RDBMS CONCEPTS

Data in a database. A data model describes the logical relationship between There are three major data models. 1. Hierarchical data model 2. Networking data model 3. Relational model Hierarchical data model: In 1968 IBM has developed the information management system (IMS), which is the first hierarchical database model. It is a simple parent child structure. In this closely related information in the parent child structure are stored together as logical units. A parent unit may have child units, but each child is restricted to have only one parent. Retrieving information from a hierarchical model database requires the knowledge on the patent child structure. Knowing the structure navigation can be done through records moving up or down hierarchy or parent child and side ways (that is child record of a particular parent). Networking model: Networking model is an improvement model of the hierarchical model. Here the multiple parent-child relationship is allowed. Rapid and easy access to information is possible due to multiple access path. The

relationship is called sets in the network model. They are named and used for relating various data records. Retrieving information from a networking made database requires accessing specific parent moving down to the first/last child record from these and then navigating sequentially through individual child records or moving up to the next parent record in the set. Relational database management system: A relational database management system is one, which relates the data implicitly. A RDBMS has eliminated explicit parent-child relationships. In a fully relational database there is no physical connection between relations (tables) that is, no pointers are maintained. They contain only logical connections made by duplicate values. In RDBMS, the interaction is in units of set of records. In this data is organized in tables consisting of rows and columns. To identify a particular row in a table, a column or combinations of columns, are used. This is called primary key. A foreign key is an attribute or a combination of two or more attributes in one relation that is defined on the same logical range of data values as the primary key in some other relation (table), they need only logically equivalent data.

NEED FOR RDBMS: As due to the following features they are employed widely. Ability to create multiple relations (tables) and data items. An interactive query language Ability to logically index and sort the data stored in more than one table. Ability to answer queries that require data stored in more than one table. A built in report generator. In addition some package may provide An application generator A test editor for using writing an application program An interpreter to run the application program ORACLE AS RDBMS Oracle is a relational database management system, which is a collection of tools, utilities and applications that let you to manipulate and oracle database.

DATA ACCESS IN ORACLE Oracle accesses and manipulates the data stored in a relational database using the structured query language (SQL). SQL commands are used to access and manipulate the stored data in the relational database. The standard set of SQL commands fall in to four categories: The data definition language commands for creating and altering the structure of database. The data manipulation commands for adding and modifying data. The data control commands for controlling access to database. The query commands to extract data from the database. SQL commands are the base set of commands upon which ORACLE is built. Security Control Oracle has several features that ensure the integrity of the database. If an interruption occurs in processing, a role back can reset the database to the point before disaster. GRANT and REVOKE commands limits access to information down to the row and column levels. Views are a valuable feature for limiting access to the primary levels in the database. Oracle has unique clustering techniques for

storing data on the disk. Oracle store the DBMS in kernel in extended memory, so main memory is available for other applications. Data Access And Manipulation Tools SQL * PLUS: This allows users, depending on their grants, to create, manipulate or to drop tables from the database. It permits generation of simple reports, capturing the result from a query and formatting them. It is one of the easiest languages to us. SQL * FORMS: SQL * FORMS provides a convenient and easy method for non-experts to query a database and update, delete or add information. SQL * FORMS offers a facility of incorporating PL/SQL statements and block in triggers. SQL * REPORT WRITER: This tool is a menu-driven report formatting tool uses SQL to create professional looking reports and merged speciality output. PL/SQL: While SQL is the natural language of the DBA, it does not have any procedural capabilities such as looping and branching. For this, oracle provides the PL/SQL language. PL/SQL bridges the gap between the database technology and procedural programming languages. It can be thought of as a development tool that extends the facilities of oracle data

manipulation statement as well as transaction processing and the cursor operations.