Second Law of Thermodynamics

S.Gunabalan
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Bharathiyar College of Engineering & Technology
Karaikal - 609 609.
e-Mail : gunabalans@yahoo.com

Second law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics about the
direction of heat transfer

Second law can be visualized in terms of the
waterfall
You can not send water up with out energy
Second law of thermodynamics
Second Law for Heat Engines
It is impossible to extract heat Q
Hot
from a hot
reservoir and use it all to do work W . Some amount of
heat Q
Cold
must be exhausted to a cold reservoir.

Called Kelvin-Planck statement
Second law of thermodynamics
Second Law for Refrigerator
It is not possible for heat to flow from a colder body
to a warmer body without any work having been
done to accomplish this flow.


Called Clausius statement
Second law of thermodynamics
Second Law: Entropy
A measure of the amount of energy which
is unavailable to do work.
A state variable whose change is defined
for a reversible process at T where Q is the heat
absorbed
A measure of the disorder of a system.

First Law efficiency
Efficiency = output energy of device / input
energy of device
Irrespective of form of energy
Availability of energy at different temperature
Second Law efficiency
Efficiency =
Mnmum aua||ah|e energy Fxergy cqucd to pc]om u tusk
ActuuI uuIubIc cncg consumcd ]o thc tusk


Fxergy Defined as the available energy for the work
Exergy Balance For a Closed System
Exergy balance for a closed system can be
developed by combining the energy and
entropy balances for a closed system.

Energy Balance

J = E +w
2
1
----------(1)

Exergy Balance For a Closed System

J = E +w
2
1
(1)
Entropy Balance

J/I = S
2
1
--------------(2)
Multiplying the second equation by T0 and
subtracting it from the first one yields

1o
1
J = Io. S
2
1



Exergy Balance For a Closed System

J = E +w
2
1
(1)

1o
1
J = Io. S
2
1

Subtract ------------------------------------

1
1o
1
J = E +w Io. S
2
1


E = u + v
2
/2+gZ


Exergy Balance For a Closed System

1
1o
1
J = E +w Io. S
2
1


E = u + v
2
/2+gZ

_ 1
Io
I
J = u2 u1 + (
I
2
2
:
1
2
2
) + p
0
(I2 I1) Io(S2 S1)
2
1

Reference
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/seclaw.html
Rajput, R. K. 2010. Engineering thermodynamics. Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, Sudbury, Mass.
Nag, P. K. 2002. Basic and applied thermodynamics. Tata McGraw-Hill, New
Delhi.