S.Gunabalan Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Bharathiyar College of Engineering & Technology Karaikal - 609 609. e-Mail : gunabalans@yahoo.com
Part - 2 HELM HOLTZ AND GIBBS FUNCTIONS The work done in a non-flow reversible system (per unit mass) is given by W =Q (u0 u1) =T.ds (u0 u1) =T.(s0-s1) (u0 u1) =(u1 Ts1) (u0 Ts0) The term (u Ts) is known as Helmholtz function
This gives maximum possible output when the heat Q is transferred at constant temperature This can be achieved through a very large source. work against atmosphere =p0 (v0 v1) then the maximum work available, Wmax =W work against atmosphere =W p0 (v0 v1) =(u1 Ts1) (u0 Ts0) p0 (v0 v1) =(u1 +p0v1 Ts1) (u0 +p0v0 Ts0) =(h1 Ts1) (h0 Ts0) Wmax =g1 g0 where g =h T.s is known as Gibbs function or free energy function Gibbs Phase Equilibrium Condition A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium if, when it is isolated from its surroundings, there would be no macroscopically observable changes. An important requirement for equilibrium is that the temperature be uniform throughout the system or each part of the system in thermal contact. Consider the compressible system of fixed mass for which temperature and pressure are uniform with position throughout. In the absence of overall system motion and ignoring the influence of gravity, the energy balance in differential form Ju = o oW oW =pdV
Ju = o pJI
o =Ju +pJI
IJS Ioo =Ju +pJI
IJS Ju pJI =IJo ------------ (eq.1) Entropy is produced (IJo )in all actual processes and conserved only in the absence of irreversibilities. Hence, Eq.1 provides a constraint on the direction of processes. The only processes allowed are those for which oo >= 0. Thus IJS Ju pJI 0 This equation used to study equilibrium under various conditions.
a process taking place in an insulated, constant- volume vessel, where dU =0 and dV =0, must be such that JS 0 this equation suggests that changes of state of a closed system at constant internal energy and volume can occur only in the direction of increasing entropy. The expression also implies that entropy approaches a maximum as a state of equilibrium is approached. In a study of chemical and phase equilibria is one in which temperature and pressure are fixed Gibbs Phase Equilibrium Condition Any process taking place at a specified temperature and pressure (dT =0 and dp =0) must be such that The equilibrium state is the one having the minimum value of the Gibbs function Values of two independent intensive properties are sufficient to fix the intensive state of a simple compressible system of specified mass and composition Thermodynamic Relations Similar to Clapeyran Equation During a phase change at fixed temperature, the pressure is independent of specific volume and is determined by temperature alone. Thus, Clapeyran Equation (1) : f is negligible in comparison to : g , (2) the pressure is low enough that : g can be evaluated from the ideal gas equation of state as : g =RT/p Reference Moran, M. J. 2011. Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics. Wiley, [Hoboken, N.J.?].