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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING &

; ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September October (2013), IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)

ISSN 0976 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September October (2013), pp. 36-46 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.5028 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJEET
IAEME

DESIGN OF PILOT-SYMBOL ASSISTED POWER DELAY PROFILE ESTIMATION FOR MIMO-OFDM SYSTEMS
PRATHIMA BOPPANA Mtech( Wireless and Mobile Communication), Vaagdevi College of Engineering, Bollikunta, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India M. SHIVA PRASAD Assistant Professor, ECE Department, Vaagdevi College of Engineering, Bollikunta, Warangal, Andhara Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT This work proposes a power delay profile (PDP) estimation technique for linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) channel estimator of multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems. For practical applications, only the pilot symbols of all transmit antenna ports are used in estimating the PDP. The distortions caused by null subcarriers and an insufficient number of samples for PDP estimation are also considered. This technique effectively reduces the distortions for accurate PDP estimation. Simulation results show that the performance of LMMSE channel estimation using the proposed PDP estimate approaches that of Wiener filtering due to the mitigation of distortion effects. Index Terms: Channel estimation, power delay profile, MIMO, OFDM, 3GPP-LTE. INTRODUCTION MULTIPLE-INPUT multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMOFDM) is one of the most promising techniques for wireless communication systems, including the 3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP LTE) and IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX). MIMO-OFDM provides a considerable performance gain over broadband single-antenna systems by obtaining the spatial diversity or multiplexing gain. Most receiver techniques of MIMO-OFDM systems are designed with the assumption that channel state information (CSI) is available, in order to achieve the maximum diversity or multiplexing gain. The performance gain depends heavily on accurate channel estimation, which is crucial for the MIMO-OFDM systems.
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September October (2013), IAEME

The pilot-aided channel estimation, based on the linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) technique, is optimum in the sense of minimizing mean square error (MSE) when the receiver knows the channel statistics .To obtain the frequency domain channel statistics at the receiver, power delay profile (PDP) estimation schemes have been proposed . These schemes are based on the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation by taking advantage of the cyclic prefix (CP) segment of OFDM symbols. However, the ML PDP estimators require very high computational complexity for obtaining an accurate PDP. Another approach for improving the performance of LMMSE channel estimation employs an approximated PDP (i.e., uniform or exponential model) with the estimation of second-order channel statistics, which are mean delay and root-mean-square (RMS) delay spread. The channel delay parameters are estimated using pilots with low computational complexity. Therefore, the LMMSE channel estimator with the approximated PDP is appropriate for practical applications such as a WiMAX system. However, the performance degradation is caused by both the correlation mismatch and the estimation error of delay parameters. To reduce the mismatch in the frequency domain, we propose a PDP estimation technique for the LMMSE channel estimator of MIMO-OFDM systems. For practical applications, the proposed technique uses only the pilot symbols of all transmit antenna ports to estimate the PDP with low computational complexity. In addition, the proposed technique effectively mitigates the distortion effects, incurred by null subcarriers and an insufficient number of estimated channel impulse response (CIR) samples. Simulation results show that the performance of LMMSE channel estimation with the proposed PDP estimate approaches that of Wiener filtering. SYSTEM MODEL AND DEVELOPMENT The system under consideration is a MIMO-OFDM system with P transmit and Q receive antennas, and K total subcarriers. Suppose that the MIMO-OFDM system transmits Kd subcarriers at the central spectrum assigned for data and pilots with K-Kd virtual subcarriers, in order to control interferences with other systems. The CIRs corresponding to different transmit and receive antennas in MIMO systems usually have the same PDP . Let Cp[kp,np] be the pilot subcarrier for the pth transmit antenna at the npth OFDM symbol, which is a QPSK modulated signal from known sequences between the transmitter and receiver. We assume that the pilot subcarriers are distributed over a time and frequency grid as in Fig. 1, to preserve the orthogonality of pilots among different transmit antennas. and represent the index sets for the pilot subcarriers of the th antenna port in the frequency and time domains, respectively. At the th OFDM symbol, the number of pilot subcarriers is defined as =. The pilot inserted OFDM symbol is transmitted over the wireless channel after performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and adding a CP. It is assumed that the length of CP, , is longer than the channel maximum delay, , making the channel matrix circulant ( ). At the receiver, after perfect synchronization, the removal of CP, and FFT operation, the received pilot symbol for the th receive antenna can be represented as y( = ][x)Fph, + n, (1)

where h,[=,[, 0], ,[, 1], . . . , ,[, ], 0, . . . , 0] is an 1 CIR vector at the th transmit antenna and th receive antenna. () and () represent the transpose operation, and the transpose and conjugate operation of a vector or matrix, respectively. x[[ = 1, ], [2, ], . . . , [, ]]denotes a pilot vector at the th OFDM symbol for and =1, 2, . . .,.
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September October (2013), IAEME

Fig. 1. Pilot symbol arrangement in a physical resource block (PRB) of the LTE OFDM system

(x )is the diagonal matrix whose entries are the elements of the vector x. F is a matrix with the (k, )th entry [F], =1/{-j2ikl/K} where and =0, 1, . . ., 1. n is a complex additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) vector at the th receiver antenna with each entry having a zero-mean and variance of 2.
PROPOSED METHOD FOR THE PDP ESTIMATION A. Derivation of the PDP in MIMO-OFDM systems From (1), the CIR at the (, )th antenna port can be estimated approximately using the regularized least squares (RLS) channel estimation with a fixed length of as
1 ( x)y][ h,,( = F P F+I )F P

W, y][ ,

(2)

where =0.001 is a small regularization parameter, and I is the identity matrix. p F F in (2) is ill-conditioned due to the sparsity of pilot tones in the frequency domain and the presence of virtual subcarriers . To derive the PDP from the estimated CIR in (2), the ensemble average of ^ h,^ ,h,, is given by
p

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September October (2013), IAEME

(3)
1 where R={h,hH,p, }and W=(p F F +I) p F F.Note that the diagonal elements of the channel covariance matrix, R, represent the PDP of multipath channel within the length of , and all off-diagonal elements are zeros. Hence, the covariance matrix can be expressed as R= (p), where p=[0, 1, . . . , , 0, . . . , 0] and {=,[, ]2}. Unfortunately, R is distorted by W,which is an ill-conditioned matrix due to the presence of F F. Thus, instead of p calculating W1, we investigate the method for eliminating the spectral leakage of W. The covariance matrix of the estimated CIR is defined as Rhh=WRhhWH which can be expressed as

Rhh =

(plul)WH,

(4)

Where ul is a unit vector with the lth entry being one and otherwise zeros.Let ph and tl be the Lg 1 vectors defined as ph=Dg(Rhh) and tl=D(Wdiag(ul)WH),respectively where Dg(A) is the column vector containing all diagonal elements of A.Then, the relation in (4) is simplified as Ph = p0t0+ p1tl +..+PLg-1tLg-1Tp Tph, (5)

Where T=[t0,t1,.tLg-1] is defined as a distortion matrix by W. It is noted that the distortion matrix is a strictly diagonally dominant matrix, satisfying [T]>= [T] for all I,j, since the non-diagonal elements of T are composed of the leakage powers of ui for all i. From the Gershgorin circle theorem, a strictly diagonally dominant matrix is non-singular. In addition, the distortion matrix is a well-conditioned matrix. Hence ,the distortion of W can be eliminated as (6)

Where

R,p,q

is defined as the received sample

vector for estimating PDP at the (p,q)th antenna port on the npth OFDM symbol, and
= W

B. PDP Estimation in Practical MIMO-OFDM Systems The received sample vector in (6) can be expressed as
p,q + ep,q, gp,q[np]=Dg(hp,qhH ) + n
P,q

(7)
RLS,p

where np,q = T-1Dg(WRLS,pnqnqWH


P,q

) and ep,q = 2Re T-1Dg(WRLS,pnqnqWRLS,p)

Here,Re a denotes the real part of a.We assume thatnp,q is an effective noise by AWGN. Then
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September October (2013), IAEME

The sample average of gp,q[np] is given by (8)

Where N |Tp|PQ respected the total number of sample for PDP estimation |Tp| is the number pilot symols at the kpth subcarrier in atime slot.When N is sufficiently large,the PDP can be perfectly estimated.since However,it is difficult for a receiver of practical MIMO-OFDM systems to obtain such a large number of samples.With an insufficient number of samples, the PDP can be approximated as Ph To improve the accuracy of PDP extimation with insufficient samples, we mitigate the effective noise as follows (9)

is a defined as a residual noise vector, in which Where ZN each entry has a zero-mean. Then, the error of PDP estimation with N samples can be calculated as (10) Since[ph]I 0 for all i,the PDP can initially be estimated as (11)

Where sp,q[np] is the sample vector of proposed PDP estimator with the lth entry (12)

where ,[]= [g, ]][and [=w]. To mitigate the detrimental effect of residual noise z, the proposed scheme estimates the average of residual noise at the zero-taps of p.At the th entry of p, the zero-tap can be detected as

= 1 if <,
z
init

otherwise ,

(13)

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September October (2013), IAEME

where = ^

plinit is defined as a threshold value for the zero-tap detection. Then, the average of (14)

residual noise at the zero-taps can be estimated as l tl nR,avg = init z


z

where =

represents the total number of detected zero-taps. With the mitigation of residual

^ noise, the th tap of the PDP estimate, p, can be expressed as ^l = ^ > ^, ^ ^, if

otherwise .

(15)

Then, the estimated PDP in (15) can be used to obtain the frequency-domain channel correlation in the LMMSE channel estimator.

PERFORMANCE AND COMPLEXITY ANALYSIS The LMMSE channel estimator with the imperfect PDP in (15) is given by

(16) where F is the d g matrix obtained by taking the first columns of the DFT matrix. ^ p = p + e is expressed as the estimated PDP, where the th element of e is defined as

(17) From the matrix inversion lemma, (F(p)F+ 2I) 1 in (22) is converted as
p n

(18)
2 H 1 where A (F( p)FH + n I )and B (e( )I+Fp A F(e))1. Then, the

coefficient matrix for LMMSE channel estimation with p can be rewritten as

W,= W, +W,,

(19)

where W, F(p)F( F(p)F+ 2I)1 is the coefficient matrix for Wiener filtering, p p n and W, is given by
A1FBFA1 + F(e)F(F(p)F+ 2I)1 W, = F(p)Fp

np

(20)

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September October (2013), IAEME

The error covariance matrix of LMMSE channel estimation with the imperfect PDP can be obtained as E =
n

(Fh,W,h,,()Fh,W,h,,)
p f,p

= (F W,F()p) (F W,F )+ 2W,FFW

(21)

Fig.2. Performance of LMMSE technique using the estimated PDP over ETU channel. where h,,( x)y][. Using the error covariance matrix, the frequency-domain MSE of the proposed scheme is given by (22) where (E )denotes the trace operation of E. With a sufficiently large number of samples, e 0. Thus, the MSE of the proposed scheme achieves that of Wiener filtering because W, W,. 3 2 The additional complexity by the proposed PDP estimation technique g( + + g is p), which mainly comes from computing (2) and (6). When the pilot spacing is fixed in the frequency domain, all entries of F and T are constant. Thus, can be computed only once, and their values can be stored. The additional complexity is then reduced to (2+ ). V. SIMULATION RESULTS We consider a MIMO-OFDM system with the physical layer parameters for the downlink of 3GPP LTE . The system bandwidth is 5 MHz with 301 subcarriers for transmitting data information and pilots including a DC subcarrier at 2- carrier frequency. The width of each subcarrier is 15 kHz with an FFT size of 512. The MIMO-OFDM system utilizes four transmit and two receive antennas(P=4,Q=2). We assume that the pilots of the four transmit antenna ports are distributed as the time and frequency grid of the LTE system in Fig. 1. The length of CP is 40 (=40). For all
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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September October (2013), IAEME

simulations, the channel estimator is based on a cascaded 21D LMMSE technique during 14 OFDM symbols (1 = 2 = 2, 3 = 4 = 1), as shown in Fig. 1, where the filtering in frequency domain is followed by the filtering in time domain over slowly fading channels with the Doppler frequency of 5 Hz. Figure 2 shows the MSE performance of the 21D LMMSE technique using the estimated PDP. All underlying links are modeled as extended typical urban (ETU) channels . The performance of the 21D Wiener filter with exact PDP is included as a lower bound. For performance comparisons, we plot the performance of frequency domain regularized LS channel estimation in which the PDP information is not required. The performance of the 21D LMMSE technique using the approximated PDP, which is uniform or exponential model with the channel delay parameter estimation in [11], is also plotted. Note that the LMMSE technique using the estimated PDP outperforms the conventional methods, since the correlation mismatch is reduced by the proposed PDP.

Fig.3. Performance of LMMSE technique using the estimated PDP over 6-ray exponential channel maximum delays(Pilot SNR=30dB).

Fig.4. Performance of LMMSE technique using the estimated ETU channel with different mobile equipment speeds (Pilot SNR=30 dB and Doppler frequency = 9.26-203.7Hz

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September October (2013), IAEME

estimation. We also observe from Fig. 3 that the proposed method has a performance loss within only a 2.4-dB gap,compared with 21D Wiener filtering. In Fig. 3, we investigate the MSE performance of the proposed scheme over the exponentially power decaying six-path Rayleigh fading channel model, where the channel maximum delay, , is variable. The PDP of the channel model is defined as for =0,, . . . , 5 and = . Here, is the normalization factor (= /).
5

The performance of the proposed scheme is better than that of the conventional methods, and approaches that of Wiener filtering in various channel environments. Figure 4 shows the MSE performance of the 21D LMMSE technique using the estimated PDP for different mobile equipment speeds at 30- SNR. All underlying links are modeled as ETU channels. In Fig. 4, it can be seen that the MSE of LMMSE technique using the estimated PDP achieves that of Wiener filtering even at high Doppler frequencies. Figure 5 shows simulation and analysis results of the frequency-domain LMMSE channel estimation with various samples for obtaining the PDP at 20- SNR ( = ).We assume that 22 MIMO-OFDM system over ETU channels with 70- Doppler frequency. The simulation results correspond to the channel estimation performance at the first OFDM symbol of antenna port 1 shown in Fig. 1. We obtain the analytic results in (22) by using the coefficient matrix for LMMSE channel estimation with the perfect or imperfect PDP at the antenna port. In Fig. 5, it is observed that the MSE of the proposed scheme improves the MSE performance with an increase in the number of samples for PDP estimation.

Fig.5 Simulation and analysis result of LMMSE channel estimation over ETU channel with various number of samples for the PDP estimation (Pilot SNR=20dB)

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September October (2013), IAEME

VI. CONCLUSIONS We proposed a PDP estimation technique for the LMMSE channel estimator in MIMOOFDM systems. The CIR estimates at each path of the MIMO channels were used to obtain the PDP. For accurate PDP estimation, we considered the spectral leakage effect from virtual subcarriers, and the residual noise caused by the insufficient number of estimated CIR samples. The proposed technique effectively mitigates both the spectrum leakage and residual noise. Simulation results show that the performance of LMMSE channel estimation using the proposed PDP estimate approaches that of Wiener filtering. REFERENCES [1] D. Tomecki, S. Stanczak, and M. Kaliszan, Joint optimization of transmit and receive beamformers in a multicast MIMO system with power control, in Proc. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Budapest, Hungary, April, 58 2009. H.V.Kumaraswamy, "Implementation of Variable step size Griffiths' algorithm for Adaptive Beam forming", in the IEEE- International symposium on Microwaves-2008(ISM-08), in ISM- 08 Bangalore, ISM-08 Pages 91-95. N. Jindal and Z.-Q. Luo, Capacity limits of multiple antenna multicast," Information Theory, 2006 IEEE International Symposium on, pp. 1841 1845, July 2006. N. Sidiropoulos, T. Davidson, and Z.-Q. Luo, Transmit Beamforming for physical-layer multicasting, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 54,no. 6, pp. 22392251, June 2006. E. Matskani, N. Sidiropoulos, Z.-Q. Luo, and L. Tassels, Joint multicast Beamforming and admission control, in Computational Advances in Multi-Sensor Adaptive Processing, 2007. CAMPSAP 2007. 2nd IEEE International Workshop, pp. 189 192, December 2007, Lozano, Long-term transmit Beamforming for wireless multicasting, in Proceedings of IEEE Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), vol. 3, pp. III 417 III420, April 2007. P. K. Gopala and H. E. Gamal, Opportunistic multicasting, in Signals, Systems and Computers, 2004. Conference Record of the Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on, vol. 1, pp. 845 849 Vol.1, Nov. 2004. H.V.Kumaraswamy, "Comparative analysis of LMS, RLS and other Beam forming methods in smart antenna", in the International conference on computer Communication and Control, Dept. of E & C RVCE Bangalore, 21st 23rd Nov 2007, Comm-11 244- 248. M. Luby, LT codes, in FOCS 02: Proceedings of the 43rd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, p. 271, 2002. Shokrollahi, Raptor codes, in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, pp. 25512567, 2006. H.V.Kumaraswamy, "A New TURBO LMS Beamforming for Mobile Communication", International Journal Computer Applications, 10th December 2010. Huy Hoang Pham Taniguchi, T. Karasawa, Y. MIMO Beamforming for High-bitrate transmission over frequency selective fading channels IEEE Eighth International Symposium of Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications Page no:275-279, 30 Aug-2 Sept 2004 Feng Jiang, Jianqi Wang Interference-Aware Scheduling for Connectivity in MIMO Ad Hoc Multicast Networks IEEE Transaction on vehicular Technology, Volume 61,No.4,may 2012

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 5, September October (2013), IAEME

[14] R.D.Murch and K. B. Letaief, Antenna systems for broadband wireless access, IEEE Communication Magazine, Apr. 2002 [15] M. Chryssomallis, Smart antennas, IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag.,vol.42,no.3, pp. 129 136, June 2000 [16] W. Y. Shiu, Noniterative digital beamforming in CDMA cellular communications systems, Masters thesis, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Nov.1998 [17] S.Werner, Reduced complexity adaptive filtering algorithms with applications to communications systems, Ph.D. dissertation, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland, Oct. 2002 [18] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 3rd edition New York Wiley, 2005. [19] David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, Fundamentals of wireless Communication, 1st edition Cambridge University Press 2005. [20] Sharon. P. S, M.Vanithalakshmi, Arun.S and G. Dharini, Spectrum Management and Power Control in MIMO Cognitive Radio Network and Reduction of Power Optimization Problem Using Water-Filling Method, International journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 160 - 170, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 6472. [21] Bharti Rani and Mrs Garima Saini, Cooperative Partial Transmit Sequence for PAPR Reduction in Space Frequency Block Code MIMO-OFDM Signal, International journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 321 - 327, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 6472. [22] Jaimin K. Raval, Prof. Vijay K. Patel and Dr. D. J. Shah, Research on Pilot Based Channel Estimation for LTE Downlink using LS and LMMSE Technique, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), Volume 4, Issue 3, 2013, pp. 70 - 82, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 6472.

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