Chapter I The Problem and Its Background

INTRODUCTION
The log-periodic dipole (LPD) is one of the most useful antenna among the frequency independent antennas. It has been successfully used in many applications, ranging from HF to microwaves because of their intrinsically large bandwidths and rather high gain. The main reason for such a success has certainly been the straightforward design procedure introduced by Carrel (1961). The non ideal terrain around the antenna gives a strong modification of the radiation pattern and a degradation of the gain. The Log Periodic Dipole Antenna is a remarkable antenna which exhibits relatively uniform input impedances, VSWR, and radiation characteristics over a wide range of frequencies. The design is so simple that in retrospect it is remarkable that it was not invented earlier. In essence, log periodic arrays are a group of dipole antennas of varying sizes strung together and fed alternately through a common transmission line. Still, despite its simplicity, the log periodic antenna remains a subject of considerable study even today.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Log-Periodic Antenna provides general broadband transmission and reception in the frequency range from 80 MHz to 2000 MHz. Especially in connection with a test receiver or a monitoring receiver, the antenna is suitable for a variety of reception tasks; i.e. the direction of incidence and the polarization plane of electromagnetic waves as well as the field strength can be determined. The advantage of log-periodic antennas is that they are mainly frequencyindependent of base impedance and radiation pattern. Very wide frequency ranges can therefore be covered by means of just one antenna. In combination with a test receiver, the antenna is ideal for field-strength measurements. The antenna-specific k factor required can be

obtained from the CD-ROM (which is supplied with the antenna) since every antenna is calibrated. The log periodic antenna works the way one intuitively would expect. Its active region, -- that portion of the antenna which is actually radiating or receiving radiation efficiently -- shifts with frequency. The longest element is active at the antennas lowest usable frequency where it acts as a half wave dipole. As the frequency shifts upward, the active region shifts forward. The upper frequency limit of the antenna is a function of the shortest elements.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The group decided to create a log periodic dipole antenna because the group was tasked to design their own antenna which will allow a television to broadcast tv stations operating on very high and ultra high frequency.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The project aims to educate the group on how to construct their own antenna. Design it according to the parameters that they have learned in the discussion from their subject, Transmission Media and Antenna Systems and make it work such that they can use it for home purposes.

Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies

*Operation and Design of a Log Periodic Antenna

The log-periodic dipole principle was selected to obtain an extreme broadband characteristic of 1:25. The feed-line of the dipoles is at the same time the antenna supporting structure. This setup has the following advantages: Low frequency-dependence of radiation patterns and input impedance. Owing to the optional central holding device of the antenna, the antenna can also be set up at exposed locations. All metallic parts are electrically connected to the mast flange and thus offer high protection against electrostatic charges and lightning strokes. Good resistance to atmospheric conditions is ensured by using materials such as plastic, aluminium and stainless steel. The balance and the good front-to-back ratio of the antenna patterns allow the direction of an incident signal to be roughly determined. Use as a transmitting antenna.

*The List of Television Stations in the Philippines that are working in the Very High and Ultra High Frequency
TV Stations Operating in the VHF

Channel Number
2 3 4 5 6

Frequency Limits (Mhz)

54-60 60-66 66-72 76-82 82-88

Visual Center Frequency (Mhz)

55.250 61.250 67.250 77.250 83.250

Aural Center Frequency (Mhz)

59.750 66.750 71.750 81.750 87.750

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

174-180 180-186 186-192 192-198 198-204 204-210 210-216

175.250 181.250 187.250 193.250 199.250 206.250 211.250

179.750 185.750 191.750 197.750 203.750 209.750 215.750

TV Stations Operating in the UHF

Channel Number
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

Frequency Limits (Mhz)

512-518 518-524 524-530 530-536 536-542 542-548 548-554 554-560 560-566 566-572 572-578 578-584 756-764 764-770 770-776 776-782 782-788 788-794 794-800 800-806

Visual Center Frequency (Mhz)

513.25 519.25 525.25 531.25 537.25 543.25 549.25 555.25 561.25 567.25 573.25 579.25 759.25 765.25 771.25 777.25 783.25 789.25 795.25 801.25

Aural Center Frequency (Mhz)

527.75 523.75 529.75 535.75 541.75 547.75 553.75 559.75 565.75 571.75 577.75 583.75 763.75 769.75 775.75 781.75 787.75 793.75 799.75 805.75

Chapter III Methodology

1. Compute for the necessary lengths of the elements for the desired operation of frequency For our antenna, we designed it with 5 elements and be able to capture frequencies of broadcast stations in the VHF station particularly channel that operate on the ranges from 174 MHz 216 Mhz (channel 7 13) Determine the upper and lower frequency of your decided band of operation

Compute for the length of the first and last element

Decide for the number of elements of the antenna (N)

Compute for the tau constant of the antenna to determine the periodicity of the operation of the antenna

( (

Determine the lengths of the other elements

Determine the size of spacing of each element

2. Prepare the materials needed

Quantity
2 2 2 2 2 2 5 1 27 1

Material
Aluminum Round Tube Aluminum Round Tube Aluminum Round Tube Aluminum Round Tube Aluminum Round Tube Aluminum Square Tube Clamp Balun Transformer Screws Coaxial Cable

Size
43.1 cm long 40.8 cm long 38.6 cm long 36.6 cm long 34.6 cm long 2ft long

m long

3. Cut the aluminum tubes according to the computed sizes obtained.

4. The aluminum square tube will serve as the boom of the antenna, its size is determined by taking the sum of the spacing of the elements. Drill holes to the aluminum tube, making sure that the hole is just appropriate for the screws to fit in, according to the calculated spacing of the elements.

5. The aluminum round tube will serve as our antenna elements. Next thing we do is to drill holes on the aluminum tube to be able to put screws to lock the antenna in the clamp so that it will held its place in any weather disturbances outdoor.

6. After drilling all the holes, insert the aluminum round tube on the clamp and securing it with the screws.

7. When all the elements have been connected and screwed to the clamp. The next thing to do is to connect the clamp to the antenna boom or aluminum square tube. And then, securing it with crews so It would withstand weather disturbances.

8. After the antenna elements have been setup to the antenna boom, the connections will be made to the elements so it would properly receive signal frequencies. One of the characteristic of the log periodic antenna, is its criss cross connections that allow it to have the capability to capture high frequencies signals.

9. The antenna construction is almost finished. One thing it lacks is the feed point to connect it to the television. For that, we had a balun transformer to match the impedance of our antenna to a coaxial cable that would be directly connected in the television.

10. After the balun transformer is connected to the smallest element, coaxial cable will be connected to it. Then, testing can now be done.

Chapter IV Data and Results

Broadcasted Channel Yes No Quality

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA (University of the City of Manila) Intramuros, Manila COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

LOG PERIODIC DIPOLE ANTENNA

Submitted by: Espedillon, Marigold May L. Grageda, Glenda Mae V. Herrera, Erika Claudine G. Lalo, Erika Gayle E.

Submitted to: Engr. Leonardo Samaniego Jr.

27 SEPTEMBER 2013