1

OTTO CYCLE AND DIESEL CYCLE

ME Thermodynamics II
MCB 2063
LECTURE 3
2
Air Standard Assumptions
2
The actual gas power cycles are complex. Therefore air-
standard assumptions are used for the purpose of analysis :
- The working fluid is air, continuously circulates in a closed
loop and always behaves as an ideal gas.
- All the processes that make up the cycle are internally
reversible.
- The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition
process
- The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-rejection process
3
3
- Another assumption to simplify the analysis is using
air-standard assumptions in which air has constant specific
heats at room temperature of 25C.
- The assumption is known as cold-air-standard
assumptions.
- A cycle for which the air-standard assumptions are
applicable is frequently referred to as an air-standard
cycle.
Air Standard Assumptions
Otto Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for SI Engines
5
The Otto Cycle
5
The mean effectivepressurecan
be used as a parameter to
compare the performances of
reciprocating engines of equal
size.
The engine with a larger value
of MEP will deliver more net
work per cycle and thus will
perform better.
Mean Effective Pressure (MEP)
d
net net
V
W
V V
W
MEP =

=
min max
6
The Otto Cycle
6
The Ideal P-V and T-s Diagram for Otto Cycle
7
The Otto Cycle
7
1-2
Isentropic Compression
2-3
Constant Volume Heat Addition
3-4
Isentropic Expansion
4-1
Constant Volume Heat Rejection
The Ideal Process of P-V for Otto Cycle
8
The Otto Cycle
8
Thermal Efficiency - the ratio of the work output of a heat
engine to the heat input expressed in the same units of
energy.
Basic indicator of the engine performance
Thermal efficiency of Otto Cycle :
in
out in
in
net
th
q
q q
q
W
Heat
Work
= = = q
9
The Otto Cycle
9
Thermal efficiency of Otto cycle
under air standard assumptions :
k = specific heat ratio, C
p
/C
v
1
1
1

=
k
th
r
q
10
The Otto Cycle
10
In Otto Cycle, no work is involved during the two heat
transfer processes since both take place at constant volume.
Therefore :
(kJ/kg) ) (
(kJ/kg) ) (
1 4 1 4
2 3 2 3
T T c u u q
T T c u u q
v out
v in
= =
= =
(kJ/kg)
out in net
q q W =
Engine Capacity
Compression Ratio
Thermal Efficiency
C
C D
C
T
C C D T
V
V V
V
V
CR r
V S
B
V V V
+
= = =
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
4
2
t
in
out in
in
net
th
q
q q
q
W
Heat
Work
= = = q
The Otto Cycle
Pressure Volume - Temperature
Pressure Volume
Temperature Volume
Pressure - Volume
k k
k k
V
V
P
P
V
V
P
P
V
V
T
T
V
V
T
T
T
V P
T
V P
T
V P
T
V P
mRT V P
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = =
=

3
4
4
3
2
1
1
2
1
3
4
4
3
1
2
1
1
2
4
4 4
3
3 3
2
2 2
1
1 1
1 1 1
and
and
The Otto Cycle
13
The Otto Cycle
13
14
The Otto Cycle
14
EXAMPLE 92 The Ideal Otto Cycle Page 494 :
An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the
beginning of the compression process, air is at 100 kPa and
17C, and 800 kJ/kg of heat istransferred to air during the
constant-volume heat-addition process. Accountingfor the
variation of specific heats of air with temperature, determine
(a)the maximum temperature and pressure that occur during the
cycle,
(b) the net work output,
(c) the thermal efficiency, and
(d ) the mean effectivepressure for the cycle.
15
The Otto Cycle
15
The Ideal P-V and T-s Diagram for Otto Cycle
Q1
The air at the beginning of the compression stroke of an air-
standard Otto cycle is at 95 kPa and 22C and the cylinder
volume is 5600 cm
3
. The compression ratio is 9 and 8.6 kJ are
added during the heat addition process. Determine :
Q2
Four-cylinder, four-stroke, 2.2-L gasoline engine operates on the
Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 10. The air is at 100 kPa
and 60C at the beginning of the compression process, and the
maximum pressure in the cycle is 8 MPa. The compression and
expansion processes may be modeled as polytropic with a
polytropic constant of 1.3. Using constant specific heats at 800K
determine :
.
The Otto Cycle
17
The Otto Cycle
17
18
18
In Diesel Engine, the fuel injection process in diesel engines
starts when the piston approaches TDC and continues
during the first part of the power stroke.
Therefore, the combustion process in these engines takes
place over a longer interval. Because of this longer duration,
the combustion process in the ideal Diesel cycle is
approximated as a constant-pressure heat-addition
process.
In fact, this is the only process where the Otto and the
Diesel cycles differ.
The Diesel Cycle
19
19
1-2
Isentropic Compression
2-3
Constant Pressure Heat Addition
3-4
Isentropic Expansion
4-1
Constant Volume Heat Rejection
The Diesel Cycle
The Ideal Process of P-V for Diesel Cycle
20
The Diesel Cycle
20
The Ideal P-V and T-s Diagram for Diesel Cycle
21
21
In Diesel cycle, similar to Otto cycle, no work is involved
during the two heat transfer processes but heat added at
constant pressure while heat rejected at constant volume.
Therefore :
(kJ/kg) ) (
(kJ/kg) ) (
1 4 1 4
2 3 2 3
T T c u u q
T T c h h q
v out
p in
= =
= =
The Diesel Cycle
2
3
V
V
r
c
=
Cut off ratio, the ratio of cylinder volume
before and after the combustion process
Thermal efficiency
of Diesel cycle
(

=

) 1 (
1 1
1
1
c
k
c
k
th
r k
r
r
q
k = specific heat ratio, 1.4
The Diesel Cycle
2
1
V
V
r =
The compression ratio for Diesel Cycle
Compression ratio and cutoff ratio of diesel engine
The Diesel Cycle
Pressure Volume - Temperature
Pressure Volume
Temperature Volume
Pressure - Volume
k k
k k
V
V
P
P
V
V
P
P
V
V
T
T
V
V
T
T
T
V P
T
V P
T
V P
T
V P
mRT V P
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = =
=

3
4
4
3
2
1
1
2
1
3
4
4
3
1
2
1
1
2
4
4 4
3
3 3
2
2 2
1
1 1
1 1 1
and
and
The Diesel Cycle
25
25
EXAMPLE 93 The Ideal Diesel Cycle Page 498 :
An ideal Diesel cycle with air as the working fluid has a
compression ratio of 18 and a cutoff ratio of 2. At the beginning
of the compression process, the working fluid is at 100 kPa,
27C, and 1917 cm
2
. Utilizing the cold-air standard
assumptions, determine
(a) the temperature and pressure of air at the end of each process
(b) the net work output,
(c) the thermal efficiency, and
(d ) the mean effectivepressure for the cycle.
The Diesel Cycle