FAMILY CODE Chapter 2 : Marriage Marriage

2. 3.

A special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in
accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal family life. It is the foundation of the family and an inviolable social institution whose nature, consequences, and incidents are governed by law and not by stipulation, except that marriage settlements may fix the property relations during marriage within the limits provided by the FC. Article 1 FC
DUNCAN ASSOCIATION OF DETAILMAN v GLAXO WELLCOME PHILIPPINES, INC 438 SCRA 343 2004 Glaxos policy on marriage is a valid exercise of management prerogative. This is reasonable under the circumstances because relationships of that nature might compromise the interests of the company. Stipulation is valid because it does not pose an absolute prohibition to marry. The constitution also recognizes the right of the enterprise to adopt and enforce such a policy to protect its right to reasonable returns on investments and expansion and growth. Company has right to protect its economic interests

4.

5. 6.

Duly authorized priest, rabbi, imam or the minister of any church or religious sect provided that at least one contracting party belongs to such church or sect Ship captain or airplane chief Can solemnize marriages only in articulo mortis between passengers or crew members while the ship is at sea or the plane is in flight and also during stopover at ports of call - must be in transitu or ports of cal (brief stop over)l. Not include ports of origin and destination. Must be in the ship or aircraft Military commander of a unit to which a captain is assigned Can solemnize marriage only if it is in articulo mortis between persons within the zone of military operations whether members of the armed forces or civilians and only in the absence of the chaplain Consul-general, consul or vice-consul Can solemnize marriage between Filipinos abroad Mayor a Vice-Mayor acting as Mayor may solemnize marriage

Requisites Essential requisites 1. Legal capacity of contracting parties Any male or female at the age of 18 years or upward may contract marriage 2. Consent freely given in the presence of the solemnizing officer Formal requisites 1. Authority of solemnizing officer 2. Valid marriage license, except in cases where marriage license is not required
[ Marriage license is valid only for 120 days from issue in any part of the Phils ]

Marriage License Validity 120 days from date of issue Valid anywhere in the Philippines Marriage outside the Philippines GR : All marriages solemnized outside the Philippines in accordance with the laws of solemnizing country are valid in the Phils. EXC Those prohibited under Article 35(1,4,5,6), 36, 37, 38 1. If either or both parties did not have the legal capacity to get married 2. The marriage is immoral for being bigamous, or polygamous 3. Consent of one party is lacking because of mistake as to identity of the other 4. Those subsequent marriages that are void under Article 53 5. One of the parties was psychologically incapacitated at the time of the marriage to comply with the essential obligations 6. The marriage is incestuous 7. The marriage is void by reason of public policy Note : A Filipino spouse is capacitated to remarry if a divorce is validly obtained abroad by the alien spouse Extracts from Jurado Reviewer Marriage contract is the primary evidence of marriage. In the absence thereof, testimonies of witnesses that the marriage took place may be presented. The presumption that a man and a woman deporting themselves as husband and wife are in fact married and this can only be rebutted by cogent proof to the contrary. No prescribed form or religious rite for the solemnization of marriage is required. It shall be necessary, however, for the contracting parties to appear personally before the solemnizing officer and declare in the presence of not less than 2 witnesses of legal age that they take each other as husband and
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3.

Marriage ceremony where the contracting parties appear before the solemnizing officer, with their personal declaration that they take each other as husband and wife in the presence of not less than 2 witnesses of legal age No prescribed form or religious rite for solemnization of marriage is required. The declaration shall be contained in the marriage certificate signed by the contracting parties and the witnesses and attested to by the solemnizing officer.

Effects 1. Absence of essential or formal requirements VOID AB INITIO EXC If the marriage is solemnized by unauthorized person, the marriage is still valid if either or both contracting parties believed in good faith that the solemnizing officer had legal authority 2. Defect in any of the essential requisites - VOIDABLE 3. Irregularity in any of the formal requisites does not affect the validity of the marriage but will make the party responsible civilly, criminally or administratively liable Authorized Solemnizing Officers 1. Incumbent member of the judiciary within the courts jurisdiction
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wife. This declaration shall be contained in the marriage certificate which shall be signed by the contracting parties and their witnesses and attested to by the solemnizing officer. Marriage by proxy If celebrated in the Phils, it is void because it is noncompliance with the formal requisite of a marriage ceremony. But if marriage is celebrated outside the Phils, it is valid if it is valid in the place of the celebration of marriage under Article 26, that all marriages solemnized outside the Phils in accordance with the law of the foreign country is valid unless if it falls under the exceptions provided for in law. Non-compliance with parental consent makes the marriage voidable. Parental advice The requirement of parental advice is not indispensable for the validity of marriage. Even if the contracting parties are able to secure a marriage license without the required parental advice and they got married even before the expiration of the 3 months period following the completion of the publication of the application for marriage license, the marriage is perfectly valid but the parties are criminally liable. Marriage counseling is required for the issuance of a marriage license in cases where the parties need parental consent or parental advice. If only one of the contracting parties need parental consent or advice, the other party must be present at the counseling. The effect of lack of marriage counseling is the same as the lack of parental advice. The issuance of the marriage license is suspended for 3 months. Marriage under a license is not invalidated by the fact that the license was wrongfully or fraudulently obtained without prejudice to the prosecution of parties. And that the solemnizing officer does not have to investigate whether or not the license has been properly issued. It is the absence of the essential and formal requisites of marriage that will render the marriage void ab initio. A divorce decree obtained abroad by a foreigner may be recognized in the Phils, provided such decree is valid according to the national law of the foreigner. However, the divorce decree and the governing national law of the alien spouse who obtained the divorce must be proved. Both the divorce decree and the national law of the foreigner must be alleged and proven according to our law on evidence. Presentation solely of the divorce decree is insufficient.

(3) A marriage ceremony which takes place with the appearance of the contracting parties before the solemnizing officer and their personal declaration that they take each other as husband and wife in the presence of not less than two witnesses of legal age. Art. 4. The absence of any of the essential or formal requisites shall render the marriage void ab initio, except as stated in Article 35 (2). A defect in any of the essential requisites shall not affect the validity of the marriage but the party or parties responsible for the irregularity shall be civilly, criminally and administratively liable. Art. 5. Any male or female of the age of eighteen years or upwards not under any of the impediments mentioned in Articles 37 and 38, may contract marriage. Art. 6. No prescribed form or religious rite for the solemnization of the marriage is required. It shall be necessary, however, for the contracting parties to appear personally before the solemnizing officer and declare in the presence of not less than two witnesses of legal age that they take each other as husband and wife. This declaration shall be contained in the marriage certificate which shall be signed by the contracting parties and their witnesses and attested by the solemnizing officer. In case of a marriage in articulo mortis, when the party at the point of death is unable to sign the marriage certificate, it shall be sufficient for one of the witnesses to the marriage to write the name of said party, which fact shall be attested by the solemnizing officer. Art. 7. Marriage may be solemnized by: (1) Any incumbent member of the judiciary within the court's jurisdiction; (2) Any priest, rabbi, imam, or minister of any church or religious sect duly authorized by his church or religious sect and registered with the civil registrar general, acting within the limits of the written authority granted by his church or religious sect and provided that at least one of the contracting parties belongs to the solemnizing officer's church or religious sect; (3) Any ship captain or airplane chief only in the case mentioned in Article 31; (4) Any military commander of a unit to which a chaplain is assigned, in the absence of the latter, during a military operation, likewise only in the cases mentioned in Article 32; (5) Any consul-general, consul or vice-consul in the case provided in Article 10. (56a) Article. 8. The marriage shall be solemnized publicly in the chambers of the judge or in open court, in the church, chapel or temple, or in the office the consul-general, consul or vice-consul, as the case may be, and not elsewhere, except in cases of marriages contracted on the point of death or in remote places in accordance with Article 29 of this Code, or where both of the parties request the solemnizing officer in writing in which case the marriage may be solemnized at a house or place designated by them in a sworn statement to that effect. (57a) Art. 9. A marriage license shall be issued by the local civil registrar of the city or municipality where either contracting party habitually resides, except in marriages where no license is required in accordance with Chapter 2 of this Title. Art. 10. Marriages between Filipino citizens abroad may be solemnized by a consul-general, consul or vice-consul of the Republic of the Philippines. The issuance of the marriage license and the duties of the local civil registrar and of the solemnizing officer with regard to the celebration of marriage shall be performed by said consular official. Art. 11. Where a marriage license is required, each of the contracting parties shall file separately a sworn application for such license with the proper local civil registrar which shall specify the following: (1) Full name of the contracting party; (2) Place of birth; (3) Age and date of birth; Page 2 of 16 Sheds

CODAL PROVISIONS
Article 1. Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life. It is the foundation of the family and an inviolable social institution whose nature, consequences, and incidents are governed by law and not subject to stipulation, except that marriage settlements may fix the property relations during the marriage within the limits provided by this Code. (52a) Art. 2. No marriage shall be valid, unless these essential requisites are present: (1) Legal capacity of the contracting parties who must be a male and a female; and (2) Consent freely given in the presence of the solemnizing officer. Art. 3. The formal requisites of marriage are: (1) Authority of the solemnizing officer; (2) A valid marriage license except in the cases provided for in Chapter 2 of this Title; and Civil Law Review

(4) Civil status; (5) If previously married, how, when and where the previous marriage was dissolved or annulled; (6) Present residence and citizenship; (7) Degree of relationship of the contracting parties; (8) Full name, residence and citizenship of the father; (9) Full name, residence and citizenship of the mother; and (10) Full name, residence and citizenship of the guardian or person having charge, in case the contracting party has neither father nor mother and is under the age of twenty-one years. The applicants, their parents or guardians shall not be required to exhibit their residence certificates in any formality in connection with the securing of the marriage license. (59a) Art. 12. The local civil registrar, upon receiving such application, shall require the presentation of the original birth certificates or, in default thereof, the baptismal certificates of the contracting parties or copies of such documents duly attested by the persons having custody of the originals. These certificates or certified copies of the documents by this Article need not be sworn to and shall be exempt from the documentary stamp tax. The signature and official title of the person issuing the certificate shall be sufficient proof of its authenticity. If either of the contracting parties is unable to produce his birth or baptismal certificate or a certified copy of either because of the destruction or loss of the original or if it is shown by an affidavit of such party or of any other person that such birth or baptismal certificate has not yet been received though the same has been required of the person having custody thereof at least fifteen days prior to the date of the application, such party may furnish in lieu thereof his current residence certificate or an instrument drawn up and sworn to before the local civil registrar concerned or any public official authorized to administer oaths. Such instrument shall contain the sworn declaration of two witnesses of lawful age, setting forth the full name, residence and citizenship of such contracting party and of his or her parents, if known, and the place and date of birth of such party. The nearest of kin of the contracting parties shall be preferred as witnesses, or, in their default, persons of good reputation in the province or the locality. The presentation of birth or baptismal certificate shall not be required if the parents of the contracting parties appear personally before the local civil registrar concerned and swear to the correctness of the lawful age of said parties, as stated in the application, or when the local civil registrar shall, by merely looking at the applicants upon their personally appearing before him, be convinced that either or both of them have the required age. Art. 13. In case either of the contracting parties has been previously married, the applicant shall be required to furnish, instead of the birth or baptismal certificate required in the last preceding article, the death certificate of the deceased spouse or the judicial decree of the absolute divorce, or the judicial decree of annulment or declaration of nullity of his or her previous marriage. In case the death certificate cannot be secured, the party shall make an affidavit setting forth this circumstance and his or her actual civil status and the name and date of death of the deceased spouse. (61a) Art. 14. In case either or both of the contracting parties, not having been emancipated by a previous marriage, are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one, they shall, in addition to the requirements of the preceding articles, exhibit to the local civil registrar, the consent to their marriage of their father, mother, surviving parent or guardian, or persons having legal charge of them, in the order mentioned. Such consent shall be manifested in writing by the interested party, who personally appears before the proper local civil registrar, or in the form of an affidavit made in the presence of two witnesses and attested before any official authorized by law to administer oaths. The personal manifestation shall be recorded in both applications for marriage license, and the affidavit, if one is executed instead, shall be attached to said applications. (61a) Art. 15. Any contracting party between the age of twenty-one and twenty-five shall be obliged to ask their parents or guardian for advice upon the intended marriage. If they do not obtain such advice, or if it be unfavorable, the marriage license shall not be issued till after three months Civil Law Review

following the completion of the publication of the application therefor. A sworn statement by the contracting parties to the effect that such advice has been sought, together with the written advice given, if any, shall be attached to the application for marriage license. Should the parents or guardian refuse to give any advice, this fact shall be stated in the sworn statement. Art. 16. In the cases where parental consent or parental advice is needed, the party or parties concerned shall, in addition to the requirements of the preceding articles, attach a certificate issued by a priest, imam or minister authorized to solemnize marriage under Article 7 of this Code or a marriage counselor duly accredited by the proper government agency to the effect that the contracting parties have undergone marriage counseling. Failure to attach said certificates of marriage counseling shall suspend the issuance of the marriage license for a period of three months from the completion of the publication of the application. Issuance of the marriage license within the prohibited period shall subject the issuing officer to administrative sanctions but shall not affect the validity of the marriage. Should only one of the contracting parties need parental consent or parental advice, the other party must be present at the counseling referred to in the preceding paragraph. Art. 17. The local civil registrar shall prepare a notice which shall contain the full names and residences of the applicants for a marriage license and other data given in the applications. The notice shall be posted for ten consecutive days on a bulletin board outside the office of the local civil registrar located in a conspicuous place within the building and accessible to the general public. This notice shall request all persons having knowledge of any impediment to the marriage to advise the local civil registrar thereof. The marriage license shall be issued after the completion of the period of publication. Art. 18. In case of any impediment known to the local civil registrar or brought to his attention, he shall note down the particulars thereof and his findings thereon in the application for marriage license, but shall nonetheless issue said license after the completion of the period of publication, unless ordered otherwise by a competent court at his own instance or that of any interest party. No filing fee shall be charged for the petition nor a corresponding bond required for the issuances of the order. Art. 19. The local civil registrar shall require the payment of the fees prescribed by law or regulations before the issuance of the marriage license. No other sum shall be collected in the nature of a fee or tax of any kind for the issuance of said license. It shall, however, be issued free of charge to indigent parties, that is those who have no visible means of income or whose income is insufficient for their subsistence a fact established by their affidavit, or by their oath before the local civil registrar. Art. 20. The license shall be valid in any part of the Philippines for a period of one hundred twenty days from the date of issue, and shall be deemed automatically canceled at the expiration of the said period if the contracting parties have not made use of it. The expiry date shall be stamped in bold characters on the face of every license issued. Art. 21. When either or both of the contracting parties are citizens of a foreign country, it shall be necessary for them before a marriage license can be obtained, to submit a certificate of legal capacity to contract marriage, issued by their respective diplomatic or consular officials. Stateless persons or refugees from other countries shall, in lieu of the certificate of legal capacity herein required, submit an affidavit stating the circumstances showing such capacity to contract marriage. Art. 22. The marriage certificate, in which the parties shall declare that they take each other as husband and wife, shall also state: (1) The full name, sex and age of each contracting party; (2) Their citizenship, religion and habitual residence; Page 3 of 16 Sheds

(3) The date and precise time of the celebration of the marriage; (4) That the proper marriage license has been issued according to law, except in marriage provided for in Chapter 2 of this Title; (5) That either or both of the contracting parties have secured the parental consent in appropriate cases; (6) That either or both of the contracting parties have complied with the legal requirement regarding parental advice in appropriate cases; and (7) That the parties have entered into marriage settlement, if any, attaching a copy thereof. Art. 23. It shall be the duty of the person solemnizing the marriage to furnish either of the contracting parties the original of the marriage certificate referred to in Article 6 and to send the duplicate and triplicate copies of the certificate not later than fifteen days after the marriage, to the local civil registrar of the place where the marriage was solemnized. Proper receipts shall be issued by the local civil registrar to the solemnizing officer transmitting copies of the marriage certificate. The solemnizing officer shall retain in his file the quadruplicate copy of the marriage certificate, the copy of the marriage certificate, the original of the marriage license and, in proper cases, the affidavit of the contracting party regarding the solemnization of the marriage in place other than those mentioned in Article 8. Art. 24. It shall be the duty of the local civil registrar to prepare the documents required by this Title, and to administer oaths to all interested parties without any charge in both cases. The documents and affidavits filed in connection with applications for marriage licenses shall be exempt from documentary stamp tax. Art. 25. The local civil registrar concerned shall enter all applications for marriage licenses filed with him in a registry book strictly in the order in which the same are received. He shall record in said book the names of the applicants, the date on which the marriage license was issued, and such other data as may be necessary. Art. 26. All marriages solemnized outside the Philippines, in accordance with the laws in force in the country where they were solemnized, and valid there as such, shall also be valid in this country, except those prohibited under Articles 35 (1), (4), (5) and (6), 3637 and 38. Where a marriage between a Filipino citizen and a foreigner is validly celebrated and a divorce is thereafter validly obtained abroad by the alien spouse capacitating him or her to remarry, the Filipino spouse shall have capacity to remarry under Philippine law. (As amended by Executive Order 227)

5.

Marriage must be done in accordance with muslim rights and practices. No need to be solemnized in the muslim area. Marriage between persons who have lived together as husband and wife for at least 5 years and without any legal impediment to marry each other Otherwise known as Ratification of marital cohabitation. To encourage legalization of illicit relationship. Joint affidavit shall be in lieu of a marriage license. What if it is not true that they have been living for at least 5 years prior to marriage Marriage is null and void because it is a marriage without a license. The affidavit will not take the place of a marriage license. Without prejudice to the prosecution of parties to perjury for making false and untruthful statements. Does it mean that they should have no legal impediment at the time they live each other or at the time of ratification? Ninal vs Bayado must be existing during the entire period of at least 5 years. Manzano vs Sanchez must be at the time of the marriage. Conflicting jurisprudence. Reconciliation : Ninal happened before the effectivity of the FC but decided later. Current ruling : Requirement only that no legal impediment at the time of marriage. 5 year period commences from date of cohabitation as husband and wife where the only missing factor is the marriage contract to validate the union. It should be immediately before the day of the marriage and should be a period characterized by exclusivity, meaning no 3rd party was involved at any time within the 5 years and continuity is broken Requisites 1. Man and woman must have been living together as husband and wife for at least 5 years before the marriage 2. The parties have no legal impediment to marry each other at the time of marriage 3. Parties must execute an affidavit stating that they have lived together for at least 5 years and without legal impediment to marry each other 4. The solemnizing officer must execute a sworn statement that he has ascertained the qualifications of the parties and that he has found no legal impediment to their marriage

Chapter 3 : Marriage exempt from license requirements Marriage exempt from license requirements 1. Marriage in articulo mortis valid even if the ailing party survives 2. If the residence of either party is so located that there is no means of transportation to enable such party to appear personally before the civil registrar Far away place - if it is not accessible by any other means of ordinary means of transportation 3. Marriage solemnized outside the Phils where no marriage license is required by the country where it was solemnized 4. Marriage among Muslims or among member of ethnic cultural communities in accordance with their customs among partners must both be muslim or member of ethnic marriage. This provision does not apply to mixed marriages.
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Authorized venues for marriage GR : Must be solemnized publicly in the 1. Chambers of the judge or in open court 2. Church, chapel or temple 3. Office of consul-general, vice-consul EXC 1. Marriage in articulo mortis 2. Marriage in remote places 3. Marriage at a house or place designated by the parties in a sworn statement upon their written request to the solemnizing officer Other requirements Either or Both
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Requires

Effect if requirements not met

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Parties 18 yrs old but below 21

Parental consent Marriage counseling

Marriage is voidable No effect on validity of marriage However, it will suspend the issuance of the marriage license for a period of 3 months from the completion of publication of the application for marriage license. If the parties get married during the 3 months period without a license, marriage is VOID If a license was obtained during the 3 month period, the marriage will still be valid but may be held civilly and criminally liable

Traditional rule applies when parties at the time of the celebration are Filipino and an alien BUT later jurisprudence expanded the application

REPUBLIC v ORBECIDO III 472 SCRA 114 (2005) The intent of Article 26(2) is to avoid the absurd situation where the Filipino spouse remains married to an alien spouse who, after obtaining divorce is no longer married to the Filipino spouse. Thus, taking into consideration the legislative intent, Article 26(2) should be interpreted to include cases involving parties who, at the time of the celebration of the marriage were Filipino citizens, but later on, one of them becomes naturalized as a foreign citizen and obtains a divorce decree. The Filipino spouse should likewise be allowed to remarry as if the other party was a foreigner at the time of the solemnization of the marriage. To rule otherwise would be to sanction absurdity and injustice. REPUBLIC v IYOY GR 15277 September 21, 2005 For Article 26(2) to apply, a spouse who obtained the divorce must not be a Filipino at the time of the divorce. If the obtaining-spouse is still a Filipino at the time of the divorce, then the divorce is not recognized in the Phils.

CODAL PROVISIONS
Art. 27. In case either or both of the contracting parties are at the point of death, the marriage may be solemnized without necessity of a marriage license and shall remain valid even if the ailing party subsequently survives. Art. 28. If the residence of either party is so located that there is no means of transportation to enable such party to appear personally before the local civil registrar, the marriage may be solemnized without necessity of a marriage license. Art. 29. In the cases provided for in the two preceding articles, the solemnizing officer shall state in an affidavit executed before the local civil registrar or any other person legally authorized to administer oaths that the marriage was performed in articulo mortis or that the residence of either party, specifying the barrio or barangay, is so located that there is no means of transportation to enable such party to appear personally before the local civil registrar and that the officer took the necessary steps to ascertain the ages and relationship of the contracting parties and the absence of legal impediment to the marriage. Art. 30. The original of the affidavit required in the last preceding article, together with the legible copy of the marriage contract, shall be sent by the person solemnizing the marriage to the local civil registrar of the municipality where it was performed within the period of thirty days after the performance of the marriage. Art. 31. A marriage in articulo mortis between passengers or crew members may also be solemnized by a ship captain or by an airplane pilot not only while the ship is at sea or the plane is in flight, but also during stopovers at ports of call. Art. 32. A military commander of a unit, who is a commissioned officer, shall likewise have authority to solemnize marriages in articulo mortis between persons within the zone of military operation, whether members of the armed forces or civilians. Art. 33. Marriages among Muslims or among members of the ethnic cultural communities may be performed validly without the necessity of marriage license, provided they are solemnized in accordance with their customs, rites or practices. Art. 34. No license shall be necessary for the marriage of a man and a woman who have lived together as husband and wife for at least five years and without any legal impediment to marry each other. The contracting parties shall state the foregoing facts in an affidavit before any person authorized by law to administer oaths. The solemnizing officer shall also state under oath that he Page 5 of 16 Sheds

21 yrs old but below 25

Parental advice Marriage counseling

Marriages solemnized abroad GR : Marriage solemnized outside the Phils in accordance with the law of the foreign country shall be valid in the Phils lex loci celebrationis EXC 1. Where either or both parties are below 18 years old 2. Bigamous and polygamous marriage, except Article 41 on presumptive death of spouse 3. Mistake in identity 4. Marriages void under Article 53 contracted following the annulment or declaration of nullity of a previous marriage but before partition 5. Psychological incapacity 6. Incestuous marriages 7. Marriage void for reasons of public policy Divorce by Foreigner-Spouse If a Filipino is married to a foreigner, and the foreigner subsequently obtains a valid divorce abroad capacitating him or her to remarry, the Filipino spouse shall likewise have the capacity to remarry under the Phil law Article 26(2) Remedy of the Filipino spouse Petition for declaratory relief. It need not be annulment because it is a long and tedious process. It is not also legal separation because there is no severance of marital tie, this doctrine was enunciated in Republic v Obercedo III October 5, 2005 Requisites 1. There is a valid marriage that had been celebrated between a Filipino citizen and a foreigner 2. A valid divorce is obtained abroad by the alien spouse capacitating him to remarry

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ascertained the qualifications of the contracting parties are found no legal impediment to the marriage.

2. 3.

Gravity must be serious Incurability

Chapter 4 : Void Marriages Void ab initio under Article 35 Not exclusive 1. Contracted by any party below 18 years old even if the parents or guardians give their consent. Good faith is immaterial 2. Solemnized by unauthorized solemnizing officer, except if either or both parties believed in good faith that the officer had authority to do so good faith of the party is material 3. Solemnized without marriage license, except when license is dispensed with 4. Bigamous or polygamous marriages not falling under Article 41. Judicial declaration of presumptive death bigamous marriage is valid EXC marriage contracted by a person whose spouse has been absent for 4 years, in case of ordinary absence or 2 years, in case of extraordinary absence, where such person has a well founded belief that his spouse is already dead, and after the absent spouse is judicially declared presumptively dead 5. Mistake in identity of one contracting party as to the identity of the other 6. Subsequent marriage void under Article 53 Shall not remarry until decree of annulment is registered and the presumptive legitimes are delivered otherwise, it is a void marriage Article 53 provides that a person who marriage has been annulled may remarry as long as he complies with Article 52 which requires that after the marriage is annulled the properties of the spouses must be partitioned and distributed and the presumptive legitimes of the children be distributed. The judgment of annulment or absolute nullity, the partition and distribution of the spouses property and delivery of the childrens presumptive legitimes must be recorded in the appropriate civil registry and registries of property. Failure to comply with these requisites will make the subsequent marriage void ab initio Failure to comply with the required acts shall not affect 3rd persons Void under Article 36 Where one party, who at the time of the celebration of marriage, was psychologically incapacitated to comply with the essential marital obligations even if such incapacity becomes manifest only after its solemnization - failure to comply with an ESSENTIAL (Art 67-73) marital obligation because of psychological reasons not because of any other physical defect. There is not vitiation of consent to marry but the person cannot comply with the marital obligations. Psychologist as witness is not mandatory but SC said that it will help you prove your case. As an expert witness. Must be present Elements Molina vs CA 1. Juridical antecedent defect must be existing before the time of the marriage without your knowledge. It is necessary that there is no knowledge, otherwise estoppel operates
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Children conceived or born before the judgment of annulment or absolute nullity of the marriage under Article 36 has become final and executory are legitimate. Children conceived or born of the subsequent marriage under Article 53 shall also be legitimate Elements Must be present for the case to prosper 1. Mental disposition 2. Applies to a person who is martially contracted to another 3. Marriage entered into with volition 4. Failure to perform or comply with the essential obligations in marriage 5. Failure to perform is chronic 6. Cause is psychological in nature 7. Cause is serious, with juridical antecedence and must be incurable 8. Incapacity results in the failure of the marriage Jurisprudential guidelines REPUBLIC v CA & MOLINA 268 SCRA 198 (1997) Burden of proof to show the nullity of marriage belongs to plaintiff Root cause of the psychological incapacity must be must be testified to by an medical expert 1. Medically or clinically identified 2. Alleged in the complaint 3. Sufficiently proven by experts 4. Clearly explained in the decision The incapacity must be proven to be existing at the time of the celebration of the marriage Such incapacity must be shown to be medically or clinically permanent or incurable Such illness must be grave enough to bring about the disability of the party to assume the essential obligations of marriage Essential marital obligations must be those embraced by Article 68-71, Article 220, 221 and 225 of FC Interpretations given by the National Appellate Matrimonial Tribunal of the Catholic church in the Phils, while not controlling or decisive should be given great respect by our courts The trial court must order the prosecuting attorney or fiscal and the SG to appear as counsel for the State
CHI MING TSOI v CA 266 SCRA 234 (1997) Psychological incapacity has no exact definition but it is restricted to psychological incapacity to comply with the essential marital obligations of marriage. It involves a senseless, protracted and constant refusal to comply with the essential marital obligations by one or both of the spouses although he, she or they are physically capable of performing such obligations CARATING-SIAYNCO v SIAYNCO 441 SCRA 422 (2004) Psychological incapacity must be judged on a case to case basis. It should refer to no less than a mental not physical incapacity. It must be characterized by gravity, juridical antecedence and incurability, but this was not met. Sexual infidelity does not constitute psychological incapacity within contemplation of the FC. It must be shown that Manuels unfaithfulness is a manifestation of a disordered personality which makes him completely unable to discharge the essential marital state and not merely due to his ardent wish to have a child of his own flesh. The negative traits must paralyze her from complying Page 6 of 16 Sheds

with the essential obligations of marriage. Unsatisfactory marriage is not null and void marriage. Mere showing of irreconcilable difference and conflicting personalities does not constitute psychological incapacity REPUBLIC v QUINTERO-HAMANO 428 SCRA 735 (2004) Molina doctrine does not require personal medical examination of the person who is psychologically incapacitated to marry. However, evidence of medical and clinical finding of any illness constituting psychological incapacity will greatly help. This can be done by an expert witness. Mere abandonment is not constitutive of psychological incapacity. There must be proof of a natal or supervening disabling factor in the person, an adverse integral element in the personality structure that effectively incapacitates a person from accepting and complying with the obligations essentials to marriage. In proving psychological incapacity, we find no distinction between an alien spouse and a Filipino spouse. We cannot be lenient in the application of the rules merely because the spouse alleged to be psychologically incapacitated happens to be a foreign national. The medical and clinical rules to determine psychological incapacity were formulated on the basis of studies of human behavior in general. Hence, the norms used for determining psychological incapacity should apply to any person regardless of nationality DEDEL v CA 421 SCRA 461 (2004) Mere sexual infidelity or perversion and abandonment do not by themselves constitute psychological incapacity within the contemplation of the FC. Neither could emotional immaturity and irresponsibility be equated with psychological incapacity. It must be shown that these acts are manifestations of a disordered personality which makes respondent completely unable to discharge the essential obligations of a marital state, not merely to her youth, immaturity or sexual promiscuity. Root cause must be traceable prior to the marriage ceremony. BUENAVENTURA v CA March 31, 2005 It is contradictory acts as a product of psychological incapacity, hence beyond the control of the party because of an innate inability while at the same time considering the same set of acts as willful. A finding of psychological incapacity on the part of one spouse negates any award of moral and exemplary damages against him. Award of moral damages should be predicated not on the mere act of entering into the marriage, but on specific evidence that it was done deliberately and with malice by a party who had known of his disability and yet willfully concealed the same ANTONIO v REYES March 10, 2006 A person unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality would similarly be unable to comprehend the legal nature of the marital bond, much less its psychic meaning and the corresponding obligations attached to the marriage, including parenting. One unable to adhere to reality cannot be expected to adhere as well to any legal or emotional commitments Ground wife is a congenital liar and extreme jealousy. [ Note: There is a ruling of the church on this case already in the Matrimonial Tribunal of the Church ] Decisions of matrimonial tribunal be given great weight in court. MALLION v ALCANTARA October 31, 2006 Res judicata applies in marriage. There is only one cause of action which is the nullity of marriage. Hence, when the second case was filed based on another ground there is a splitting of a cause of action which is prohibited. Petitioner is estopped from asserting that the first marriage had not marriage license because in the first case he impliedly admitted the same when he did not question the absence of a marriage license

6. 7. 8. 9.

Between the surviving spouse of the adopted and the adopter Between the adopted and legitimate child of the adopter Between adopted children of the same adopter Between parties where one, with the intention to marry the other, killed that other persons spouse or his own spouse

Under the New FC, the following can now marry each other 1. Brother-in-law and sister-in-law 2. Stepbrother and stepsister 3. Guardian and ward 4. Adopted and illegitimate child of the adopter 5. Parties who have been convicted of adultery or concubinage RA 6995 Mail Order Bride Act Declares as unlawful the practice of matching Filipino women for marriage to foreign nationals on a mail-order basis and other similar practice including the advertisement, publication, printing or distribution of brochures, fliers and other propaganda materials in furtherance thereof. Subsequent marriages 1. Without judicial declaration of nullity of previous void marriage Article 40 For purposes of remarriage, the only legally acceptable basis for declaring a previous marriage an absolute nullity is a final judgment declaring such previous marriage void, whereas, for purposes other than remarriage, other evidence is acceptable In a case for concubinage, the accused need not present a final judgment declaring his marriage void for he can adduce evidence in the criminal case of nullity of his marriage other than proof of final judgment declaring his marriage void. Hence, the pendency of the civil action for nullity of marriage does not pose a prejudicial question in a criminal case for concubinage However, a judicial declaration of nullity is not needed where no marriage ceremony at all was performed by a duly authorized solemnizing officer as where the parties merely signed a marriage contract on their own MORIGO v PEOPLE February 6, 2004 2. Rule on bigamous marriages Article 41 GR : Marriage contracted by any person during the subsistence of a previous marriage is void For purposes of remarriage, one cannot remarry without previously declaring the previous marriage void. EXC If before the celebration of the subsequent marriage 1. Previous spouse has been absent for 4 consecutive years, in ordinary absence or 2 years in case of extraordinary absence 2. Remaining spouse has a well-founded belief that the absent spouse was already dead 3. Judicial declaration of presumptive death

Void for being incestuous under Article 37 Whether relationship is legitimate or illegitimate 1. Between ascendants and descendants of any degree 2. Between brothers and sisters, whether half or full blood Void for reason of public policy under Article 38 1. Between collateral blood relatives upto the 4th civil degree 2. Between step-parents and step-children 3. Between parents-in-law and children-in-law 4. Between adopting parent and adoptive child 5. Between surviving spouse of the adopter and the adopted
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** In case, the subsequent marriage is valid but it shall b automatically terminated by the recording of the affidavit of reappearance of the absent spouse EXC If both spouses of the subsequent marriage acted in bad faith, such marriage is void ab initio Article 44 The spouse present must institute a summary proceeding for declaration of presumptive death of the absentee without prejudice to the effect of reappearance of the absent spouse

Recording of the affidavit of reappearance of the absent spouse shall automatically terminate the subsequent marriage unless there is a judgment annulling the previous marriage or declaring it void ab initio

Donations by reason of the marriage remains valid except if the donee contracted the marriage in bad faith, such donations are revoked by operation of law 4. Innocent spouse may revoke the designation of the spouse in bad faith as the beneficiary in any insurance policy, even if the designation is irrevocable 5. The spouse who contracted the subsequent marriage in bad faith shall be disqualified to inherit from the innocent spouse by testate or intestate succession Both spouses of subsequent marriage acted in bad faith marriage is void ab initio and all donations by reason of marriage and testamentary dispositions made by one in favor of the other are revoked by operation of law Presumptive Death Requisites for declaration of presumptive death 1. Absentee spouse has been missing for 4 consecutive years if the disappearance occurred where there is danger of death under circumstances in Article 391 of NCC 2. Present spouse wishes to remarry 3. The present spouse has a well-founded belief that the absentee is dead 4. The present spouse files a summary proceeding for the declaration of presumptive death Effect of reappearance GR : The subsequent bigamous marriage under Article 41 remains valid despite reappearance of the absentee spouse EXC If the reappearance was made in a sworn statement recorded in the civil registry, the subsequent marriage is automatically terminated EXC If there was a previous judgment annulling or declaring the first marriage a nullity, the subsequent bigamous marriage remains valid

3.

a sworn statement of the fact and circumstances of reappearance shall be recorded in the civil registry of the residence of the parties to the subsequent marriage at the instance pf any interested person, with due notice to the spouses of the subsequent marriage and without prejudice to the fact of reappearance being judicially determined in case such fact is disputed TENEBRO v CA 423 SCRA 272 (2004) It was alleged that there was no valid second marriage because no marriage ceremony took place to solemnize the union and that the declaration of the nullity of the second marriage on the ground of psychological incapacity, which is an alleged indicator that his marriage to private respondent lacks the essential requisites for validity, retroacts to the date on which the 2nd marriage was celebrated. BUT SC rules that there is no requirement in the law that a marriage contract needs to be submitted to the civil registrar as a condition precedent for the validity of marriage. The law penalizes the mere act of contracting a second marriage or a subsequent marriage during the subsistence of a valid marriage. The moment petitioner entered into marriage with private respondent, he already committed bigamy. There is a crime of bigamy even if the 2nd marriage is void because of psychological incapacity MORIGO v PEOPLE 422 SCRA 376 (2004) Generally, even if the first marriage is judicially declared void only after contracting the second marriage, the second marriage is still bigamous. This is true only if the first marriage ostensibly transpired as there was a marriage ceremony. It will not be a bigamous second marriage if the first marriage was void due to the fact that no marriage ceremony was solemnized at all. The mere signing of a marriage contract bears no semblance to a valid marriage and thus needs no judicial declaration of nullity

Even if a marriage is void, there must be declaration first that it is void before the parties can remarry. They cannot decide by themselves that the marriage is void EXC when the purpose is other than remarriage, a collateral attack is allowed

RP v CA May 6, 2005 Summary proceeding to judicially declare a person presumptively dead under Article 41 of the NCC is not a special proceeding. Appeal in relation thereto are made via notice of appeal REPUBLIC v BERNUDES-LORINO 449 SCRA 57 (2005) Summary proceedings under the FC is final and executory and thus non-appealable. If appealed to the CA, the later has no jurisdiction

CODAL PROVISIONS
Art. 35. The following marriages shall be void from the beginning: (1) Those contracted by any party below eighteen years of age even with the consent of parents or guardians; (2) Those solemnized by any person not legally authorized to perform marriages unless such marriages were contracted with either or both parties believing in good faith that the solemnizing officer had the legal authority to do so; (3) Those solemnized without license, except those covered the preceding Chapter; (4) Those bigamous or polygamous marriages not failing under Article 41; (5) Those contracted through mistake of one contracting party as to the identity of the other; and (6) Those subsequent marriages that are void under Article 53. Art. 36. A marriage contracted by any party who, at the time of the celebration, was psychologically incapacitated to comply with the essential marital obligations of marriage, shall likewise be void even if such incapacity becomes manifest only after its solemnization. (As amended by Executive Order 227) Page 8 of 16 Sheds

1. 2.

Effects of termination of subsequent marriage [ Applies to voidable bigamous Children of subsequent marriage conceived prior to termination shall be considered legitimate Property regime shall be dissolved and liquidated If either spouse acted in bad faith, his share in the net profits shall be forfeited a. in favor of the common children b. if none, in favor of the children of the guilty spouse by previous marriage c. in default of children, in favor of the innocent spouse

marriages. Except for # 1, it applies also to marriages which are annulled or declared void ab initio under Article 40

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Art. 37. Marriages between the following are incestuous and void from the beginning, whether relationship between the parties be legitimate or illegitimate: (1) Between ascendants and descendants of any degree; and (2) Between brothers and sisters, whether of the full or half blood. Art. 38. The following marriages shall be void from the beginning for reasons of public policy: (1) Between collateral blood relatives whether legitimate or illegitimate, up to the fourth civil degree; (2) Between step-parents and step-children; (3) Between parents-in-law and children-in-law; (4) Between the adopting parent and the adopted child; (5) Between the surviving spouse of the adopting parent and the adopted child; (6) Between the surviving spouse of the adopted child and the adopter; (7) Between an adopted child and a legitimate child of the adopter; (8) Between adopted children of the same adopter; and (9) Between parties where one, with the intention to marry the other, killed that other person's spouse, or his or her own spouse. Art. 39. The action or defense for the declaration of absolute nullity of a marriage shall not prescribe. (As amended by Executive Order 227 and Republic Act No. 8533; The phrase "However, in case of marriage celebrated before the effectivity of this Code and falling under Article 36, such action or defense shall prescribe in ten years after this Code shall taken effect" has been deleted by Republic Act No. 8533 [Approved February 23, 1998]). Art. 40. The absolute nullity of a previous marriage may be invoked for purposes of remarriage on the basis solely of a final judgment declaring such previous marriage void. Art. 41. A marriage contracted by any person during subsistence of a previous marriage shall be null and void, unless before the celebration of the subsequent marriage, the prior spouse had been absent for four consecutive years and the spouse present has a well-founded belief that the absent spouse was already dead. In case of disappearance where there is danger of death under the circumstances set forth in the provisions of Article 391 of the Civil Code, an absence of only two years shall be sufficient. For the purpose of contracting the subsequent marriage under the preceding paragraph the spouse present must institute a summary proceeding as provided in this Code for the declaration of presumptive death of the absentee, without prejudice to the effect of reappearance of the absent spouse. Art. 42. The subsequent marriage referred to in the preceding Article shall be automatically terminated by the recording of the affidavit of reappearance of the absent spouse, unless there is a judgment annulling the previous marriage or declaring it void ab initio. A sworn statement of the fact and circumstances of reappearance shall be recorded in the civil registry of the residence of the parties to the subsequent marriage at the instance of any interested person, with due notice to the spouses of the subsequent marriage and without prejudice to the fact of reappearance being judicially determined in case such fact is disputed. Art. 43. The termination of the subsequent marriage referred to in the preceding Article shall produce the following effects: (1) The children of the subsequent marriage conceived prior to its termination shall be considered legitimate; (2) The absolute community of property or the conjugal partnership, as the case may be, shall be dissolved and liquidated, but if either spouse contracted said marriage in bad faith, his or her share of the net profits of the community property or conjugal partnership property shall be forfeited in favor of the common children or, if there are none, the children of the guilty spouse by a previous marriage or in default of children, the innocent spouse; Civil Law Review

(3) Donations by reason of marriage shall remain valid, except that if the donee contracted the marriage in bad faith, such donations made to said donee are revoked by operation of law; (4) The innocent spouse may revoke the designation of the other spouse who acted in bad faith as beneficiary in any insurance policy, even if such designation be stipulated as irrevocable; and (5) The spouse who contracted the subsequent marriage in bad faith shall be disqualified to inherit from the innocent spouse by testate and intestate succession. (n) Art. 44. If both spouses of the subsequent marriage acted in bad faith, said marriage shall be void ab initio and all donations by reason of marriage and testamentary dispositions made by one in favor of the other are revoked by operation of law.

Chapter 5 : Annullable Marriages Grounds for annulment 1. Lack of parental consent, unless after attaining the age of 21 such party freely cohabited with the other and both lived together as husband and wife 2. Either party is of unsound mind, unless such party after coming to reason freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife 3. Fraudulent means of obtaining consent of either party, unless such after attaining knowledge thereof freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife Circumstances constituting fraud Article 46 - EXCLUSIVE a. Non-disclosure of conviction by final judgment of crime involving moral turpitude b. Concealment of pregnancy by another man c. Concealment of sexually transmitted disease, regardless of nature, existing at the time of the marriage d. Concealment of drug addiction, habitual alcoholism, homosexuality and lesbianism 4. Force, intimidation or undue influence means of obtaining consent, unless after the same disappeared or ceased such party freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife 5. Physical incapability of either party to consummate the marriage with the other, and such incapacity continues and appears to be incurable sterility is not a ground. Requirements of annulment due to impotence a. It existed at the time of the celebration of marriage b. Permanent c. Incurable d. Unknown to the other spouse e. The other spouse must not be also impotent Doctrine of Trennial Cohabitation presumption that the husband is impotent should the wife still remain a virgin after 3 years of living together with her husband 6. Affliction of sexually transmissible disease found to be serious and which appears incurable Elements
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a. b. c. d.

Existing at the time of marriage Sexually transmissible disease Serious Appears incurable Article 46 STD is a type of fraud which in turn is a ground for annulment Must be concealed Does not have to be serious and appears incurable STD itself is the ground for annulment

4.

Article 45 STD is a ground for annulment STD does not have to be concealed STD must be serious and incurable It is the concealment not the STD which gives rise to annulment

The injured party whose consent was obtained by force, intimidation or undue influence within 5 years from the time the force, intimidation or undue influence disappeared or ceased, provided that the force, intimidation or undue influence having disappeared or ceased, said party has not thereafter freely cohabited with the other 5. The injured party where the other spouse is physically incapacitated of consummating the marriage with the other and such incapacity continues and appears to be incurable within 5 years after the celebration of marriage 6. The injured party where the other party was afflicted with a sexually transmitted disease found to be serious and appears to be incurable within 5 years after the celebration of the marriage Venue FC of the province or city where the petitioner or respondent has been residing for at least 6 months prior to the date of filing at the election of the petitioner Allegations failure to comply is a ground for dismissal of the petition 1. Complete facts constituting the cause of action 2. State the names and ages of the common children of the parties and specify the regime governing the property relations and the properties involved 3. Verified and accompanied by a certification against forum shopping which must be signed personally by the petitioner 4. Filed in 6 copies to be served to the office of the SG and the Office of the City or Provincial Prosecutor within 5 days from the date of its filing and submitted to the court proof of such service within the same period Service of summons Governed by Rule 14 of ROC 1. Respondent cannot be located at his given address or his whereabouts are unknown and cannot be ascertained by diligent inquiry a. Service of summons by publication once a week for 2 consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the Phils and in such places as the court may order b. Served at respondents last known address by registered mail or any other means the court may deem sufficient 2. Summons to be published shall be contained in a court order with the following data a. title of the case b. docket number c. nature of the petition d. principal grounds of the petition and the reliefs prayed for e. a directive for the respondent to answer within 30 days from the last issue of the publication Motion to dismiss not allowed
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Petition for declaration of absolute nullity Who may file? Solely the husband or wife What to allege? Complete facts showing either one is incapacitated from complying with marital obligations at the time of the celebration of the marriage including physical manifestations, if any Actions and defenses does not prescribe Court shall order the prosecuting attorney or fiscal to appear on behalf of the State to take steps to prevent collusion between parties and to ensure that evidence is not fabricated or suppressed. Judgments based on stipulation of acts are prohibited A written agreement between the spouses shall govern the issue on support of spouses and support and custody of children, otherwise the court will provide for the same. Paramount consideration shall be given to the moral and material welfare of said children and their choice of the parent with whom they wish to remain. Visitations rights must also be provided for. Petition for annulment of voidable marriages Who may file? 1. Contracting party whose parent, guardian or person exercising substitute parental authority did not give his consent, within 5 years after attaining the age of 21 unless after attaining the age of 21, such party freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife or the parent, guardian or person having legal charge of the contracting party at any time before such party has reached the age of 21 2. The sane spouse who had no knowledge of the others insanity or by any relative, guardian or person having legal charge of the insane at the time before death of either party or by the insane spouse during a lucid interval after regaining sanity, provided that the petitioner after coming to reason, has not freely cohabited with the other 3. The injured party whose consent was obtained by fraud within 5 years after the discovery of the fraud provided that said party with full knowledge of the fraud constituting the fraud has freely cohabited with the other
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EXC for lack of jurisdiction but any ground that might warrant a dismissal may be raised as an affirmative defense in an answer Answer Verified by the respondent himself field within 15 days from service of summons or from the last issue of publication in case of service of summons by publication Failure to answer shall not make him in default Court will order the public prosecutor to investigate if there is collusion if no answer is filed or when an answer does not tender an issue Investigation report of the Public Prosecutor Must be made within 1 month after the receipt of the court order Shall state whether the parties are in collusion and the basis for such finding and serve copies thereof on the parties and their respective counsels, if any a. there is collusion parties shall file their respective comments on the finding of collusion within 10 days from receipt of a copy b. no collusion set the case for pre-trial Public prosecutor is duty bound to appear at the pre-trial Case study Court may require a social worker to conduct a case study and submit the corresponding report at least 3 days before pre-trial Pre-trial It is mandatory Notice of pre-trial shall be served separately to the parties, their respective counsel and the public prosecutor containing the date of pre-trial conference and order directing the parties to file pre-trial brief in such manner that ensure the receipt of the adverse party at least 3 days before the date of pre-trial Parties should appear personally at the pre-trial, otherwise failure to appear without valid cause will result to the dismissal of the case Notice of pre-trial shall still be sent to respondent even if he did not file an answer Failure to file the pre-trial brief or to comply with its required contents shall have the same effect as failure to appear at the pre-trial If respondent filed an answer but fails to appear at the pre-trial, the court shall proceed but the public prosecutor will be required to investigate the reason for the non-appearance Court may refer the issues to a mediator but should this fail or is not allowed, the court shall proceed with the pre-trial conference Proceedings shall be recorded Public prosecutor shall appear for the state to prevent collusion Parties not allowed to raise issues or present witnesses and evidence other than those stated in the pre-trial order Parties have 5 days from receipt of pre-trial order to make corrections or modifications

a. b. c. d. e. f.

Prohibited compromise Civil status of persons Validity of marriage or legal separation Any ground for legal separation Future support Jurisdiction of courts Future legitimes

Decision Copies will be served on the parties including the SG and public prosecutor Final after expiration of 15 days from notice to the parties Should be registered in the Civil Registry where the marriage was celebrated and in the Civil Registry of the place where the FC is located before decree shall be issued Final judgment shall provide for the liquidation, partition and distribution of properties of the spouses, the custody and support of the common children, and the delivery of 3rd presumptive legitimes, unless such matters had been adjudicated in previous judicial proceedings All creditors of the spouses shall be notified of the proceedings for liquidation Value of presumptive legitimes of all common children shall be delivered unless the parties by mutual agreement judicially approved has already provided for the same. The children, their guardian or trustee of their property may ask for the enforcement of the judgment. The delivery shall not prejudice the ultimate successional rights of the childred accruing upon death of parents but the same shall be considered as advances on legitime The judgment, partition and distribution of property shall be registered in order to affecr 3rd persons Appeal Not allowed if no MFR or Motion for New Trial is made within 15 days from notice of judgment Death Death before entry of judgment court shall order the case closed and terminated without prejudice to the settlement of the estate in proper proceedings in the regular courts Death after entry of judgment binding upon the parties and their successorsin-interest in the settlement of the estate in the regular courts Effectivity March 15, 2003

CORPUS v OCHOTERENA 435 SCRA 446 (2004) In a nullity of marriage case, prior investigation to determine for collusion is a condition sine qua non for further proceedings in the event the defendant does not answer. This is true even if during the hearing the fiscal participated and cross-examined the witness

CODAL PROVISIONS
Art. 45. A marriage may be annulled for any of the following causes, existing at the time of the marriage: Page 11 of 16 Sheds

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(1) That the party in whose behalf it is sought to have the marriage annulled was eighteen years of age or over but below twenty-one, and the marriage was solemnized without the consent of the parents, guardian or person having substitute parental authority over the party, in that order, unless after attaining the age of twenty-one, such party freely cohabited with the other and both lived together as husband and wife; (2) That either party was of unsound mind, unless such party after coming to reason, freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife; (3) That the consent of either party was obtained by fraud, unless such party afterwards, with full knowledge of the facts constituting the fraud, freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife; (4) That the consent of either party was obtained by force, intimidation or undue influence, unless the same having disappeared or ceased, such party thereafter freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife; (5) That either party was physically incapable of consummating the marriage with the other, and such incapacity continues and appears to be incurable; or (6) That either party was afflicted with a sexually-transmissible disease found to be serious and appears to be incurable. Art. 46. Any of the following circumstances shall constitute fraud referred to in Number 3 of the preceding Article: (1) Non-disclosure of a previous conviction by final judgment of the other party of a crime involving moral turpitude; (2) Concealment by the wife of the fact that at the time of the marriage, she was pregnant by a man other than her husband; (3) Concealment of sexually transmissible disease, regardless of its nature, existing at the time of the marriage; or (4) Concealment of drug addiction, habitual alcoholism or homosexuality or lesbianism existing at the time of the marriage. No other misrepresentation or deceit as to character, health, rank, fortune or chastity shall constitute such fraud as will give grounds for action for the annulment of marriage. Art. 47. The action for annulment of marriage must be filed by the following persons and within the periods indicated herein: (1) For causes mentioned in number 1 of Article 45 by the party whose parent or guardian did not give his or her consent, within five years after attaining the age of twenty-one, or by the parent or guardian or person having legal charge of the minor, at any time before such party has reached the age of twenty-one; (2) For causes mentioned in number 2 of Article 45, by the same spouse, who had no knowledge of the other's insanity; or by any relative or guardian or person having legal charge of the insane, at any time before the death of either party, or by the insane spouse during a lucid interval or after regaining sanity; (3) For causes mentioned in number 3 of Article 45, by the injured party, within five years after the discovery of the fraud; (4) For causes mentioned in number 4 of Article 45, by the injured party, within five years from the time the force, intimidation or undue influence disappeared or ceased; (5) For causes mentioned in number 5 and 6 of Article 45, by the injured party, within five years after the marriage. Art. 48. In all cases of annulment or declaration of absolute nullity of marriage, the Court shall order the prosecuting attorney or fiscal assigned to it to appear on behalf of the State to take steps to prevent collusion between the parties and to take care that evidence is not fabricated or suppressed. In the cases referred to in the preceding paragraph, no judgment shall be based upon a stipulation of facts or confession of judgment. Art. 49. During the pendency of the action and in the absence of adequate provisions in a written agreement between the spouses, the Court shall provide for the support of the spouses and the Civil Law Review

custody and support of their common children. The Court shall give paramount consideration to the moral and material welfare of said children and their choice of the parent with whom they wish to remain as provided to in Title IX. It shall also provide for appropriate visitation rights of the other parent. Art. 50. The effects provided for by paragraphs (2), (3), (4) and (5) of Article 43 and by Article 44 shall also apply in the proper cases to marriages which are declared ab initio or annulled by final judgment under Articles 40 and 45. The final judgment in such cases shall provide for the liquidation, partition and distribution of the properties of the spouses, the custody and support of the common children, and the delivery of third presumptive legitimes, unless such matters had been adjudicated in previous judicial proceedings. All creditors of the spouses as well as of the absolute community or the conjugal partnership shall be notified of the proceedings for liquidation. In the partition, the conjugal dwelling and the lot on which it is situated, shall be adjudicated in accordance with the provisions of Articles 102 and 129. Art. 51. In said partition, the value of the presumptive legitimes of all common children, computed as of the date of the final judgment of the trial court, shall be delivered in cash, property or sound securities, unless the parties, by mutual agreement judicially approved, had already provided for such matters. The children or their guardian or the trustee of their property may ask for the enforcement of the judgment. The delivery of the presumptive legitimes herein prescribed shall in no way prejudice the ultimate successional rights of the children accruing upon the death of either of both of the parents; but the value of the properties already received under the decree of annulment or absolute nullity shall be considered as advances on their legitime. (n) Art. 52. The judgment of annulment or of absolute nullity of the marriage, the partition and distribution of the properties of the spouses and the delivery of the children's presumptive legitimes shall be recorded in the appropriate civil registry and registries of property; otherwise, the same shall not affect third persons. (n) Art. 53. Either of the former spouses may marry again after compliance with the requirements of the immediately preceding Article; otherwise, the subsequent marriage shall be null and void. Art. 54. Children conceived or born before the judgment of annulment or absolute nullity of the marriage under Article 36 has become final and executory shall be considered legitimate. Children conceived or born of the subsequent marriage under Article 53 shall likewise be legitimate.

Chapter Six Legal Separation Grounds 1. Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against petitioner, a common child or a child of the petitioner 2. Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religious or political affiliation 3. Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner to engage in prostitution, or connivance in such corruption or inducement 4. Final judgment sentencing respondent to imprisonment of more than 6 years even if pardoned
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5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism Lesbianism or homosexuality Subsequent bigamous marriage Sexual infidelity or perversion Attempt by respondent against the life of the petitioner Abandonment for more than 1 year without justifiable cause

Grounds to deny petition 1. Condonation 2. Consent 3. Connivance 4. Collusion 5. Death of either party during the pendency of the case 6. Mutual guilt 7. Prescription 8. Reconciliation during the pendency of the case Prescriptive period for legal separation within 5 years from the time of occurrence of the cause of action

aside the proceeding and issue a decree of reconciliation and specify the property regime of spouses Reconciliation after the issuance of the decree, a motion shall be filed for the issuance of a decree of reconciliation, but the separation of property and any forfeiture of the share of the guilty spouse shall subsist, unless revival or an adoption of a new regime is agreed Decree of reconciliation shall be recorded in the Civil Registries where marriage and Decree of legal separation has been registered

ONG ENG KIAM v LUCITA ONG October 23, 2006 - Abandonment shall mean abandonment without justifiable cause. Lucita left William due to his abusive conduct, such does not constitute abandonment contemplated by the law. CODAL PROVISIONS Art. 55. A petition for legal separation may be filed on any of the following grounds: (1) Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner; (2) Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religious or political affiliation; (3) Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner, to engage in prostitution, or connivance in such corruption or inducement; (4) Final judgment sentencing the respondent to imprisonment of more than six years, even if pardoned; (5) Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondent; (6) Lesbianism or homosexuality of the respondent; (7) Contracting by the respondent of a subsequent bigamous marriage, whether in the Philippines or abroad; (8) Sexual infidelity or perversion; (9) Attempt by the respondent against the life of the petitioner; or (10) Abandonment of petitioner by respondent without justifiable cause for more than one year. For purposes of this Article, the term "child" shall include a child by nature or by adoption. Art. 56. The petition for legal separation shall be denied on any of the following grounds: (1) Where the aggrieved party has condoned the offense or act complained of; (2) Where the aggrieved party has consented to the commission of the offense or act complained of; (3) Where there is connivance between the parties in the commission of the offense or act constituting the ground for legal separation; (4) Where both parties have given ground for legal separation; (5) Where there is collusion between the parties to obtain decree of legal separation; or (6) Where the action is barred by prescription. Art. 57. An action for legal separation shall be filed within five years from the time of the occurrence of the cause. Art. 58. An action for legal separation shall in no case be tried before six months shall have elapsed since the filing of the petition. Art. 59. No legal separation may be decreed unless the Court has taken steps toward the reconciliation of the spouses and is fully satisfied, despite such efforts, that reconciliation is highly improbable. Page 13 of 16 Sheds

Effects of separation 1. Marriage bond is not severed 2. Spouses are entitled to live separately 3. Dissolution of property regime 4. Forfeiture of the share of the guilty souse in the net profits 5. Innocent spouse shall have custody of the minor children 6. Guilty spouse is disqualified from intestate succession and provisions made by the innocent spouse in his favor in a will shall be revoked by operation of law 7. Innocent spouse may revoke the donation made by him in favor of the offending spouse. However, alienations, liens and encumbrances registered in good faith before the recording of the complaint for revocation in the registries of property shall be respected 8. Innocent spouse may revoke designation of guilty spouse as beneficiary in the insurance policy even if such designation be stipulated as irrevocable Only the husband or the wife may file a petition for legal separation Creditors shall be furnished copies of the petition Cooling-off Period pre-trial shall not be set earlier than 6 months from filing of the petition for possibility of reconciliation, EXCEPT if ground for legal separation is VOWC (Sec19, RA 9262)

Decree of reconciliation AM # 02-11-11-SC March 15, 2003 Court must order for immediate termination of proceeding if there is reconciliation during the pendency of the proceeding Joint manifestation under oath, duly signed by both may be filed in the same proceeding for legal separation Reconciliation after judgment but before issuance of decree of separation, the spouses shall choose their property regime and the court shall immediately set
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Art. 60. No decree of legal separation shall be based upon a stipulation of facts or a confession of judgment. In any case, the Court shall order the prosecuting attorney or fiscal assigned to it to take steps to prevent collusion between the parties and to take care that the evidence is not fabricated or suppressed. Art. 61. After the filing of the petition for legal separation, the spouses shall be entitled to live separately from each other. The court, in the absence of a written agreement between the spouses, shall designate either of them or a third person to administer the absolute community or conjugal partnership property. The administrator appointed by the court shall have the same powers and duties as those of a guardian under the Rules of Court. Art. 62. During the pendency of the action for legal separation, the provisions of Article 49 shall likewise apply to the support of the spouses and the custody and support of the common children. Art. 63. The decree of legal separation shall have the following effects: (1) The spouses shall be entitled to live separately from each other, but the marriage bonds shall not be severed; (2) The absolute community or the conjugal partnership shall be dissolved and liquidated but the offending spouse shall have no right to any share of the net profits earned by the absolute community or the conjugal partnership, which shall be forfeited in accordance with the provisions of Article 43(2); (3) The custody of the minor children shall be awarded to the innocent spouse, subject to the provisions of Article 213 of this Code; and (4) The offending spouse shall be disqualified from inheriting from the innocent spouse by intestate succession. Moreover, provisions in favor of the offending spouse made in the will of the innocent spouse shall be revoked by operation of law. Art. 64. After the finality of the decree of legal separation, the innocent spouse may revoke the donations made by him or by her in favor of the offending spouse, as well as the designation of the latter as beneficiary in any insurance policy, even if such designation be stipulated as irrevocable. The revocation of the donations shall be recorded in the registries of property in the places where the properties are located. Alienations, liens and encumbrances registered in good faith before the recording of the complaint for revocation in the registries of property shall be respected. The revocation of or change in the designation of the insurance beneficiary shall take effect upon written notification thereof to the insured. The action to revoke the donation under this Article must be brought within five years from the time the decree of legal separation become final. Art. 65. If the spouses should reconcile, a corresponding joint manifestation under oath duly signed by them shall be filed with the court in the same proceeding for legal separation. Art. 66. The reconciliation referred to in the preceding Articles shall have the following consequences: (1) The legal separation proceedings, if still pending, shall thereby be terminated at whatever stage; (2) The final decree of legal separation shall be set aside, but the separation of property and any forfeiture of the share of the guilty spouse already effected shall subsist, unless the spouses agree to revive their former property regime. The court's order containing the foregoing shall be recorded in the proper civil registries. Art. 67. The agreement to revive the former property regime referred to in the preceding Article shall be executed under oath and shall specify: (1) The properties to be contributed anew to the restored regime; Civil Law Review

(2) Those to be retained as separated properties of each spouse; and (3) The names of all their known creditors, their addresses and the amounts owing to each. The agreement of revival and the motion for its approval shall be filed with the court in the same proceeding for legal separation, with copies of both furnished to the creditors named therein. After due hearing, the court shall, in its order, take measure to protect the interest of creditors and such order shall be recorded in the proper registries of properties. The recording of the ordering in the registries of property shall not prejudice any creditor not listed or not notified, unless the debtor-spouse has sufficient separate properties to satisfy the creditor's claim.

Chapter Seven Rights and Obligations between husband and wife Obligations of Husband and Wife 1. Live together 2. Observe mutual love, respect and fidelity 3. Render mutual help and support 4. Management of the household 5. Fix the family domicile 6. Joint responsibility for the support of the family Rule on Profession GR : Either spouse may exercise any legitimate profession or business without the consent of the other EXC The other spouse may object on valid, serious and moral grounds. In case of disagreement, the courts shall decide whether the objection is proper and the benefit has accrued to the family before and after the objection. i. Accrual before the objection the resulting obligation shall be enforced against the separate property of the spouse who has not obtained consent ii. Accrual after objection enforced against the community property
CODAL PROVISION Art. 68. The husband and wife are obliged to live together, observe mutual love, respect and fidelity, and render mutual help and support. Art. 69. The husband and wife shall fix the family domicile. In case of disagreement, the court shall decide. The court may exempt one spouse from living with the other if the latter should live abroad or there are other valid and compelling reasons for the exemption. However, such exemption shall not apply if the same is not compatible with the solidarity of the family. Art. 70. The spouses are jointly responsible for the support of the family. The expenses for such support and other conjugal obligations shall be paid from the community property and, in the absence thereof, from the income or fruits of their separate properties. In case of insufficiency or absence of said income or fruits, such obligations shall be satisfied from the separate properties. Art. 71. The management of the household shall be the right and the duty of both spouses. The expenses for such management shall be paid in accordance with the provisions of Article 70.

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Art. 72. When one of the spouses neglects his or her duties to the conjugal union or commits acts which tend to bring danger, dishonor or injury to the other or to the family, the aggrieved party may apply to the court for relief. Art. 73. Either spouse may exercise any legitimate profession, occupation, business or activity without the consent of the other. The latter may object only on valid, serious, and moral grounds. In case of disagreement, the court shall decide whether or not: (1) The objection is proper; and (2) Benefit has occurred to the family prior to the objection or thereafter. If the benefit accrued prior to the objection, the resulting obligation shall be enforced against the separate property of the spouse who has not obtained consent. The foregoing provisions shall not prejudice the rights of creditors who acted in good faith.

GR : Spouses cannot donate to each other, directly or indirectly otherwise, it is

VOID

EXC - 1. Moderate gifts on the occasion of any family rejoicing 3. Donation mortis causa Grounds to revoke donation propter nuptias

1.

Marriage is not celebrated or is judicially declared void ab initio [ 5 years from

the time marriage is not solemnized on the fixed date, EXC donations which are automatically rendered void if the marriage does not take place ] [ If marriage is declared void ab ignition, prescription shall be after 5 years from finality of judicial declaration of nullity ]

Chapter 8 Property Relations Between Husband and Wife 1. Marriage Settlement i. Absolute Community of Property ii. Conjugal Partnership of Gains iii. Complete Separation of Property iv. Any other regime Family Code Absolute community of property shall govern if i. No marriage settlement ii. Regime agreed upon is void Local customs

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Those with no parental consent, when required by law [ After 5 years ] Annulment of marriage and donee is in bad faith [ after 5 years from finality of
decree ]

The resolutory condition is not complies with [ After 5 years from happening of
the condition ]

Donee is the guilty spouse in legal separation [ After 5 years from the time the
decree of separation has become final ]

Donee commits acts of ingratitude, such as [ After 1 year from donors

knowledge of that fact ]

2. 3.

i. ii. iii. Bases

Requisites for a valid marriage settlement 1. It must be in writing 2. Signed by the parties 3. If parental consent is required, the parent or guardian whose consent is needed must be made a party to the agreement 4. If he is under civil interdiction or any other disability, the judicial guardian shall be made a party to it 5. Executed before the celebration of the marriage 6. It shall contain the terms and conditions of property relations 7. It must be registered to bind 3rd persons Not applicable 1. Both are aliens even if married in the Phils 2. As to extrinsic validity of contracts 3. Contrary stipulation

If donee commits an offense against the person, honor or property of the donor, his wife or children under his parental authority If donee imputes to the donor any criminal offense or any act involving moral turpitude unless the crime was committed against the donee himself, his wife or children under his parental authority If the donee, unduly refuses to support the donor when he is legally or morally bound to give such support Donation propter nuptias Governed by rules on ordinary donations, EXC that if future property is donated, it must conform with formalities of wills May be donated but up to 1/5 of donors present property May be included provided that donation is mortis cause Art 86 FC Ordinary donations

Formalities Present property Future property Grounds for revocation

Governed by the rules on donation No limit except that donor shall leave enough for his support Cannot be included Article 760, 764 and 765 NCC

Donation by reason of marriage applied to common law spouses Before marriage GR : Future spouses can donate only upto 1/5 of their present property only the
excess is void

EXC if governed by ACP During marriage

Property Relations A. System of Absolute Community GR : Community of property = all property owned by the spouses at the time of the celebration of marriage or acquired thereafter.
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EXC 1.

Property acquired before the marriage by either spouse who has legitimate descendants by reason of a former marriage, including its fruits and income 2. Property for personal and exclusive use, except jewelry 3. Property acquired during the marriage by gratuitous title, except when the donor, testator, or grantor expressly provides otherwise No waiver of right allowed during marriage except in case of judicial separation of property. The waiver must be in writing. Administration of the community property GR : It shall belong to both spouses jh

HSLB v DAILO March 11, 2005 Encumbrance or disposition of the community of property without the consent of the other spouse is void. Benefit to the family must always be proven.

B. Conjugal Partnership of Gains

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