elephants for their tusks. ..

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b- Elephants have been prevented from migrating to find food and water. . c- People have turned their natural habitats into farmland or building land. .. d- Elephants have changed the natural environment. .. e- Elephants make paths through the areas where they live and other animals have used these. .. Complete this article about tree kangaroos with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. The verbs may be active or passive and be in the simple, continuous or present forms. Tree kangaroos, which (1) .. (find) only in the rainforests of Australia and West Papua, are in danger of becoming extinct for two main reasons. Firstly, they (2) (hunt) for their meat and fur, and secondly their natural habitat (3) . (destroy) by human activities such as mining and farming. For several years, the Tree Kangaroo Conservation Programme (4) . (work) hard to protect a particular species, Matschies tree kangaroo, which (5) (live) only on the northeast coast of Papua New Guinea. As part of their work, special protected wildlife areas (6) (create) by the organization, and the people who live here (7) (teach) how to protect tree kangaroos and other rare animals in their region. *********************************************

progress test module two

1- complete the article below with words from this list. Use each word only once. be because been for from if is of on this to too Greenhouse gases: good or bad we usually think that greenhouse gases are harmful, but without these gases the climate of the Earth would be like the climate of Mars: (1) .................................. cold for human beings to survive. Greenhouse gases, which include carbon dioxide and methane, keep the heat of the sun in and prevent our planet (2) .................................. freezing. However, (3) ......................... the last 200 years people have (4) ......................

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using enormous quantities of fossil fuels like coal, gas and oil. When these fuels are burnt, they produce large amounts of carbon dioxide and (5) ............................. keeps more of the suns heat in. the result is that the temperature of the Earth (6) ............... rising year by year. This is leading (7) .................................. more extreme weather: high winds and heavy rain, which produce storms and flooding. The problem is made worse by the fact that we are destroying the worlds rainforests. Trees naturally consume carbon dioxide, but (8) .............................. there are fewer trees, more and more carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Because (9) .................................. the increase in the Earths temperature, the ice at the north and south poles is melting, and this is causing sea levels to rise. Eventually, many areas of land which are now (10) ..................... the coast will (11) ........................ flooded. Leading scientists are warning that (12) ............................... the authorities dont introduce new laws to reduce greenhouse gas increases now, the results could be disastrous for life on Earth. Read the article again. Are these statements True or False? a- Without greenhouse gases human beings couldnt live on Earth. . b- Human beings have been using fossil fuels for more than two hundred years. . c- The temperature of the Earth is increasing because the sun is getting hotter. . d- Flooding is an example of extreme weather. .. e- Trees and forests produce greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. . f- Sea level will rise if the ice at the poles melts. . g- Scientists want every individual on Earth to take immediate action. Complete sentences a-g with one of these words: because, in order to, so that, in order not to a- In the future, sea levels will rise .. the polar ice is melting. b- People are cutting down forests . Have more land for growing food. c- Many people recycle their rubbish .use up the worlds resources. d- Scientists are trying to produce new fuels .. people can continue to use their cars without damaging the environment. e- Some people are moving out of their homes on the coast escape future flood. f- We should stop burning coal and oil cause more global warming. g- Scientists are worried about climate change . It is a threat to life on Earth. Choose the correct modal verb in these conversations. a A Did you speak to Mahmoud this morning? He said he was going to phone you. B He cant have phoned/ must have phoned me this moring. I was at home and I would have heard the telephone. b A When are you next in town? B I may be/ must be coming next month. If I do, Ill let you know.

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c A Ive looked everywhere for the letter I wrote to my uncle. B Dont worry if its not here, you cant have passed/ must have passed it. d A You might be/ must be exhausted. Youve been working very hard recently. Im all right, thanks. e A Ive tried to contact Alia, but she isnt at home. B You never know she might have forgotten/ cant have forgotten the meeting. Complete these sentences about the city of Amman using the active or passive forms of the verbs in brackets. Verbs may be present or past. a- Amman (located) in the north-west of Jordan and sits on 19 hills. b- Amman was formerly a part of the Nabataean Kingdom. It was the Nabataeans who (construct) the incredible city of Petra. c- It has been the site of many ancient settlements until the current city .. (choose) by King Abdullah I as the capital of his new state in 1921 d- The city remained quite small until the 1950s. Since then, the city . (develop) very rapidly and is now a place which .... (contain) both ancient ruins and modern skyscrapers. e- Amman is a regional economic and investment hub where many international companies . (build) their offices. f- Amman is a popular tourist destination, many thousands of people (visit) the city to see attractions such as the Roman remains. Choose the correct words in these sentences. a- If you are very lucky, you may see the giant panda in its natural display/ habitat. b- Most of Africa has a very hot, dry climate/ weather. c- Some plants grow well here even though the dust/soil is poor and it hardly ever rains. d- Ali doesnt want a permanent/ temporary job he wants a serious career as an engineer. e- We must do something about climate change to protect/survive our way of life. f- We thought the restaurant bill was too high. We are right the waiter had overcharged/ undercharged us. g- Im not going to throw my mobile phone away. Im going to send it to another country where it can be misused/ reused. Answer these questions: Which of these is a mammal? eagle/ lizard/ mouse/ snake Which of these is not a bird? deer/ eagle/ owl/ vulture Which of these is not a fruit? banana/ carrot/ lemon/ orange Which of these is not a part of a plant? leaf/ zoo/ root/ shoot Choose the correct preposition in these sentences. You will need to use one of the words twice.

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for in of on a- Some people are not aware the difference between a fruit and a vegetable. b- Im really interested . the history of my family. c- Apples and bananas are dependent for their survival . greenhouse gases. d- Modern Amman is built the site of many ancient civilizations. e- Amman is famous its Roman remains.

: - this, that, these, those : - my,our, his, her, its, your, their: - a, an, the: - ) ( ) ( - . - some, any, many, a lot of, no, all, a few, few, much : - - )(of . : - - the most . - is, am, are, was, were .copula - .so, very, too, quite : - ) (lyquietly, extremely, definitely : - as..as . - more .. than . : - - . : - ) (do ) (to. - . .

1st

Writing an essay to express your opinion:

. background to the topic arguments for arguments against your opinion .

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Today, more and more people in Jordan are using computers for activities at home, at school or at work. Such is the demand that the national government launched a scheme to allow Jordanians to purchase them more easily. Many people are using computers for all sorts of things writing letters, searching the Internet or just playing games. It is a great thing that Jordan has embraced modern technology so successfully, but in this essay I am going to consider two disadvantages of computers.

In my opinion, the main disadvantage is that people may spend so much time on their computers that they see less of their friends and family. Children who spend

too long playing computer games may become unsociable and forget how to communicate normally with other people. Another result of people spending too much time at their computers is that their health suffers. Sitting for long periods of time can hurt your eyes, cause headaches,

or damage your hands and arms. In some cases this means that people cannot do their jobs properly.

There is no doubt that computers are here to stay. Some jobs and many leisure activities would be impossible without them, but we should be aware of the possible dangers of spending too much time at our computers. Useful language Saying what you intend to write about In this essay I intend to look at/ consider/ discuss some of the arguments for and against First of all, I will look at/ consider/ discuss the arguments in favour of/ against Presenting arguments The main point/ argument for/ against Another point/ argument 50

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Expressing opinions In my opinion/ view (in fact) its my view that I believe/ I think that Write an essay in answer to this question: Do you think companies should allow their employees to use work computers for their own purposes? .(useful language)

2nd

Writing an e-mail
Useful language Talking about past events: (Then) one day, I I was about to go into the garden to play football, when Two months, Ten minutes, Three days later, we The first thing that struck me was That was six years ago. Remembering a past event I can remember it very clearly. I remember thinking/ feeling Ill never forget that day/ how I felt that day. Describing a sequence of events in the past. 1- Read the following essay and put the sentences in the correct order. A Ten minutes later my bedroom windows shattered with a terrible crash. B Immediately, I leapt out of bed and rushed to my brothers bedroom to check that Tareq and Ali were all right. C I had gone to bed just after midnight and I was only half-asleep when the wind started blowing. D Luckily, he had not been woken up the noise of the wind and rain. E Next, Tareq and I went to check that our parents were okay. We knocked on their bedroom door. F Our mother was still sleeping, but our father was already dressed and doing everything he could to protect our house from the storm. G Our younger brother Hisham was still sleeping peacefully. H There was no reply, so we opened the door and went in. I When I went into their bedroom, I found Tareq staring out of the window

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watching the storm. 2- Choose something that actually happened to you, or use your imagination to make up a story. Use some of the linking words or phrases that you found in the example story. : How old were you? What happened? Where were you? How did you feel? Who was involved? What were the results of this change? : My first day at school Im going to tell you about an interesting experience I had. It is about my first day at school. I was six years old when soon . . This was when some children began to .. . I can remember my first day at school very clearly, the teacher was . Meantime some children were . . soon the break came. Some of us , but others ... I bought .. . After the break we . Once in a while the teacher .. . Finally the bell rang to go home. The children . It had been a wonderful first day at school. Ill never . I hope youve enjoyed reading about my experience. Tell me about some interesting experience youve had. Best wishes

Live and learn.

3rd
Writing a report based on statistics :
. : : - This report studies the percentage of materials recycled/ used/ consumed in the city of ( ) in the year ( )and ().

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key facts : - ... conclusion : - : The figures show that the percentage of ( )which were recycled/ used has increased/ deceased in ( ) It is a bad/ good sign, proving that people are losing their enthusiasm for recycling. recommendations: - With reference to the figures in this bar chart, environmentalists/ specialists/ scientists should use awareness-raising campaigns in order to highlight the importance of recycling.

Useful language X percent of waste material was recycled/ burnt/ buried in a landfill site. The main method of getting rid of waste in Greece is Of all the countries, Greece buries the most waste in landfill sites. Austria burns 10 percent of its waste, whereas Luxembourg burns 50 percent. In comparison with Austria, Finland recycles half/ quarter/ twice/ three times as much/ much more/ less

The end doesn't justify the mean.

4th
Describing photographs
Useful language You can see On the left/ right of the photo, / In the middle / At the top/bottom It seems that / Its clear that Both photographs/ pictures show The photographs/ pictures illustrate different aspects of

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The problems are caused by/ are the result of - ( work book) Match descriptions 1-2 with the correct photos A-C

1- In the middle of this photograph, there is a small tree. In the background on the right, there is a row of much taller trees. On the left are some other trees, with a wooden fence in front of them. The sky is cloudy. It looks like it might rain. 2- In the foreground of this photograph you can see a tall tree surrounded by short grass. Obviously, It is summer because there are leaves on the tree and it is a warm sunny day. There are several other smaller trees in the picture. The tree could be in a residential area, because there are buildings behind the tree. : (position) ( position) In front of, at the top of, on the left/ right side, in the middle of, at the bottom of, in the background of, in the foreground of : Tall, short, small, big, green, wooden : Clouds, summer, autumn, winter, spring, sunny, raining, stormy, foggy, cloudy

Easy come, easy go.

5th
Writing an account of a place you visited

Our Visit to Wadi Rum Hisham and I have just got home from a three-day visit to Wadi Rum. It was only a

short visit but I will remember it forever. Wadi Rum is an open space between high rocks and mountains. Tourists visit the area to see the beautiful scenery.

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We arrived on Tuesday evening and the first thing we did was set up out camp. The sky was very clear and at night we could see millions of stars. The next morning was very hot to walk up to the top of the valley. We saw cave paintings and ancient buildings made by the Nabataeans, who also built Petra. The huge rocks there were

amazing some were hundreds of metres high. The next day was another scorching hot day and we went to Jabal Rum, the second highest point in Jordan. It was incredible to be able to see all across Jordan. As the sun went down over the desert, we saw the rocks slowly change colour, from a dark red to pink and purple. It was an amazing sight I will never forget. Useful Language Time expressions We arrived on (day) at time. The next day That same day/ evening The first thing we/ I did/ saw was Expressing opinions It felt like For me, the best/ worst thing was I didnt know what to expect. What surprised me was Remembering Ill remember forever. Ill never forget

:(an account) . - : ( Wadi Rum) ( facts) - Jabal Rum is the second highest point in Jordan : .(opinion) The huge rocks there were amazing .

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useful ) .(language

6th

an informal letter describing a visit

:
Dear Mark Were really enjoying our holiday in the Gulf of Aqaba. Yesterday we went scuba diving in the Red Sea, which has over 500 species of coral and 1200 different types of fish. I was amazed to see all the ancient corals and the fish swimming among them. The reef is also home to hawksbill turtles, and we were lucky enough to spot one! We wore wetsuits. Which I found a little bit uncomfortable, although they meant we didnt feel the cold at all. We swam past a wrecked boat and even took photos with an underwater camera. It was great to see all the sea creatures swimming around the wrecked boat, it was one of the most interesting things Ive ever seen. Ill show you the photos when I get home. On the way back to the shore, I saw a pod of dolphins and watched them leaping into the air. This was the best moment of my trip. Unfortunately, the day was too short there was so much more to see. Were flying home tomorrow, so we couldnt go again. If we come to Jordan again, Im going to spend another day or two in Aqaba. Weve done lots of other things while we were here. The day after we arrived, we

7th

Writing a Report
This is a report of local business owners who are in favour of the new houses being built on the wetlands near the town.

Organisation of small businesses and the council housing project Purpose of the report 56

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The purpose of this report is to comment on the projected housing development for

the local area, with respect to the business community in particular. Why build on the wetland

We recognise the needs of the burgeoning population and so, by consensus, are convinced of the need to utilize undeveloped wetlands for construction purposes. As a result:

Building here will increase demand for services, which the members of our organization provide.

Any windfall from them will have a knock-on the town and will help to

improve the local economy. Why not build elsewhere

Equally, we are concerned that building the new houses out of the town may represent a missed opportunity for this town to expand and modernize. Out-of-town housing will:

require new shops and so increase competition for local businesses.

direct investment away from our town at a time of economic recession.

Conclusion This group vociferously supports the building of new houses on local wetlands.

Whilst we are aware of environmental concerns, the towns economic vitality must precede environmental issues. Useful Language Giving reasons for a choice There are two reasons why I think we should build the houses here Firstly / Secondly The main reason I would choose this area is because Persuading people your ideas are the best Can you see what I mean? Look at it this way: if we build the houses there, If you build them there, it will mean 57

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Expressing Possibilities We are concerned that may/ might/ could represent Perhaps/ Possibly/ Probably, this will mean that In all likelihood

8th

Essays: presenting both sides of an argument The arguments for and against zoos Zoos exist all over the world because people want to see animals that they cannot

see in their own country. They have always been popular, especially with children. However, some people believe that they are unnatural habitats and that keeping animals in zoos is cruel. In this essay, I will discuss some of the arguments for and against zoos.

I will start by considering two arguments in favour of zoos. First of all, many people, including environmentalists, believe that zoos help to protect animals which are in

danger of extinction. Amman Zoo, for example, has a family of rare white tigers. Rare species are safe in zoos and can breed so as to increase in number. Eventually animals can be set free to live in the wild again. Secondly, zoos are educational. People who visit zoos can observe unusual animals up close and learn about their behaviour.

I will now move on to the arguments against zoos. The main objection to zoos is that it is unnatural for wild animals to be kept in captivity. They often have to live in

small cages where they cannot move about freely. Another argument against zoos is that they may be located in places where the climate is very different from the climate of the animals country of origin. Personally, I do not have strong feelings about zoos. I believe that they can help to

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protect and preserve endangered species, but I also think that it is wrong to force

animals to live in unnatural conditions simply so that curious human beings can stare at them. : introduction outlining the issues . - arguments for . - arguments against . -3 Conclusion, including your own ideas . -

All is well that ends well

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